469:
exposure, but can also result in effects that develop slowly. Chronic tests are generally considered full life cycle tests and cover an entire generation time or reproductive life cycle ("egg to egg"). Chronic tests are not considered valid if mortality in the control sample is greater than 20%. These results have generally been reported in NOECs (No observed effects level) and LOECs (Lowest observed effects level). However, NOECs and LOECs are becoming less common as endpoints are dependent on the concentration series chosen for the test. These reports are starting to become a topic of debate in the field because of the way it may alter the results of the tests. For example, if the concentration rate of the NOEC is 100, 50, 25, 11.25, 6.25 and the toxicology is reported at 2%, the NOEC would report the concentration as 6.25.
1973:
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122:
462:
absorption time of the toxicant. These tests are generally conducted on organisms during a specific time period of the organism's life cycle, and are considered partial life cycle tests. Acute tests are not valid if mortality in the control sample is greater than 10%. However, this control acceptability criterion is dependent upon the species and the duration of the test. Results are reported in EC50, or concentration that will affect fifty percent of the sample size.
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2695:
2683:
25:
523:(fathead minnow), among other species. The test organisms are exposed for 48 hours under static conditions with five concentrations of the effluent. The major deviation in the short-term chronic effluent toxicity tests and the acute effluent toxicity tests is that the short-term chronic test lasts for seven days and the acute test lasts for 48 hours. For discharges to marine and estuarine waters, the test species used are
3307:
2301:
3295:
570:, and bioavailability assessments that can be used in a laboratory or in the field. Due to the expansion of SQTs, it is now more commonly referred to as "Sediment Assessment Framework." Collection, handling, and storage of sediment can have an effect on bioavailability and for this reason standard methods have been developed to suit this purpose.
488:
Bioaccumulation tests use bioconcentration factors (BCF) to predict concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants in organisms. The BCF is the ratio of the average concentration of test chemical accumulated in the tissue of the test organism (under steady state conditions) to the average measured concentration in the water.
472:
Early life stage tests are considered as subchronic exposures that are less than a complete reproductive life cycle and include exposure during early, sensitive life stages of an organism. These exposures are also called critical life stage, embryo-larval, or egg-fry tests. Early life stage tests are
448:
exposes the organism to the toxicant with a flow into the test chambers and then out of the test chambers. The once-through flow can either be intermittent or continuous. A stock solution of the correct concentrations of contaminant must be previously prepared. Metering pumps or diluters will control
476:
Short-term sublethal tests are used to evaluate the toxicity of effluents to aquatic organisms. These methods are developed by the EPA, and only focus on the most sensitive life stages. Endpoints for these test include changes in growth, reproduction and survival. NOECs, LOECs and EC50s are reported
430:
A recirculation test exposes the organism to the toxicant in a similar manner as the static test, except that the test solutions are pumped through an apparatus (i.e. filter) to maintain water quality, but not reduce the concentration of the toxicant in the water. The water is circulated through the
187:
environments. Common tests include standardized acute and chronic toxicity tests lasting 24–96 hours (acute test) to 7 days or more (chronic tests). These tests measure endpoints such as survival, growth, reproduction, that are measured at each concentration in a gradient, along with a control test.
561:
At some point most chemicals originating from both anthropogenic and natural sources accumulate in sediment. For this reason, sediment toxicity can play a major role in the adverse biological effects seen in aquatic organisms, especially those inhabiting benthic habitats. A recommended approach for
461:
tests are short-term exposure tests (14 days or less) and generally use lethality as an endpoint. In acute exposures, organisms come into contact with higher doses of the toxicant in a single event or in multiple events over a short period of time and usually produce immediate effects, depending on
437:
A renewal test also exposes the organism to the toxicant in a similar manner as the static test because it is in still water. However, in a renewal test the test solution is renewed periodically (constant intervals) by transferring the organism to a fresh test chamber with the same concentration of
201:
and its linkage to causing fish death, the field of aquatic toxicology grew. At first, studies focused mainly on oysters and mussels, as they could not move away from the toxic environment. The results of these studies eventually led to the implementation of programs that monitor concentrations of
607:
effects. An additive effect occurs when combined effect is equal to a combination or sum of the individual effects. A synergistic effect occurs when the combination of effects is much greater than the two individual effects added together. Potentiation is an effect that occurs when an individual
491:
Freshwater tests and saltwater tests have different standard methods, especially as set by the regulatory agencies. However, these tests generally include a control (negative and/or positive), a geometric dilution series or other appropriate logarithmic dilution series, test chambers and equal
468:
tests are long-term tests (weeks, months years), relative to the test organism's life span (>10% of life span), and generally use sub-lethal endpoints. In chronic exposures, organisms come into contact with low, continuous doses of a toxicant. Chronic exposures may induce effects to acute
404:
There are many kinds of toxicity tests widely accepted in the scientific literature and by regulatory agencies. The type of test used depends on many factors: Specific regulatory agency conducting the test, resources available, physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, type of
487:
chemicals that may accumulated in the fatty tissue of aquatic organisms. Toxicants with low solubilities in water generally can be stored in the fatty tissue due to the high lipid content in this tissue. The storage of these toxicants within the organism may lead to cumulative toxicity.
260:. Toxicity tests can be used to assess the potential for damage to an aquatic environment and provide a database that can be used to assess the risk associated within a situation for a specific toxicant. Aquatic toxicology tests can be performed in the field or in the laboratory.
581:
can be broken down into two broad categories of direct and indirect toxicity. Direct toxicity results from a toxicant acting at the site of action in or on the organism. Indirect toxicity occurs with a change in the physical, chemical, or biological environment.
423:
A static test exposes the organism in still water. The toxicant is added to the water in order to obtain the correct concentrations to be tested. The control and test organisms are placed in the test solutions and the water is not changed for the entirety of the
231:
was passed, which directed states to develop water quality standards. Public awareness, as well as scientific and governmental concern, continued to grow throughout the 1970s and by the end of the decade research had expanded to include hazard evaluation and
1221:
Vidal-Liñán, Leticia; Bellas, Juan; Campillo, Juan
Antonio; Beiras, Ricardo (January 2010). "Integrated use of antioxidant enzymes in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, for monitoring pollution in highly productive coastal areas of Galicia (NW Spain)".
492:
numbers of replicates, and a test organism. Exact exposure time and test duration will depend on type of test (acute vs. chronic) and organism type. Temperature, water quality parameters and light will depend on regulator requirements and organism type.
608:
chemical has no effect is added to a toxicant, and the combination has a greater effect than just the toxicant alone. Finally, an antagonistic effect occurs when a combination of chemicals has less of an effect than the sum of their individual effects.
662:(OECD). A forum for governments to work together to promote policies for the betterment of people's social and economic well-being around the world. One way in which they accomplish this is through the development of aquatic toxicity test guidelines.
243:
Aquatic toxicology is continuing to evolve as risk assessment is becoming more practiced in the field. The field is gaining popularity as it has begun to link the effects of pollutants on marine animals to humans who eat fish and other marine life.
196:
While basic research in toxicology began in multiple countries in the 1800s, it was not until around the 1930s that the use of acute toxicity testing, especially on fish, was established. Due to the wide use of the organochlorine pesticide
626:(formerly American Society for Testing and Materials). A consensus-based organization, representing over 140 participating countries, that develops and delivers international voluntary standard methods for aquatic toxicity testing.
272:
to quantify the toxic effects at a selected end-point or criteria for effect (i.e. death or other adverse effect to the organism). Concentration is on the x-axis and percent inhibition or response is on the y-axis.
188:
Typically using selected organisms with ecologically relevant sensitivity to toxicants and a well-established literature background. These organisms can be easily acquired or cultured in lab and are easy to handle.
768:(BCF) – The ratio of the average chemical concentration in the tissues of the organism under steady-state conditions to the average chemical concentration measured in the water to which the organisms are exposed.
792:, whole effluent toxicity tests have been standardized and are performed routinely as a tool for evaluating the potential harmful effects of other pollutants not specifically regulated in the discharge permits.
653:(SETAC). A nonprofit, worldwide society working to promote scientific research to further our understanding of environmental stressors, environmental education, and the use of science in environmental policy.
405:
toxicant, test species available, laboratory vs. field testing, end-point selection, and time and resources available to conduct the assays are some of the most common influencing factors on test design.
287:
There are different types of toxicity tests that can be performed on various test species. Different species differ in their susceptibility to chemicals, most likely due to differences in accessibility,
795:
EPA's water quality program has published water quality criteria (for individual pollutants) and water quality standards (for water bodies) that were derived from aquatic toxicity tests.
213:
In the United States, the passage of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1947 marked the first comprehensive legislation for the control of water pollution and was followed by the
2132:
2624:
1108:
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test chamber continuously, similar to an aerated fish tank. This type of test is expensive and it is unclear whether or not the filter or aerator has an effect on the toxicant.
264:
generally refer to multiple species exposure, but single species can be caged for a set duration, and laboratory experiments generally refer to single species exposure. A
1170:
Liu, Fu-Jun; Wang, Jia-Sheng; Theodorakis, Chris W. (May 2006). "Thyrotoxicity of Sodium
Arsenate, Sodium Perchlorate, and Their Mixture in ZebrafishDanio rerio".
378:, these species are routinely selected on the basis of availability, commercial, recreational, and ecological importance, past successful use, and regulatory use.
2127:
659:
398:
236:. In the subsequent decades, aquatic toxicology has continued to expand and internationalize so that there is now a strong application of toxicity testing for
715:
No
Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) – The highest test concentration for which no effect is observed relative to a control over a specified exposure time.
696:(CBR) – An approach that routinely examines whole-body chemical concentrations of an exposed organism that is associated with an adverse biological response.
1572:
721:(MATC) – An estimated value that represents the highest "no-effect" concentration of a specific substance within the range including the NOEC and LOEC.
712:
Lowest
Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) – The lowest test concentration that has a statistically significant effect over a specified exposure time.
595:
There are a number of effects that occur when an organism is simultaneously exposed to two or more toxicants. These effects include additive effects,
650:
709:– The process by which the concentration of a chemical in the tissues of an organism increases as it passes through several levels in the food web.
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are four general techniques the controls and test organisms are exposed to the dealing with treated and diluted water or the test solutions.
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A variety of acceptable standardized test methods have been published. Some of the more widely accepted agencies to publish methods are: the
206:(NOAA). Over the next two decades, the effects of chemicals and wastes on non-human species became more of a public issue and the era of the
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807:(NOAA). These sediment quality guidelines are summarized in NOAA's Screening Quick Reference Tables (SQuiRT) for many different chemicals.
739:
1997:
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1742:
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While sediment quality guidelines are not meant for regulation, they provide a way to rank and compare sediment quality developed by
718:
256:): toxicity tests are used to provide qualitative and quantitative data on adverse (deleterious) effects on aquatic organisms from a
1972:
592:
effects are endpoints that are looked at. These endpoints include behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and histological changes.
588:
is most common effect used in toxicology and used as an endpoint for acute toxicity tests. While conducting chronic toxicity tests
647:"Ecotox." A database maintained by EPA that offers single chemical toxicity information for both aquatic and terrestrial purposes.
2147:
1932:
89:
3258:
1311:
965:
Final Report: Interlaboratory
Variability Study of EPA Short-term Chronic and Acute Whole Effluent Toxicity Test Methods, Vol 1
61:
979:"Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, Fifth Edition"
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1423:
948:
853:
665:
511:. For facilities discharging to freshwater, effluent is used to perform static-acute multi-concentration toxicity tests with
394:
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1602:
68:
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759:
214:
42:
1573:
Guidelines for
Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
1154:
751:
Mechanism of Action – The detailed events that take place at the molecular level during an adverse biological response.
633:
382:
3338:
3197:
2152:
689:) – The chemical concentration that is expected to have one or more specified effects in 50% of a group of organisms.
108:
75:
3311:
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1787:
1642:
637:
742:(QSAR) – A method of modeling the relationship between biological activity and the structure of organic chemicals.
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141:
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the flow and the volume of the test solution, and the proper proportions of water and contaminant will be mixed.
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57:
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507:(WET) tests under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, pursuant to the
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1499:
546:
126:
2826:
2634:
2619:
641:
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300:, dietary factors, age, sex, health and stress level of the organism. Common standard test species are the
217:
in 1956. In 1962, public and governmental interests were renewed, in large part due to the publication of
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2816:
2796:
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1635:
762:
which represents the ratio of the concentration of octanol to the concentration of chemical in the water.
2821:
1937:
1618:
1513:
Barron, Mace G.; Otter, Ryan R.; Connors, Kristin A.; Kienzler, Aude; Embry, Michelle R. (2021-03-05).
967:(Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). September 2001. EPA 821-B-01-004.
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121:
35:
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992:
Erhirhie, Earnest
Oghenesuvwe; Ihekwereme, Chibueze Peter; Ilodigwe, Emmanuel Emeka (May 2018).
82:
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2225:
2215:
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604:
566:(SQT) which involves simultaneously examining sediment chemistry, toxicity, field alterations,
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748:– A set of common behavioral or physiological signs that represent a type of adverse response.
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994:"Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance"
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532:
524:
445:
337:
169:
1304:
730:– The consistent use of living organisms to analyze environmental changes over time.
724:
Application Factor (AF) – An empirically derived "safe" concentration of a chemical.
682:) – The chemical concentration that is expected to kill 50% of a group of organisms.
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1021:
1005:
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aquatic pollutants in oysters and mussels, such as the Mussel Watch program of the
1600:"Sediment Quality Guidelines developed for the National Status and Trends Program"
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2002:
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401:. Standardized tests offer the ability to compare results between laboratories.
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2017:
2007:
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1414:
Braun-Howland, Ellen Burton; Baxter, Terry E.; Lipps, William C., eds. (2023).
863:
784:
wastewater permit program. While most wastewater dischargers typically conduct
745:
736:– Liquid, industrial discharge that usually contain varying chemical toxicants.
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1947:
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not considered valid if mortality in the control sample is greater than 30%.
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1957:
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1393:
1251:
1207:
1035:
843:
600:
361:
180:
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EPA publishes guidance manuals outlining aquatic toxicity test procedures.
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The criteria for effects, or endpoints tested for, can include lethal and
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2250:
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1962:
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693:
632:
A compilation of techniques for water analysis, jointly published by the
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484:
149:
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In the United States, aquatic toxicology plays an important role in the
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2501:
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2027:
1812:
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496:
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In the US, many wastewater dischargers (e.g., factories, power plants,
341:
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began as efforts increased to standardize toxicity testing techniques.
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2012:
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24:
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578:
253:
184:
160:. Aquatic toxicology is a multidisciplinary field which integrates
153:
137:
1479:"About the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"
1429:
129:
being tested for pollution using a whole effluent toxicity method.
3263:
2551:
2511:
2481:
2459:
2079:
1867:
1767:
1267:"ImmunoConcentration — a new format for solid-phase immunoassays"
365:
305:
2300:
1670:
1443:
699:
Baseline toxicity – Refers to narcosis which is a depression in
3085:
2536:
1862:
1220:
353:
349:
3105:
3100:
2954:
1478:
781:
630:
Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
329:
1416:
Standard
Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater
941:
Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Methods and applications
668:. Canada's lead federal agency for environmental protection.
2032:
686:
679:
1515:"Ecological Thresholds of Toxicological Concern: A Review"
1512:
991:
2094:
2084:
611:
198:
1457:
1413:
1363:
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
660:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
399:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1621:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2008
1418:(24th ed.). American Public Health Association.
1396:. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: ASTM International
775:
1458:"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Study of manufactured products on aquatic organisms
1305:"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry"
1169:
1051:"Aquatic toxicology: past, present, and prospects"
1500:"Environment and Climate Change Canada's Mandate"
651:Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
3325:
805:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
703:due to toxicants being present in the organism.
204:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1587:"Aquatic Life Criteria and Methods for Toxics"
1374:
1372:
938:
798:
483:tests are toxicity tests that can be used for
391:International Organization for Standardization
2970:
2725:
1933:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1643:
1359:"Permit Limits-Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)"
1264:
740:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
136:is the study of the effects of manufactured
1998:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1369:
2977:
2963:
2732:
2718:
1650:
1636:
939:Rand, Gary M.; Petrocelli, Sam R. (1985).
281:
1548:
1530:
1084:
1066:
1048:
1025:
719:Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration
503:plants) are required to conduct periodic
247:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
573:
148:at various levels of organization, from
144:and natural materials and activities on
120:
1265:Valkirs GE, Barton R (September 1985).
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934:
932:
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928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
3326:
3259:List of extremely hazardous substances
1657:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1172:Environmental Science & Technology
1149:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 900.
981:. EPA. October 2002. EPA 821-R-02-012.
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
612:Important aquatic toxicology resources
2958:
2713:
2186:
2185:
1669:
1631:
1144:
943:. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing.
854:Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish
666:Environment and Climate Change Canada
395:Environment and Climate Change Canada
3294:
2914:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
2739:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3306:
2261:Oceanic physical-biological process
2123:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1346:
1317:from the original on July 30, 2004.
1113:EPA Environmental Protection Agency
897:
760:octanol-water partition coefficient
408:
332:(Chironomus tentans, C. riparius),
215:Federal Water Pollution Control Act
13:
1609:National Status & Trends, 1999
776:Significance in regulatory context
772:All terms were derived from Rand.
634:American Public Health Association
383:American Public Health Association
14:
3355:
3198:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
1575:(Report). EPA. 1985. PB85-227049.
1380:"Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods"
1244:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.060
1126:"Water Quality Standards History"
1055:Environmental Health Perspectives
562:sediment testing is to apply the
556:
453:
3305:
3293:
3282:
3281:
2787:Environmental impact of shipping
2694:
2693:
2681:
2667:
2299:
1971:
1788:Colored dissolved organic matter
1109:"History of the Clean Water Act"
685:Median Effective Concentration (
638:American Water Works Association
23:
2133:Latin America and the Caribbean
1612:
1593:
1579:
1565:
1506:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1436:
1428:. Also available on CD-ROM and
1407:
1386:
1321:
1297:
1214:
387:Environmental Protection Agency
34:needs additional citations for
3269:Occupational safety and health
3173:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2984:
2615:Ecological values of mangroves
2158:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1502:. Ottawa, Ontario. 2018-12-10.
1446:. Duluth, MN: EPA. 2024-06-13.
1163:
1138:
1119:
1101:
1042:
985:
971:
957:
672:
1:
1049:Pritchard, J B (April 1993).
890:
678:Median Lethal Concentration (
551:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
268:is most commonly used with a
175:This field of study includes
2635:Marine conservation activism
2620:Fisheries and climate change
998:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
642:Water Environment Federation
618:Aquatic toxicology databases
227:, and three years later the
7:
2797:Fish diseases and parasites
2630:Human impact on marine life
2507:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
1743:Aquatic population dynamics
810:
799:Sediment quality guidelines
389:(EPA), ASTM International,
10:
3360:
1283:10.1093/clinchem/31.9.1427
615:
266:dose–response relationship
252:Aquatic toxicology tests (
191:
3277:
3231:
3218:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
3165:
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2869:Nonpoint source pollution
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2472:
2408:
2370:
2317:
2308:
2297:
2246:Marine primary production
2198:
2194:
2181:
2140:List of marine ecoregions
2115:
1980:
1969:
1683:
1679:
1665:
1147:Handbook of Ecotoxicology
1128:EPA. Received 2012-06-06
371:Mytilus galloprovincialis
364:(Palaemonetes pugio) and
229:Water Quality Act of 1965
3339:Environmental toxicology
3208:Consumption of Tide Pods
3193:Niigata Minamata disease
3020:Environmental toxicology
2904:Plastic pellet pollution
2492:Coastal biogeomorphology
2487:Marine coastal ecosystem
1532:10.3389/ftox.2021.640183
340:(Cyprinodon variegatu),
238:environmental protection
3056:Acceptable daily intake
3010:Occupational toxicology
2772:Cultural eutrophication
2400:Paradox of the plankton
2211:Diel vertical migration
2105:Freshwater swamp forest
1823:GIS and aquatic science
1671:General components and
1519:Frontiers in Toxicology
1145:Calow, Peter P (2009).
1010:10.2478/intox-2018-0001
766:Bioconcentration Factor
505:whole effluent toxicity
336:(Oncorhynchus mykiss),
304:(Pimephales promelas),
3213:Visakhapatnam gas leak
3157:Whole bowel irrigation
2909:Point source pollution
2226:Large marine ecosystem
1918:Shoaling and schooling
1605:June 12, 2013, at the
1444:"ECOTOX Knowledgebase"
564:sediment quality triad
248:Aquatic toxicity tests
130:
3178:2007 pet food recalls
2645:Marine protected area
2572:Salt pannes and pools
2347:Marine larval ecology
2322:Census of Marine Life
2206:Deep scattering layer
2163:San Francisco Estuary
2128:Africa and Madagascar
1953:Underwater camouflage
1733:Aquatic biomonitoring
1673:freshwater ecosystems
1335:. Amsterdam: Elsevier
574:Toxicological effects
529:Cyprinodon variegatus
282:Toxicological effects
124:
3076:Fixed-dose procedure
2919:Silver nanoparticles
2380:Marine bacteriophage
2342:Marine invertebrates
1460:. Pensacola, Florida
1068:10.1289/ehp.93100249
786:analytical chemistry
208:pickle-jar bioassays
58:"Aquatic toxicology"
43:improve this article
3035:In vitro toxicology
3025:Forensic toxicology
2884:Ocean deoxygenation
2879:Ocean acidification
2256:Ocean fertilization
2065:Trophic state index
2023:Lake stratification
1753:Aquatic respiration
1236:2010Chmsp..78..265V
1184:2006EnST...40.3429L
818:Biotic Ligand Model
701:biological activity
520:Pimephales promelas
499:, mines, municipal
360:(Hyalalla Azteca),
156:to communities and
152:through individual
3239:Biological warfare
3223:List of poisonings
3030:Medical toxicology
3000:Aquatic toxicology
2874:Nutrient pollution
2767:Aquatic toxicology
2522:Intertidal wetland
2517:Intertidal ecology
2385:Marine prokaryotes
2327:Deep-sea community
2221:Iron fertilization
2144:Specific examples
2070:Upland and lowland
1988:Freshwater biology
1853:Microbial food web
1763:Aquatic toxicology
1706:Aquatic adaptation
1659:Aquatic ecosystems
1589:. EPA. 2023-10-02.
1382:. EPA. 2020-08-01.
1365:. EPA. 2021-10-11.
1329:"Chronic Toxicity"
1271:Clinical Chemistry
1132:2012-06-28 at the
879:Water purification
839:Freshwater biology
788:testing for known
624:ASTM International
542:Americamysis bahia
514:Ceriodaphnia dubia
376:ASTM International
326:Ceriodaphnia dubia
134:Aquatic toxicology
131:
3321:
3320:
3137:Chelation therapy
2952:
2951:
2807:Friendly Floatees
2707:
2706:
2688:Oceans portal
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2532:Hydrothermal vent
2468:
2467:
2357:Seashore wildlife
2188:Marine ecosystems
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
1943:Thermal pollution
1908:Ramsar Convention
1848:Microbial ecology
1808:Fisheries science
1748:Aquatic predation
1425:978-0-87553-299-8
1192:10.1021/es052538g
1178:(10): 3429–3436.
950:978-0-89116-382-4
547:purple sea urchin
537:Menidia beryllina
533:inland silverside
525:sheepshead minnow
517:(water flea) and
446:flow-through test
374:). As defined by
338:sheepshead minnow
262:Field experiments
170:aquatic chemistry
146:aquatic organisms
127:purple sea urchin
119:
118:
111:
93:
3351:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3284:
3188:Minamata disease
3122:Activated carbon
3071:Biomagnification
3015:Entomotoxicology
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2849:Invasive species
2741:Marine pollution
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2674:Lakes portal
2672:
2671:
2670:
2640:Marine pollution
2332:Deep-water coral
2315:
2314:
2303:
2236:Marine chemistry
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2100:Freshwater marsh
1993:Freshwater biome
1975:
1691:Acoustic ecology
1681:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1432:by subscription.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1115:. June 22, 2023.
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
989:
983:
982:
975:
969:
968:
961:
955:
954:
936:
869:Water management
849:Marine pollution
707:Biomagnification
640:(AWWA), and the
501:sewage treatment
477:in these tests.
414:Exposure systems
409:Exposure systems
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:Water pollution
3334:Aquatic ecology
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3273:
3227:
3203:Seveso disaster
3183:Bhopal disaster
3161:
3110:
3066:Bioaccumulation
3044:
2988:
2983:
2953:
2948:
2944:Water pollution
2859:Mercury in fish
2743:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2649:
2610:Coral bleaching
2596:
2577:Seagrass meadow
2474:Marine habitats
2464:
2438:Coral reef fish
2404:
2390:Marine protists
2366:
2304:
2295:
2266:Ocean turbidity
2241:Marine food web
2190:
2169:
2111:
2050:River ecosystem
2003:Freshwater fish
1976:
1967:
1773:Bioluminescence
1758:Aquatic science
1675:
1661:
1656:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1607:Wayback Machine
1598:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1481:. Paris, France
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1426:
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1347:
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1327:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1263:
1259:
1219:
1215:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1134:Wayback Machine
1124:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1047:
1043:
990:
986:
977:
976:
972:
963:
962:
958:
951:
937:
898:
893:
888:
874:Water pollution
823:Clean Water Act
813:
801:
778:
757:
675:
620:
614:
576:
568:bioaccumulation
559:
509:Clean Water Act
481:Bioaccumulation
456:
411:
356:(Crassotreas),
298:genetic factors
270:sigmoidal curve
250:
194:
166:aquatic ecology
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3357:
3347:
3346:
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3315:
3303:
3291:
3278:
3275:
3274:
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3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3232:Related topics
3229:
3228:
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3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Gastric lavage
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Toxicity class
3093:
3091:Toxic capacity
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Acute toxicity
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3040:Toxicogenomics
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Surface runoff
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:North Atlantic
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Eutrophication
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2677:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:Saltwater fish
2425:
2423:Marine reptile
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:Marine viruses
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:Microorganisms
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2362:Wild fisheries
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Thorson's rule
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Marine biology
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Brackish marsh
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Lake ecosystem
2015:
2010:
2008:Hyporheic zone
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Microbial loop
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Eutrophication
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Cascade effect
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:Aquatic animal
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1592:
1578:
1564:
1505:
1491:
1470:
1449:
1435:
1424:
1406:
1385:
1368:
1345:
1333:Science Direct
1320:
1296:
1277:(9): 1427–31.
1257:
1230:(3): 265–272.
1213:
1162:
1156:978-1444313505
1155:
1137:
1118:
1100:
1041:
984:
970:
956:
949:
895:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
864:Poisonous fish
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
814:
812:
809:
800:
797:
777:
774:
770:
769:
763:
755:
752:
749:
746:Mode of Action
743:
737:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
710:
704:
697:
690:
683:
674:
671:
670:
669:
663:
657:
654:
648:
645:
627:
613:
610:
575:
572:
558:
557:Sediment tests
555:
455:
454:Types of tests
452:
451:
450:
439:
432:
428:Recirculation.
425:
410:
407:
352:(Mysidopsis),
302:fathead minnow
294:excretion rate
290:metabolic rate
249:
246:
193:
190:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Hazard symbol
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Hemoperfusion
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Ecotoxicology
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Marine debris
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:South Pacific
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Great Pacific
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:Garbage patch
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Anoxic waters
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Sponge ground
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Marine biomes
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Demersal fish
2446:
2444:
2443:Deep-sea fish
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Marine mammal
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
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334:rainbow trout
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311:Daphnia magna
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280:effects (see
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241:
239:
235:
234:risk analysis
230:
226:
225:
224:Silent Spring
220:
219:Rachel Carson
216:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3147:Hemodialysis
2999:
2939:Urban runoff
2899:Plastic bags
2822:Indian Ocean
2766:
2757:Anoxic event
2602:Conservation
2453:Pelagic fish
2433:Coastal fish
2337:Marine fungi
2075:Water garden
1958:Water column
1903:Productivity
1878:Pelagic zone
1838:Macrobenthos
1828:Hydrobiology
1798:Ecohydrology
1762:
1614:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1452:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1388:
1362:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
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987:
973:
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940:
844:Hydrobiology
802:
794:
779:
771:
694:Body Residue
636:(APHA), the
629:
605:antagonistic
601:potentiation
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420:
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362:grass shrimp
345:
325:
322:D. pulicaria
321:
316:
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286:
275:
251:
242:
222:
212:
207:
195:
181:marine water
174:
133:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3312:WikiProject
3249:Food safety
3081:Lethal dose
2752:Algal bloom
2587:Sponge reef
2562:Rocky shore
2557:Oyster reef
2527:Kelp forest
2410:Vertebrates
2310:Marine life
2286:Viral shunt
2251:Marine snow
2153:Maharashtra
2060:Stream pool
1963:Zooplankton
1883:Photic zone
1843:Meiobenthos
1696:Algal bloom
1224:Chemosphere
1061:: 249–257.
1004:(1): 5–12.
825:(in the US)
673:Terminology
597:synergistic
485:hydrophobic
346:Danio rerio
150:subcellular
3328:Categories
3244:Carcinogen
3115:Treatments
2986:Toxicology
2924:Stormwater
2777:Cyanotoxin
2567:Salt marsh
2502:Coral reef
2291:Whale fall
2271:Photophore
2148:Everglades
2116:Ecoregions
2055:Stream bed
2028:Macrophyte
1981:Freshwater
1813:Food chain
1726:Water bird
1525:: 640183.
1485:2018-12-24
1464:2018-12-24
1400:2024-07-19
1394:"About Us"
1339:2023-10-30
891:References
859:Toxicology
834:Cyanotoxin
790:pollutants
616:See also:
497:refineries
342:zebra fish
177:freshwater
162:toxicology
158:ecosystems
140:and other
69:newspapers
3166:Incidents
3132:Cathartic
2934:Upwelling
2889:Oil spill
2864:Microbead
2802:Fish kill
2782:Dead zone
2592:Tide pool
2497:Cold seep
2281:Upwelling
2045:Rheotaxis
2038:Fish pond
2013:Limnology
1938:Substrate
1923:Siltation
1793:Dead zone
1541:2673-3080
1200:0013-936X
1077:0091-6765
1018:1337-6853
692:Critical
599:effects,
590:sublethal
586:Lethality
438:toxicant.
278:sublethal
154:organisms
138:chemicals
99:June 2012
3288:Category
3127:Antidote
3049:Concepts
2894:Particle
2699:Category
2625:HERMIONE
2542:Mangrove
2352:Seagrass
1898:Pleuston
1893:Plankton
1873:Particle
1818:Food web
1619:"SQuiRT"
1603:Archived
1559:35295098
1312:Archived
1252:19954813
1208:16749717
1130:Archived
1036:30181707
811:See also
734:Effluent
579:Toxicity
435:Renewal.
317:D. pulex
306:daphnids
258:toxicant
185:sediment
3300:Commons
3264:Mutagen
2844:Hypoxia
2552:Mudflat
2512:Estuary
2482:Bay mud
2460:Seabird
2216:f-ratio
2199:General
2080:Wetland
1868:Neuston
1833:Hypoxia
1778:Biomass
1768:Benthos
1684:General
1550:8915905
1291:4028392
1232:Bibcode
1180:Bibcode
1095:8354173
1086:1519578
1027:6117820
466:Chronic
421:Static.
366:mussels
192:History
83:scholar
3086:Poison
2993:Fields
2537:Lagoon
1863:Nekton
1721:Mammal
1716:Insect
1557:
1547:
1539:
1430:online
1422:
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1206:
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1034:
1024:
1016:
947:
758:– The
545:, and
397:, and
354:oyster
350:mysids
254:assays
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3106:Venom
3101:Toxin
1928:Spawn
1315:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
782:NPDES
459:Acute
424:test.
385:, US
330:midge
90:JSTOR
76:books
2839:GASB
2033:Pond
1555:PMID
1537:ISSN
1420:ISBN
1287:PMID
1248:PMID
1204:PMID
1196:ISSN
1151:ISBN
1091:PMID
1073:ISSN
1032:PMID
1014:ISSN
945:ISBN
687:EC50
680:LC50
358:scud
183:and
168:and
62:news
2095:Fen
2085:Bog
1545:PMC
1527:doi
1279:doi
1240:doi
1188:doi
1081:PMC
1063:doi
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1022:PMC
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221:'s
199:DDT
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