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Arshinoff, Bradley I; Cary, Gregory A; Karimi, Kamran; Foley, Saoirse; Agalakov, Sergei; Delgado, Francisco; Lotay, Vaneet S; Ku, Carolyn J; Pells, Troy J; Beatman, Thomas R; Kim, Eugene; Cameron, R Andrew; Vize, Peter D; Telmer, Cheryl A; Croce, Jenifer C; Ettensohn, Charles A; Hinman, Veronica F (7
301:
and cancer research. The study identified a sequence that can return cells to a 'stem-cell' like state, allowing for better treatment options. The species has also been a candidate in longevity studies, particularly because of its ability to regenerate damaged or aging tissue. Another study comparing
895:
Sodergren, E.; Sodergren, G. M.; Weinstock, E. H.; Davidson, R. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Gibbs, R. C.; Angerer, L. M.; Angerer, M. I.; Arnone, D. R.; Burgess, R. D.; Burke, J. A.; Coffman, M.; Dean, M. R.; Elphick, C. A.; Ettensohn, K. R.; Foltz, A.; Hamdoun, R. O.; Hynes, W. H.; Klein, W.; Marzluff, D.
249:
species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. Its eggs are orange when secreted in water. January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years. It normally
525:
In
California, the peak gonad growth season (and therefore peak of edibility) is September–October. Early in the season, the gonads are still growing and the yield will be smaller. From November onwards the gonads are developed, however harvesting stress can induce spawning, decreasing quality.
1044:
Burke, R.D.; Angerer, L.M.; Elphick, M.R.; Humphrey, G.W.; Yaguchi, S.; Kiyama, T.; Liang, S.; Mu, X.; Agca, C.; Klein, W.H.; Brandhorst, B.P.; Rowe, M.; Wilson, K.; Churcher, A.M.; Taylor, J.S.; Chen, N.; Murray, G.; Wang, D.; Mellott, D.; Olinski, R.; Hallböök, F.; Thorndyke, M.C. (2006).
395:
and humans belong. Sea urchins are also the closest living relative to chordates. Using the strictest measure, the purple sea urchin and humans share 7,700 genes. Many of these genes are involved in sensing the environment, a fact surprising for an animal lacking a head structure.
284:
is still a major part of the utilization of the sea urchin, studies on urchin's position as an evolutionary marvel have become increasingly frequent. Orthologs to human diseases have led scientists to investigate potential therapeutic uses for the sequences found in
302:'young' vs. 'old' suggested that even in species with varying lifespans, the 'regenerative potential' was upheld in older specimens as they suffered no significant disadvantages compared to younger ones.
506:
community. The purple sea urchin also plays a key role in the disappearance of kelp forests that is currently occurring due to climate change; when urchins completely eliminate kelp from an area, an
372:
has 353 protein kinases, containing members of 97% of human kinase subfamilies. Many of these genes were previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or were only known from groups outside the
349:
is one of several biomedical research model organisms in cell and developmental biology. The sea urchin is the first animal with a sequenced genome that (1) is a free-living, motile marine
383:
The genome is largely non-redundant, making it very comparable to vertebrates, but without the complexity. For example, 200 to 700 chemosensory genes were found that lacked
896:
R.; McClay, R. L.; Morris, A.; Mushegian, J. P.; Rast, L. C.; Smith, M. C.; Thorndyke, V. D.; Vacquier, G. M.; Wessel, G.; Wray, L.; et al. (2006).
628:"Echinobase: leveraging an extant model organism database to build a knowledgebase supporting research on the genomics and biology of echinoderms"
321:
The genome of the purple sea urchin was completely sequenced and annotated in 2006 by teams of scientists from over 70 institutions including the
1517:
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1239:
Provost, Euan J.; Kelaher, Brendan P. (2017). "Climate‐driven disparities among ecological interactions threaten kelp forest persistence".
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Ricketts EF, Calvin J. Between
Pacific Tides. 3rd Rev. edn. 1962 by J.W. Hedgpeth. XII 516. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1939
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1137:"Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus"
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387:, a feature typical of vertebrates. Thus the sea urchin genome provides a comparison to our own and those of other
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of the purple sea urchin. Carbon dioxide concentration also reduces the size of its larvae, which indicates that
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specific as thought previously, while other genes still were found in the urchin but not the chordate.
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782:"Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short- and long-lived species of sea urchins"
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is the model organism database for the purple sea urchin and a number of other echinoderms.
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grows to a diameter of about 10 cm (4 inches) and may live as long as 70 years.
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1096:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"
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Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020-10-17).
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Kelly, Morgan W.; Padilla-Gamiño, Jacqueline L.; Hofmann, Gretchen E. (August 2013).
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838:"California Purple Sea-Urchin Genome Sequenced by International Team | Caltech"
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that reacts when stress is sensed to eliminate potentially toxic chemicals.
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D. Sweetnam et al., Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 10 (2005).
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Sea urchins like the purple sea urchin have been used for food by the
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that is unique in the enormous complexity of its receptor repertoire.
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Sodergren, E; Weinstock, GM; Davidson, EH; et al. (2006-11-10).
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The sea urchin genome is estimated to encode about 23,500 genes. The
68:
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376:. The team sequencing the species concluded that some genes are not
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731:"Sea urchins could contain the genetic key to curing some diseases"
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that were not counterparts of the typical human vertebrate variety
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964:"The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus"
898:"The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus"
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showing teeth of
Aristotle's Lantern, spines and tube feet.
1301:
Heizer, Robert
Fleming; Elsasser, Albert B. (1980-01-01).
1134:
961:
407:'s immune systems contains innate pathogen receptors like
337:. A new improved version of the purple sea urchin genome,
679:"Multiple Forms of DNA-dependent in Eukaryotic Organisms"
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624:
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exist for genes associated with human diseases, such as
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T.A. Ebert, J. R. Southon, 2003. Fish. Bull. 101, 915
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Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations affect the
957:
955:
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780:Bodnar, Andrea G.; Coffman, James A. (2016-08-01).
1302:
1047:"A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system"
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293:began investigating the "2A" viral region in the
264:was the first echinoderm genome to be sequenced.
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946:
1026:Materna, S.C., K. Berney, and R.A. Cameron. 200
1300:
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267:
779:
568:"Sea Urchin Research | ASU - Ask A Biologist"
676:
470:of the larvae could be negatively impacted.
1305:The Natural World of the California Indians
1192:"The ecological role of purple sea urchins"
289:. For instance, in 2012, scientists at the
1331:"Purple Sea Urchin | California Sea Grant"
1100:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
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1366:Echinoderm Genome Information Web System
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443:) and many cytoskeletal proteins of the
357:and water vascular system found only in
274:eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases
272:The initial discovery of three distinct
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225:It lives along the eastern edge of the
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842:The California Institute of Technology
1391:
1390:
1113:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019
677:Roeder, R. G.; Rutter, W. J. (1969).
670:
441:Norman-Roberts lissencephaly syndrome
1030:genome: A comparative perspective"
522:, who ate the yellow egg mass raw.
399:The sea urchin also has a chemical
13:
1657:Seafood in Native American cuisine
1309:. University of California Press.
494:The purple sea urchin, along with
415:. There were genes identified for
327:California Institute of Technology
14:
1673:
1375:genome at the UCSC Genome Browser
1351:
391:, the larger group to which both
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540:, the Atlantic purple sea urchin
520:indigenous peoples of California
55:
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593:"Strongylocentrotus purpuratus"
502:, is a prominent member of the
297:genome which may be useful for
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331:Human Genome Sequencing Center
306:Online model organism database
1:
1445:strongylocentrotus-purpuratus
1431:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
1401:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
1381:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
1373:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
1359:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
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479:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
339:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
287:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
254:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
207:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
200:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
189:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
161:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
36:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
361:; and (4) has a nonadaptive
7:
1063:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.007
529:
323:Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory
280:as a model organism. While
268:Role in biomedical research
10:
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411:and genes that encode for
341:v5.0, is now available on
335:Baylor College of Medicine
18:
1652:Animals described in 1857
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52:Scientific classification
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41:
34:
291:University of St Andrews
19:Not to be confused with
1217:10.1126/science.1131888
988:10.1126/science.1133609
922:10.1126/science.1133609
1190:Pearse, J. S. (2006).
632:Nucleic Acids Research
486:
445:Usher syndrome network
221:commonly known as the
202:
192:
1383:on Sealife Collection
1242:Global Change Biology
1141:Global Change Biology
1028:6a. The S. purpuratus
572:askabiologist.asu.edu
476:
282:embryonic development
214:of sea urchin in the
198:
186:
25:Paracentrotus lividus
16:Species of sea urchin
756:www.st-andrews.ac.uk
645:10.1093/nar/gkab1005
597:Animal Diversity Web
219:Strongylocentrotidae
119:Strongylocentrotidae
1662:Sea urchins as food
1335:caseagrant.ucsd.edu
1255:2017GCBio..23..353P
1208:2006Sci...314..940P
1153:2013GCBio..19.2536K
980:2006Sci...314..941S
914:2006Sci...314..941S
409:Toll-like receptors
299:Alzheimer's disease
1647:Strongylocentrotus
798:10.1111/acel.12487
537:Arbacia punctulata
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223:purple sea urchin.
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143:S. purpuratus
130:Strongylocentrotus
21:Arbacia punctulata
1634:
1633:
1583:Open Tree of Life
1393:Taxon identifiers
1263:10.1111/gcb.13414
1202:(5801): 940–941.
1161:10.1111/gcb.12251
974:(5801): 941–952.
908:(5801): 941–952.
750:Ryan, Dr Martin.
692:(5216): 234–237.
638:(D1): D970–D979.
447:like usherin and
423:, and encode for
417:Biomineralization
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867:. Archived from
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393:echinoderms
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545:References
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