1012:
2176:
17:
1880:
2164:
81:
223:, regardless of the species, is beneficial because it can avoid conflict with recreational activities and local fisherman, as well as potentially improving the coastal aesthetics. Further, repositioning aquaculture facilities in less polluted open water environments can produce better products, and the high flushing rates experienced in the open ocean reduces the effect of effluents on
46:
Their rapid growth rate in aquaculture, as well as the high quality of their flesh, makes cobia potentially one of the more important potential marine fish for aquaculture production. Currently, cobia are cultured in nurseries and grow-out offshore cages in many parts of Asia and off the coast of the
166:
Juveniles thrive on a wide range of protein and lipid, but there are optimal levels where they get the most benefit. After an 8-week growth trial, juvenile cobia displayed a peak in their weight gain with a dietary protein concentration of 44.5%. Weight gain is also likely to increase as the lipid
182:
The cobia are then transferred to open ocean cages for final the grow-out when they reach 6–10 kilograms (13–22 lb). The growth rate and survival rate of cobia during grow-out stages in open water cages throughout the
Caribbean and Americas vary from as little as 10% up to 90%. Low survival
162:
to gill respiration 11–15 days post hatching. At 15–25 days post hatching, cobia are weaned onto commercial formulated feeds. Rearing cobia larvae at salinities as low as 15 ppt is possible. Fully weaned fingerlings weighing up to one gram are transferred to juvenile culture tanks. Later cobia
154:
Optimal rearing densities are required when rearing larvae. Even though water quality and food can be controlled, it has been shown that high rearing densities may still affect growth and survival of the larvae through responses related to crowding. In addition, juveniles exposed to varying
203:
during both the hatchery and grow-out stages. These stones vary in diameter from 2–6 millimetres (0.079–0.236 in) in the kidney and can block the urethra. This condition is not fully understood, but is thought to be a symptom of prolonged exposure to free carbon dioxide in excess of
304:
183:
rates are mainly due to disease, but also to shark attacks which tear holes in the nets of cages in the
Bahamas and Puerto Rico and allow caged cobia to escape. However, better growth rates were experienced in offshore cage farms in Taiwan. In addition, cobia are considered to be
51:
reported that 80.6% of the world's cobia production was by China and Taiwan. After China and Taiwan, Vietnam is the third largest producer of farmed cobia in the world where production was estimated at 1500 tonnes in 2008. The possibility is also being examined of growing
150:
for 3–7 days after they hatch. The larvae require rotifers for at least four days after hatching. The presence of enriched live prey in conjunction with live algae in rearing tanks has been shown to improve the way larvae grow and survive in recirculating systems.
413:
Benetti, Daniel D.; Orhun, Mehmet R.; Sardenberg, Bruno; O'Hanlon, Brian; Welch, Aaron; Hoenig, Ronald; Zink, Ian; Rivera, José A.; Denlinger, Bristol; Bacoat, Donald; Palmer, Kevin; Cavalin, Fernando (2008). "Advances in hatchery and grow-out technology of cobia
47:
United States, Mexico and Panama. In Taiwan cobia weighing 100–600 grams are cultured for 1–1.5 years to reach the 6–8 kilograms (13–18 lb) needed for export to Japan. Currently, around 80% of marine cages in Taiwan are devoted to cobia culture. In 2004, the
816:
119:, as a biological control for any remaining ectoparasites. The broodstock diet includes sardines, squid and formulated feeds, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements. The water temperature is used to control spawning.
644:
Wang, Ji-Teng; Liu, Yong-Jian; Tian, Li-Xia; Mai, Kang-Sen; Du, Zhen-Yu; Wang, Yong; Yang, Hui-Jun (2005). "Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia
59:
Greater depths, stronger currents, and distance from shore all act to reduce the environmental impacts often associated with fin fish aquaculture. Offshore cage systems could become some of the most environmentally
832:
Chen, S-C; Kou, R-J; Wu, C-T; Wang, P-C; Su, F-Z (2001). "Mass mortality associated with a
Sphaerospora-like myxosporidean infestation in juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum (L.), marine cage cultured in Taiwan".
520:
Hitzfelder, Glenn M.; Holt, G. Joan; Fox, Joe M.; McKee, David A. (2006). "The Effect of
Rearing Density on Growth and Survival of Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, Larvae in a Closed Recirculating Aquaculture System".
548:
Denson, Michael R.; Stuart, Kevin R.; Smith, Theodore I. J.; Weirlch, Charles R.; Segars, Al (2003). "Effects of
Salinity on Growth, Survival, and Selected Hematological Parameters of Juvenile Cobia
230:
However, such operations require more developed infrastructure than near-shore aquaculture systems, which makes them expensive. Offshore sites have access difficulties and much higher labour costs.
175:
protein before a reduction occurs in growth rates and protein utilization. Cobia has low feed conversion rates, yielding 1 kilogram of fish biomass for 1.8 kilograms of pellets which contain 50%
64:
methods for commercial marine fish aquaculture. However, some problems still exist in cobia culture that needs to be addressed and solved for increasing production. These include high
364:
167:
content in the diet increases. However, levels exceeding 15–18% produces little practical benefit because of higher fat accretion in the cobia. In addition, up to 40% of
896:
187:, with differential growth rates occurring between sexes. Females grow faster and have been shown to be significantly longer and heavier within year classes.
126:
are collected with a surface skimmer using mesh screen bags. The eggs are transferred to incubation tanks where they are disinfected for an hour with 100 ppm
92:
are captured by professional fishermen. The fish are transferred into onboard-tanks on a transport vessel for transport to hatchery facilities. They are
1643:
1789:
683:
Chou, R.L.; Her, B.Y.; Su, M.S.; Hwang, G.; Wu, Y.H.; Chen, H.Y. (2004). "Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia
357:
889:
764:
Benetti, Daniel D.; O'Hanlon, Brian; Rivera, José A.; Welch, Aaron W.; Maxey, Christopher; Orhun, M. Refik (2010). "Growth rates of cobia (
1929:
1854:
946:
239:
303:
Nhu, V. C., Nguyen, H. Q., Le, T. L., Tran, M. T., Sorgeloos, P., Dierckens, K., Reinertsen H., Kjorsvik, E. & Svennevig, N. (2011)
356:
Benetti, D. D., Orhun, M. R., Zink, I., Cavalin, F. G., Sardenberg, B., Palmer, K., Dnlinger, B., Bacoat, D. & O’Hanlon, B. (2007)
882:
705:
586:
1380:
743:
504:
1782:
1668:
1511:
385:
Advances in hatchery and growout technology of marine finfish candidate species for offshore aquaculture in the
Caribbean
1698:
667:
613:
Chou, Ruey-Liang; Su, Mao-Sen; Chen, Houng-Yung (2001). "Optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile cobia (
384:
1723:
1370:
1229:
39:
fish, up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) long and 68 kilograms (150 lb) in weight. They are solitary fish except when
383:
Benetti, D.D., Alarcon, J.F., Stevens, O.M., O'Hanlon, B., Rivera, J.A., Banner-Stevens, G. and Rotman, F.J. (2003)
1410:
1360:
1688:
1775:
1488:
1390:
1736:
1592:
1365:
1934:
1829:
1703:
1547:
1443:
69:
1708:
1678:
1516:
725:) can utilize a wide range of protein and lipid levels without impacts on production characteristics".
211:-like myxosporean infection caused 90% mortality during one month in a marine cage cultured in Taiwan.
2157:
2152:
2035:
1663:
1638:
1506:
1375:
326:
284:
1849:
1653:
1618:
1557:
1303:
1257:
1247:
72:
in the nursery stage and the grow-out culture can result in low survival rates and a poor harvest.
2207:
2129:
1658:
1350:
68:
due to stress during transport from nursery tanks or inshore cages out to grow-out cages. Also,
1748:
1597:
1478:
1433:
155:
salinities exhibited sustained growth and improved health at higher salinities, 15 and 30 ppt.
1731:
1718:
1623:
1572:
1473:
1405:
1288:
796:
2202:
1974:
1839:
1741:
1713:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1633:
1628:
1453:
1395:
486:
larvae in recirculating aquaculture systems: Live prey enrichment and greenwater culture".
220:
32:
1011:
8:
1859:
1648:
1587:
1577:
1562:
1400:
1272:
1141:
1001:
204:
10 mg/L. The ratio of calcium to magnesium in the diet could also be out of balance.
2168:
2055:
2012:
1997:
1939:
1911:
1293:
1252:
986:
936:
565:
467:
446:
283:
Liao, I.C., Huang, T.S., Tsai, W.S., Hsueh, C.M., Chang, S.L. & Leano, E.M. (2004)
111:
Broodstock are reared in controlled ponds or tanks. These tanks are often stocked with
860:
781:
738:
700:
662:
630:
499:
1992:
1896:
1844:
1824:
1552:
1038:
961:
846:
534:
431:
1767:
257:
Kaiser, J.B. & Holt, G.J. 2004. Cobia: a new species for aquaculture in the US.
2180:
2040:
1987:
1921:
1209:
1131:
981:
928:
842:
777:
734:
696:
658:
626:
561:
530:
495:
462:
427:
196:
2134:
1954:
1531:
1521:
1204:
1020:
966:
747:
709:
671:
590:
508:
368:
1214:
1186:
579:
2139:
2108:
2083:
2073:
2065:
1944:
1906:
1869:
1602:
1582:
1262:
1196:
1063:
996:
991:
941:
916:
200:
100:
if necessary to reduce stress during transportation. They are also treated for
65:
24:
cobia weighing about 8 kilograms prior to transport to broodstock holding tanks
2196:
1959:
1567:
1463:
1458:
1267:
1121:
1111:
1088:
1053:
971:
956:
820:
721:
Craig, Steven R.; Schwarz, Michael H.; McLean, Ewen (2006). "Juvenile cobia (
184:
133:
101:
2098:
2093:
2078:
2045:
1834:
1526:
1468:
1448:
1420:
1330:
1298:
1176:
1033:
1028:
172:
159:
112:
97:
93:
874:
108:
and skin that could proliferate later after transfer to maturation tanks.
2103:
2030:
2002:
1949:
1864:
1819:
1498:
1385:
1342:
1326:
1239:
1101:
1073:
1068:
976:
163:
juveniles can be raised in ponds or shallow, near-shore submerged cages.
147:
61:
2025:
1428:
1355:
1219:
1146:
1048:
1043:
89:
21:
16:
1879:
794:
2124:
2088:
2020:
1901:
1483:
1126:
168:
1156:
482:
Faulk, Cynthia K.; Holt, G. Joan (2005). "Advances in rearing cobia
80:
2050:
1224:
1166:
1136:
951:
176:
127:
123:
56:
reared cobia in offshore cages around Puerto Rico and the
Bahamas.
53:
40:
412:
1982:
1964:
1888:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1171:
1151:
1096:
1058:
224:
143:
138:
36:
31:, a warm water fish, is one of the more suitable candidates for
1181:
1106:
1078:
763:
28:
861:"Aquaculture and ocean resources: raising tigers of the sea"
768:) cultured in open ocean submerged cages in the Caribbean".
105:
1161:
1116:
388:
Proceedings of the Gulf and
Caribbean Fisheries Institute
309:
aquaculture in
Vietnam: recent developments and prospects
48:
547:
519:
285:"Cobia culture in Taiwan: current status and problems"
1797:
1325:
795:Franks, J.S.; Warren, J.R.; Buchanan, M.V. (1999).
720:
2194:
584:larvae to abrupt or gradual changes in salinity"
759:
757:
755:
682:
643:
43:, found in warm-temperate to tropical waters.
1783:
890:
831:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
136:concentrations are maintained, and enriched
1930:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1855:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
947:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
904:
752:
608:
606:
240:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
215:
1790:
1776:
897:
883:
612:
397:
337:
481:
466:
445:Faulk, Cynthia K.; Holt, G. Joan (2003).
444:
603:
554:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
523:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
455:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
332:FAO Cultured Aquatic Species Information
79:
15:
801:, from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico"
2195:
447:"Lipid Nutrition and Feeding of Cobia
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
1771:
1324:
914:
878:
578:Faulk, C.K. & Holt, G.J. (2006)
362:) in the Americas and the Caribbean"
268:
13:
915:
859:Naylor, R. & Burke, M. (2005)
566:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00088.x
468:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00074.x
199:(kidney stones) cause significant
14:
2219:
1371:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1230:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
782:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.021
739:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.004
663:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.038
500:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.033
2175:
2174:
2162:
1878:
1010:
847:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00287.x
535:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00028.x
432:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01922.x
171:protein can be substituted with
84:Cobia fingerlings in aquaculture
2163:
853:
825:
788:
714:
676:
637:
572:
541:
513:
1644:Federated States of Micronesia
475:
438:
377:
320:
297:
251:
1:
701:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00395-8
631:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00480-4
245:
75:
334:, Rome. Updated 23 May 2007.
7:
1830:Fish diseases and parasites
1444:Fish diseases and parasites
864:Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.
233:
190:
10:
2224:
1517:Microalgal bacterial flocs
797:"Age and growth of cobia,
2148:
2117:
2064:
2036:Gathering seafood by hand
2011:
1973:
1920:
1887:
1876:
1810:
1611:
1540:
1497:
1419:
1341:
1337:
1320:
1281:
1238:
1195:
1087:
1019:
1008:
927:
923:
910:
1850:Individual fishing quota
1381:Integrated multi-trophic
835:Journal of Fish Diseases
216:Benefits and constraints
1351:Aquaculture engineering
905:Fishing industry topics
358:"Aquaculture of cobia (
367:July 26, 2010, at the
85:
25:
1289:World fish production
328:Rachycentron canadum
146:are fed to the cobia
83:
19:
1840:Fisheries management
799:Rachycentron canadum
766:Rachycentron canadum
723:Rachycentron canadum
685:Rachycentron canadum
647:Rachycentron canadum
615:Rachycentron canadum
582:Rachycentron canadum
580:"Responses of cobia
550:Rachycentron canadum
484:Rachycentron canadum
449:Rachycentron canadum
420:Aquaculture Research
416:Rachycentron canadum
360:Rachycentron canadum
307:Rachycentron canadum
221:Offshore aquaculture
33:offshore aquaculture
1998:Fishing tournaments
1860:Sustainable fishery
1142:Fish protein powder
1940:Commercial fishing
1912:History of fishing
1294:Fishing by country
937:Commercial fishing
746:2012-04-25 at the
708:2011-12-15 at the
670:2012-04-25 at the
589:2012-04-25 at the
507:2012-04-25 at the
117:Gobiosoma oceanops
86:
35:. Cobia are large
26:
2190:
2189:
1993:Catch and release
1897:Artisanal fishing
1845:Fisheries science
1825:Diversity of fish
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1558:Freshwater prawns
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1039:Fish preservation
962:Midwater trawling
259:World Aquaculture
2215:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2135:Fishing villages
2074:Artificial flies
2041:Handline fishing
1988:Big-game fishing
1882:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1689:Papua New Guinea
1669:Marshall Islands
1339:
1338:
1331:farmed fisheries
1322:
1321:
1210:Shrimp marketing
1132:Fish hydrolysate
1014:
929:Fishing industry
925:
924:
912:
911:
899:
892:
885:
876:
875:
870:
857:
851:
850:
829:
823:
815:
808:Fishery Bulletin
805:
792:
786:
785:
776:(3–4): 195–201.
761:
750:
742:
718:
712:
704:
695:(1–4): 325–333.
680:
674:
666:
657:(1–4): 439–447.
641:
635:
634:
610:
601:
576:
570:
569:
545:
539:
538:
517:
511:
503:
494:(1–4): 231–243.
479:
473:
472:
470:
442:
436:
435:
410:
395:
381:
375:
354:
335:
324:
318:
301:
295:
281:
266:
255:
197:Nephrocalcinosis
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2144:
2140:Marine habitats
2113:
2084:Bite indicators
2060:
2007:
1969:
1916:
1883:
1874:
1806:
1796:
1766:
1753:
1699:Solomon Islands
1607:
1536:
1522:Photobioreactor
1493:
1415:
1333:
1308:
1277:
1234:
1205:Live fish trade
1191:
1083:
1021:Fish processing
1015:
1006:
997:Fishing vessels
967:Bottom trawling
919:
906:
903:
873:
858:
854:
830:
826:
803:
793:
789:
762:
753:
748:Wayback Machine
719:
715:
710:Wayback Machine
681:
677:
672:Wayback Machine
642:
638:
611:
604:
591:Wayback Machine
577:
573:
546:
542:
518:
514:
509:Wayback Machine
480:
476:
443:
439:
411:
398:
382:
378:
369:Wayback Machine
355:
338:
325:
321:
302:
298:
282:
269:
256:
252:
248:
236:
218:
193:
78:
66:mortality rates
12:
11:
5:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2208:Rachycentridae
2205:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:Fishing vessel
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1870:Wild fisheries
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:United States
1726:
1724:United Kingdom
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:Antimicrobials
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Best practices
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1282:Area fisheries
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:English Market
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:Fish marketing
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Salmon cannery
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Fish slaughter
939:
933:
931:
921:
920:
917:Wild fisheries
908:
907:
902:
901:
894:
887:
879:
872:
871:
852:
841:(4): 189–195.
824:
819:2012-07-10 at
787:
751:
733:(1): 384–391.
713:
675:
636:
625:(1–2): 81–89.
602:
571:
560:(4): 496–504.
540:
529:(2): 204–209.
512:
474:
461:(3): 368–378.
437:
426:(7): 701–711.
396:
376:
336:
319:
296:
267:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
235:
232:
217:
214:
213:
212:
205:
192:
189:
77:
74:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Fishing banks
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Marine shrimp
1571:
1569:
1568:Hirudiculture
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:Other species
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:US hatcheries
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Fish stocking
1462:
1460:
1459:Fish hatchery
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:Recirculating
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Inland saline
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Copper alloys
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Fishing banks
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Fish emulsion
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Cod liver oil
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:Fish products
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Filleted fish
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Pair trawling
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
881:
880:
877:
868:
865:
862:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
822:
821:archive.today
818:
813:
809:
802:
800:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
756:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
607:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
575:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
441:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:(Linnaeus)".
417:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
393:
389:
386:
380:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
333:
330:
329:
323:
316:
313:
310:
308:
300:
293:
289:
286:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
264:
260:
254:
250:
241:
238:
237:
231:
228:
227:communities.
226:
222:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
188:
186:
185:gonochoristic
180:
178:
174:
170:
164:
161:
158:Cobia larvae
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
134:Phytoplankton
131:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
102:ectoparasites
99:
95:
91:
82:
73:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
50:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
2179:
2167:
2046:Spearfishing
1835:Fish farming
1704:South Africa
1593:Sea cucumber
1548:Brine shrimp
1527:Raceway pond
1469:Spawning bed
1449:Fish farming
1438:
1421:Fish farming
1258:Maine Avenue
1248:Billingsgate
1240:Fish markets
1215:Chasse-marée
1187:Surströmming
1177:Shrimp paste
1102:Fish as food
1034:Factory ship
1029:Fish factory
866:
863:
855:
838:
834:
827:
811:
807:
798:
790:
773:
769:
765:
730:
726:
722:
716:
692:
688:
684:
678:
654:
650:
646:
639:
622:
618:
614:
597:
593:
581:
574:
557:
553:
549:
543:
526:
522:
515:
491:
487:
483:
477:
458:
454:
448:
440:
423:
419:
415:
391:
387:
379:
371:
359:
331:
327:
322:
314:
311:
306:
299:
291:
287:
262:
258:
253:
229:
219:
209:Sphaerospora
208:
181:
173:soybean meal
165:
160:metamorphose
157:
153:
142:nauplii and
137:
132:
121:
116:
113:cleaner fish
110:
94:anesthetized
87:
58:
45:
27:
2203:Aquaculture
2031:Fishing net
2003:Fly fishing
1865:Overfishing
1820:Aquaculture
1805:topic areas
1709:South Korea
1679:New Zealand
1598:Sea sponges
1499:Algaculture
1386:Mariculture
1343:Aquaculture
1327:Aquaculture
1304:Other areas
1074:Smoked fish
1069:Salted fish
1002:Power block
977:Gillnetting
770:Aquaculture
727:Aquaculture
689:Aquaculture
651:Aquaculture
619:Aquaculture
594:Aquaculture
488:Aquaculture
312:Aquaculture
288:Aquaculture
88:Wild cobia
62:sustainable
2197:Categories
2125:Fish ponds
2026:Fishfinder
2013:Techniques
1975:Recreation
1955:Processing
1935:By country
1664:Madagascar
1639:East Timor
1612:By country
1512:Microalgae
1507:Giant kelp
1429:Broodstock
1356:Aquaponics
1220:Fishmonger
1147:Fish sauce
1049:Dried fish
1044:Slurry ice
982:Longlining
814:: 459–471.
246:References
90:broodstock
76:Production
22:broodstock
2118:Locations
2021:Fish trap
1945:Marketing
1902:Fisherman
1812:Fisheries
1799:Fisheries
1654:Indonesia
1619:Australia
1484:Tailwater
1454:Fish feed
1127:Fish meal
869:: 185–218
600:: 275–283
394:: 475–487
374:, p. 1–21
294:: 155–65.
201:mortality
169:fish meal
104:on their
98:clove oil
20:A female
2181:Category
2153:Glossary
2056:Trolling
2051:Trawling
1960:Products
1922:Industry
1659:Kiribati
1588:Scallops
1396:Offshore
1225:Fishwife
1167:Lutefisk
1137:Fish oil
1117:Fish roe
992:Dredging
987:Trolling
952:Trawling
817:Archived
744:Archived
706:Archived
668:Archived
587:Archived
505:Archived
365:Archived
234:See also
191:Diseases
177:fishmeal
144:rotifers
128:formalin
70:diseases
54:hatchery
41:spawning
2169:Outline
1983:Angling
1965:Seafood
1950:Markets
1889:Fishing
1803:fishing
1749:Vanuatu
1603:Turtles
1583:Oysters
1578:Octopus
1563:Geoduck
1532:Seaweed
1479:Tilapia
1434:Catfish
1406:Raceway
1401:Organic
1273:Tsukiji
1172:Rakfisk
1152:Gravlax
1097:Seafood
1079:Kippers
1059:Gibbing
972:Seining
451:Larvae"
317:: 20–25
265:: 12–14
225:benthic
139:Artemia
37:pelagic
2109:Sinker
2066:Tackle
1737:Hawaii
1732:Alaska
1719:Tuvalu
1624:Canada
1474:Salmon
1268:Scania
1253:Fulton
1182:Surimi
1157:Hákarl
1107:Caviar
305:Cobia
148:larvae
2158:Index
2099:Lures
1742:Maine
1714:Tonga
1694:Samoa
1684:Palau
1674:Nauru
1634:China
1629:Chile
1553:Coral
1439:Cobia
804:(PDF)
372:RSMAS
106:gills
96:with
29:Cobia
2094:Line
2089:Hook
2079:Bait
1801:and
1649:Fiji
1329:and
649:)".
617:)".
124:eggs
122:The
2104:Rod
1162:Lox
843:doi
778:doi
774:302
735:doi
731:261
697:doi
693:229
687:".
659:doi
655:249
627:doi
623:193
598:254
562:doi
552:".
531:doi
496:doi
492:249
463:doi
428:doi
315:315
292:237
49:FAO
2199::
867:30
839:24
837:.
812:97
810:.
806:.
772:.
754:^
729:.
691:.
653:.
621:.
605:^
596:,
558:34
556:.
527:37
525:.
490:.
459:34
457:.
453:.
424:39
422:.
399:^
392:54
390:,
339:^
290:,
270:^
263:35
261:,
207:A
179:.
130:.
115:,
1791:e
1784:t
1777:v
898:e
891:t
884:v
849:.
845::
784:.
780::
741:.
737::
703:.
699::
665:.
661::
645:(
633:.
629::
568:.
564::
537:.
533::
502:.
498::
471:.
465::
434:.
430::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
