Kiwi (bird) - Knowledge

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invertebrates, seeds, grubs, and many varieties of worms. They also may eat fruit, small crayfish, eels and amphibians. Because their nostrils are located at the end of their long beaks, kiwi can locate insects and worms underground using their keen sense of smell, without actually seeing or feeling them. This sense of smell is due to a highly developed olfactory chamber and surrounding regions. It is a common belief that the kiwi relies solely on its sense of smell to catch prey but this has not been scientifically observed. Lab experiments have suggested that

1051:, first identified as a new species in 1994, is slightly smaller than the North Island brown kiwi, with a greyish tinge to the plumage and sometimes white facial feathers. Females lay up to three eggs in a season, each one in a different nest. Male and female both incubate. Distribution is now limited to a small area on the West Coast, but studies of ancient DNA have shown that, in prehuman times, it was far more widespread on the western side of the South Island and lived in the lower half of the North Island, where it was the only kiwi species detected. 139: 7709: 1429: 7799: 6565: 990: 343: 6589: 955: 1805: 7715: 1356: 1026: 6601: 113: 6577: 1383:, in which both parents are involved. The incubation period is 63–92 days. Producing the huge egg places significant physiological stress on the female; for the thirty days it takes to grow the fully developed egg, the female must eat three times her normal amount of food. Two to three days before the egg is laid there is little space left inside the female for her stomach and she is forced to fast. 1626:. Kiwi eggs and chicks are removed from the wild and hatched and/or raised in captivity until big enough to fend for themselves—usually when they weigh around 1200 grams (42 ounces). They are then returned to the wild. An Operation Nest Egg bird has a 65% chance of surviving to adulthood—compared to just 5% for wild-hatched and -raised chicks. The tool is used on all kiwi species except 1919: 1058: 1390:-like ancestors, and that kiwi retained large eggs as an evolutionarily neutral trait as they became smaller. However, research in the early 2010s suggested that kiwi were descended from smaller flighted birds that flew to New Zealand and Madagascar, where they gave rise to kiwi and elephant birds. The large egg is instead thought to be an adaptation for 1661:

kiwi chicks. These predators can cause large and abrupt declines in populations. In particular, dogs find the distinctive strong scent of kiwi irresistible and easy to track, such that they can catch and kill kiwi in seconds. Motor vehicle strike is a threat to all kiwi where roads cross through their habitat. Badly set

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explaining features of New Zealand birds. Owen portrays the kiwi as nobly sacrificing its wings and flight in order to protect the trees from depredation by ground-dwelling creatures, and thereby winning its unique renown. Owen's story is sometimes described as "A Maori Legend". It has been recorded

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In 2004, anti-1080 activist Phillip Anderton posed for the New Zealand media with a kiwi he claimed had been poisoned. An investigation revealed that Anderton lied to journalists and the public. He had used a kiwi that had been caught in a possum trap. Extensive monitoring shows that kiwi are not at

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before 2000 and still in some sources) females stand about 40 cm (16 in) tall and weigh about 2.8 kg (6.2 lb), while the males weigh about 2.2 kg (4.9 lb). The plumage is streaky red-brown and spiky. The female usually lays two eggs, which are incubated by the male. The

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The largest species, standing about 45 cm (18 in) tall, with females weighing about 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) and males about 2.4 kg (5.3 lb). It has grey-brown plumage with lighter bands. The female lays one egg a year, which both parents incubate. The population is estimated at

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are responsible for approximately half of kiwi chick deaths in many areas through New Zealand. Young kiwi chicks are vulnerable to stoat predation until they reach about 1–1.2 kg (2.2–2.6 lb) in weight, at which time they can usually defend themselves. Cats also to a lesser extent prey on

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Kiwi eggs can weigh up to one-quarter the weight of the female. Usually, only one egg is laid per season. The kiwi lays one of the largest eggs in proportion to its size of any bird in the world, so even though the kiwi is about the size of a domestic chicken, it is able to lay eggs that are about

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Nationwide studies show that only around 5–10% of kiwi chicks survive to adulthood without management. As of 2018 over 70% of kiwi populations are unmanaged. However, in areas under active pest management, survival rates for North Island brown kiwi can be far higher. For example, prior to a joint

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Once bonded, a male and female kiwi tend to live their entire lives as a monogamous couple. During the mating season, June to March, the pair call to each other at night, and meet in the nesting burrow every three days. These relationships may last for up to 20 years. They are unusual among

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Habitat destruction is another major threat to kiwi; restricted distribution and small size of some kiwi populations increases their vulnerability to inbreeding. Research has shown that the combined effect of predators and other mortality (accidents, etc.) results in less than 5% of kiwi chicks

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in New Zealand under no environmental stress had ocular lesions in one or both eyes. The same experiment examined three specific specimens that showed complete blindness and found them to be in good physical standing outside of ocular abnormalities. A 2018 study revealed that the kiwi's closest

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Almost as big as the great spotted kiwi and similar in appearance to the brown kiwi, though its plumage is lighter in colour. It is relatively numerous. Ancient DNA studies have shown that, in prehuman times, the distribution of this species included the east coast of the South Island. Several

670:, a migratory bird that winters in the tropical Pacific islands. With its long decurved bill and brown body, the curlew resembles the kiwi. So when the first Polynesian settlers arrived, they may have applied the word kiwi to the newfound bird. The bird's name is spelled with a lower-case 1812:

The kiwi as a symbol first appeared in the late 19th century in New Zealand regimental badges. It was later featured in the badges of the South Canterbury Battalion in 1886 and the Hastings Rifle Volunteers in 1887. Soon after, the kiwi appeared in many military badges; and in 1906, when

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and beech forests, but they are being forced to adapt to different habitat, such as sub-alpine scrub, tussock grassland, and the mountains. Kiwi have a highly developed sense of smell, unusual in a bird, and are the only birds with nostrils at the end of their long beaks. Kiwi eat small

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North Island brown has demonstrated a remarkable resilience: it adapts to a wide range of habitats, including non-native forests and some farmland. It is widespread in the northern two-thirds of the North Island and is the most common kiwi, with about 35,000 remaining.

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The kiwi has since become the best-known national symbol for New Zealand, and the bird is prominent in the coat of arms, crests and badges of many New Zealand cities, clubs and organisations. At the national level, the red silhouette of a kiwi is in the centre of the

1394:, enabling kiwi chicks to hatch mobile and with yolk to sustain them for two and half weeks. The large eggs would be safe in New Zealand's historical absence of egg-eating ground predators, while the mobile chicks would be able to evade chick-eating flying predators. 1342:

The kiwi's mostly nocturnal habits may be a result of habitat intrusion by predators, including humans. In areas of New Zealand where introduced predators have been removed, such as sanctuaries, kiwi are often seen in daylight. They prefer subtropical and temperate

1701:—ceremonial cloaks. Today, while kiwi feathers are still used, they are gathered from birds that die naturally, through road accidents, or predation, and from captive birds. Kiwi are no longer hunted and some Māori consider themselves the birds' guardians. 608:

The vestigial wings are so small as to be invisible under their bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. Kiwi eggs are one of the largest in proportion to body size (up to 20% of the female's weight) of any order of bird in the world. Other unique

1240:, like mammals and the young of other birds. With no constraints on weight due to flight requirements, brown kiwi females carry and lay a single egg that may weigh as much as 450 g (16 oz). Like most other ratites, they have no 4855:

Le Duc, D., G. Renaud, A. Krishnan, M.S. Almen, L. Huynen, S. J. Prohaska, M. Ongyerth, B. D. Bitarello, H. B. Schioth, M. Hofreiter, et al. 2015. Kiwi genome provides insights into the evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle. Genome Biology

1295:). The sight of the kiwi is so underdeveloped that blind specimens have been observed in nature, showing how little they rely on sight for survival and foraging. In an experiment, it was observed that one-third of a population of 770:, found that it was smaller and probably capable of flight, supporting the hypothesis that the ancestor of the kiwi reached New Zealand independently from moas, which were already large and flightless by the time kiwi appeared. 1018:

and cats, leading to its extinction on the mainland. There are about 1350 on Kapiti Island and it has been introduced to other predator-free islands, where it appears to be getting established with about 50 on each island.

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wings are so small that they are invisible under the bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. While most adult birds have bones with hollow insides to minimise weight and make flight practicable, kiwi have

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A kiwi has featured on the reverse side of three New Zealand coins: the one florin (two-shilling) coin from 1933 to 1966, the twenty-cent coin from 1967 to 1990, and the one-dollar coin since 1991. In

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A song, "Sticky Beak the Kiwi", with words by Bob Edwards and music by Neil Roberts, was recorded in 1961, sung by Julie Nelson (aged 14) and accompanied by the Satins and the Don Bell Orchestra of

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of kiwi, such as short and stout legs and using their nostrils at the end of their long beak to detect prey before they see it, have helped the bird to become internationally well known.

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Burbidge, M.L., Colbourne, R.M., Robertson, H.A., and Baker, A.J. (2003). Molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwi.

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Kinsky, F.C., (1971). The consistent presence of paired ovaries in the Kiwi (Apteryx) with some discussion of this condition in other birds. Journal of Ornithology 112(3): 334–357.

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that in other parts of the world were filled by creatures as diverse as horses, wolves and mice were taken up by birds (and, to a lesser extent, reptiles, insects and gastropods).

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The eye of the kiwi is the smallest relative to body mass in all avian species, resulting in the smallest visual field as well. The eye has small specialisations for a

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six times the size of a chicken's egg. The eggs are smooth in texture, and are ivory or greenish white. The male incubates the egg, except for the great spotted kiwi,

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Corfield, J.; Wild, J.M.; Hauber M.E. & Kubke, M.F. (2008). "Evolution of brain size in the Palaeognath lineage, with an emphasis on New Zealand ratites".

601:, but their remaining habitat is well protected in large forest reserves and national parks. At present, the greatest threat to their survival is predation by 4136: 1556: 3670: 1119:

of the Southern Alps at an altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft). This form is distinguished by a more strongly downcurved bill and more rufous plumage.

4076: 2050: 7260: 4813: 4561: 3901: 3871: 3640: 2315: 4238: 1115:, is the rarest taxon of kiwi with only about 300 individuals. It was identified as a distinct form in 1993. It occurs only in a restricted area in the 2447: 4891: 4360: 3559: 2832: 7047: 6994: 3931: 7117: 5477: 2481: 1582: 3729: 7931: 7103: 7030: 3524: 7779: 7744: 7457: 7002: 1104:, the remote southwest part of the South Island. These subspecies of tokoeka are relatively common and are nearly 40 cm (16 in) tall. 2599: 2339: 1452:

Efforts to protect kiwi have had some success, and in 2017 two species were downlisted from endangered to vulnerable by the IUCN. In 2018 the

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became the first zoo to keep kiwi. The first captive breeding took place in 1945. As of 2007 only 13 zoos outside New Zealand hold kiwi. The

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can rely on olfaction alone but is not consistent under natural conditions. Instead, the kiwi may rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile cues.

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apologized for mistreating a kiwi, after footage of visitors patting the nocturnal bird under bright lights caused outrage in New Zealand.

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a new species of chewing louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Okarito brown kiwi (Aves: Apterygiformes: Apterygidae)"

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on the southern West Coast of New Zealand, is part of Project Nest Egg, breeding the vulnerable local species of kiwi known as the

1453: 2936:"A new prey-detection mechanism for kiwi (Apteryx spp.) suggests convergent evolution between paleognathous and neognathous birds" 7957: 6639: 5472: 1878:"How the Kiwi Lost its Wings" is a fable written by broadcaster Alwyn Owen in 1963. It uses elements of Māori mythology, such as 1191: 3785: 2207: 1820:

During the First World War, the name "Kiwis" for New Zealand soldiers came into general use, and a giant kiwi (now known as the

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Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).

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between 2008 and 2011, which in turn provided captive-raised chicks that were released back into Maungataniwha Native Forest.

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in England. Usage has become so widespread that all New Zealanders overseas and at home are now commonly referred to as "

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McLennan, J.A. (1988). "Breeding of North Island Brown Kiwi, Apteryx Australis Mantelli, in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand".

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DNA sequence comparisons have yielded the conclusion that kiwi are much more closely related to the extinct Malagasy

424: 2075: 4663: 2448:"Did small kiwi fly from Australia? – Canterbury Museum – New Zealand Natural and Human Heritage. Christchurch, NZ" 4800:

Cooper, Alan et al. (2001). Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution.

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Fitzpatrick, F.L., (1934). Unilateral and bilateral ovaries in raptorial birds. The Wilson Bulletin, 46(1): 19–22

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New Zealand Embassy and Smithsonian National Zoo host handover ceremony to return kiwi feathers to New Zealand

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with which they shared New Zealand. There are five recognised species, four of which are currently listed as

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Moore, Bret A.; Paul-Murphy, Joanne R.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Murphy, Christopher J. (15 September 2017).

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Sanctuaries for kiwi are also referred to as 'kōhanga sites' from the Māori word for 'nest' or 'nursery'.

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set up five kiwi sanctuaries focused on developing methods to protect kiwi and to increase their numbers.

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as a children's story, published as a book, was made into an animated film in 1980, set to music for the

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Forest in 2006, 32 kiwi chicks were radio-tagged. 57% of the radio-tagged chicks survived to adulthood.

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of the southern brown kiwi, which he called "the southern apteryx". Captain Andrew Barclay of the ship

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Although it was long presumed that the kiwi was closely related to the other New Zealand ratites, the

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Before the arrival of humans in the 13th century or earlier, New Zealand's only endemic mammals were

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Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

1904: 1845: 1312: 1086: 4969: 4591: 4114: 2767:"Blind free-living kiwi offer a unique window into the ecology and evolution of vertebrate vision" 1677: 5490: 4256: 2363:

Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals

2126:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 2086: 1856: 1710: 1564: 1550: 1540: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1142: 976: 898: 734: 594: 277: 254: 120: 5164: 8011: 7819: 6625: 6581: 5457: 5269: 5219: 4942: 4402: 3635: 2625:

Ancient DNA and conservation: lessons from the endangered kiwi of New Zealand Molecular Ecology

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provided Shaw with the specimen. Shaw's description was accompanied by two plates, engraved by

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Operation Nest Egg is a programme run by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Trust—a partnership between the

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over 20,000, distributed through the more mountainous parts of northwest Nelson, the northern

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gland). Their bill is long, pliable and sensitive to touch, and their eyes have a reduced

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Clay, Theresa (1960). "A new genus and species of Menoponidae (Mallophaga, Insecta) from

2643: 2415: 2013:"Opinion 67. One hundred and two bird names placed in the Official List of Generic Names" 1718: 1627: 1619: 1600: 1530: 1224: 1068: 1000: 864: 822: 767: 590: 2898: 2550: 2504: 2144: 6737: 6235: 5299: 5259: 5224: 3394: 3117: 3085:"Is Laying a Large Egg Expensive? Female-Biased Cost of First Reproduction in a Petrel" 2968: 2935: 2879: 2801: 2766: 2682: 2174: 1981: 1860: 1814: 1760: 1756: 965: 881: 805: 586: 355: 235: 133: 7732: 4788: 1690: 1311:, which are generally small-brained by bird standards, kiwi have proportionally large 1291:

lifestyle, but kiwi rely more heavily on their other senses (auditory, olfactory, and

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other birds in that, along with some raptors, they have a functioning pair of

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was widely sold in the UK and the US, the symbol became more widely known.

1604: 1502: 1391: 1249: 1232: 1147: 1048: 1042: 1036: 311: 263: 203: 4592:"'Sticky Beak the kiwi' song | NZHistory, New Zealand history online" 3177: 3053: 1872: 7918: 7851: 7658: 7646: 7619: 7570: 7518: 7484: 7392: 7327: 7269: 7147: 6855: 6749: 6398: 6245: 6051: 6030: 6019: 5984: 5851: 5841: 5799: 5690: 5359: 5184: 5179: 5111: 5096: 5064: 1308: 1237: 1216: 559: 440: 45: 6661: 4643:"Māori Legend: How the kiwi bird lost his wings – a story by Alwyn Owen" 3486: 2744:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. pp. 89–90. 2686: 2090: 1522:

and fenced sanctuaries have significant populations of kiwi, including:

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Their adaptation to a terrestrial life is extensive: like all the other

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Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand

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spp.) recovery plan 2008–2018. (Threatened Species Recovery Plan 60)"

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Phthiraptera (Insecta) A catalogue of parasitic lice from New Zealand

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Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals

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There are five known species of kiwi, with a number of subspecies.

7525: 7491: 7421: 7376: 7288: 7165: 6353: 6206: 6085: 5970: 5936: 5874: 5695: 5549: 5541: 5234: 5106: 5091: 2387:"Little kiwi, huge extinct elephant bird were birds of a feather" 2230:"Kiwis/Kiwi – New Zealand Immigration Service (Summary of Terms)" 1837: 1368: 1316: 1277: 1253: 1228: 1208: 1204: 1025: 763: 627: 551: 100: 75: 1694: 1685:, showing the distinctive hair-like nature of the kiwi feathers. 1386:

It was believed that the large eggs were a trait of much larger

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Gibson, Eloise (29 April 2010). "Shy envoys off on their OE".

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traditionally believed that kiwi were under the protection of

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Moehau Kiwi Sanctuary on the Coromandel Peninsula (Coromandel

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Traffic sign in New Zealand cautioning drivers of nearby kiwi

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by Thomas Goss as "Tāne and the Kiwi" in 2002 (recorded for

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is generally accepted to be "of imitative origin" from the

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Lessons From a Land Down Under: Devotions from New Zealand

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Grzimek's Animal Life Ecyclopedia (Vol 8: Birds1. 2nd ed.)

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

597:. All species have been negatively affected by historic 3282:(Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera) Parasitic on Kiwis ( 4562:"Kiwi falls after Wheeler talks down intervention, QE" 2699: 2548: 2502: 1472:

There are three kiwi sanctuaries in the North Island:

1315:. Hemisphere proportions are even similar to those of 4288:, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 3631:"Brown kiwi and rowi no longer considered endangered" 2929: 2309: 2307: 534: 531: 460: 425: 413: 407: 7680: 7642: 7600: 7585: 7453: 7443: 7433: 7342: 7316: 7306: 7296: 7257: 7153: 7143: 7090: 7059: 7027: 6974: 6958: 6889: 6873: 6862: 6851: 1914: 737:

have identified its closest relative as the extinct

522: 519: 490: 478: 469: 466: 5616: 4188:"Poison campaigner fined after using kiwi in stunt" 3368:, and their Significance; with a Note on the Genus 2466: 1304:, also shared this trait despite their great size. 513: 475: 404: 2304: 4979:"1080 and kiwi – Case studies on 1080: The facts" 4179: 2574:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678129A92756395.en 2528:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678132A92756666.en 1573:, south branch, Hurunui River, North Canterbury ( 620:, and the association is so strong that the term 8050:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand 8026: 7183: 4077:"Otanewainuku Kiwi Trust :: Kiwis for kiwi" 1645:risk from the use of biodegradable 1080 poison. 756:Research published in 2013 on an extinct genus, 4951:"North Island Brown Kiwi feeding in the wild", 4686:"How The Kiwi Lost Its Wings | Whitcoulls" 3957:"Relocating chicks to kōhanga – Kiwis for kiwi" 3752:"Our Kiwi Sanctuary – Moehau Environment Group" 3579: 3577: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 1581:North Island brown kiwi were introduced to the 652:. However, some linguists derive the word from 450:. The five extant species fall into the family 6694: 4843:. Wellington: Department of Conservation. 2008 2232:. Glossary.immigration.govt.nz. Archived from 2119: 2117: 2115: 6633: 5010: 3987:"Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari – About us" 1489:Tongariro Kiwi Sanctuary near Taupō (western 1456:released its current Kiwi Conservation Plan. 656: 6832: 5524: 4711:"New Scan of How Kiwi Lost Its Wings (1980)" 4664:"Peter Gwynne – How The Kiwi Lost His Wings" 4554: 4387:Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 4384: 3574: 3541: 3355: 3207: 3082: 3060:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2847: 4310:Shaw, George; Nodder, Frederick P. (1813). 3513: 3325:Palma, Ricardo L.; Price, Roger D. (2004). 2619: 2617: 2112: 1903:in 2008), and performed as a ballet by the 1882:, and the World War I symbol of cowardice, 1704: 724: 643: 6640: 6626: 5017: 5003: 4309: 3324: 3269: 3168: 3166: 2623:Shepherd, L.D. & Lambert, D.M. (2008) 1844:. The kiwi is featured in the logo of the 1777:Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 1423: 626:is used internationally as the colloquial 341: 111: 4385:Fowler, Murray E; Miller, R Eric (2007), 4216: 4185: 3485: 3469: 3346: 3318: 3111: 2967: 2800: 2782: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2572: 2526: 2160: 1672: 1622:, the Department of Conservation and the 350:The distribution of each species of kiwi 4941:, New Zealand Government, archived from 4938:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4303: 4186:Macbrayne, Rosaleen (3 September 2004). 3420: 3361: 3238: 2672: 2614: 2338:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from 2261:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin, 2006, 1803: 1676: 1624:Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society 1594: 1475:Whangarei Kiwi Sanctuary (for Northland 1427: 1354: 1326: 1190: 1170: 1081:The Stewart Island southern brown kiwi, 5024: 4446: 4389:, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 215 4047:"Bushy Park bird list Jan 2019 (1).pdf" 3597:Threatened species recovery plan series 3163: 3051: 2897:Kolbert, Elizabeth (22 December 2014). 2896: 2445: 2010: 2004: 1793: 14: 8027: 6647: 4399: 4357:New Zealand Department of Conservation 3864:"Haast Tokoeka :: Kiwis for kiwi" 3275: 3251:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2739: 2724: 2365:. London: Facts on File. p. 179. 2276: 2103: 1979: 1850:New Zealand national rugby league team 1731:; they were published in volume 24 of 7818: 7817: 7730: 7235: 7234: 6819: 6660: 6621: 5509: 4998: 4968:, Taranaki Kiwi Trust, archived from 4640: 4428:from the original on 24 November 2016 4292:from the original on 20 November 2012 4265:from the original on 12 December 2008 4198:from the original on 20 November 2012 3951: 3949: 3904:from the original on 27 February 2021 3716: 3714: 3562:from the original on 20 February 2018 3509: 3507: 3475: 3457:from the original on 11 November 2011 3306:from the original on 11 November 2011 3198: 2911:from the original on 16 December 2014 2596:"Rowi: New Zealand native land birds" 2542: 2484:from the original on 14 February 2012 2360: 2265:from the original on 23 November 2007 1866: 1824:) was carved on the chalk hill above 1808:The kiwi on an 1898 New Zealand stamp 1761:Avifauna Bird Park in the Netherlands 1611: 7986:ff1660c3-ab1e-4df7-ab8c-e9659abd8ddf 6576: 4330:from the original on 7 November 2017 4087:from the original on 1 February 2021 3874:from the original on 2 February 2021 3788:from the original on 7 February 2021 3758:from the original on 26 January 2021 3732:from the original on 31 January 2021 3699:from the original on 6 February 2021 3530:from the original on 6 February 2013 3426: 3408:from the original on 7 November 2017 3244: 3213: 2835:from the original on 4 November 2018 2829:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 2496: 2397:from the original on 4 February 2016 2041: 2023:from the original on 19 January 2020 1992:from the original on 5 November 2007 1975: 1973: 1863:is often referred to as "the kiwi". 1441:operation undertaken by DOC and the 6600: 4217:Robertson, HA; et al. (1999). 2934:; Alley, Maurice (1 October 2007). 2712:from the original on 3 January 2009 2560:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2514:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2474:"Great Spotted Kiwi Classification" 2450:. Canterbury Museum. Archived from 2210:from the original on 6 October 2008 2017:Facsimile Edition of Opinions 1–133 1599:The West Coast Wildlife Centre, at 24: 4781: 4472: 4350:"Captive management plan for kiwi" 4255:"Kiwi and people: early history", 3946: 3711: 3504: 3064:from the original on 12 April 2019 2742:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 2654:from the original on 11 March 2017 1096:) and southern Fiordland tokoeka ( 25: 8086: 6820: 5478:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 4957:(daylight video), 21 January 2010 4860: 4621:hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca 4147:from the original on 3 March 2021 4027:from the original on 5 March 2021 3997:from the original on 5 March 2021 3967:from the original on 2 March 2021 3844:from the original on 2 March 2021 3810:. 5 November 2012. Archived from 3673:from the original on 4 March 2021 3514:JA McLennan; et al. (1996), 3131:from the original on 8 March 2021 3000:from the original on 10 June 2015 2428:from the original on 28 July 2019 2293:from the original on 24 July 2011 2286:Polynesian Lexicon Project Online 2056:from the original on 16 June 2013 1980:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 1970: 1537:Maungatautari Restoration Project 1187:) at Auckland War Memorial Museum 1175:Clockwise from left: brown kiwi ( 1107:The Haast southern brown kiwi or 8070:Extant Miocene first appearances 7798: 7797: 7713: 7707: 7216: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6564: 6563: 6454:(New World vultures and condors) 4733:"Thomas GOSS: Tāne and the Kiwi" 4572:from the original on 4 June 2013 4493:from the original on 3 July 2021 4366:from the original on 23 May 2010 4057:from the original on 3 July 2021 3934:from the original on 4 June 2020 3643:from the original on 26 May 2018 3226:from the original on 24 May 2021 2952:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00786.x 2644:"Apteryx australis (brown kiwi)" 1917: 1529:fenced sanctuary in Wellington ( 1126: 1092:The northern Fiordland tokoeka ( 1056: 1024: 988: 953: 509: 456: 400: 137: 43: 8065:National symbols of New Zealand 4751: 4725: 4703: 4678: 4656: 4634: 4609: 4584: 4524: 4505: 4466: 4447:Ritchie, Hannah (24 May 2023). 4440: 4410: 4393: 4378: 4342: 4276: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4171:, Save the wiki, archived from 4159: 4129: 4099: 4069: 4039: 4009: 3979: 3916: 3886: 3856: 3826: 3800: 3770: 3744: 3685: 3655: 3623: 3588:; et al. (November 2018). 3216:"Why Is the Kiwi's Egg So Big?" 3192: 3143: 3098:(3). BioOne Complete: 510–516. 3076: 3045: 3030: 3021: 3012: 2984: 2923: 2890: 2817: 2758: 2700:BirdLife International (2008). 2693: 2666: 2588: 2549:BirdLife International (2016). 2503:BirdLife International (2016). 2439: 2408: 2379: 2354: 2328: 2320:, Save the kiwi, archived from 2049:(4th ed.). Te Papa Press. 2011:Hemming, Francis, ed. (1958) . 1950: 1893:Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra 1800:National symbols of New Zealand 1681:Detail of the bottom edge of a 1665:traps often kill or maim kiwi. 542:). Approximately the size of a 5510: 3722:"The Regions – Kiwis for kiwi" 3590:"Kiwi Recovery Plan 2018-2028" 3558:. Department of Conservation. 3444:New Zealand Journal of Science 3335:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3293:New Zealand Journal of Science 3214:Dean, Sam (25 February 2015). 2675:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 2248: 2222: 2192: 2097: 2068: 2035: 1773:National Zoo in Washington, DC 1654:Introduced mammalian predators 1633: 1459: 1166: 13: 1: 3348:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518361 2856:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 1956:Some petrels may exceed this. 1943: 1520:mainland conservation islands 1498:and two in the South Island: 1307:Unlike virtually every other 616:The kiwi is recognised as an 8055:Endemic birds of New Zealand 4721:– via www.youtube.com. 4674:– via www.discogs.com. 4566:The National Business Review 4137:"kōhanga – Māori Dictionary" 3362:Harrison, Launcelot (1915). 2361:Gotch, AF (1995) . "Kiwis". 1231:to anchor wing muscles. The 1039:, rowi or Okarito brown kiwi 711: 699: 633: 7: 6518:(woodpeckers and relatives) 4538:. NZ Search. Archived from 4320:The Naturalist's Miscellany 4107:"History of Cape Sanctuary" 3556:"Facts and threats to kiwi" 1938:Conservation in New Zealand 1910: 1842:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1733:The Naturalist's Miscellany 1078:subspecies are recognised: 1010:A small kiwi the size of a 923:Relationships in the genus 369:Iredale & Mathews, 1926 10: 8091: 7731: 6380:(cormorants and relatives) 5473:Extinct species since 1500 4641:Jones, Nina (1 May 2020). 4422:Smithsonian's National Zoo 4261:, New Zealand Government, 3476:Palma, Ricardo L. (2017). 3083:Sanz-Aguilar, Ana (2012). 3052:Kerry-Jayne, Kerry-Jayne. 3037:"Wilderness New Zealand", 2706:BirdLife Species Factsheet 1797: 1648: 1637: 1466:Department of Conservation 1454:Department of Conservation 1183:) and great spotted kiwi ( 773: 717: 705: 678:origin, normally stays as 8075:Taxa named by George Shaw 7826: 7793: 7739: 7726: 7704: 7657: 7638: 7629: 7599: 7569: 7560: 7501: 7467: 7429: 7420: 7375: 7353: 7341: 7287: 7256: 7247: 7243: 7230: 7213: 7179: 7134: 7089: 7058: 7026: 6973: 6954: 6943: 6888: 6847: 6843: 6828: 6815: 6775: 6757: 6748: 6730: 6721: 6703: 6690: 6656: 6559: 6510:(kingfishers and rollers) 6442: 6397: 6364:(albatrosses and petrels) 6336: 6307: 6278: 6257: 6248:(swifts and hummingbirds) 6230:(nightjars and relatives) 6218: 6181: 6172: 6139: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6054:(pheasants and relatives) 6029: 5953: 5912: 5850: 5822: 5798: 5774: 5747: 5668: 5655: 5612: 5585: 5581: 5520: 5516: 5505: 5501: 5440: 5343: 5243: 5193: 5120: 5050: 5037: 4918:, BNZ Save The Kiwi Trust 4359:. June 2004. p. 10. 3391:10.1017/S0031182000010428 3263:10.1080/00222936008651059 3009:, formerly Kiwi Recovery. 2784:10.1186/s12915-017-0424-0 2336:"Plurals in te reo Māori" 2104:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2004). 1852:are nicknamed the Kiwis. 1781:Columbus Zoo and Aquarium 1769:San Diego Zoo Safari Park 1729:Frederick Polydore Nodder 1640:1080 usage in New Zealand 1549:near Kai Iwi, Whanganui ( 1547:Bushy Park Forest Reserve 1313:encephalisation quotients 1113:Apteryx australis 'Haast' 895: 878: 861: 854: 819: 802: 795: 787: 361: 354: 349: 340: 290: 285: 269: 262: 134:Scientific classification 132: 119: 110: 34: 6409:(seriemas and relatives) 6388:(pelicans and relatives) 4873:, ARKive, archived from 2567:: e.T22678129A92756395. 2521:: e.T22678132A92756666. 1986:Project: The Taxonomicon 1963: 1905:Royal New Zealand Ballet 1846:New Zealand Rugby League 1705:Scientific documentation 1669:surviving to adulthood. 1501:Okarito Kiwi Sanctuary ( 1371:. (In most birds and in 1179:), little spotted kiwi ( 1098:Apteryx australis ? 1094:Apteryx australis ? 1083:Apteryx australis lawryi 1071:, tokoeka or common kiwi 725:Taxonomy and systematics 654:Proto-Nuclear Polynesian 546:, kiwi are the smallest 6502:(hornbills and hoopoes) 6417:(falcons and relatives) 4517:17 January 2014 at the 4316:. The Southern Apteryx" 4241:13 January 2015 at the 2478:University of Wisconsin 2153:10.1126/science.1251981 2087:Oxford University Press 1738: 1571:Hurunui Mainland Island 1424:Status and conservation 1300:relatives, the extinct 1143:North Island brown kiwi 709:), 'without' or 'not'; 658: 334:North Island brown kiwi 121:North Island brown kiwi 6486:(trogons and quetzals) 6298:(cranes and relatives) 5568:(emus and cassowaries) 5458:Glossary of bird terms 5270:Confuciusornithiformes 4867:"Great Spotted Kiwi", 4479:. Lulu. pp. 3–4. 4403:The New Zealand Herald 4245:, Whakatane Kiwi Trust 4192:The New Zealand Herald 4017:"Birds | Our Wildlife" 3928:www.visitzealandia.com 3636:The New Zealand Herald 3427:Clay, Theresa (1972). 3276:Tandan, B. K. (1972). 3104:10.1525/auk.2012.12011 1809: 1686: 1673:Relationship to humans 1608: 1508:Haast Kiwi Sanctuary ( 1433: 1363: 1272:, no tail and a small 1260:, and they have large 1252:. Their feathers lack 1200: 1188: 1087:Stewart Island/Rakiura 668:bristle-thighed curlew 644: 8007:Paleobiology Database 6327:(kagu and sunbittern) 6290:(gulls and relatives) 5295:Songlingornithiformes 5260:Omnivoropterygiformes 4893:Native animals: birds 4790:Conservation Genetics 4225:on 29 September 2011. 4141:maoridictionary.co.nz 3924:"Little Spotted Kiwi" 3584:J Germano; S Barlow; 2702:"Northern Brown Kiwi" 2083:UK English Dictionary 1807: 1680: 1598: 1431: 1359:Relative size of the 1358: 1327:Behaviour and ecology 1194: 1174: 983:of the South Island. 674:and, being a word of 605:mammalian predators. 6149:Phoenicopteriformes 4890:"Land birds: Kiwi", 4690:www.whitcoulls.co.nz 4326:. Plates 1057–1058. 4081:www.kiwisforkiwi.org 3961:www.kiwisforkiwi.org 3868:www.kiwisforkiwi.org 3838:www.kiwisforkiwi.org 3778:"Operation Nest Egg" 3726:www.kiwisforkiwi.org 3663:"Our work with kiwi" 3199:Piper, Ross (2007), 3159:on 24 September 2011 2648:Animal Diversity Web 2093:on 27 February 2020. 1933:Birds of New Zealand 1901:Orchestra Wellington 1794:As a national symbol 1561:Bay of Plenty Region 1406:and in the subgenus 1333:three species of bat 1293:somatosensory system 1284:is long and narrow. 664:Numenius tahitiensis 630:for New Zealanders. 550:(which also include 325:Southern brown kiwi 6120:Mesitornithiformes 6114:(doves and pigeons) 5448:Families and orders 5310:Ichthyornithiformes 5285:Patagopterygiformes 4965:Pests & threats 4568:. 27 October 2012. 4175:on 3 September 2011 3639:. 5 December 2017. 3180:on 10 February 2010 3054:"Petrels, Breeding" 3039:Official Guide Book 2930:Cunningham, Susan; 2602:on 19 February 2013 2145:2014Sci...344..898M 2108:. Gale. p. 89. 1719:species description 1628:little spotted kiwi 1620:Bank of New Zealand 1557:Otanewainuku Forest 1531:little spotted kiwi 1443:Animal Health Board 1069:Southern brown kiwi 1001:Little spotted kiwi 768:Saint Bathans Fauna 618:icon of New Zealand 316:Okarito brown kiwi 307:Little spotted kiwi 298:Great spotted kiwi 6462:(eagles and hawks) 6362:Procellariiformes 6267:Opisthocomiformes 6236:Steatornithiformes 5463:List by population 5300:Hongshanornithidae 5225:Evolution of birds 4989:on 2 December 2011 4814:"Producing an Egg" 4424:. 7 October 2016. 4168:Operation Nest Egg 4117:on 18 January 2015 3814:on 5 November 2012 2940:Journal of Anatomy 2391:The Times of India 1867:In popular culture 1861:New Zealand dollar 1810: 1757:Walsrode Bird Park 1687: 1612:Operation Nest Egg 1609: 1575:great spotted kiwi 1518:A number of other 1434: 1416:) are exclusively 1364: 1280:is weak and their 1201: 1189: 966:Great spotted kiwi 662:, which refers to 8022: 8021: 7994:Open Tree of Life 7820:Taxon identifiers 7811: 7810: 7789: 7788: 7722: 7721: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7556: 7555: 7416: 7415: 7337: 7336: 7261:Opisthodactylidae 7237:Notopalaeognathae 7226: 7225: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7185:Notopalaeognathae 7175: 7174: 6939: 6938: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6615: 6614: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6348:(loons or divers) 6317:Phaethontiformes 6309:Phaethontimorphae 6259:Opisthocomiformes 6228:Caprimulgiformes 6168: 6167: 6157:Podicipediformes 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 5794: 5793: 5577: 5576: 5534:Struthioniformes 5402:Waterfowl hunting 5335:Gastornithiformes 5330:Aepyornithiformes 5320:Lithornithiformes 4900:on 3 October 2009 4713:. 28 October 2021 4596:nzhistory.govt.nz 4536:About New Zealand 4314:Apteryx australis 4236:"Threats to Kiwi" 3782:Project Tongariro 3497:978-0-947525-19-4 3487:10.7931/J2/FNZ.76 3364:"Mallophaga from 3329:Apterygon okarito 3203:, Greenwood Press 2868:10.1159/000111456 2751:978-0-7876-5784-0 2372:978-0-8160-3377-5 2342:on 18 August 2017 2139:(6186): 898–900. 1779:has one, and the 1420:of kiwi species. 1337:ecological niches 1195:1860s drawing of 1177:Apteryx australis 1164: 1163: 1138:Apteryx australis 1064:Apteryx australis 927: 919: 918: 910: 909: 843: 842: 834: 833: 762:, known from the 753:than to the moa. 393: 392: 388: 379: 370: 335: 326: 321:Apteryx australis 317: 308: 299: 272:Apteryx australis 258: 239: 222: 16:(Redirected from 8082: 8045:Flightless birds 8015: 8014: 8002: 8001: 7989: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7953: 7952: 7940: 7939: 7927: 7926: 7914: 7913: 7901: 7900: 7888: 7887: 7875: 7874: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7815: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7752:Incognitoolithus 7728: 7727: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7682: 7644: 7636: 7635: 7602: 7587: 7567: 7566: 7455: 7445: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7351: 7350: 7346:Dinornithiformes 7344: 7318: 7308: 7298: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7221: 7220: 7181: 7180: 7155: 7145: 7092: 7061: 7029: 6976: 6960: 6952: 6951: 6946:Struthioniformes 6891: 6875: 6864: 6853: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6829: 6817: 6816: 6755: 6754: 6728: 6727: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6658: 6657: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6602: 6591: 6579: 6578: 6567: 6566: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6492:Leptosomiformes 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6460:Accipitriformes 6455: 6434: 6433:(perching birds) 6426: 6418: 6410: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6354:Sphenisciformes 6349: 6328: 6320: 6299: 6291: 6288:Charadriiformes 6270: 6249: 6231: 6210: 6202: 6199:Musophagiformes 6194: 6179: 6178: 6160: 6152: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6055: 6042: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5809: 5722: 5715: 5679: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5583: 5582: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5370:Bird collections 5325:Dinornithiformes 5230:Darwin's finches 5220:Origin of flight 5160:Seabird breeding 5150:Sexual selection 5019: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985:, archived from 4973: 4958: 4946: 4930: 4919: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4816:. Archived from 4811:SavetheKiwi.org 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4528: 4522: 4512:"A kiwi country" 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418:"Kiwi Fun Facts" 4414: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4252: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4221:. Archived from 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4113:. Archived from 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3594: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3489: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3429:"The Species of 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3376: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3290: 3278:"The Species of 3273: 3267: 3266: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3176:. Archived from 3170: 3161: 3160: 3155:, archived from 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3130: 3115: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3005: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2804: 2786: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2640: 2631: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2454:on 19 March 2014 2443: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2314:"Kiwi a Maori", 2311: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2236:on 26 April 2009 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2164: 2130: 2121: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089:. Archived from 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1977: 1957: 1954: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1857:currency trading 1815:Kiwi Shoe Polish 1775:has eleven, the 1713:named the genus 1223:), they have no 1134:Apteryx mantelli 1130: 1060: 1028: 992: 957: 933: 932: 922: 857: 856: 798: 797: 790: 789: 782: 781: 766:deposits of the 720: 719: 714: 708: 707: 702: 697:'without wing': 693:is derived from 661: 647: 566:and the extinct 544:domestic chicken 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 434:flightless birds 428: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 386: 377: 368: 345: 333: 330:Apteryx mantelli 324: 315: 306: 297: 253: 234: 217: 142: 141: 126:Apteryx mantelli 115: 105: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8010: 8005: 7997: 7992: 7984: 7982: 7974: 7969: 7961: 7956: 7948: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7922: 7917: 7909: 7904: 7896: 7891: 7883: 7878: 7870: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7822: 7812: 7807: 7785: 7735: 7718: 7706: 7690: 7653: 7625: 7595: 7552: 7497: 7463: 7412: 7371: 7333: 7283: 7278:Opisthodactylus 7239: 7222: 7215: 7199: 7171: 7130: 7094:Ergilornithidae 7085: 7054: 7048:Galligeranoides 7022: 7010:Palaeophasianus 6995:Galligeranoides 6969: 6948: 6935: 6930:Pseudocrypturus 6884: 6837: 6824: 6791: 6771: 6744: 6717: 6711:Avemetatarsalia 6696:Avemetatarsalia 6686: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6646: 6616: 6611: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6500:Bucerotiformes 6494:(cuckoo-roller) 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6452:Cathartiformes 6438: 6432: 6424: 6423:Psittaciformes 6416: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6386:Pelecaniformes 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6325:Eurypygiformes 6318: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6274: 6268: 6253: 6247: 6229: 6214: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6164: 6158: 6150: 6135: 6129: 6128:Pterocliformes 6121: 6113: 6064: 6053: 6040: 6025: 5949: 5908: 5846: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5770: 5743: 5720: 5713: 5673: 5672: 5660: 5659: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566:Casuariiformes 5559: 5558:Apterygiformes 5551: 5543: 5535: 5512: 5497: 5468:Lists by region 5436: 5346: 5339: 5280:Chaoyangiformes 5265:Jeholornithidae 5239: 5203:Origin of birds 5189: 5170:Brood parasites 5116: 5046: 5033: 5023: 4983:1080Facts.co.nz 4977: 4972:on 2 April 2012 4962: 4950: 4934: 4923: 4912: 4903: 4901: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4877:on 14 June 2007 4866: 4863: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4823: 4821: 4820:on 29 June 2007 4812: 4784: 4782:Further reading 4779: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4519:Wayback Machine 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4243:Wayback Machine 4234: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3898:www.doc.govt.nz 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3667:www.doc.govt.nz 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3592: 3582: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3439: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3374: 3360: 3356: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3257:(33): 571–576. 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2895: 2891: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2622: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2507:Apteryx haastii 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2417:News in Science 2414: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2128: 2122: 2113: 2102: 2098: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1869: 1802: 1796: 1763:has three, the 1741: 1707: 1675: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1614: 1462: 1426: 1329: 1270:flight feathers 1268:. They have 13 1242:uropygial gland 1185:Apteryx haastii 1169: 961:Apteryx haastii 939:Scientific name 930: 920: 911: 844: 835: 776: 727: 689:The genus name 636: 595:near threatened 512: 508: 459: 455: 426: 403: 399: 380: 371: 327: 318: 309: 300: 294:Apteryx haastii 281: 275: 252: 233: 216: 136: 123: 106: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8088: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8003: 7990: 7980: 7967: 7954: 7941: 7928: 7915: 7902: 7889: 7876: 7863: 7848: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7639: 7633: 7631:Casuariiformes 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7606: 7604:Aepyornithidae 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7575: 7573: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7473: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7441: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7314: 7304: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7274: 7265: 7263: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7162: 7151: 7140: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7118:Sinoergilornis 7114: 7107: 7099: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7066: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7034: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6893:Lithornithidae 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6871: 6860: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6825: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6704: 6698: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6513: 6508:Coraciiformes 6505: 6497: 6489: 6484:Trogoniformes 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431:Passeriformes 6428: 6420: 6415:Falconiformes 6412: 6407:Cariamiformes 6403: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6375: 6370:Ciconiiformes 6367: 6359: 6351: 6342: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6322: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6284: 6282: 6280:Cursorimorphae 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6145: 6143: 6141:Mirandornithes 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6112:Columbiformes 6108: 6106: 6104:Columbimorphae 6097: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6049: 6044: 6039:Meleagridinae 6035: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5957: 5955:Odontophoridae 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5734:Stictonettinae 5731: 5729:Dendrocygninae 5726: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5682: 5680: 5663: 5650: 5607: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5530: 5528: 5514: 5513: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5482:Notable birds 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5432:Egg collecting 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Hesperornithes 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5290:Ambiortiformes 5287: 5282: 5277: 5275:Enantiornithes 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4975: 4960: 4948: 4945:on 8 June 2008 4932: 4921: 4910: 4887: 4870:Species: birds 4862: 4861:External links 4859: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4830: 4809: 4798: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4765:. 14 July 2022 4750: 4739:. 1 April 2020 4724: 4702: 4677: 4655: 4633: 4608: 4583: 4553: 4542:on 24 May 2010 4523: 4504: 4485: 4473:Brooks, Miki. 4465: 4439: 4409: 4392: 4377: 4341: 4302: 4275: 4247: 4228: 4209: 4178: 4158: 4128: 4098: 4068: 4038: 4008: 3978: 3945: 3915: 3885: 3855: 3825: 3799: 3769: 3743: 3710: 3684: 3654: 3622: 3573: 3540: 3503: 3496: 3468: 3419: 3354: 3317: 3268: 3237: 3206: 3191: 3162: 3142: 3075: 3044: 3041:, Auckland Zoo 3029: 3020: 3011: 2983: 2946:(4): 493–502. 2932:Castro, Isabel 2922: 2904:The New Yorker 2899:"The Big Kill" 2889: 2846: 2816: 2757: 2750: 2723: 2692: 2665: 2632: 2613: 2587: 2553:Apteryx owenii 2541: 2495: 2465: 2438: 2407: 2378: 2371: 2353: 2327: 2324:on 5 July 2011 2317:About the bird 2303: 2275: 2247: 2221: 2191: 2111: 2096: 2067: 2034: 2003: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1912: 1909: 1888:pourquoi story 1884:white feathers 1868: 1865: 1795: 1792: 1767:has five, the 1740: 1737: 1706: 1703: 1674: 1671: 1650: 1647: 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1613: 1610: 1583:Cape Sanctuary 1579: 1578: 1568: 1554: 1544: 1534: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1461: 1458: 1425: 1422: 1328: 1325: 1302:elephant birds 1181:Apteryx owenii 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1105: 1090: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1008: 1003: 998: 996:Apteryx owenii 993: 985: 984: 972: 969: 963: 958: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 917: 916: 913: 912: 908: 907: 904: 903: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 860: 855: 853: 850: 849: 846: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 832: 831: 828: 827: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 801: 796: 794: 788: 786: 780: 775: 772: 726: 723: 640:Māori language 635: 632: 579:elephant birds 568:elephant birds 448:Apterygiformes 391: 390: 378:Verheyen, 1960 359: 358: 352: 351: 347: 346: 338: 337: 303:Apteryx owenii 288: 287: 283: 282: 276: 267: 266: 260: 259: 245: 241: 240: 228: 224: 223: 214:Apterygiformes 211: 207: 206: 201: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 130: 129: 117: 116: 108: 107: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 41:Miocene–Recent 37: 27:Order of birds 26: 18:Apterygiformes 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8087: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7716: 7710: 7687: 7686: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7448:Querandiornis 7442: 7440: 7439: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7386:Anomalopteryx 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7340: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158:Pachystruthio 7152: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7136:Struthionidae 7133: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7104:Amphipelargus 7101: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031:Palaeotididae 7025: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6923:Paracathartes 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6879: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6835:Palaeognathae 6831: 6827: 6823: 6822:Palaeognathae 6818: 6814: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6777:Palaeognathae 6774: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6608: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468:Strigiformes 6466: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6319:(tropicbirds) 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6241:Podargiformes 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6191:Cuculiformes 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5889:Macrocephalon 5886: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5776:Anseranatidae 5773: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550:Tinamiformes 5548: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5526:Palaeognathae 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Pigeon racing 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5254:Archaeopteryx 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4929:, TerraNature 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4915:Kiwi recovery 4911: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4706: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4665: 4659: 4644: 4637: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4486:9780557098842 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4406:. p. a4. 4405: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3519: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:(1): 88–100. 3384: 3380: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3253:. Series 13. 3252: 3248: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3152:Save the kiwi 3146: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3024: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2993:Save the Kiwi 2987: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2453: 2449: 2446:New Zealand. 2442: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2251: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2209: 2205: 2204:San Diego Zoo 2201: 2200:"Birds: Kiwi" 2195: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2052: 2045: 2042:Gill (2010). 2038: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771:has one, the 1770: 1766: 1765:San Diego Zoo 1762: 1759:has one, the 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Frankfurt Zoo 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1511: 1510:Haast tokoeka 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1464:In 2000, the 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1418:ectoparasites 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1400:in the genus 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Haast tokoeka 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1006:Kapiti Island 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 991: 987: 986: 982: 981:Southern Alps 978: 973: 970: 967: 964: 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 934: 931: 928: 926: 915: 914: 906: 905: 902: 901: 900: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 883: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 866: 859: 858: 852: 851: 848: 847: 839: 838: 830: 829: 826: 825: 824: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 807: 800: 799: 792: 791: 784: 783: 779: 771: 769: 765: 761: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:elephant bird 736: 732: 722: 713: 701: 696: 695:Ancient Greek 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 655: 651: 646: 641: 631: 629: 625: 624: 619: 614: 612: 606: 604: 600: 599:deforestation 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 539: 506: 505: 498: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 430: 421: 397: 389: 387:Lydekker 1891 385: 384: 376: 375: 367: 366: 360: 357: 353: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 331: 323: 322: 314: 313: 305: 304: 296: 295: 289: 284: 279: 274: 273: 268: 265: 261: 256: 251: 250: 246: 243: 242: 237: 232: 229: 226: 225: 220: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191:Palaeognathae 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 131: 127: 122: 118: 114: 109: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 33: 30: 19: 8040:Novaeratitae 7827: 7780:Tsondabornis 7778: 7771: 7764: 7759:Medioolithus 7757: 7750: 7745:Diamantornis 7743: 7683: 7673: 7666: 7645: 7618: 7611: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7562:Novaeratitae 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7490: 7483: 7478:Crypturellus 7476: 7458:Roveretornis 7456: 7446: 7436: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7366:Megalapteryx 7364: 7357: 7326: 7319: 7309: 7299: 7276: 7268: 7164: 7156: 7146: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7078: 7071: 7046: 7039: 7015: 7008: 7003:Geranodornis 7001: 6993: 6988:Eogeranoides 6986: 6978:Geranoididae 6961: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6876: 6865: 6854: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6478:(mousebirds) 6476:Coliiformes 6346:Gaviiformes 6338:Aequornithes 6246:Apodiformes 6207:Otidiformes 6183:Otidimorphae 6130:(sandgrouse) 6052:Phasianinae 6018: 6011: 6004: 5999:Odontophorus 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5837:Oreophasinae 5783: 5763: 5756: 5661:(waterfowls) 5657:Anseriformes 5557: 5407:Cockfighting 5392:Conservation 5387:Bird feeding 5375:Birdwatching 5365:Ornithomancy 5305:Gansuiformes 5252: 5245:Fossil birds 5135:Intelligence 4987:the original 4982: 4970:the original 4964: 4953: 4943:the original 4937: 4925: 4914: 4902:, retrieved 4898:the original 4892: 4879:, retrieved 4875:the original 4869: 4845:. Retrieved 4835: 4822:. Retrieved 4818:the original 4805: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4767:. Retrieved 4762: 4753: 4741:. Retrieved 4736: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4689: 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4666:. 3 May 2023 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4620: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4595: 4586: 4574:. Retrieved 4565: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4540:the original 4535: 4526: 4507: 4497:24 September 4495:. Retrieved 4475: 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4452: 4442: 4430:. Retrieved 4421: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4380: 4368:. Retrieved 4344: 4332:. Retrieved 4323: 4319: 4313: 4305: 4294:, retrieved 4284: 4278: 4267:, retrieved 4257: 4250: 4231: 4223:the original 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4191: 4181: 4173:the original 4167: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4140: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4115:the original 4111:Nature Space 4110: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4080: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4050: 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4020: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3990: 3981: 3969:. Retrieved 3960: 3936:. Retrieved 3927: 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3897: 3888: 3876:. Retrieved 3867: 3858: 3846:. Retrieved 3837: 3828: 3816:. Retrieved 3812:the original 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3781: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3725: 3701:. Retrieved 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3666: 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3634: 3625: 3600: 3596: 3564:. Retrieved 3532:, retrieved 3516: 3477: 3471: 3459:. Retrieved 3450:(1): 70–76. 3447: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3382: 3379:Parasitology 3378: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3341:(1): 67–73. 3338: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3299:(1): 52–69. 3296: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3228:. Retrieved 3219: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3182:. Retrieved 3178:the original 3157:the original 3151: 3145: 3135:24 September 3133:. Retrieved 3095: 3091: 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3057: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3002:, retrieved 2992: 2986: 2943: 2939: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2902: 2892: 2862:(2): 87–99. 2859: 2855: 2849: 2837:. Retrieved 2828: 2819: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2741: 2714:. Retrieved 2705: 2695: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2647: 2627: 2624: 2604:. Retrieved 2600:the original 2590: 2578:. Retrieved 2564: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2532:. Retrieved 2518: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2477: 2468: 2456:. Retrieved 2452:the original 2441: 2430:, retrieved 2416: 2410: 2399:, retrieved 2390: 2381: 2362: 2356: 2344:. Retrieved 2340:the original 2330: 2322:the original 2316: 2295:, retrieved 2285: 2278: 2267:, retrieved 2257: 2250: 2240:13 September 2238:. Retrieved 2234:the original 2224: 2214:19 September 2212:. Retrieved 2194: 2184:24 September 2182:. Retrieved 2136: 2132: 2105: 2099: 2091:the original 2079: 2070: 2058:. Retrieved 2037: 2025:. Retrieved 2016: 2006: 1994:. Retrieved 1985: 1952: 1925:Birds portal 1877: 1870: 1854: 1834: 1822:Bulford kiwi 1819: 1811: 1785: 1751:has 12, the 1742: 1732: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1688: 1667: 1652: 1643: 1617: 1615: 1591: 1580: 1539:in Waikato ( 1517: 1503:Okarito kiwi 1463: 1451: 1435: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1365: 1350:A. australis 1349: 1341: 1330: 1306: 1296: 1286: 1202: 1196: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1157:A. australis 1156: 1152: 1148:North Island 1137: 1133: 1112: 1097: 1093: 1082: 1074:South Island 1063: 1049:Okarito kiwi 1043:South Island 1037:Okarito kiwi 1032:Apteryx rowi 1031: 995: 960: 948:Description 945:Distribution 929: 924: 921: 897: 896: 880: 879: 865:A. australis 863: 862: 821: 820: 804: 803: 777: 757: 755: 728: 690: 688: 679: 671: 663: 637: 621: 615: 607: 593:of which is 581:than to the 576: 503: 502: 501:) and genus 451: 447: 395: 394: 383:Pseudapteryx 382: 381: 373: 372: 365:Stictapteryx 364: 363: 362: 328: 319: 312:Apteryx rowi 310: 301: 292: 291: 270: 264:Type species 248: 247: 230: 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