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33:
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165:
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677:. By the late 1880s and early 1900s, the trend extended both north and south across east-central Ohio and included several counties in western New York where gas was discovered in lower Silurian Medina Group sandstones. About 1900, large oil reserves were discovered in Silurian and Devonian carbonate reservoirs in east-central Kentucky. Important gas discoveries from the lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone in
299:
722:
mainly of a core of moderate-to high-rank crystalline metamorphic or igneous rocks which, because of their superior resistance to weathering and erosion, commonly rise above the adjacent areas of low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary rock. The province is bounded on the north and west by the
Paleozoic strata of the Appalachian Basin and on the south by Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks of the
1205:
1111:
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991:
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strata extends eastward for tens of miles, buried beneath these subhorizontal crystalline thrust sheets. At the surface, the Blue Ridge consists of a mountainous to hilly region, the main component of which are the Blue Ridge
Mountains that extend from Georgia to Pennsylvania. Surface rocks consist
514:
and the
Geologic Survey of Canada using the science of physiography. The US uses the term Appalachian Highlands, and Canada uses the term Appalachian Uplands, to define contiguous regions that have similar geology, topography, history, and native plant and animal communities. (The Appalachian
501:
so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures. The ridges of the
Appalachian Mountain core represent erosion-resistant rock that remained after the rock above and beside it was eroded away.
591:
as far as the United States–Canada border. The province covers an area of about 185,500 square miles (480,000 km) and is 1,075 miles (1,730 km) long from northeast to southwest and between 20 and 310 miles (30 and 500 km) wide from northwest to southeast.
394:, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands.
772:
The foundations of the
Appalachian-Ouachita orogen were laid when the assembly of supercontinent Rodinia was completed. The collisional events were accompanied by high-grade metamorphism and magmatism during the Grenville orogeny in the time span of 1300–950
716:
The Blue Ridge Thrust Belt
Province underlies parts of eight states from central Alabama to southern Pennsylvania. Along its western margin, the Blue Ridge is thrust over the folded and faulted margin of the Appalachian basin, so that a broad segment of
741:
to rocks in the Blue Ridge and
Piedmont Provinces to the south. The uplifted, nearly-circular Adirondack Mountains consist of a core of ancient Precambrian rocks that are surrounded by upturned Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks.
255:. This is the same process by which limestone forms in modern oceans. The weathering of limestone exposed at the land surface produces the lime-rich soils that are so prevalent in the fertile farmland of the Valley and Ridge province.
480:
apart a new passive tectonic margin was born, and the forces that created the
Appalachian, Ouachita, and Marathon Mountains were stilled. Weathering and erosion prevailed, and the mountains began to wear away.
496:
the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams
258:
During this continental break-up, around 600 million to 560 million years ago, volcanic activity was present along the tectonic margins. There is evidence of this activity in today's Blue Ridge
Mountains.
235:
was formed. Seawater filled the basin. Rivers from the surrounding countryside carried clay, silt, sand, and gravel to the basin, much as rivers today carry sediment from the midcontinent region to the
713:
The Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Adirondack, and New
England Provinces are collectively known as the Crystalline Appalachians because they consist of Precambrian and Cambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks.
36:
The Appalachian Mountains, as defined by physiographic classification. This includes the Canadian classification of the Appalachian Uplands and the US classification of the Appalachian Highlands.
1032:
Poag, C. Wylie; Sevon, William D. (September 1989). "A record of Appalachian denudation in postrift Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the U.S. Middle Atlantic continental margin".
240:. The sediment spread out in layers on the basin floor. The basin continued to subside, and over a long period of time, probably millions of years, a great thickness of sediment accumulated.
689:, in 1936 opened a major gas-producing trend across parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. Another drilling boom occurred in the 1960s in
228:, and other natural processes, resulting in the leveling of the landscape. The eroded sediments from these mountains contributed to the formation of sedimentary basins and valleys.
196:
occurred along the boundaries of the cratons. The present Appalachian Mountains have at least two areas which are made from rock formations that were formed during this orogeny: the
639:
uses. Economically important coal beds were deposited primarily during Pennsylvanian time in a southeastward-thickening foreland basin. Coal and associated rocks form a
251:
formed over millions of years, in the Iapetus. Shells and other hard parts of ancient marine plants and animals accumulated to form limey deposits that later became
654:, marked the beginning of the oil and gas industry in the Appalachian Basin. The discovery well opened a prolific trend of oil and gas fields, producing from upper
612:
615:
that bounds the eastern part of the Appalachian Basin Province were thrust westward more than 150 miles (240 km) over lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks.
1174:
Harris, L.D.; Harris, A.G.; de Witt, Jr., W.; Bayer, K.C. (1981). "Evaluation of the southern eastern overthrust belt beneath Blue Ridge-Piedmont thrust".
510:
The geographic boundaries of the Appalachian Mountains follow a definition that accounts for all the land mass in the United States and Canada used by the
1217:
Blue Ridge Thrust Belt (068), Piedmont Province (069), Atlantic Coastal Plain Province (070), Adirondack Province (071), and New England Province (072)
816:
172:
The first mountain-building tectonic plate collision that initiated the construction of what are today the Appalachian Mountains occurred during the
365:
were deposited on the shallow sea bottom when the region was submerged. When seas receded, terrestrial sedimentary deposits and erosion dominated.
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1144:
906:
The volcanogenic Mount Rogers Formation and the overlying glaciogenic Konnarock Formation: Two late Proterozoic units in southwestern Virginia
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666:
reservoirs that extend from southern New York, across western Pennsylvania, central West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, to eastern Kentucky.
448:
area of Texas. Continental collisions raised the Appalachian-Ouachita chain to a lofty mountain range on the scale of the present-day
1123:
Executive Summary—Coal Resource Assessment of Selected Coal Beds and Zones in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin Coal Regions
1000:
1238:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008).
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has been mined throughout the last three centuries. Currently, the coal primarily is used within the eastern U.S. or exported for
669:
A second major trend of oil and gas production in the Appalachian Basin began with the discovery in 1885 of oil and gas in lower
484:
By the end of the Mesozoic, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost-flat plain. It was not until the region was
268:
372:(about 458-470 million years ago), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain building event (
376:) in North America. The once quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring
361:
province. During this interval, the region was periodically submerged beneath shallow seas. Thick layers of sediment and
96:
mountains (now in Morocco) near the center. These mountain ranges likely once reached elevations similar to those of the
1381:
865:
425:, smaller bits of crust too small to be called continents, were swept in one by one to be welded to the growing mass.
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wedge that thickens from north to south, from Pennsylvania into southeast West Virginia and southwestern Virginia.
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380:, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the creation of this new
1376:
1307:
Loewy, S. L.; Dalziel, I. W. D.; Pisarevsky, S.; Connelly, J. N.; Tait, J.; Hanson, R. E.; Bullen, D. (2011).
686:
248:
820:
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321:
volcanic rocks that became a barrier and forced the mountains to push up around it. 2012 image from NASA's
271:
are all the result of volcanic activity that occurred around this time. Evidence of subsurface activity (
607:(Appalachian Fold and Thrust Belt or Eastern Overthrust Belt), formed at the end of the Paleozoic by the
287:
1431:
1411:
1396:
1356:
298:
762:
Thomas, William A.; Hatcher, Jr., Robert D. (2021). "Southern-Central Appalachians-Ouachitas Orogen".
460:) plowed into the continental agglomeration, with the Appalachian-Ouachita mountains near the middle.
317:
The "Pennsylvania Salient" in the Appalachians appears to have been formed by a large, dense block of
682:
92:
plate collisions that culminated in the construction of Pangea with the Appalachians and neighboring
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1152:
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216:
reversed, and Rodinia began to break up. The mountains formed during the Grenvillian era underwent
485:
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632:
1240:"A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent"
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118:
61:
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The Fries Fault near Riner, Virginia: an example of a polydeformed, ductile deformation zone
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Eventually, the tectonic forces pulling the two continents apart became so strong that the
201:
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611:, characterizes the eastern flank of the basin. Metamorphic and igneous rocks of the
279:
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126:
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formed through a series of mountain-building events over the last 1.2 billion years:
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The Adirondack and New England Provinces include sedimentary, meta-sedimentary, and
397:
Mountain building continued periodically throughout the next 250 million years (the
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452:. The massive bulk of Pangea was completed near the end of the Paleozoic era (the
184:. All the other cratons of the Earth also collided at about this time to form the
56:, 500 million years prior to the development of the range during the formation of
694:
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600:
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402:
373:
333:
Generalized east-to-west cross section through the central Hudson Valley region.
306:
302:
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101:
85:
45:
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Birth of the Mountains: The Geologic Story of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
436:
was approaching the North American craton. The collisional belt spread into the
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528:
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354:
276:
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rocks have been found along the Fries Fault in the central Blue Ridge area of
1370:
1309:"Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?"
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346:
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into the overlying rock) is present in the Blue Ridge as well. For instance,
244:
77:
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69:
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176:
at least one billion years ago when the pre-North-American craton called
726:. It is bounded on the east by metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of the
583:. The northern end of the Appalachian Basin extends offshore into Lakes
247:
formed off the eastern coast of the Laurentian margin. The rocks of the
1002:
Geologic Provinces of the United States: Appalachian Highlands Province
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93:
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producing regions in the U.S. and one of the largest in the world.
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Pangea began to break up about 220 million years ago, in the early
457:
329:
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began 1250 million years ago (Ma) and lasted for 270 million years.
913:
693:, where oil was discovered in the Upper Cambrian part of the Knox
492:
era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. Uplift
604:
580:
543:
age. From north to south, the Appalachian Basin province crosses
540:
453:
422:
387:
350:
217:
189:
88:. The birth of the Appalachian ranges marks the first of several
57:
53:
519:, which is one of the provinces of the Appalachian Highlands).
437:
433:
49:
1306:
737:
igneous rocks, mainly of Cambrian and Ordovician age, similar
421:
onto the North American craton as Pangea began to take shape.
1173:
318:
305:
reconstruction showing the Appalachian Basin area during the
283:
231:
For example, in what is now the southern United States, the
1237:
624:
552:
477:
97:
944:"Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America"
84:—strong evidences that these rocks were deformed during
858:
The Last Billion Years: A Geologic History of Tennessee
709:
Geological map of the southern Crystalline Appalachians
1176:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
417:
orogenies). Continent after continent was thrust and
168:
Land added to Laurentia during the Grenville orogeny
623:The Appalachian Basin is one of the most important
761:
212:After the Grenville orogeny, the direction of the
180:collided with other continental segments, notably
843:"Geologic Events Affecting Eastern North America"
27:Geologic description of the Appalachian Mountains
1368:
618:
595:The northwestern flank of the basin is a broad
44:dates back more than 1.2 billion years to the
1119:
950:. Northern Arizona University. Archived from
757:
755:
136:began 450 Ma and lasted for 10 million years.
1213:
1199:
1197:
1188:10.1306/03b599ef-16d1-11d7-8645000102c1865d
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893:. United States Geologic Survey. p. 4.
700:
784:
752:
505:
1194:
1031:
948:Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography
463:
150:began 325 Ma and lasted 65 million years.
143:began 375 Ma and lasted 50 million years.
1060:
704:
603:. A complexly thrust faulted and folded
384:zone, the early Appalachians were born.
345:, the continent that would later become
328:
312:
297:
163:
31:
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983:
981:
979:
977:
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599:that dips gently southeastward off the
192:. Mountain-building referred to as the
14:
1369:
1085:
903:
855:
817:"Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains"
515:Mountains are not synonymous with the
1387:Regional geology of the United States
926:
883:
785:Berardelli, Phil (November 2, 2009).
770:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
207:
107:
1392:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
1103:
966:
874:
809:
787:"The Mountains That Froze the World"
522:
428:By about 300 million years ago (the
159:
52:collided to form the supercontinent
1137:
778:
24:
941:
935:
154:
25:
1443:
1350:
860:. University of Tennessee Press.
635:, but some of it is suitable for
188:Rodinia, which was surrounded by
1208: This article incorporates
1203:
1114: This article incorporates
1109:
1089:Appalachian Basin Province (067)
1080: This article incorporates
1075:
994: This article incorporates
989:
673:Clinton sandstone reservoirs in
646:Discovery of oil in 1859 in the
341:During the earliest part of the
293:
1225:United States Geological Survey
1167:
1131:United States Geological Survey
1097:United States Geological Survey
1025:
1007:United States Geological Survey
353:. The Appalachian region was a
60:. The rocks exposed in today's
1145:"The Sedimentary Appalachians"
920:
897:
849:
835:
13:
1:
687:Kanawha County, West Virginia
619:Coal, oil, and gas production
1054:10.1016/0169-555X(89)90009-3
884:Clark, Sandra H. B. (1996).
652:Venango County, Pennsylvania
7:
633:electrical power generation
527:The Appalachian Basin is a
288:Montgomery County, Virginia
112:
42:geology of the Appalachians
10:
1448:
927:Kaygi, Patti Boyd (1994).
1382:Geology by mountain range
904:Rankin, James W. (1993).
683:Schuyler County, New York
249:Valley and Ridge province
104:before they were eroded.
64:reveal elongate belts of
48:era when two continental
1427:Ordovician United States
1407:Geology of New Brunswick
701:Crystalline Appalachians
1269:10.1126/science.1159189
856:Byerly, Don W. (2013).
764:Encyclopedia of Geology
506:Physiographic provinces
444:region and through the
1417:Cenozoic United States
1402:Geology of Nova Scotia
1210:public domain material
1116:public domain material
1082:public domain material
996:public domain material
845:. Columbia University.
819:. USGS. Archived from
793:. AAAS. Archived from
710:
613:Blue Ridge Thrust Belt
464:Mesozoic era and later
359:Atlantic Coastal Plain
338:
326:
310:
169:
37:
1377:Appalachian Mountains
708:
679:Guernsey County, Ohio
531:containing Paleozoic
456:period) when Africa (
357:, not unlike today's
332:
316:
301:
167:
119:Appalachian Mountains
62:Appalachian Mountains
35:
1149:NYC Regional Geology
746:Notes and references
662:, and Pennsylvanian
512:US Geological Survey
355:passive plate margin
198:Blue Ridge Mountains
1327:2011Geo....39..859L
1261:2008Sci...321..235G
1120:Leslie F. Ruppert.
1046:1989Geomo...2..119P
1013:on January 14, 2008
823:on January 17, 2013
797:on January 20, 2013
691:Morrow County, Ohio
609:Alleghanian orogeny
579:, and northeastern
517:Appalachian Plateau
476:period). As Pangea
174:Mesoproterozoic era
148:Alleghanian orogeny
82:ancient ocean floor
1357:USGS.gov: Tapestry
1214:Robert C. Milici.
724:Gulf Coastal Plain
711:
446:Marathon Mountains
392:continental margin
368:During the middle
339:
327:
311:
208:Breakup of Rodinia
170:
108:Geological history
38:
1432:Ordovician Canada
1412:Allegheny Plateau
1397:Geology of Quebec
1255:(5886): 235–240.
1182:(12): 2497–2505.
728:Piedmont Province
675:Knox County, Ohio
533:sedimentary rocks
523:Appalachian Basin
265:Whitetop Mountain
214:continental drift
194:Grenville orogeny
160:Grenville orogeny
127:Grenville orogeny
90:mountain building
80:, and slivers of
74:sedimentary rocks
18:Appalachian Basin
16:(Redirected from
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1151:. Archived from
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1040:(1–3): 119–157.
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1009:. Archived from
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954:on June 21, 2008
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190:one single ocean
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629:Bituminous coal
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601:Cincinnati Arch
575:, northwestern
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390:grew along the
374:Taconic orogeny
307:Middle Devonian
303:Paleogeographic
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162:
157:
155:Proterozoic era
141:Acadian orogeny
134:Taconic orogeny
115:
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102:Rocky Mountains
86:plate collision
46:Mesoproterozoic
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1351:External links
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1321:(9): 859–862.
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529:foreland basin
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363:carbonate rock
349:straddled the
323:Aqua satellite
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238:Gulf of Mexico
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347:North America
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294:Paleozoic era
291:
289:
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270:
269:Pine Mountain
266:
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246:
245:Iapetus Ocean
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1153:the original
1148:
1139:
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1105:
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1086:R.T. Ryder.
1037:
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1017:September 2,
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
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952:the original
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795:the original
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261:Mount Rogers
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1340:January 24,
1298:February 4,
931:. VT Works.
681:, in 1924;
494:rejuvenated
488:during the
423:Microplates
415:Alleghanian
233:Ocoee basin
202:Adirondacks
1371:Categories
648:Drake Well
571:, eastern
567:, western
563:, eastern
559:, western
551:, eastern
399:Caledonian
382:subduction
370:Ordovician
226:glaciation
222:weathering
94:Anti-Atlas
1277:0036-8075
719:Paleozoic
664:sandstone
597:homocline
573:Tennessee
535:of early
450:Himalayas
432:period),
411:Hercynian
388:Volcanoes
343:Paleozoic
280:intruding
253:limestone
178:Laurentia
1293:11799613
1285:18621666
908:. USGS.
827:April 4,
801:April 4,
735:plutonic
695:Dolomite
671:Silurian
656:Devonian
569:Virginia
565:Kentucky
561:Maryland
545:New York
537:Cambrian
490:Cenozoic
486:uplifted
474:Triassic
470:Mesozoic
458:Gondwana
442:Ouachita
407:Ouachita
200:and the
182:Amazonia
113:Overview
100:and the
1323:Bibcode
1314:Geology
1257:Bibcode
1248:Science
1159:May 20,
1042:Bibcode
958:July 4,
641:clastic
605:terrane
589:Ontario
581:Alabama
577:Georgia
541:Permian
499:downcut
454:Permian
419:sutured
403:Acadian
351:equator
309:period.
218:erosion
72:marine
54:Rodinia
50:cratons
1291:
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1275:
864:
478:rifted
472:(late
434:Africa
413:, and
337:image.
267:, and
66:folded
58:Pangea
1289:S2CID
1243:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1212:from
1127:(PDF)
1118:from
1093:(PDF)
1084:from
998:from
891:(PDF)
438:Ozark
319:mafic
284:mafic
277:sills
273:dikes
220:from
1342:2016
1300:2016
1281:PMID
1273:ISSN
1161:2010
1019:2007
960:2008
862:ISBN
829:2012
803:2012
625:coal
587:and
585:Erie
553:Ohio
335:USGS
275:and
146:The
139:The
132:The
125:The
117:The
98:Alps
68:and
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1331:doi
1265:doi
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