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sexual dysfunction in the USA and Canada. It is also found in over-the-counter health products. Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid and is an adrenoceptor antagonist. It affects the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and the penile tissue and vascular smooth muscle cells that are involved in penile erection and it is also used to treat physiologically impaired and psychogenic erectile dysfunction, preferably in combination with other treatments. Known adverse effects include nausea, anxiety, irregular heartbeats, and restlessness.
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415:. Ginseng's active ingredients are ginsenosides and saponin glycosides. There are three different ways of processing ginseng. Fresh ginseng is cut at four years of growth, white ginseng is cut at four to six years of growth, and red ginseng is cut, dried, and steamed at six years of growth. Red ginseng has been reported to be the most effective aphrodisiac of the three. Known adverse effects include mild gastrointestinal upsets.
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gained popularity and began to be documented, information being passed down generations. There are Hindu poems dated back to around 2000 to 1000 BCE that spoke of performance enhancers, ingredients, and usage tips. Chinese texts date back to 2697 to 2595 BC. Roman and
Chinese cultures documented their belief in aphrodisiac qualities in animal genitalia, while Egyptians wrote tips for treating erectile dysfunction. In
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229:
379:) is used as an aphrodisiac in China. The story of Aphrodite, who was born from the sea, is another reason why individuals believe seafood is another source of aphrodisiacs. Foods that contain volatile oils have gained little recognition in their ability to improve sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior, because they are irritants when released through the urinary tract.
144:
and could not reproduce. Men who could not impregnate their wives and father large families were seen as failures, whereas those who could were respected. Hence, a stimulant was needed. Others who did not suffer from this also desired performance enhancers. Regardless of their usage, these substances
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Both males and females can potentially benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males, as their properties tend to increase testosterone concentrations rather than estrogen concentrations. This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on
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has been associated as an aphrodisiac, owing to its effect as a central nervous system depressant. Depressants can increase sexual desire and sexual behavior through disinhibition. Alcohol affects people both physiologically and psychologically, and it is therefore difficult to determine exactly how
348:
Many cultures have turned to foods as sources of increasing sexual desire; however, significant research is lacking in the study of the aphrodisiac qualities of foods. Most claims can be linked to the placebo effect. Misconceptions revolve around the visual appearance of these foods in relation to
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is a substance found in the bark of yohim trees in West Africa. It was traditionally used in West
African cultures, in which the bark would be boiled and the resulting water drunk until it increased sexual desire. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and can be prescribed for
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people experience its aphrodisiac effects (aphrodisiac qualities or the expectancy effect). Alcohol taken in moderate quantities can elicit a positive increase in sexual desire, whereas larger quantities are associated with difficulties in reaching sexual pleasure. As the porter in
Shakespeare's
1822:
Snyder, P. J; Bhasin, S; Cunningham, G. R; Matsumoto, A. M; Stephens-Shields, A. J; Cauley, J. A; Gill, T. M; Barrett-Connor, E; Swerdloff, R. S; Wang, C; Ensrud, K. E; Lewis, C. E; Farrar, J. T; Cella, D; Rosen, R. C; Pahor, M; Crandall, J. P; Molitch, M. E; Cifelli, D; Dougar, D; Fluharty, L;
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of love. Throughout human history, food, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable. However, from a historical and scientific standpoint, the alleged results may have been mainly due to mere belief on the part of their users that they would be
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Solid evidence is hard to obtain, as these substances come from many different environments cross-culturally and therefore give variable results, because of variations in growth and extraction. The same is also true for unnatural substances, because variations in consumption and individual
139:
Ancient civilizations like
Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Roman, and Greek cultures believed that certain substances could provide the key to improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior. This was important, because some men suffered from
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that can counteract other co-prescribed antidepressants with libido-diminishing effects. However, because bupropion increases libido only when it is already impaired by related medications, it is not generally classed as an aphrodisiac.
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males. Only recently has attention been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function. In addition, cultural influences on appropriate sexual behavior of males and females also play a part in the research gap.
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is found in the skin and glands of Bufo toads. It is commonly used in West Indian and
Chinese cultures. West Indian cultures use it as an aphrodisiac called 'Love Stone'. Chinese cultures use bufotenin as a heart medication called
529:
sensitivity can affect outcomes. Folk medicine and self-prescribed methods can be potentially harmful, as their adverse effects are not fully known and are therefore not made aware to the people searching this topic on the internet.
298:, a flavanol glycoside. Its exotic name comes from the tendency of goats in the region to seek out this weed. Once farmers saw its effects on the goat population they began to use it to increase the number of workers on their farms.
157:
acted as a guide on aphrodisiacs and infertility remedies. It offered advice to men on "winning back" their wives. According to Hammer, "At a time when women’s sexuality was barely acknowledged in the West, the manuscript, a kind of
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has been reported to increase sexual desire in women who consume it over those who do not. Cloves and sage have been reported to demonstrate aphrodisiac qualities, but their effects have not been specified. Tropical fruits, such as
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reports are mixed. Half of users claim an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure while the other half report no effect. Consumption, individual sensitivity, and possibly marijuana strain, are factors that affect outcomes.
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testosterone concentrations have been used, with the intention of increasing libido, although with limited benefits. Long-term therapy with synthetic oral testosterone is associated with increased risks of
294:) is used in Chinese folk medicine. It was thought to be useful for treating medical conditions and improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior. Horny goat weed contains
612:, a witch creates consumables that bring out and enhance the lust of whomever eats them; resulting in hijinks as the magic liberates the libido repressed by those who eat her magic.
2400:
44:, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs, such as
1994:
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increases testosterone concentrations, triggering sexual desire and sexual behavior, but in animal studies only. Further research is needed to know the effects in humans.
488:
was sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company
Drittewelle.
451:
users have reported an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure; however, there have been reports of delayed orgasm in both sexes and erectile difficulties in men.
455:, containing drugs for inhalation, have been linked to increased sexual pleasure. Known adverse effects are headaches, nausea, and temporary erectile difficulties.
215:. They argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships. Both to fall in love and to fall out of it.
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is found in the gut of sperm whales. It is commonly used in Arab cultures as relief medication for headaches or as a performance enhancer. The derived chemical
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596:
1987:
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68:, have psychological effects that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties, such as
447:
Popular party substances have been reported by users to consist of aphrodisiac properties because of their enhancing effects with sexual pleasure.
127:
libido in inconsistent or idiopathic ways: enhancing or diminishing overall sexual desire, depending on the circumstances. For example, bupropion (
1697:
841:
1980:
1222:
Wibowo, DNSA; Soebadi, DM; Soebadi, MA (2021). "Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1196:
756:
Melnyk, John P.; Marcone, Massimo F. (May 2011). "Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources—A review of current scientific literature".
361:, and the like). Other beliefs arise from the thought of consuming animal genitalia and absorbing their properties (e.g. cow cod soup in
482:
doses, when sexual hyperexcitability and hypersexuality can occur; however, in some individuals who use these drugs, libido is reduced.
2258:
1874:"Cardiovascular risks and elevation of serum DHT vary by route of testosterone administration: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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observes, “it provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance”. Chronic alcohol consumption is related to sexual dysfunction.
546:
1048:
948:
Bella, Anthony J; Shamloul, Rany (June 2014). "Traditional Plant
Aphrodisiacs and Male Sexual Dysfunction: PLANT APHRODISIACS".
1823:
Resnick, S. M; Storer, T. W; Anton, S; Basaria, S; Diem, S. J; Hou, X; Mohler Er, I. I. I; Parsons, J. K; et al. (2016).
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González-Jaramillo, Nancy; Bailon-Moscoso, Natalia; Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (16 December 2022).
1342:
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is a popular aphrodisiac in China, Korea, and
Southeast Asia, either eaten alive or in gelatin form. The caterpillar fungus (
1427:"Alibertia patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C.H.Perss. (Borojó): food safety, phytochemicals, and aphrodisiac potential"
1366:
González-Jaramillo, Nancy; Bailon-Moscoso, Natalia; Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (January 2022).
60:. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (psychological or physiological). Aphrodisiacs that contain
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1935:
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817:
675:
503:. When there is reduced sex drive in individuals with relatively low concentrations of testosterone, particularly in
478:, which increase libido and cause frequent or prolonged erections as potential adverse effects, particularly in
188:, and certain foods are recorded throughout these texts as possessing aphrodisiac qualities. While many plants,
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20:
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An advertisement for pills from 1926 implies an aphrodisiac effect: "full of red-blooded vim and push".
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There has been increasing attention in recent years surrounding the use of aphrodisiac drugs. In 2020,
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2190:
1689:
1326:
The Global
Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus
652:
565:
2345:
1719:
R. Shabsigh (1997). "The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function".
1106:
West E, Krychman M (October 2015). "Natural
Aphrodisiacs-A Review of Selected Sexual Enhancers".
553:
517:
375:
193:
52:, are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances. Synthetic aphrodisiacs include
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1143:
The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts
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601:
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1274:"Erectile dysfunction treatment and traditional medicine-can East and West medicine coexist?"
72:, have physiological effects that can affect hormone concentrations and increase blood flow.
1424:
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479:
192:, or manufactured hormones have been proposed as aphrodisiacs, there is little high-quality
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1329:. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–294.
8:
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2003:
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1368:"Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.): Ancestral Tropical Staple with Future Potential"
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is a Peruvian plant sometimes called "Peruvian ginseng", although it is not related to
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Sandroni, Paola (October 2001). "Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review".
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1468:"Ginseng Compounds: An Update on Their Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications"
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2014:
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Borst, S. E; Shuster, J. J; Zou, B; Ye, F; Jia, H; Wokhlu, A; Yarrow, J. F (2014).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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This article is about the detailed description of the term. For other uses, see
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Aphrodisiacs and Anti-aphrodisiacs: Three Essays on the Powers of Reproduction
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79:. Substances that inhibit effects that aphrodisiacs aim to enhance are called
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Pillow Talk: A Comprehensive Guide to Erotic Hypnosis and Relyfe Programming
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The invention of an aphrodisiac is the basis of a number of films including
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features a class being dosed with aphrodisiacs. In episode 2 of the anime
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)
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to orgasm, offered tips for maximizing sexual pleasure on both sides."
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Drug Addiction II: Amphetamine, Psychotogen, and Marihuana Dependence
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1523:. Berlin, Germany; Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 247–260.
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Fisher, Helen E.; Aron, Arthur; Brown, Lucy L. (29 December 2006).
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in males is linked to concentrations of sex hormones, particularly
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259:. Research shows that it can have a negative effect on heart rate.
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425:. It has been used as a tonic to improve sexual performance.
1926:
Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator):
228:
1466:
Lü, Jian-Ming; Yao, Qizhi; Chen, Changyi (25 August 2010).
485:
213:
Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships)
169:
53:
1764:"Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice"
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eat them unaware that they are aphrodisiacs. In the film
2401:
Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation
2002:
586:
is called "Do Aphrodisiacs Work?", and casts Allen as a
1664:"Erowid Chemicals Vaults : Images : 2cb pack"
1014:
Shamloul, Rany (January 2010). "Natural Aphrodisiacs".
1197:"Love as a drug: can romance be medically prescribed?"
1221:
807:
619:
1508:
1145:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 27.
151:Advising Men on Sexual Engagement with Their Women
1871:
597:Danganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School
2414:
1825:"Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men"
209:Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships
1920:
1761:
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1547:
2428:Drug classes defined by psychological effects
1988:
1582:
947:
755:
604:, Maomao makes aphrodisiacs and three of the
83:, which have the opposite effects on libido.
1105:
443:MDMA Molecule, the compound found in Ecstasy
123:). Likewise, many medicines are reported to
1718:
1544:
1271:
1995:
1981:
1635:United States Food and Drug Administration
1622:
1620:
1562:United States Food and Drug Administration
840:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16:Substance intended to rouse sexual desires
1928:Lust and Love: Is It More than Chemistry?
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1272:Lee JK, Tan RB, Chung E (February 2017).
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871:
808:Lehmiller, Justin J. (12 October 2017).
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411:is the root of any member of the genus
196:of their efficacy or long-term safety.
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75:Aphrodisiac effects may be due to the
1976:
1700:from the original on 11 November 2020
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1555:"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"
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1651:; frequent or prolonged erections.
1517:"Effects of Amphetamines in Humans"
1278:Translational Andrology and Urology
1241:Brown, Jessica (14 February 2019).
103:, i.e. "sexual, aphrodisiac", from
36:is a substance alleged to increase
13:
1930:Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006;
1186:
458:
282:
14:
2444:
1957:
1628:"Desoxyn Prescribing Information"
984:
916:
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810:The psychology of human sexuality
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708:
676:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
507:women or men over the age of 60,
1253:from the original on 19 May 2020
1028:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01521.x
812:(Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
622:
548:Perfume: The Story of a Murderer
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1829:New England Journal of Medicine
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1712:
1690:"This Is What 2-CB Does to You"
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511:that are purported to increase
491:
1243:"Do aphrodisiacs really work?"
1230:(6): 482–8 – via PubMed.
1134:
1076:
1042:
1016:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1:
1688:Nolan, James (5 March 2019).
1564:. December 2013. pp. 4–8
1472:Current Vascular Pharmacology
770:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.043
149:West Africa, a volume titled
1921:General and cited references
701:
271:Yohimbine chemical structure
262:
246:
223:
21:Aphrodisiac (disambiguation)
7:
2217:conjugated equine estrogens
1647:ADVERSE REACTIONS ...
1583:Montgomery KA (June 2008).
1089:Online Etymology Dictionary
874:Clinical Autonomic Research
758:Food Research International
615:
349:male and female genitalia (
325:
10:
2449:
1484:10.2174/157016109788340767
1444:10.1007/s42452-022-05251-1
1224:Turkish Journal of Urology
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560:She'll Follow You Anywhere
476:phenethylamine derivatives
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2013:
1945:. Blue Deck Press, 2011;
1891:10.1186/s12916-014-0211-5
1585:"Sexual desire disorders"
1335:10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1
1174:. Drugs.com. 11 June 2016
23:. For Brandy's song, see
594:. The "Despair Arc" of
576:. The first segment of
523:
218:
95:The word comes from the
1291:10.21037/tau.2016.11.13
1141:Hammer, Joshua (2016).
1066:A Greek–English Lexicon
518:cardiovascular diseases
376:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
343:
1780:10.1098/rstb.2006.1938
1385:10.3390/plants11223134
630:Human sexuality portal
602:The Apothecary Diaries
542:
444:
429:Synthetic aphrodisiacs
405:
311:
272:
233:
107:, i.e. "pertaining to
2078:Melanocortin agonists
1841:10.1056/NEJMoa1506119
1057:Liddell, Henry George
950:Phytotherapy Research
653:Empathogen–entactogen
590:trying to seduce the
540:
442:
403:
310:A molecule of alcohol
309:
270:
231:
1589:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
155:Timbuktu Manuscripts
142:erectile dysfunction
64:properties, such as
1774:(1476): 2173–2186.
1431:SN Applied Sciences
509:dietary supplements
2195:methyltestosterone
2004:Sexual dysfunction
1733:10.1007/BF01275152
886:10.1007/bf02332975
658:Food and sexuality
610:Sexually Bewitched
543:
533:In popular culture
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273:
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2410:
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2199:anabolic steroids
2144:Nitrosoprodenafil
2015:Dopamine agonists
2007:pharmacotherapies
1967:by John Davenport
1649:changes in libido
1515:Gunne LM (2013).
1344:978-3-031-24722-4
1203:. 9 February 2020
1152:978-1-4767-7743-6
664:Fork Me, Spoon Me
606:Ladies-in-waiting
566:Love Potion No. 9
365:and balut in the
194:clinical evidence
131:) is known as an
25:Afrodisiac (song)
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2342:Psychostimulants
2213:ethinylestradiol
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626:
480:supratherapeutic
332:Cannabis and sex
205:Julian Savulescu
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2388:
2354:methylphenidate
2247:
2173:
2154:Sulfoaildenafil
2106:PDE5 inhibitors
2100:
2072:
2009:
2001:
1960:
1941:Michael Scott:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1870:
1866:
1820:
1813:
1760:
1756:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1686:
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1662:
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1640:
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1637:. December 2013
1630:
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1577:
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1509:
1464:
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1419:
1364:
1360:
1345:
1323:Lu, D. (2023).
1321:
1317:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1172:"Sexual health"
1170:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1139:
1135:
1120:10.1002/smrj.62
1104:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:Perseus Project
1047:
1043:
1012:
985:
946:
917:
870:
849:
833:
832:
820:
806:
777:
754:
709:
704:
628:
621:
618:
535:
526:
494:
472:methamphetamine
468:methylphenidate
461:
459:Phenethylamines
437:
431:
398:
346:
334:
328:
304:
288:Horny goat weed
285:
283:Horny goat weed
265:
249:
226:
221:
178:horny goat weed
93:
58:methamphetamine
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2430:
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2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Cyproheptadine
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Alkyl nitrites
2274:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2224:
2202:
2183:
2181:
2175:
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2156:
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2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
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2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1958:External links
1956:
1955:
1954:
1939:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1864:
1835:(7): 611–624.
1811:
1754:
1711:
1680:
1668:www.erowid.org
1655:
1616:
1575:
1543:
1529:
1507:
1478:(3): 293–302.
1458:
1417:
1358:
1343:
1315:
1264:
1233:
1214:
1185:
1158:
1151:
1133:
1114:(4): 279–288.
1095:
1075:
1041:
983:
956:(6): 831–835.
915:
880:(5): 303–307.
847:
818:
775:
764:(4): 840–850.
706:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Hypersexuality
668:
660:
655:
650:
648:Date rape drug
645:
640:
634:
633:
617:
614:
573:A Serbian Film
534:
531:
525:
522:
505:postmenopausal
493:
490:
460:
457:
430:
427:
397:
394:
345:
342:
327:
324:
303:
300:
292:Epimedii herba
284:
281:
264:
261:
248:
245:
225:
222:
220:
217:
147:Post-classical
133:antidepressant
121:placebo effect
99:ἀφροδισιακόν,
92:
89:
81:anaphrodisiacs
77:placebo effect
62:hallucinogenic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2445:
2434:
2433:Sex and drugs
2431:
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2240:Mixed (e.g.,
2239:
2236:
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2222:
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2115:
2114:Acetildenafil
2112:
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2107:
2103:
2097:
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2089:
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2086:Bremelanotide
2084:
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2018:
2016:
2012:
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1998:
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1986:
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1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1951:0-98341-640-0
1948:
1944:
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1937:
1936:0-85404-867-7
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
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1721:World J. Urol
1715:
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1284:(1): 91–100.
1283:
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1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:"Aphrodisiac"
1079:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:Scott, Robert
1058:
1054:
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1033:
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837:
829:
825:
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819:9781119164708
815:
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790:
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748:
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742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
707:
697:
694:
692:
691:Phytoandrogen
689:
687:
686:Phytoestrogen
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:Anaphrodisiac
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
625:
620:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
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574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
556:
555:
550:
549:
539:
530:
521:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
454:
450:
441:
436:
435:Sex and drugs
426:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
402:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
341:
338:
333:
323:
321:
316:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
280:
277:
269:
260:
258:
253:
244:
242:
238:
230:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:effective (a
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:aphrodisiakon
98:
88:
84:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:sexual desire
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2423:Aphrodisiacs
2397:
2396:
2380:
2363:
2346:amphetamines
2337:Phentolamine
2263:acecarbromal
2231:progesterone
2227:Progestogens
2191:testosterone
2179:Sex steroids
2091:Melanotan II
1964:
1942:
1927:
1881:
1878:BMC Medicine
1877:
1867:
1832:
1828:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1694:www.vice.com
1693:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1595:(6): 50–55.
1592:
1588:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1534:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1378:(22): 3134.
1375:
1371:
1361:
1325:
1318:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the Guardian
1200:
1176:. Retrieved
1142:
1136:
1111:
1107:
1087:
1078:
1064:
1051:ἀφροδισιακόν
1044:
1022:(1): 39–49.
1019:
1015:
953:
949:
877:
873:
809:
761:
757:
662:
609:
595:
588:court jester
581:
571:
564:
558:
552:
547:
544:
527:
501:testosterone
495:
492:Testosterone
484:
462:
446:
422:
417:
412:
407:
374:
347:
335:
319:
313:
291:
286:
274:
256:
250:
235:
212:
208:
198:
164:
150:
138:
124:
104:
100:
94:
85:
74:
33:
31:
29:
2360:Rauwolscine
2317:Mirtazapine
2312:Flibanserin
2282:Alprostadil
2139:Mirodenafil
2053:Quinagolide
2048:Pramipexole
2028:Cabergoline
2023:Apomorphine
1727:(1): 21–6.
1568:30 December
1247:www.bbc.com
1108:Sex Med Rev
681:Love potion
667:, 2006 book
578:Woody Allen
554:Spanish Fly
464:Amphetamine
367:Philippines
105:aphrodisios
34:aphrodisiac
2417:Categories
2332:Papaverine
2322:Moxisylyte
2307:Dapoxetine
2287:Amantadine
2235:progestins
2169:Vardenafil
2149:Sildenafil
2119:Aildenafil
2063:Rotigotine
2058:Ropinirole
1536:4 December
433:See also:
390:Chontaduro
371:Korean bug
330:See also:
211:(UK title
201:Brian Earp
129:Wellbutrin
2398:See also:
2377:Yohimbine
2372:Trazodone
2365:Rauvolfia
2297:Buspirone
2292:Bupropion
2271:vitamin E
2267:quebracho
2209:estradiol
2205:Estrogens
2187:Androgens
2159:Tadalafil
2134:Lodenafil
2068:Terguride
2043:Piribedil
2038:Pergolide
1788:0962-8436
1704:3 October
1673:3 October
1641:6 January
1453:2523-3971
1437:(1): 27.
1394:2223-7747
1353:256618310
1257:2 January
1207:6 October
894:0959-9851
836:cite book
828:992580729
702:Citations
638:Pheromone
580:'s movie
381:Chocolate
337:Marijuana
276:Yohimbine
263:Yohimbine
252:Bufotenin
247:Bufotenin
237:Ambergris
232:Ambergris
224:Ambergris
174:yohimbine
170:Bufo toad
166:Ambergris
153:from the
109:Aphrodite
70:yohimbine
66:bufotenin
2327:Oxytocin
2242:tibolone
2221:Premarin
2197:, other
2164:Udenafil
2124:Avanafil
2033:Lisuride
1910:25428524
1859:26886521
1806:17118931
1749:23591806
1698:Archived
1611:19727285
1502:19601854
1412:36432863
1310:28217454
1251:Archived
1128:27784600
1036:19796015
978:29716079
970:25032254
910:32348540
902:11758796
616:See also
326:Cannabis
190:extracts
160:Baedeker
46:cannabis
2382:Yohimbe
2350:cocaine
2344:(e.g.,
2259:Afrodor
2229:(e.g.,
2207:(e.g.,
2189:(e.g.,
2129:Icariin
2096:PL-6983
1901:4245724
1884:: 211.
1850:5209754
1797:1764845
1741:9066090
1602:2695750
1493:2928028
1403:9695847
1301:5313309
1069:at the
696:Vyleesi
453:Poppers
449:Ecstasy
409:Ginseng
404:Ginseng
396:Ginseng
363:Jamaica
359:oysters
355:bananas
351:carrots
320:Macbeth
315:Alcohol
302:Alcohol
296:icariin
257:Chan su
241:Ambrein
186:alcohol
182:ginseng
116:goddess
111:", the
91:History
50:cocaine
2252:Others
1949:
1934:
1908:
1898:
1857:
1847:
1804:
1794:
1786:
1747:
1739:
1609:
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1527:
1500:
1490:
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1410:
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1372:Plants
1351:
1341:
1308:
1298:
1178:17 May
1149:
1126:
1034:
976:
968:
908:
900:
892:
826:
816:
497:Libido
470:, and
386:Borojó
125:affect
38:libido
1745:S2CID
1631:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1349:S2CID
974:S2CID
906:S2CID
592:queen
524:Risks
513:serum
423:Panax
413:Panax
219:Types
113:Greek
97:Greek
1947:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1906:PMID
1855:PMID
1802:PMID
1784:ISSN
1737:PMID
1706:2021
1675:2021
1643:2014
1607:PMID
1570:2013
1538:2015
1525:ISBN
1498:PMID
1449:ISSN
1408:PMID
1390:ISSN
1339:ISBN
1306:PMID
1259:2022
1209:2022
1180:2018
1147:ISBN
1124:PMID
1032:PMID
966:PMID
898:PMID
890:ISSN
842:link
824:OCLC
814:ISBN
570:and
486:2C-B
474:are
419:Maca
388:and
344:Food
203:and
56:and
54:MDMA
1896:PMC
1886:doi
1845:PMC
1837:doi
1833:374
1792:PMC
1776:doi
1772:361
1729:doi
1597:PMC
1488:PMC
1480:doi
1439:doi
1398:PMC
1380:doi
1331:doi
1296:PMC
1286:doi
1116:doi
1024:doi
958:doi
882:doi
766:doi
369:).
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1476:7
1455:.
1441::
1435:5
1414:.
1382::
1355:.
1333::
1312:.
1288::
1282:6
1261:.
1211:.
1182:.
1155:.
1130:.
1118::
1112:3
1092:.
1073:.
1038:.
1026::
1020:7
980:.
960::
912:.
884::
844:)
830:.
772:.
768::
568:,
290:(
27:.
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