25:
1321:
891:
system that has emerged as a simple and easy means of communication for the Tanii people. Apatani (Tanii) people live in a beautiful tiny valley known to the world as Ziro, located at
Central Arunachal Pradesh. The total indigenous population is around 60,000 but Apatanis (Tanii) are known for their fervor when it comes to preservation and promotion of their unique culture that they closely share with their surrounding tribes belonging to the same
908:
by the ALDC (Apatani
Language Development Committee) or use the simplified system with minimum change and retaining English consonants, vowels and sounds. So far, the only government of Arunachal Pradesh approved Apatani Script ("order No.EDA.41/96-97 Pt. dated Itanagar the 2nd Nov, 2010") is developed by the Popi Sarmiň Society and
898:
Currently, there are some positive initiatives with regard to Tanii language development. The most relevant ones are a revision project by Popi Sarmin
Society and LivingDictionaries' Talking Apatani Dictionary. There are some differences in usage of some basic symbols. However, these developments are
907:
Tanii words can be written meaningfully using
English consonants and vowels "as is". Currently, the writing system is under rapid development and there are various proposals that have been put forward and active research work is ongoing. In the meantime, people may write using the system as proposed
912:
is being used for elementary third language studies at schools in Ziro. As any language, Apatani or Tanii language is evolving while it interacts with various languages such as
English, Hindi, Assamese, etc. and as such it may not be correct to conclude on any specific writing structure as of now.
877:
should be used to transcribe it. In view of this, Tanw Supuñ Dukuñ, the apex Tanii organization, recommended the constitution of the
Apatani Language Development Committee (ALDC). The Apatani Cultural and Literary Society (ACLS) constituted the ALDC to recommend a writing system of the language. A
890:
Language development is a gradual process and in the case of
Apatani (Tanii) Language the development has been unrestrained so far. Yet, Tanii (Apatani) people have been writing Tanii using the English alphabet. And what began as a means to communicate through writing has now grown into a writing
1733:
1724:
982:
Macario, Florens Jean-Jacques (2015). "The genetic position of
Apatani within Tibeto-Burman". In Konnerth, Linda; Morey, Stephen; Sarmah, Priyankoo; Teo, Amos (eds.).
2423:
248:, pointing to a possible non-Tani substratum in Apatani. Macario (2015) lists the following divergent Apatani forms that do not reconstruct to Proto-Tani.
882:. The recommendation was accepted by the ACLS and the administrative approval for its use was given by the Tanw Supuñ Dukuñ, or the Apatani Apex Council.
1118:
2102:
899:
a positive sign and they are giving momentum to public awareness regarding the urgent need for Tanii language development and preservation.
1074:
3918:
2416:
1975:
3903:
3913:
2409:
1111:
740:
499:, Apatani is spoken in 7 villages in Ziro valley, namely Hong, Hari, Biilla, Dutta, Hija, Mudang-Tage, and Bamin Michi (
2095:
1001:
68:
46:
39:
1320:
617:
1845:
821:
244:
Post & Kanno (2013) and
Macario (2015) notes that Apatani has various words that do not reconstruct to Proto-
2444:
1104:
3795:
3314:
2618:
800:
661:
3446:
2088:
1968:
1903:
1850:
1506:
835:
686:
263:
212:
1896:
1551:
1473:
1189:
793:
702:
851:
747:
610:
603:
1080:
2119:
1796:
1243:
1164:
695:
1877:
1480:
1293:
807:
492:
33:
3908:
3184:
1961:
1871:
1657:
1541:
1035:
654:
647:
624:
3539:
3810:
3435:
3218:
2638:
2241:
1917:
1910:
1690:
1624:
1127:
233:
148:
50:
878:
year-long discussion and study by ALDC resulted in the recommendation of an alphabet based on
3567:
3426:
2934:
2836:
2798:
2259:
2189:
2044:
1860:
1810:
1366:
930:
732:
718:
561:
554:
3782:
3773:
3343:
3030:
2976:
2600:
2432:
1672:
1518:
1464:
668:
568:
8:
3700:
3524:
3361:
3227:
2985:
2647:
2348:
2236:
2111:
1855:
1445:
1272:
1203:
678:
3743:
3025:
2962:
2685:
2591:
1696:
1305:
1171:
575:
526:
1053:
204:
3863:
3858:
3681:
3661:
3651:
3396:
3371:
3288:
3255:
3204:
3106:
2952:
2846:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2608:
2552:
2390:
2301:
2278:
2251:
2204:
2059:
1804:
1764:
1742:
1707:
1701:
1666:
1604:
1598:
1578:
1372:
1360:
1343:
1251:
1197:
1177:
997:
828:
541:
531:
496:
111:
931:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"
3873:
3823:
3800:
3790:
3620:
3610:
3597:
3529:
3496:
3481:
3466:
3275:
3265:
3199:
3179:
3158:
3143:
3130:
3111:
3101:
3070:
3035:
2894:
2884:
2871:
2758:
2715:
2628:
2613:
2521:
2353:
2291:
2228:
2214:
2069:
1825:
1785:
1755:
1729:
1679:
1637:
1546:
1523:
1416:
1396:
1353:
1278:
1141:
1093:
989:
710:
521:
1403:
3868:
3838:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3713:
3708:
3686:
3656:
3646:
3615:
3587:
3572:
3562:
3486:
3476:
3461:
3456:
3391:
3324:
3245:
3194:
3153:
3065:
3020:
3015:
2947:
2920:
2915:
2851:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2748:
2733:
2675:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2531:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2436:
2316:
2264:
2184:
2153:
2039:
2008:
1817:
1771:
1630:
1512:
1451:
1285:
1232:
1223:
1209:
548:
536:
140:
3853:
3848:
3763:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3641:
3605:
3577:
3557:
3519:
3471:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3356:
3351:
3283:
3250:
3240:
3148:
3138:
3116:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3010:
3005:
2957:
2889:
2879:
2861:
2841:
2823:
2808:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2743:
2695:
2690:
2670:
2665:
2562:
2526:
2498:
2483:
2468:
2463:
2401:
2377:
2332:
2286:
2199:
2158:
2128:
2054:
2013:
1984:
1887:
1865:
1779:
1748:
1684:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1569:
1492:
1438:
1410:
1379:
1257:
1183:
874:
585:
380:
258:
245:
229:
217:
153:
121:
3897:
3878:
3843:
3828:
3818:
3625:
3582:
3549:
3491:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3329:
3319:
3293:
3260:
3235:
3189:
3163:
3096:
3091:
3000:
2942:
2899:
2763:
2753:
2738:
2725:
2680:
2660:
2655:
2623:
2536:
2516:
2455:
2385:
2363:
2358:
2209:
2179:
2143:
2064:
2034:
1998:
1611:
1533:
1299:
1264:
1216:
892:
775:
1946:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
960:
3534:
3506:
3298:
3075:
2831:
2506:
2148:
2003:
1585:
1501:
1457:
1386:
879:
631:
188:
3514:
1931:
1146:
870:
869:
Like most endangered oral languages, Apatani did not have a standardized
787:
770:
1096:
2856:
2194:
2049:
843:
780:
2080:
993:
873:
until recently, and there was some debate among the
Apatanis on which
1924:
1565:
1330:
1137:
815:
596:
590:
197:
181:
3833:
3376:
2768:
2572:
983:
937:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
1953:
1426:
1339:
1154:
1088:
961:"Apatani phonology and lexicon, with special attention to tone"
640:
1335:
1150:
101:
1039:
885:
3895:
2431:
1795:
1242:
988:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 213–233.
2417:
2096:
1969:
1112:
913:For Tanw language, it is a work in progress.
1656:
486:
2424:
2410:
2103:
2089:
1976:
1962:
1119:
1105:
1126:
958:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
2110:
981:
3896:
954:
952:
2405:
2084:
1957:
1100:
886:Apatani (Tanii) Language Development
18:
959:Post, Mark W.; Kanno, Tage (2013).
949:
13:
1983:
1081:Dictionary of the Apatani Language
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3930:
3919:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages
1068:
864:
850:
834:
827:
820:
806:
799:
792:
746:
739:
717:
701:
694:
685:
667:
660:
653:
646:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
574:
567:
560:
553:
239:
1319:
23:
985:North East Indian Linguistics 7
3904:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh
1046:
1028:
1019:
1010:
975:
923:
902:
1:
3914:Endangered languages of India
916:
511:
1092:Apatani Talking Dictionary *
1054:"Talking Apatani Dictionary"
1036:"Apatani-English Dictionary"
841:
785:
506:
236:languages, spoken in India.
7:
10:
3935:
232:language, a branch of the
3809:
3781:
3772:
3699:
3674:
3634:
3596:
3548:
3505:
3445:
3434:
3425:
3342:
3307:
3274:
3226:
3217:
3172:
3129:
3084:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2933:
2908:
2870:
2822:
2724:
2646:
2637:
2599:
2590:
2545:
2497:
2454:
2443:
2376:
2341:
2325:
2309:
2300:
2277:
2250:
2227:
2167:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2022:
1991:
1941:
1886:
1838:
1723:
1564:
1532:
1490:
1425:
1328:
1317:
1135:
760:
731:
709:
677:
584:
547:
518:
487:Geographical distribution
211:
195:
179:
174:
137:
133:44,815 (2011 census)
127:
117:
107:
97:
90:
85:
2229:Digaro (Northern Mishmi)
493:Lower Subansiri district
910:KIIJE TANII AGUN CHINSA
53:more precise citations.
935:www.censusindia.gov.in
228:(Apa Tani, Tanw) is a
16:Tani language of India
1846:Central Tibeto-Burman
965:Himalayan Linguistics
3796:Bishnupriya Manipuri
2619:Bishnupriya Manipuri
2154:Mising (Plains Miri)
2009:Mising (Plains Miri)
2112:Arunachal languages
1904:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
264:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
1897:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
1839:Proposed groupings
1083:by Pascal Bouchery
1058:livingdictionaries
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3695:
3694:
3670:
3669:
3338:
3337:
3213:
3212:
3125:
3124:
2971:
2970:
2929:
2928:
2586:
2585:
2399:
2398:
2372:
2371:
2273:
2272:
2223:
2222:
2205:Hill Miri (Sarak)
2078:
2077:
2060:Hill Miri (Sarak)
1951:
1950:
1834:
1833:
1719:
1718:
1560:
1559:
1315:
1314:
860:
859:
758:
757:
643:
599:
497:Arunachal Pradesh
484:
483:
223:
222:
112:Arunachal Pradesh
79:
78:
71:
3926:
3779:
3778:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3224:
3223:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2644:
2643:
2597:
2596:
2452:
2451:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2391:Zakhring (Meyor)
2307:
2306:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1793:
1792:
1654:
1653:
1488:
1487:
1323:
1240:
1239:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1042:on 26 June 2017.
1038:. Archived from
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
979:
973:
972:
956:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
854:
838:
831:
824:
810:
803:
796:
765:
764:
750:
743:
721:
705:
698:
689:
671:
664:
657:
650:
639:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
595:
578:
571:
564:
557:
516:
515:
251:
250:
207:
191:
184:
143:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3805:
3768:
3691:
3687:Nagamese creole
3666:
3630:
3592:
3544:
3501:
3448:
3437:
3421:
3334:
3303:
3270:
3209:
3168:
3121:
3080:
2967:
2925:
2904:
2866:
2818:
2720:
2633:
2582:
2541:
2493:
2446:
2439:
2437:Northeast India
2430:
2400:
2395:
2368:
2337:
2321:
2296:
2269:
2246:
2242:Digaro (Taraon)
2219:
2163:
2120:Greater Siangic
2114:
2109:
2079:
2074:
2018:
1987:
1982:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1888:Proto-languages
1882:
1830:
1797:Greater Siangic
1791:
1728:
1715:
1652:
1556:
1528:
1486:
1430:
1421:
1333:
1324:
1311:
1244:Greater Magaric
1238:
1165:West Himalayish
1145:
1131:
1125:
1077:by P.T. Abraham
1071:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:Matisoff (2003)
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
980:
976:
957:
950:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
919:
905:
888:
867:
763:
589:
514:
509:
489:
242:
203:
187:
180:
170:
144:
141:Language family
139:
130:
129:Native speakers
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Tani languages
3906:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
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3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
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3585:
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3575:
3570:
3565:
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3554:
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3545:
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3542:
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3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:Tani languages
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1878:Tibeto-Kanauri
1875:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1570:Southeast Asia
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1507:Angami–Pochuri
1504:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1431:Burmese border
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1349:
1347:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1069:External links
1067:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1002:
974:
948:
921:
920:
918:
915:
904:
901:
887:
884:
866:
865:Writing system
863:
858:
857:
855:
848:
846:
840:
839:
832:
825:
818:
812:
811:
804:
797:
790:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
756:
755:
753:
751:
744:
737:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
722:
715:
713:
707:
706:
699:
692:
690:
683:
681:
675:
674:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
636:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
582:
581:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
510:
508:
505:
488:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
383:
381:foxtail millet
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
261:
255:
241:
240:Classification
238:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
201:
193:
192:
185:
177:
176:
175:Language codes
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
147:
145:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
122:Apatani people
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
98:Native to
95:
94:
88:
87:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3931:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Haflong Hindi
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2333:Bugun (Khowa)
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:Proto-Karenic
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:Proto-Loloish
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:Tibeto-Burman
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:Burmo-Qiangic
1655:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1552:Jingpho–Luish
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Baram–Thangmi
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1003:9781922185273
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
936:
932:
926:
922:
914:
911:
900:
896:
894:
883:
881:
876:
872:
862:
856:
853:
849:
847:
845:
842:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:
754:
752:
749:
745:
742:
738:
736:
734:
730:
727:
725:
723:
720:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
691:
688:
684:
682:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
592:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
550:
546:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
517:
504:
502:
498:
494:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
431:
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366:lean against
365:
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334:
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309:
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300:
299:
296:cold (water)
295:
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81:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2020
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3811:Sino-Tibetan
3568:Khiamniungan
2837:Bangni-Tagin
2639:Sino-Tibetan
2511:
2190:Bangni-Tagin
2174:
2045:Bangni-Tagin
2029:
1943:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1870:
1816:
1809:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1706:
1691:Lolo-Burmese
1689:
1665:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1511:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1444:
1437:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1304:
1298:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1256:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1196:
1182:
1170:
1163:
1128:Sino-Tibetan
1091:
1086:
1057:
1048:
1040:the original
1030:
1021:
1012:
984:
977:
968:
964:
939:. Retrieved
934:
925:
909:
906:
897:
889:
880:Roman script
868:
861:
500:
490:
279:*buw, *giian
243:
234:Sino-Tibetan
225:
224:
196:
161:
158:Western Tani
149:Sino-Tibetan
91:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2149:Siang (Adi)
2004:Siang (Adi)
1932:Proto-Hakka
1861:Mahakiranti
1367:East Bodish
1147:Uttarakhand
1087:Tanw Aguñ *
971:(1): 17–75.
903:Orthography
871:orthography
733:Approximant
435:*kyam, *wal
51:introducing
3898:Categories
3783:Indo-Aryan
3540:Yimchungrü
3525:Mongsen Ao
3362:Hakha Chin
2601:Indo-Aryan
2378:Miju–Meyor
2349:Sherdukpen
1826:Idu–Taraon
1780:Miju–Meyor
1673:Gyalrongic
1519:Tangkhulic
1294:Raji–Raute
1075:dictionary
1016:Sun (1993)
994:1885/95392
917:References
893:Tani Group
512:Consonants
501:Ethnologue
34:references
3744:Sikkimese
3228:Kuki-Chin
3219:Meghalaya
3026:Hrangkhol
2986:Kuki-Chin
2963:Tai Phake
2958:Tai Aiton
2847:Hill Miri
2686:Hrangkhol
2648:Kuki-Chin
2609:Assamese
2445:Arunachal
2433:Languages
1925:Proto-Min
1856:Macro-Bai
1734:Arunachal
1727:(possible
1542:Boro–Garo
1446:Kuki-Chin
1429:and Indo-
1344:Arunachal
1331:Himalayas
1306:Tandrange
1273:Chepangic
1204:Dhimalish
1138:Himalayas
679:Fricative
597:voiceless
591:Affricate
507:Phonology
198:Glottolog
182:ISO 639-3
118:Ethnicity
3864:Tangkhul
3859:Ranglong
3834:Kokborok
3682:Assamese
3662:Tangkhul
3427:Nagaland
3397:Ranglong
3377:Kokborok
3289:Lyngngam
3205:Tangkhul
3107:Sakachep
2994:Northern
2953:Khamyang
2769:Kokborok
2711:Sakachep
2706:Saihriem
2701:Ranglong
2573:Nefamese
2553:Assamese
1730:isolates
1697:Mondzish
1625:Cai–Long
1373:Tshangla
1329:Eastern
1172:Tamangic
1142:Himachal
1136:Western
1130:branches
527:Alveolar
390:*ɦo-pran
282:clothes
205:apat1240
3874:Vaiphei
3824:Darlong
3801:Sylheti
3791:Bengali
3774:Tripura
3749:Sunwar
3714:Lepcha
3621:Rongmei
3611:Lamkang
3530:Sangtam
3497:Sopvoma
3482:Pochuri
3467:Kuzhami
3449:Pochuri
3447:Angami-
3438:Tibetan
3344:Mizoram
3266:Vaiphei
3200:Sopvoma
3180:Chairel
3159:Rongmei
3144:Khoirao
3112:Sorbung
3102:Monsang
3071:Vaiphei
3036:Lamkang
2977:Manipur
2935:Kra-Dai
2895:Rongmei
2885:Khoirao
2789:Singpho
2759:Kachari
2716:Vaiphei
2629:Sylheti
2614:Bengali
2522:Gallong
2512:Apatani
2474:Singpho
2447:Pradesh
2354:Sartang
2342:Western
2302:Kho-Bwa
2279:Hrusish
2252:Siangic
2215:Gallong
2175:Apatani
2168:Western
2137:Eastern
2070:Gallong
2030:Apatani
2023:Western
1992:Eastern
1944:Italics
1805:Siangic
1786:Songlin
1765:Kho-Bwa
1743:Hrusish
1725:Dubious
1708:Loloish
1702:Burmish
1667:Qiangic
1638:Longjia
1605:Karenic
1599:Nungish
1579:Sinitic
1465:Hkongso
1427:Myanmar
1397:Gongduk
1361:Tibetic
1279:Chepang
1252:Magaric
1198:Kiranti
1178:Newaric
776:Central
586:Plosive
542:Glottal
532:Palatal
443:dàa-cáñ
396:orphan
254:Apatani
226:Apatani
218:Apatani
162:Apatani
86:Apatani
47:improve
3869:Thadou
3839:Meitei
3759:Yakkha
3754:Tamang
3739:Sherpa
3734:Newar
3729:Nepali
3719:Limbu
3709:Gurung
3701:Sikkim
3657:Makury
3652:Khelma
3647:Chothe
3616:Mzieme
3588:Wancho
3573:Konyak
3563:Dimasa
3487:Rengma
3477:Ntenyi
3462:Chokri
3457:Angami
3392:Nga La
3372:Khelma
3325:Hajong
3276:Khasic
3256:Khelma
3246:Gangte
3195:Meitei
3185:Maring
3154:Puimei
3066:Thadou
3021:Gangte
3016:Chothe
2948:Khamti
2921:Meitei
2916:Hajong
2852:Mising
2814:Wancho
2804:Turung
2794:Tangsa
2749:Dimasa
2734:Barman
2676:Gangte
2578:Puimei
2568:Milang
2558:Hajong
2532:Tangam
2489:Wancho
2479:Tangsa
2317:Puroik
2310:Puroik
2292:Mijiic
2265:Milang
2185:Tangam
2040:Tangam
1818:Milang
1772:Puroik
1756:Mijiic
1680:Ersuic
1631:Caijia
1547:Konyak
1513:Meitei
1417:Chamdo
1354:Bodish
1340:Bhutan
1286:Bhujel
1233:Lepcha
1224:Lhokpu
1210:Dhimal
1155:Sikkim
1000:
941:7 July
875:script
761:Vowels
711:Rhotic
641:voiced
522:Labial
480:think
457:yo (o)
424:short
410:shake
371:sar-se
352:house
273:puulye
268:Gloss
257:Proto-
108:Region
36:, but
3854:Ralte
3849:Paite
3764:Yolmo
3724:Magar
3675:Other
3642:Chiru
3635:Other
3606:Inpui
3578:Nocte
3558:Chang
3520:Lotha
3472:Moyon
3436:Sino-
3417:Zyphe
3412:Tedim
3407:Ralte
3402:Paite
3357:Falam
3352:Biate
3315:Atong
3308:Other
3284:Khasi
3251:Karbi
3241:Biate
3173:Other
3149:Maram
3139:Inpui
3117:Tarao
3085:Other
3061:Simte
3056:Ralte
3051:Purum
3046:Paite
3041:Moyon
3011:Chiru
3006:Biate
2909:Other
2890:Maram
2880:Inpui
2862:Nishi
2842:Bokar
2809:Tutsa
2784:Rabha
2779:Nocte
2774:Moran
2744:Deori
2696:Paite
2691:Karbi
2671:Chiru
2666:Biate
2592:Assam
2563:Karbi
2546:Other
2527:Nishi
2484:Tutsa
2469:Nocte
2464:Deori
2326:Bugun
2287:Hruso
2200:Nishi
2159:Bokar
2055:Nishi
2014:Bokar
1749:Hruso
1645:Luren
1619:Kathu
1593:Tujia
1481:Taman
1452:Mruic
1439:Karbi
1380:Basum
1336:Tibet
1258:Magar
1184:Newar
1151:Nepal
788:Close
771:Front
549:Nasal
537:Velar
466:meat
452:iron
449:*syam
446:*ryok
438:snow
421:*twiy
360:*grəŋ
349:*kyim
338:full
335:*brɨŋ
332:*brɨŋ
329:poteʔ
324:foam
293:*graŋ
102:India
3879:Zeme
3844:Mizo
3829:Koch
3819:Bawm
3626:Zeme
3598:Zeme
3583:Phom
3492:Sema
3387:Mizo
3382:Mara
3367:Hmar
3330:Koch
3320:Garo
3294:Pnar
3261:Mizo
3236:Amri
3190:Uipo
3164:Zeme
3131:Zeme
3097:Mizo
3092:Hmar
3001:Anal
2943:Ahom
2900:Zeme
2872:Zeme
2824:Tani
2799:Tiwa
2764:Koch
2754:Garo
2739:Bodo
2681:Hmar
2661:Bawm
2656:Amri
2537:Yano
2517:Bori
2499:Tani
2386:Miju
2364:Lish
2359:Chug
2260:Koro
2210:Yano
2180:Damu
2144:Bori
2129:Tani
2065:Yano
2035:Damu
1999:Bori
1866:Rung
1811:Koro
1685:Naic
1612:Gong
1568:and
1566:East
1524:Zeme
1493:Naga
1411:Tani
1404:ʼOle
1300:Dura
1265:Kham
1217:Toto
998:ISBN
943:2018
844:Open
781:Back
477:*səm
474:*mɨŋ
471:heñ-
463:*sya
460:*dɨn
432:*pam
418:*təŋ
407:*tur
404:*dan
401:huʔ-
387:-ɟii
374:*yak
357:-lya
346:*nam
343:ʔude
318:*put
315:sar-
307:*day
304:*ryɨ
290:*han
259:Tani
246:Tani
230:Tani
154:Tani
92:tanw
3550:Sal
3535:Wui
3299:War
3076:Zou
3031:Kom
2832:Adi
2726:Sal
2507:Adi
2456:Sal
2435:of
2237:Idu
1732:) (
1586:Bai
1534:Sal
1474:Pyu
1458:Mru
1387:Nam
990:hdl
816:Mid
503:).
491:In
429:-be
415:-ko
310:do
301:mɨ-
287:la-
276:*ge
213:ELP
189:apt
3900::
3515:Ao
3507:Ao
2857:Na
2195:Na
2050:Na
1502:Ao
1342:,
1338:,
1153:,
1149:,
1056:.
996:.
969:12
967:.
963:.
951:^
933:.
895:.
662:dʒ
618:tʃ
495:,
2425:e
2418:t
2411:v
2104:e
2097:t
2090:v
1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
1736:)
1495:"
1491:"
1390:?
1346:)
1334:(
1303:–
1157:)
1144:,
1140:(
1120:e
1113:t
1106:v
1060:.
1006:.
992::
945:.
852:a
836:o
829:ə
822:e
808:u
801:ɨ
794:i
748:j
741:l
719:r
703:h
696:x
687:s
669:ɡ
655:d
648:b
632:ʔ
625:k
611:t
604:p
588:/
576:ŋ
569:ɲ
562:n
555:m
393:-
377:-
363:-
321:-
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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