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of this subfamily has been highly contentious. The nominate family, Atractaspididae, has itself been moved to and from other taxa, such as potentially forming a trichotomy with
Elapidae and Colubridae, reinforcing the ambiguity of this subfamily.
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280:
and other long-glanded species are very likely to be dangerous. Some of the long-fanged species are able to stab their prey (or an unfortunate human) even while their mouths are closed, and the typical grasp used by
285:
to securely hold venomous snakes is not safe for this group. This ability to stab sideways even with a closed mouth is the basis for an
English name used for some of them: "side-stabbing snakes" or "side-stabbers".
271:; e.g. if the victim's thumb is bitten, the tip of that digit may be lost. Relapses may occur long after the bite. The venom of stiletto snakes causes excruciating pain.
621:
949:
Parker HW, Grandison AGC. 1977. Snakes -- a natural history. Second
Edition. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates.
662:
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985:"The venom-gland transcriptome of the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius) reveals high venom complexity in the intragenomic evolution of venoms"
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738:
681:
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784:"The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees"
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1303:
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238:. Early molecular and physiological data linking this subfamily to others were ambiguous and often contradictory, which means the
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Many of these snakes are inoffensive or far too small to envenomate a person effectively. However, some can inflict severe
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937:
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Kurnik, Daniel; Haviv, Yael; Kochva, Elazar (1999). "A snake bite by the
Burrowing Asp, Atractaspis engaddensis".
17:
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Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The
Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
61:
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This family includes many genera formerly classed in other families and subfamilies, on the basis of
1199:"Feeding in Atractaspis (Serpentes: Atractaspididae): a study in conflicting functional constraints"
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Very few deaths have resulted from accidents with these snakes, although large individuals of
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Margres, Mark J; Aronow, Karalyn; Loyacano, Jacob; Rokyta, Darin R (2013).
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1129:"Beware of the Stiletto Snake - African Snakebite Institute"
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This family was previously classified as a subfamily of the
982:
215:
867:"The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes"
781:
1267:Atractaspids at Life is Short but Snakes are Long
1161:
1675:
1297:
1196:
1240:"Search results | the Reptile Database"
1152:Atractaspididae at the TIGR Reptile Database
763:List of atractaspidid species and subspecies
747:type species; slender quill-snouted snake (
293:
1304:
1290:
1197:Deufel, Alexandra; Cundall, David (2003).
40:
1018:
1000:
912:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
882:
871:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
782:Pyron, R. Alexander; et al. (2011).
943:
1052:"I Was Bitten - Flesh Eating Snakebite"
904:
902:
864:
845:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
690:type species; spotted harlequin snake (
671:type species; southern stiletto snake (
14:
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833:
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791:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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652:type species; Cape centipede-eater (
1272:Stiletto snakes at Tetrapod Zoology
923:
910:Living Snakes of the World in Color
824:
246:
24:
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25:
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709:type species; Natal black snake (
884:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x
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718:
699:
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633:; eastern purple-glossed snake (
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386:burrowing asps, stiletto snakes
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728:type species; Müller's snake (
209:
13:
1:
1261:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1176:10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00166-4
768:
196:mole vipers, stiletto snakes,
1694:Taxa named by Albert Günther
865:Jackson, Kate (March 2003).
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453:
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218:type. It includes fangless (
7:
1263:. Accessed 3 November 2008.
1133:African Snakebite Institute
803:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006
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601:
251:This subfamily is found in
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277:Atractaspis microlepidota
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57:Scientific classification
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1002:10.1186/1471-2164-14-531
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1218:10.1078/0944-2006-00088
178:(atractaspidids) are a
50:Atractaspis engaddensis
610:: the Aparallactinae.
457:African bighead snake
1656:Paleobiology Database
592:quill-snouted snakes
410:Revoil's short snake
526:Africa, Middle-East
389:Africa, Middle-East
908:Mehrtens JM. 1987.
230:), and viper-like (
1454:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
820:on 3 October 2013.
523:two-headed snakes
499:Natal black snake
1689:Snake subfamilies
1671:
1670:
1643:Open Tree of Life
1544:Taxon identifiers
1535:
1534:
841:"Atractaspididae"
711:M. microlepidotus
599:
598:
478:harlequin snakes
365:centipede-eaters
320:Geographic range
226:), fixed-fanged (
194:, commonly called
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16:(Redirected from
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1439:Psammodynastidae
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1277:iNaturalist link
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1109:. March 12, 2019
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813:. Archived from
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635:A. microphthalma
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493:Boulenger, 1896
481:Southern Africa
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247:Geographic range
222:), rear-fanged (
206:are recognized.
202:. Currently, 12
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309:Taxon author
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301:-- 13 Genera
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1484:Xenopeltidae
1479:Xenodermidae
1429:Micrelapidae
1414:Homalopsidae
1399:Cyclocoridae
1378:
1234:
1212:(1): 43–61.
1209:
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1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
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1072:Ghostarchive
1070:Archived at
1066:
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1043:Ghostarchive
1041:Archived at
1037:
992:
989:BMC Genomics
988:
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945:
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848:. Retrieved
815:the original
794:
790:
777:
744:
725:
706:
688:Homoroselaps
687:
668:
650:Aparallactus
649:
631:type species
628:Amblyodipsas
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467:Homoroselaps
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351:Aparallactus
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327:Amblyodipsas
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317:Common name
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173:
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1576:Wikispecies
1522:Typhlopidae
1469:Uropeltidae
1434:Prosymnidae
1424:Loxocemidae
1389:Bolyeriidae
745:Xenocalamus
730:M. muelleri
673:A. bibronii
669:Atractaspis
654:A. capensis
578:Xenocalamus
443:Hypoptophis
396:Brachyophis
375:Atractaspis
257:Middle East
210:Description
192:Middle East
1678:Categories
1459:Pythonidae
1394:Colubridae
995:(1): 531.
769:References
749:X. bicolor
692:H. lacteus
608:Colubridae
562:Jan, 1858
472:Jan, 1858
297:Subfamily
120:Suborder:
1474:Viperidae
1369:Aniliidae
1326:Kingdom:
1138:April 19,
1113:April 19,
1011:1471-2164
965:(cloth),
955:76--54625
850:17 August
726:Micrelaps
707:Macrelaps
539:Boulenger
509:Micrelaps
488:Macrelaps
449:Boulenger
426:F. Werner
333:W. Peters
220:aglyphous
186:found in
134:Elapoidea
124:Serpentes
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1561:Wikidata
1409:Elapidae
1346:Squamata
1340:Reptilia
1334:Chordata
1332:Phylum:
1328:Animalia
1316:families
1226:16351890
1106:Newsweek
1074:and the
1045:and the
1029:23915248
973:(paper).
893:22522675
811:21074626
757:See also
602:Taxonomy
515:Boettger
402:Mocquard
357:A. Smith
312:Species
255:and the
240:taxonomy
190:and the
158:Synonyms
140:Family:
114:Squamata
104:Reptilia
94:Chordata
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1567:Q840931
1344:Order:
1338:Class:
1259:at the
1206:Zoology
1184:9920494
1164:Toxicon
1086:YouTube
1057:YouTube
1020:3750283
614:Gallery
595:Africa
586:, 1868
584:Günther
571:Africa
557:Polemon
550:Africa
541:, 1903
517:, 1880
502:Africa
460:Africa
451:, 1908
436:Africa
428:, 1907
413:Africa
404:, 1888
368:Africa
359:, 1849
344:Africa
335:, 1857
236:species
149:Günther
110:Order:
100:Class:
1661:360109
1648:405954
1635:563895
1622:104351
1384:Boidae
1224:
1182:
1027:
1017:
1009:
969:
961:
953:
936:
916:
891:
809:
314:Count
306:Genus
290:Genera
253:Africa
204:genera
188:Africa
180:family
151:, 1858
1617:IRMNG
1596:87BYR
1313:Snake
1202:(PDF)
889:S2CID
818:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
263:Venom
1630:ITIS
1609:5127
1604:GBIF
1222:PMID
1180:PMID
1140:2024
1115:2024
1025:PMID
1007:ISSN
967:ISBN
959:ISBN
951:LCCN
934:ISBN
914:ISBN
852:2007
807:PMID
216:fang
174:The
1591:CoL
1214:doi
1210:106
1172:doi
1015:PMC
997:doi
879:doi
875:137
799:doi
565:13
383:15
362:11
198:or
182:of
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925:^
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795:58
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589:5
544:1
520:4
496:1
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338:9
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