Frog - Knowledge

3957:) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye. The size and distance apart of the eardrums is related to the frequency and wavelength at which the frog calls. In some species such as the bullfrog, the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females, the eyes and tympani are much the same size. A noise causes the tympanum to vibrate and the sound is transmitted to the middle and inner ear. The middle ear contains semicircular canals which help control balance and orientation. In the inner ear, the auditory hair cells are arranged in two areas of the cochlea, the basilar papilla and the amphibian papilla. The former detects high frequencies and the latter low frequencies. Because the cochlea is short, frogs use 4986:, which has a gut already adapted to a diet similar to that of adults. These continue to eat during metamorphosis. The nervous system becomes adapted for hearing and stereoscopic vision, and for new methods of locomotion and feeding. The eyes are repositioned higher up on the head and the eyelids and associated glands are formed. The eardrum, middle ear, and inner ear are developed. The skin becomes thicker and tougher, the lateral line system is lost, and skin glands are developed. The final stage is the disappearance of the tail, but this takes place rather later, the tissue being used to produce a spurt of growth in the limbs. Frogs are at their most vulnerable to predators when they are undergoing metamorphosis. At this time, the tail is being lost and locomotion by means of limbs is only just becoming established. 4978:. This causes different tissues to develop in different ways. The principal changes that take place include the development of the lungs and the disappearance of the gills and gill pouch, making the front legs visible. The lower jaw transforms into the big mandible of the carnivorous adult, and the long, spiral gut of the herbivorous tadpole is replaced by the typical short gut of a predator. Homeostatic feedback control of food intake is largely absent, making tadpoles eat constantly when food is present. But shortly before and during metamorphosis the sensation of hunger is suppressed, and they stop eating while their gut and internal organs are reorganized and prepared for a different diet. Also the 3980: 845: 16813: 16473: 255: 5024: 5012: 3577: 5543: 3562: 3844: 4658: 4654:

They advertise their presence by calling, often alternating their croaks with neighbouring frogs. Larger, stronger males tend to have deeper calls and maintain higher quality territories. Females select their mates at least partly on the basis of the depth of their voice. In some species there are satellite males who have no territory and do not call. They may intercept females that are approaching a calling male or take over a vacated territory. Calling is an energy-sapping activity. Sometimes the two roles are reversed and a calling male gives up its territory and becomes a satellite.

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lies coiled in the mouth, free at the back and attached to the mandible at the front. It can be shot out and retracted at great speed. In amphibians there are salvary glands on the tongue, which in frogs produce what is called a two-phase viscoelastic fluid. When exposed to pressure, like when the tongue is wrapping around a prey, it becomes runny and covers the prey's body. As the pressure drops, it returns to a thick and elastic state, which gives the tongue an extra grip. Some frogs have no tongue and just stuff food into their mouths with their hands. The African bullfrog (

3930: 16825: 4996: 4900:, but does not contain any bony or cartilaginous elements except for a few vertebrae at the base which forms the urostyle during metamorphosis. This has been suggested as an adaptation to their lifestyles; because the transformation into frogs happens very fast, the tail is made of soft tissue only, as bone and cartilage take a much longer time to be broken down and absorbed. The tail fin and tip is fragile and will easily tear, which is seen as an adaptation to escape from predators which try to grasp them by the tail. 4462: 5986: 15112: 5222: 5434: 4522: 5751: 4230: 3369: 149: 5408:, located on the sides of their heads behind the eyes and other glands elsewhere on their bodies. These glands secrete mucus and a range of toxins that make frogs slippery to hold and distasteful or poisonous. If the noxious effect is immediate, the predator may cease its action and the frog may escape. If the effect develops more slowly, the predator may learn to avoid that species in future. Poisonous frogs tend to advertise their toxicity with bright colours, an adaptive strategy known as 16837: 5043: 15130: 4628: 4342: 5727:, the larvae of which damage and kill the canes. Initial results in many of these countries were positive, but it later became apparent that the toads upset the ecological balance in their new environments. They bred freely, competed with native frog species, ate bees and other harmless native invertebrates, had few predators in their adopted habitats, and poisoned pets, carnivorous birds, and mammals. In many of these countries, they are now regarded both as pests and 4619:) from Malaysia and Borneo. It has large feet with the fingertips expanded into flat adhesive discs and the digits fully webbed. Flaps of skin occur on the lateral margins of the limbs and across the tail region. With the digits splayed, the limbs outstretched, and these flaps spread, it can glide considerable distances, but is unable to undertake powered flight. It can alter its direction of travel and navigate distances of up to 15 m (50 ft) between trees. 4505:) digs a burrow beside a river or in the bed of an ephemeral stream and regularly emerges to forage. Mating takes place and eggs are laid in a foam nest inside the burrow. The eggs partially develop there, but do not hatch until they are submerged following heavy rainfall. The tadpoles then swim out into the open water and rapidly complete their development. Madagascan burrowing frogs are less fossorial and mostly bury themselves in leaf litter. One of these, the 926: 4863: 3710: 241: 5373: 3489: 5386: 15118: 4769: 5597: 5238: 16285: 1098: 4042:

Many species also have a territorial call that is used to drive away other males. All of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed. A distress call, emitted by some frogs when they are in danger, is produced with the mouth open resulting in a higher-pitched call. It is typically used when the frog has been grabbed by a predator and may serve to distract or disorient the attacker so that it releases the frog.

10075: 3386: 3803:. These include the development of special pads on his thumbs in the breeding season, to give him a firm hold. The grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to release eggs, usually wrapped in jelly, as spawn. In many species the male is smaller and slimmer than the female. Males have vocal cords and make a range of croaks, particularly in the breeding season, and in some species they also have 15123: 3513:). The secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist, protects against the entry of moulds and bacteria, and makes the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators. The skin is shed every few weeks. It usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly, and the frog pulls its arms and legs free. The sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten. 5163: 4532: 3293: 4389:) has short, slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping. It can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately. Slow-motion photography shows, unlike a horse that can trot or gallop, the frog's gait remained similar at slow, medium, and fast speeds. This species can also climb trees and shrubs, and does so at night to catch insects. The Indian skipper frog ( 4650:

This often results in annual migrations involving thousands of individuals. In explosive breeders, mature adult frogs arrive at breeding sites in response to certain trigger factors such as rainfall occurring in an arid area. In these frogs, mating and spawning take place promptly and the speed of larval growth is rapid in order to make use of the ephemeral pools before they dry up.

5508:) crouches down with eyes closed and head tipped forward when threatened. This places the parotoid glands in the most effective position, the other glands on its back begin to ooze noxious secretions and the most vulnerable parts of its body are protected. Another tactic used by some frogs is to "scream", the sudden loud noise tending to startle the predator. The gray tree frog ( 131: 3934: 3933: 3935: 4038:), females reply to males' calls, which acts to reinforce reproductive activity in a breeding colony. Female frogs prefer males that produce sounds of greater intensity and lower frequency, attributes that stand out in a crowd. The rationale for this is thought to be that by demonstrating his prowess, the male shows his fitness to produce superior offspring. 5689:, environmental factors contributing to rates of disease, and vulnerability to attack by parasites. Malformations impair mobility and the individuals may not survive to adulthood. An increase in the number of frogs eaten by birds may actually increase the likelihood of parasitism of other frogs, because the trematode's complex lifecycle includes the 3932: 3792:. It then travels on through the ureters, which are consequently known as urinogenital ducts. There is no penis, and sperm is ejected from the cloaca directly onto the eggs as the female lays them. The ovaries of the female frog are beside the kidneys and the eggs pass down a pair of oviducts and through the cloaca to the exterior. 4402: 4317:), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is theoretically capable of producing. When the muscles contract, the energy is first transferred into the stretched tendon which is wrapped around the ankle bone. Then the muscles stretch again at the same time as the tendon releases its energy like a 5044: 5197:) were studied, the phalanges of the toes showing seasonal lines where growth slows in winter. The oldest frogs had ten bands, so their age was believed to be 14 years, including the four-year tadpole stage. Captive frogs and toads have been recorded as living for up to 40 years, an age achieved by a European common toad ( 3533:. Similar glands in tree frogs produce a glue-like substance on the adhesive discs of the feet. Some arboreal frogs reduce water loss by having a waterproof layer of skin, and several South American species coat their skin with a waxy secretion. Other frogs have adopted behaviours to conserve water, including becoming 5046: 3730:), which preys on relatively large animals such as mice and other frogs, has cone shaped bony projections called odontoid processes at the front of the lower jaw which function like teeth. The eyes assist in the swallowing of food as they can be retracted through holes in the skull and help push food down the throat. 3994: 5363:

lays up to 40 eggs on the ground, where they are guarded by the male. When the tadpoles are about to hatch, they are engulfed by the male, which carries them around inside his much-enlarged vocal sac. Here they are immersed in a frothy, viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what

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of the hind feet which it uses to dig itself backwards into the ground. As it digs, the toad wriggles its hips from side to side to sink into the loose soil. It has a shallow burrow in the summer from which it emerges at night to forage. In winter, it digs much deeper and has been recorded at a depth

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Early hatching of froglets can have negative effects on frog jumping performance and overall locomotion. The hindlimbs are unable to completely form, which results in them being shorter and much weaker relative to a normal hatching froglet. Early hatching froglets may tend to depend on other forms of

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and its population crashed in 1987, along with about 20 other frog species in the area. This could not be linked directly to human activities, such as deforestation, and was outside the range of normal fluctuations in population size. Elsewhere, habitat loss is a significant cause of frog population

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In 2006, of 4,035 species of amphibians that depend on water during some lifecycle stage, 1,356 (33.6%) were considered to be threatened. This is likely to be an underestimate because it excludes 1,427 species for which evidence was insufficient to assess their status. Frog populations have declined

5308:) carries the eggs around with him attached to his hind legs. He keeps them damp in dry weather by immersing himself in a pond, and prevents them from getting too wet in soggy vegetation by raising his hindquarters. After three to six weeks, he travels to a pond and the eggs hatch into tadpoles. The 5268:

or small woody cavities) as sites for depositing a few tadpoles. While these smaller rearing sites are free from competition, they also lack sufficient nutrients to support a tadpole without parental assistance. Frog species that changed from the use of larger to smaller phytotelmata have evolved a

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From early in its development, a gill pouch covers the tadpole's gills and front legs. The lungs soon start to develop and are used as an accessory breathing organ. Some species go through metamorphosis while still inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs. Tadpoles lack true teeth, but the

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The larvae that emerge from the eggs are known as tadpoles (or occasionally polliwogs). Tadpoles lack eyelids and limbs, and have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), and tails they use for swimming. As a general rule, free-living larvae are

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Among prolonged breeders, males usually arrive at the breeding site first and remain there for some time whereas females tend to arrive later and depart soon after they have spawned. This means that males outnumber females at the water's edge and defend territories from which they expel other males.

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The muscular system has been similarly modified. The hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition (one muscle to flex the knee, a different muscle to extend it), as is seen in most other limbed animals. However, in modern frogs, almost all muscles

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seemed to have originated in Africa/India, the salamanders in East Asia and the caecilians in tropical Pangaea. Other researchers, while agreeing with the main thrust of this study, questioned the choice of calibration points used to synchronise the data. They proposed that the date of lissamphibian

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Two main types of reproduction occur in frogs, prolonged breeding and explosive breeding. In the former, adopted by the majority of species, adult frogs at certain times of year assemble at a pond, lake or stream to breed. Many frogs return to the bodies of water in which they developed as larvae.

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The distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision. Calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is, the less well it is seen. When a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object

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have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces. These are not suction pads, the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with flat tops with small gaps between them lubricated by mucous glands. When the frog applies pressure, the cells adhere to irregularities on the

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At first sight, frogs seem rather defenceless because of their small size, slow movement, thin skin, and lack of defensive structures, such as spines, claws or teeth. Many use camouflage to avoid detection, the skin often being spotted or streaked in neutral colours that allow a stationary frog to

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in frogs is driven primarily by the size of the water body in which they breed. Those that breed in smaller water bodies tend to have greater and more complex parental care behaviour. Because predation of eggs and larvae is high in large water bodies, some frog species started to lay their eggs on

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A different call is emitted by a male frog or unreceptive female when mounted by another male. This is a distinct chirruping sound and is accompanied by a vibration of the body. Tree frogs and some non-aquatic species have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a shower.

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Frogs have maxillary teeth along their upper jaw which are used to hold food before it is swallowed. These teeth are very weak, and cannot be used to chew or catch and harm agile prey. Instead, the frog uses its sticky, cleft tongue to catch insects and other small moving prey. The tongue normally

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Many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area, but the permeability of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation. Some glands on the

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forest clearance, road construction, or other human-made barriers. Usually, a greater diversity of frogs occurs in tropical areas than in temperate regions, such as Europe. Some frogs inhabit arid areas, such as deserts, and rely on specific adaptations to survive. Members of the Australian genus

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Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but they are not present on certain islands, especially those far away from continental land masses. Many species are isolated in restricted ranges by changes of climate or inhospitable territory, such as stretches of sea, mountain ridges, deserts,

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has also been found to be up to 6 °C (11 °F) warmer than the surrounding water and this speeds up the development of the larvae. The larvae developing in the eggs can detect vibrations caused by nearby predatory wasps or snakes, and will hatch early to avoid being eaten. In general, the

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Being cold-blooded, frogs have to adopt suitable behaviour patterns to regulate their temperature. To warm up, they can move into the sun or onto a warm surface; if they overheat, they can move into the shade or adopt a stance that exposes the minimum area of skin to the air. This posture is also

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The structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species, depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground, in water, in trees, or in burrows. Adult anurans have four fingers on the hands and five toes on the feet, but the smallest species often have hands and feet where

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health because of their intermediate positions in food chains, their permeable skins, and typically biphasic lives (aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults). It appears that species with both aquatic eggs and larvae are most affected by the decline, while those with direct development are the most

5335:) guard their eggs, which are laid on the ground. When the eggs hatch, the male lubricates his body with the jelly surrounding them and immerses himself in the egg mass. The tadpoles wriggle into skin pouches on his side, where they develop until they metamorphose into juvenile frogs. The female 4189:

is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are

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are usually on ground-dwelling frogs, for whom smooth skin would not provide such effective camouflage. Certain frogs change colour between night and day, as light and moisture stimulate the pigment cells and cause them to expand or contract. Some are even able to control their skin texture. The

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from the middle Jurassic is slightly younger, about 155–170 million years old. The main evolutionary changes in this species involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail. The evolution of modern Anura likely was complete by the Jurassic period. Since then, evolutionary changes in

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Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs

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Frogs have a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of frog brains correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. Muscular

3450:. Furthermore, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes. This allows the frogs to "parachute" or make a controlled glide from one position in the canopy to another. 6094: 5764:

are eaten by humans in many parts of the world. Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of frog meat, exporting more than 5,000 tonnes of frog meat each year, mostly to France, Belgium and Luxembourg. Originally, they were supplied from local wild populations, but overexploitation led to a

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Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006).

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Frogs that live in or visit water have adaptations that improve their swimming abilities. The hind limbs are heavily muscled and strong. The webbing between the toes of the hind feet increases the area of the foot and helps propel the frog powerfully through the water. Members of the family

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The food then moves through the oesophagus into the stomach where digestive enzymes are added and it is churned up. It then proceeds to the small intestine (duodenum and ileum) where most digestion occurs. Pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bile, produced by the liver and stored in the

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have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping, with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture. The muscles have also been greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of frogs.

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Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx). Frogs range in size from

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can even survive being frozen. Ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose. An apparently lifeless, frozen frog can resume respiration and its heartbeat can restart when conditions warm up.

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which, in specialist jumpers such as ranids and hylids, functions as an additional limb joint to further power the leaps. The tail vertebrae have fused into a urostyle which is retracted inside the pelvis. This enables the force to be transferred from the legs to the body during a leap.

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structures called keradonts in their upper jaws. Their lower jaws usually have three rows of keradonts surrounded by a horny beak, but the number of rows can vary and the exact arrangements of mouth parts provide a means for species identification. In the Pipidae, with the exception of

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In explosive breeders, the first male that finds a suitable breeding location, such as a temporary pool, calls loudly and other frogs of both sexes converge on the pool. Explosive breeders tend to call in unison creating a chorus that can be heard from far away. The spadefoot toads

4513:), has a flattened head with a short snout and well-developed metatarsal tubercles on its hind feet to help with excavation. It also has greatly enlarged terminal discs on its fore feet that help it to clamber around in bushes. It breeds in temporary pools that form after rains. 3337:

some of the digits are vestigial. Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators, and numerous adaptations help them to do so. Most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were, with much of the

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during dry periods. Once it rains, they emerge, find a temporary pool, and breed. Egg and tadpole development is very fast compared with those of most other frogs, so breeding can be completed before the pond dries up. Some frog species are adapted to a cold environment. The

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used to prevent water loss and involves the frog squatting close to the substrate with its hands and feet tucked under its chin and body. The colour of a frog's skin is used for thermoregulation. In cool damp conditions, the colour will be darker than on a hot dry day. The

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cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat. Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected. Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees Celsius.

3706:) is one such species and has wrinkly skin that increases its surface area to enhance gas exchange. It normally makes no use of its rudimentary lungs but will sometimes raise and lower its body rhythmically while on the lake bed to increase the flow of water around it. 5299:

stands guard over his egg cluster, laid under a stone or log. When the eggs hatch, he transports the tadpoles on his back to a temporary pool, where he partially immerses himself in the water and one or more tadpoles drop off. He then moves on to another pool. The male

5182:. They are themselves eaten by secondary predators and are the primary terrestrial consumers of invertebrates, most of which feed on plants. By reducing herbivory, they play a part in increasing the growth of plants and are thus part of a delicately balanced ecosystem. 4378:) was placed on a treadmill which was turned at varying speeds. By measuring the toad's uptake of oxygen it was found that hopping was an inefficient use of resources during sustained locomotion but was a useful strategy during short bursts of high-intensity activity. 4013:

in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth, that distend during the amplification of the call. Some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile

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Although adapted to terrestrial life, frogs resemble freshwater fish in their inability to conserve body water effectively. When they are on land, much water is lost by evaporation from the skin. The excretory system is similar to that of mammals and there are two

5534:) on being approached by a snake is to crouch down and remain immobile. This is usually successful, with the snake passing by and the toad remaining undetected. If it is encountered by the snake's head, however, the toad hops away before crouching defensively. 5257:

land. Once this happened, the desiccating terrestrial environment demands that one or both parents keep them moist to ensure their survival. The subsequent need to transport hatched tadpoles to a water body required an even more intense form of parental care.

3965:. In some species that inhabit arid regions, the sound of thunder or heavy rain may arouse them from a dormant state. A frog may be startled by an unexpected noise but it will not usually take any action until it has located the source of the sound by sight. 1074:, rather less than 300 million years ago, a date in better agreement with the palaeontological data. A further study in 2011 using both extinct and living taxa sampled for morphological, as well as molecular data, came to the conclusion that Lissamphibia is 863:

species that fit within the anuran definition. The characteristics of anuran adults include: 9 or fewer presacral vertebrae, the presence of a urostyle formed of fused vertebrae, no tail, a long and forward-sloping ilium, shorter fore limbs than hind limbs,

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or other similar water body, depositing just one in each location. She visits them regularly and feeds them by laying one or two unfertilized eggs in the phytotelma, continuing to do this until the young are large enough to undergo metamorphosis. The

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to supply the toad's needs. Spadefoot toads are "explosive breeders", all emerging from their burrows at the same time and converging on temporary pools, attracted to one of these by the calling of the first male to find a suitable breeding location.

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During the evolutionary history of frogs, several different groups have independently taken to the air. Some frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor. Typical of them is

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Anatomical model of a dissected frog: 1 Right atrium, 2 Lungs, 3 Aorta, 4 Egg mass, 5 Colon, 6 Left atrium, 7 Ventricle, 8 Stomach, 9 Liver, 10 Gallbladder, 11 Small intestine,

4546:, where they scramble around on the branches, twigs, and leaves, sometimes never coming down to earth. The "true" tree frogs belong to the family Hylidae, but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit, a case of 3300:

skeleton, showing elongated limb bones and extra joints. Red marks indicate bones which have been substantially elongated in frogs and joints which have become mobile. Blue indicates joints and bones which have not been modified or only somewhat

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Burkhart, J. G.; Ankley, G.; Bell, H.; Carpenter, H.; Fort, D.; Gardiner, D.; Gardner, H.; Hale, R.; Helgen, J. C.; Jepson, P.; Johnson, D.; Lannoo, M.; Lee, D.; Lary, J.; Levey, R.; Magner, J.; Meteyer, C.; Shelby, M. D.; Lucier, G. (2000).

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embedded in the skin, a trait that appears to have evolved independently several times. In certain other species, the skin at the top of the head is compacted and the connective tissue of the dermis is co-ossified with the bones of the skull

4684:) of North America fall into this category. Mate selection and courtship is not as important as speed in reproduction. In some years, suitable conditions may not occur and the frogs may go for two or more years without breeding. Some female 6090:) are also used for this purpose. These are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog. They are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart. 3734:

gallbladder, are secreted into the small intestine, where the fluids digest the food and the nutrients are absorbed. The food residue passes into the large intestine where excess water is removed and the wastes are passed out through the

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that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended. Although it was formerly debated, more recent research has shown that frogs can see in colour, even in very low light.

5324:, and seems to have antimicrobial properties. Several pairs of frogs may form a colonial nest on a previously built raft. The eggs are laid in the centre, followed by alternate layers of foam and eggs, finishing with a foam capping. 4489:

of 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in). The tunnel is filled with soil and the toad hibernates in a small chamber at the end. During this time, urea accumulates in its tissues and water is drawn in from the surrounding damp soil by

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Gissi, Carmela; San Mauro, Diego; Pesole, Graziano; Zardoya, Rafael (February 2006). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters".

4562:(Rhacophoridae). Most tree frogs are under 10 cm (4 in) in length, with long legs and long toes with adhesive pads on the tips. The surface of the toe pads is formed from a closely packed layer of flat-topped, hexagonal 4145:) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie, semi-immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water. Their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves. Some frogs such as the 4046: 3931: 3537:

and resting in a water-conserving position. Some frogs may also rest in large groups with each frog pressed against its neighbours. This reduces the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface, and thus reduces water loss.

1166:), "to jump") is the name of the total group that includes modern frogs in the order Anura as well as their close fossil relatives, the "proto-frogs" or "stem-frogs". The common features possessed by these proto-frogs include 14 6794:

Faivovich, J.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Garcia, P. C. A.; Frost, D. R.; Campbell, J. A.; Wheeler, W. C. (2005). "Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and revision".

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de-Oliveira-Nogueira, Carlos Henrique; Souza, Ubiratã Ferreira; Machado, Thaynara Mendes; Figueiredo-de-Andrade, Caio Antônio; Mônico, Alexander Tamanini; Sazima, Ivan; Sazima, Marlies; Toledo, Luís Felipe (June 2023).

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Some frogs have become adapted for burrowing and a life underground. They tend to have rounded bodies, short limbs, small heads with bulging eyes, and hind feet adapted for excavation. An extreme example of this is the

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At the end of the tadpole stage, a frog undergoes metamorphosis in which its body makes a sudden transition into the adult form. This metamorphosis typically lasts only 24 hours, and is initiated by production of the

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A frog's skin is protective, has a respiratory function, can absorb water, and helps control body temperature. It has many glands, particularly on the head and back, which often exude distasteful and toxic substances

5123:, with plants constituting 79.5% of its diet by volume. Many frogs use their sticky tongues to catch prey, while others simply grab them with their mouths. Adult frogs are themselves attacked by many predators. The 4029:

The main function of calling is for male frogs to attract mates. Males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites. In many frog species, such as the

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Otero, R.A.; P. Jimenez-Huidobro; S. Soto-Acuña; R.E.Yury-Yáñez (2014). "Evidence of a giant helmeted frog (Australobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae) from Eocene levels of the Magallanes Basin, southernmost Chile".

5045: 4281: in). There are tremendous differences between species in jumping capability. Within a species, jump distance increases with increasing size, but relative jumping distance (body-lengths jumped) decreases. The 3995: 4048: 3651:

can pass through their highly permeable skins. This unique feature allows them to remain in places without access to the air, respiring through their skins. Ribs are generally absent, so the lungs are filled by

477:, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one third of species are considered to be 5633:

predators and competitors. A Canadian study conducted in 2006 suggested heavy traffic in their environment was a larger threat to frog populations than was habitat loss. Emerging infectious diseases, including

3860:

over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360°. They may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water. Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a

8848: 8544:"Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog ( Pristimantis ) with the ability to change skin texture: Phenotypic plasticity in Andean rainfrog" 5277:) lays her eggs on the forest floor. The male frog guards them from predation and carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist. When they hatch, the female moves the tadpoles on her back to a water-holding 952:, by far the largest group, which contains the remaining families of modern frogs, including most common species throughout the world. The suborder Neobatrachia is further divided into the two superfamilies 5769:

and a global trade in frogs. The main importing countries are France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the United States, while the chief exporting nations are Indonesia and China. The annual global trade in the

5351:. The tadpoles rely on the yolks of the eggs for nourishment. After six or seven weeks, they are ready for metamorphosis. The mother regurgitates the tiny frogs, which hop away from her mouth. The female 4101:) are unusual in many aspects. The males are notable for their varieties of calls where upward and downward frequency modulations take place. When they communicate, they produce calls that fall in the 13232:

Dahl, Chris; Novotny, Vojtech; Moravec, Jiri; Richards, Stephen J. (2009). "Beta diversity of frogs in the forests of New Guinea, Amazonia and Europe: contrasting tropical and temperate communities".

5260:

In small pools, predators are mostly absent and competition between tadpoles becomes the variable that constrains their survival. Certain frog species avoid this competition by making use of smaller

4776:

Frogs may lay their in eggs as clumps, surface films, strings, or individually. Around half of species deposit eggs in water, others lay eggs in vegetation, on the ground or in excavations. The tiny

1057:. This would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split. Another molecular phylogenetic analysis conducted about the same time concluded that 8475:

Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Navas, C. A.; Katchburian, E.; Freymüller, E.; Tambourgi, D. V.; Rodrigues, M. T. (2005). "Head co-ossification, phragmosis and defence in the casque-headed tree frog

5582:, buries itself in the ground during winter. Although much of its body freezes during this time, it maintains a high concentration of glucose in its vital organs, which protects them from damage. 4173:

during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective

12366:

Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2008a). "Divergence in parental care, habitat selection and larval life history between two species of Peruvian poison frogs: An experimental analysis".

7119:

Anderson, Jason S.; Reisz, Robert R.; Scott, Diane; Fröbisch, Nadia B.; Sumida, Stuart S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders".

5711:) is a very adaptable species native to South and Central America. In the 1930s, it was introduced into Puerto Rico, and later various other islands in the Pacific and Caribbean region, as a 3795:

When frogs mate, the male climbs on the back of the female and wraps his fore limbs round her body, either behind the front legs or just in front of the hind legs. This position is called

9604:

Hudson, N. J.; Lehnert, S. A.; Ingham, A. B.; Symonds, B.; Franklin, C. E.; Harper, G. S. (2005). "Lessons from an estivating frog: sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse".

4792:) makes a nest of foam in a hollow. The eggs hatch when the nest is flooded, or the tadpoles may complete their development in the foam if flooding does not occur. The red-eyed treefrog ( 3746:

that remove nitrogenous products from the blood. Frogs produce large quantities of dilute urine in order to flush out toxic products from the kidney tubules. The nitrogen is excreted as

13019:

Smith, B. P.; Tyler, M. J.; Kaneko, T.; Garraffo, H. M.; Spande, T. F.; Daly, J. W. (2002). "Evidence for biosynthesis of pseudophrynamine alkaloids by an Australian myobatrachid frog (

11931: 11898: 5889:) was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy tests in the first half of the 20th century. A sample of urine from a pregnant woman injected into a female frog induces it to lay 5397:

merge into its surroundings. Some can make prodigious leaps, often into water, that help them to evade potential attackers, while many have other defensive adaptations and strategies.

6062:) are traditionally used by native Colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting. The tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a 12591: 8008:

Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera

4362:

have short back legs and tend to walk rather than jump. When they try to move rapidly, they speed up the rate of movement of their limbs or resort to an ungainly hopping gait. The

3558:

projecting from its lower back and thighs, giving it a bristly appearance. These contain blood vessels and are thought to increase the area of the skin available for respiration.

13809: 3475:. In some cases, the full leg still grows, but in others it does not, although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs. Occasionally, a parasitic 9235: 5364:

they obtain from the yolks of the eggs. They remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis, after which they move into the male's mouth and emerge.

13683: 5497:. Many predators of frogs have become adapted to tolerate high levels of these poisons, but other creatures, including humans who handle the frogs, may be severely affected. 5422:

is not poisonous, but mimics the appearance of two different toxic species with which it shares a common range in an effort to deceive predators. Other species, such as the

5209:) 14 years. Frogs from temperate climates hibernate during the winter, and four species are known to be able to withstand freezing during this time, including the wood frog ( 12074: 5011: 4047: 4582:. Tree frogs are very acrobatic and can catch insects while hanging by one toe from a twig or clutching onto the blade of a windswept reed. Some members of the subfamily 4105:

frequency range. The last aspect that makes this species of frog's calls unusual is that nonlinear acoustic phenomena are important components in their acoustic signals.

14007: 3453:

Ground-dwelling frogs generally lack the adaptations of aquatic and arboreal frogs. Most have smaller toe pads, if any, and little webbing. Some burrowing frogs such as

4962:), are poisonous. The tadpole stage may be as short as a week in explosive breeders or it may last through one or more winters followed by metamorphosis in the spring. 4811:

unicellular green algae are present in the gelatinous material. It is thought that these may benefit the developing larvae by providing them with extra oxygen through

3961:

to extend their range of audible frequencies and help discriminate different sounds. This arrangement enables detection of the territorial and breeding calls of their

8852: 4820:

length of the egg stage depends on the species and the environmental conditions. Aquatic eggs normally hatch within one week when the capsule splits as a result of

458:, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of 11385:

Wickramasinghe, Deepthi D.; Oseen, Kerri L.; Wassersug, Richard J. (2007). "Ontogenetic Changes in Diet and Intestinal Morphology in Semi-Terrestrial Tadpoles of

10533:

Emerson, Sharon B.; Koehl, M. A. R. (1990). "The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type: "flying frogs".

5465:

the colouration of dart poison frogs for self-protection. Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat. Others, such as the Australian

1094:

was estimated as taking place 292 million years ago, rather later than most molecular studies suggest, with the caecilians splitting off 239 million years ago.

6047:. Typically, the skin secretions are dried and then smoked. Illicit drug use by licking the skin of a toad has been reported in the media, but this may be an 5672:

have increased since the 1990s. These often include missing legs or extra legs. Various causes have been identified or hypothesized, including an increase in

4425:

systems, and powerful hind limbs with large webbed feet. Tadpoles mostly have large tail fins which provide thrust when the tail is moved from side to side.

3404:

Many frogs have webbed feet and the degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount of time the species spends in the water. The completely aquatic

1222:. The tail has separate vertebrae unlike the fused urostyle or coccyx in modern frogs. The tibia and fibula bones are also separate, making it probable that 12409:

Grant, T.; Frost, D. R.; Caldwell, J. P.; Gagliardo, R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Kok, P. J. R.; Means, D. B.; Noonan, B. P.; Schargel, W. E.; Wheeler, W. (2006).

10977:

Estrada, Alberto R.; Hedges, S. Blair (1996). "At the lower size limit in tetrapods: a new diminutive frog from Cuba (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus)".

5023: 13149: 10607: 2125: 14284:"Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells" 14282:

VanCompernolle, S. E.; Taylor, R. J.; Oswald-Richter, K.; Jiang, J.; Youree, B. E.; Bowie, J. H.; Tyler, M. J.; Conlon, M.; Wade, D.; et al. (2005).

4370:) has been described as having a gait that is "a combination of running and short hops that are usually only an inch or two in length". In an experiment, 5616:, and more than 120 species are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. Among these species are the gastric-brooding frogs of Australia and the 2728: 2679: 13411:

Pounds, J. Alan; Fogden, Michael P. L.; Savage, Jay M.; Gorman, George C. (1997). "Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain".

8662: 4602:

on each fore foot and two opposed digits on its hind feet. This allows it to grasp the stems of bushes as it clambers around in its riverside habitat.

1764: 1140:

of frogs and salamanders, consistent with the widely accepted hypothesis that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other (forming a

15775: 7089: 3014: 2903: 2149: 11312: 8901: 7723: 4018:

km) away. Additionally, some species have been found to use man-made structures such as drain pipes for artificial amplification of their call. The

442:

which is important to their health. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for

12928: 11561:"To eat or not to eat: Ontogeny of hypothalamic feeding controls and a role for leptin in modulating life-history transition in amphibian tadpoles" 8023: 4995: 2252: 2100: 16682: 13301:

Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010).

12130:

Matthews, K. R.; Miaud, C. (2007). "A skeletochronological study of the age structure, growth, and longevity of the mountain yellow-legged frog,

8088: 6165:

features a princess taking in a frog and it turning into a handsome prince. In modern culture, frogs may take a comedic or hapless role, such as

5504:) adopts a characteristic stance when attacked, inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered. The bullfrog ( 5252:

Although care of offspring is poorly understood in frogs, up to an estimated 20% of amphibian species may care for their young in some way. The

1218:

is frog-like, being broad with large eye sockets, but the fossil has features diverging from modern frogs. These include a longer body with more

7647:"First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia" 9680: 5253: 2646: 1846: 434:

into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small

11950: 11905: 16721: 14252: 14029: 12284:

Brown, J. L.; Morales, V.; Summers, K. (2010). "A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian".

8779: 5974: 5449:

for hunting, although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. At least two non-poisonous frog species in tropical America (

5430:), have their warning colour underneath. They "flash" this when attacked, adopting a pose that exposes the vivid colouring on their bellies. 3766:

from which it is vented periodically into the cloaca. All bodily wastes exit the body through the cloaca which terminates in a cloacal vent.

3070: 2820: 1936: 7831:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians" 1353:. All origins of arboreality (e.g. in Hyloidea and Natatanura) follow from that time and the resurgence of forest that occurred afterwards. 515:

has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family

16864: 14074:

The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students

9750: 2795: 1625: 1615: 1466: 1342: 9445: 968:, and the morphology of tadpoles. While this classification is largely accepted, relationships among families of frogs are still debated. 15832: 12595: 7529:"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary" 5178:, they make efficient use of the food they eat with little energy being used for metabolic processes, while the rest is transformed into 485:

and over 120 are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and an emerging

11013: 7253:

Michelle R. Stocker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Ben T. Kligman; Daniel J. Paluh; Adam D. Marsh; David C. Blackburn; William G. Parker (2019).

1395:, shows how each frog family is related to other families, with each node representing a point of common ancestry. It is based on Frost 8631: 5416:

in the family Dendrobatidae do this. They are typically red, orange, or yellow, often with contrasting black markings on their bodies.

3754:, a less toxic product, by most terrestrial adults. A few species of tree frog with little access to water excrete the even less toxic 1556: 13813: 13329: 13059: 10577: 4079:"ribbit" often heard in films. Other renderings of frog calls into speech include "brekekekex koax koax", the call of the marsh frog ( 3856:

The eyes of most frogs are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide

14609:

Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973). "The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence." pp. 11–63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.),

7444:"The importance of gene rearrangement in evolution: evidence from studies on rates of chromosomal, protein, and anatomical evolution" 3635:

including black eye markings similar to voids between leaves, bands of the dorsal skin (dorsolateral dermal plica) similar to a leaf

1476: 1346: 13476: 12039: 9472: 9239: 8575:

Wente, W. H.; Phillips, J. B. (2003). "Fixed green and brown color morphs and a novel color-changing morph of the Pacific tree frog

6882: 6000:

Because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse, they have raised the interest of biochemists as a "natural pharmacy". The alkaloid

5347:, now probably extinct, swallows her fertilized eggs, which then develop inside her stomach. She ceases to feed and stops secreting 4711:), the male restrains the eggs with his back feet, holding them in place for about three minutes. Members of the West African genus 3623:) has green and brown morphs, plain or spotted, and changes colour depending on the time of year and general background colour. The 3443:. This allows the frog to climb on smooth surfaces, but the system does not function efficiently when the pads are excessively wet. 16656: 15765: 13706: 11433: 6119:

and popular culture. In traditional Chinese myths, the world rests on a giant frog, who would try to swallow the moon, causing the

4570:. These toe pads, moistened by the mucus, provide the grip on any wet or dry surface, including glass. The forces involved include 4421:

are wholly aquatic and show the most marked specialization. They have inflexible vertebral columns, flattened, streamlined bodies,

12113: 11976: 11044: 6841: 5842:

in high school and university anatomy classes, often first being injected with coloured substances to enhance contrasts among the

4692:) only spawn half of the available eggs at a time, perhaps retaining some in case a better reproductive opportunity arises later. 473:

Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion. They are also seen as

16695: 10233:

Biju & Bossuyt ( Amphibia : Anura : Nasikabatrachidae ) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics"

7797:"A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny" 5697: 1237:

On the basis of fossil evidence, the earliest known "true frogs" that fall into the anuran lineage proper all lived in the early

10507: 9328: 4927:. Tadpoles that develop legs early may be eaten by the others, so late developers may have better long-term survival prospects. 4321:

to produce a powerful acceleration beyond the limits of muscle-powered acceleration. A similar mechanism has been documented in

14828: 13176: 12410: 10884: 10255: 8693: 5936:

because their embryos are large and easy to manipulate, they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory.

5676:

affecting the spawn on the surface of ponds, chemical contamination from pesticides and fertilizers, and parasites such as the

3485:) digs into the rear of a tadpole, causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops one or more extra legs. 3356:

have become elongated to add to the leg length and allow frogs to push against the ground for a longer period on take-off. The

14014: 11328: 11256:

Goldberg, Javier; Taucce, Pedro P. G.; Quinzio, Silvia Inés; Haddad, Célio F. B.; Vera Candioti, Florencia (January 1, 2020).

14716: 14656: 14600: 14581: 14551: 14526: 14501: 13870: 13623: 13090: 12911: 12263: 12022: 11867:

Da Silva, H. R.; De Britto-Pereira, X. C. (2006). "How much fruit do fruit-eating frogs eat? An investigation on the diet of

11785: 11760: 11543: 11240: 10961: 10910: 10832: 10662: 10491: 9812: 9428: 9403: 9168: 9137: 8993: 8825: 8526: 8370: 8343: 8318: 8247: 7426: 7358: 7326: 6669: 6280: 5785:, so-called as it tastes of chicken, is now endangered, in part due to human consumption, and was a major food choice of the 16700: 12730: 10276: 7527:

Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017).

4245:

Frogs are generally recognized as exceptional jumpers and, relative to their size, the best jumpers of all vertebrates. The

16090: 14164: 12699: 7882: 7332: 12211:

Storey, KB (1990). "Life in a frozen state: adaptive strategies for natural freeze tolerance in amphibians and reptiles".

11726: 4301:

remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump. In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the

13302: 4450:

to mate and breed in temporary pools. It has a tiny head with a pointed snout and a plump, rounded body. Because of this

6300: 5917:, and their experiment was the first time a successful nuclear transplantation had been accomplished in higher animals. 527:

generally refers to species that are terrestrial with dry, warty skins. There are numerous exceptions to this rule. The

8963: 7945: 6413: 6386: 5669: 10414: 4919:. Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles, and fish. The Cuban tree frog ( 898:) consisting of three pairs of bones (angulosplenial, dentary, and mentomeckelian, with the last pair being absent in 14849: 13328:

Stuart, S. N.; Chanson, J. S.; Cox, N. A.; Young, B. E.; Rodrigues, A. S. L.; Fischman, D. L.; Waller, R. W. (2004).

11258:"Increasing our knowledge on direct-developing frogs: The ontogeny of Ischnocnema henselii (Anura: Brachycephalidae)" 10202: 9664: 8459: 4982:

changes, from being similar to that of fish to resembling that of amniotes. Exceptions are carnivorous tadpoles like

218: 10952:

Duellman, William E.; Trueb, Linda; Arak, Anthony (2002). "Frogs and toads". In Halliday, Tim; Adler, Kraig (eds.).

10766:"A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles" 8151:

Harvey, M. B.; Pemberton, A. J.; Smith, E. N. (2002). "New and poorly known parachuting frogs (Rhacophoridae :

6367: 4137:. Others, less proficient at digging, find a crevice or bury themselves in dead leaves. Aquatic species such as the 16783: 16635: 13835: 12531:

Fandiño, María Claudia; Lüddecke, Horst; Amézquita, Adolfo (1997). "Vocalisation and larval transportation of male

5591: 4363: 12562: 12181: 3869:

have the eyes located at the top of the head, a position better suited for detecting prey in the water above. The

1356:

Frog fossils have been found on all of the Earth's continents. In 2020, it was announced that 40 million year old

523:

in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic and have smooth, moist skins; the term

16726: 16648: 16194: 13810:"National recovery plan for the Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree): 5. Previous recovery actions" 10615: 5621: 3800: 1369: 14045: 13153: 8168: 6818: 395:. Adult frogs live in fresh water and on dry land; some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. 16565: 13702: 11668:"Evolutionary and developmental considerations of the diet and gut morphology in ceratophryid tadpoles (Anura)" 9606: 7764: 7747: 3775: 15111: 11402: 5445:, are especially toxic. The native peoples of South America extract poison from these frogs to apply to their 16708: 14788: 12439: 12411:"Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae)" 12147: 9540: 8670: 5910: 4699:

takes place in the water, the female releases her eggs and the male covers them with sperm; fertilization is

3546:), if given access to water after confinement in a dry location, sits in the shallows to rehydrate. The male 1186:

without teeth. The earliest known amphibians that were more closely related to frogs than to salamanders are

11121:

Waldman, Bruce; Ryan, Michael J. (1983). "Thermal advantages of communal egg mass deposition in wood frogs (

8007: 3446:

In many arboreal frogs, a small "intercalary structure" on each toe increases the surface area touching the

1345:(comprising about 88% of living frogs) diversified simultaneously some 66 million years ago, soon after the 1021:

The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians are hotly debated. A

5898: 4587: 712: 17: 14463:) used by Emberá Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning". 9565:

Kayes, Sara M.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2009). "Metabolic depression during aestivation in

8890: 8387: 7908: 7171: 7097: 6074:

is so powerful, one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22,000 mice. Two other species, the

5700:

named 2008 as the "Year of the Frog" in order to draw attention to the conservation issues faced by them.

3979: 16578: 16552: 7706: 5404:

to make them unpalatable to potential predators. Most toads and some frogs have large poison glands, the

5389: 5270: 5190: 4777: 4009:

The call or croak of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs create this sound by passing air through the

3985: 1287:

had already lost nearly all of its tail and was well adapted for jumping. Another Early Jurassic frog is

586: 12943: 9830:"Evidence for a vertebrate catapult: elastic energy storage in the plantaris tendon during frog jumping" 9708:"Explosive jumping: extreme morphological and physiological specializations of Australian rocket frogs ( 8031: 4458:

in 2003, being new to the scientific community at that time, although previously known to local people.

16803: 15569: 15129: 14821: 14764: 8217: 5612:

dramatically since the 1950s. More than one-third of frog species are considered to be threatened with

5423: 4094: 3865:

which provides further protection, especially when the frog is swimming. Members of the aquatic family

848: 528: 391:

dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to show toxicity and

352:. Frogs account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse 16775: 16583: 14779: 12960:

Saporito, R.A.; Garraffo, H. M.; Donnelly, M. A.; Edwards, A. L.; Longino, J. T.; Daly, J. W. (2004).

8099: 7883:"Finding earliest true frog will help paleontologists understand how frog evolved its jumping ability" 6572: 5696:

In a few cases, captive breeding programs have been established and have largely been successful. The

5185:

Little is known about the longevity of frogs and toads in the wild, but some can live for many years.

4796:) deposits its eggs on a leaf above a pool and when they hatch, the larvae fall into the water below. 254: 16788: 16736: 11257: 6630: 6596: 6545: 6511: 6470: 5107:

is partly herbivorous, its diet including a large proportion of fruit, floral structures and nectar.

4729: 4685: 4612: 3974: 3471:

Sometimes during the tadpole stage, one of the developing rear legs is eaten by a predator such as a

3454: 1202: 1188: 810: 700: 16284: 14390: 13357: 12619:"Building a home from foam—túngara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process" 12430: 11607: 10927: 9684: 6809: 5881:

to demonstrate the ventricle and atria beat independently of each other and at different rates. The

3836:

which pass information from the extremities to the brain through the spinal cord. By contrast, all

16083: 16057: 14919: 13410: 11802: 9927:"Early Hatching Decreases Jumping Performance in a Direct-Developing Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui" 7795:

Heinicke M. P.; Duellman, W. E.; Trueb, L.; Means, D. B.; MacCulloch, R. D.; Hedges, S. B. (2009).

7252: 6539: 5620:

of Costa Rica. The latter is of particular concern to scientists because it inhabited the pristine

5295: 4723: 4525: 4346: 4282: 4178: 3676: 3657: 1368:, indicating that this region was once home to frogs related to those now living in South American 919: 741:. Instead, it seems that there was a trend in Old English to coin nicknames for animals ending in - 265: 14260: 14226: 8783: 6686: 4695:

At the breeding site, the male mounts the female and grips her tightly round the body. Typically,

844: 148: 16321: 16306: 14977: 14758: 13980: 13929:

Warkentin, I. G.; Bickford, D.; Sodhi, N. S.; Corey, J. A. (2009). "Eating frogs to extinction".

13455:"Worldwide Amphibian Declines: How big is the problem, what are the causes and what can be done?" 11829: 11368:"Rhacophorid Frogs Breeding in Bamboo: Discovery of a Novel Reproductive Mode from Western Ghats" 9707: 6635: 6601: 6550: 6516: 6475: 6464: 6171: 6016:

infection. Dart poisons are under active investigation for their potential as therapeutic drugs.

5818: 5802: 5712: 5119: 5109: 4506: 3656:

and a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them. The fully aquatic

3518: 1317: 688: 16762: 13911: 12962:"Formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs" 7118: 6660:

Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitsky, A. H.; Wells, K. D. (2003).

6505: 3843: 3698:

Some species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water. The

3576: 16492: 16326: 14950: 14666:

San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (May 2005).

14385: 13352: 12425: 9449: 6906: 6804: 6083: 6075: 4983: 4873: 4850: 4844: 4830:, where eggs hatch into juveniles like small adults, is also known in many frogs, for example, 4748: 4700: 4233: 4162: 4130: 3352:, as have the radius and ulna in the fore limbs (which must absorb the impact on landing). The 929: 911: 536: 387:

skin, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. Their skin varies in colour from well-

15117: 14072: 11384: 10481: 9656: 9650: 8953: 8542:

Guayasamin, Juan M.; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl R. (2015).

6713: 5061:

Adult frogs may live in or near water, but few are fully aquatic. Almost all frog species are

596:) 'animal tail'. meaning "tailless". It refers to the tailless character of these amphibians. 16757: 14814: 14088: 13307:

The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference

11496:

Crump, Martha L. (1986). "Cannibalism by younger tadpoles: another hazard of metamorphosis".

11465:"Tadpole Locomotion: Axial Movement and Tail Functions in a Largely Vertebraeless Vertebrate" 9571:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology

8722: 8449: 6643: 6609: 6558: 6524: 6483: 6180: 5933: 5902: 5832: 5336: 5316:) builds a floating nest from foam to protect its eggs from predation. The foam is made from 5124: 4477: 4310: 4290: 4289:) has the ability to leap out of the water from a position floating on the surface. The tiny 4081: 3882: 3632: 3588: 3492: 3317: 3308: 1116: 1107: 894: 568: 427: 31: 16749: 16687: 15122: 13275: 13231: 9498:

Suthers, R.A.; Narins, P.M.; Lin, W; Schnitzler, H; Denzinger, A; Xu, C; Feng, A.S. (2006).

8124:

Emerson, S. B.; Diehl, D. (1980). "Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs".

3328:) of central Africa. There are prehistoric, extinct species that reached even larger sizes. 1009:

are similar in forming hybrids. These are less fertile than their parents, giving rise to a

784:, is unique to English and is likewise of uncertain etymology. It is the basis for the word 16604: 16539: 15464: 14749: 13938: 13887: 13523: 13420: 13386: 13344: 13241: 12973: 12864: 12819: 12089: 11841: 11632: 11269: 11173: 11087: 10777: 10691: 9938: 9500:"Voices of the dead: complex nonlinear vocal signals from the larynx of an ultrasonic frog" 9026: 7971: 7842: 7658: 7599: 7540: 7455: 7383: 7186: 7128: 7049:"Divergence time estimation using fossils as terminal taxa and the origins of Lissamphibia" 6907:

San Mauro, Diego; Vences, Miguel; Alcobendas, Marina; Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (2005).

6624: 5782: 5630: 5542: 5283: 4832: 4547: 4498: 3902: 3862: 3413: 3389: 3341: 1869: 1391:

of frogs in the clade Anura can be seen in the table below. This diagram, in the form of a

1357: 1248: 961: 494: 459: 11830:"Between fruits, flowers and nectar: The extraordinary diet of the frog Xenohyla truncata" 9301: 9263:"Urban canyon effect: storm drains enhance call characteristics of the Mientien tree frog" 7526: 6867: 4657: 8: 16344: 16187: 16076: 16068: 15853: 12051: 9988: 9476: 9186:"Electrical properties of frog saccular hair cells: distortion by enzymatic dissociation" 7960: 6733: 6028: 5946:, which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than the one to two years for 5882: 5521: 5457: 5378: 5301: 5226: 4591: 4455: 4393:) has broad feet and can run across the surface of the water for several metres (yards). 4246: 4002: 3941: 3824:

regulates respiration, digestion and other automatic functions. The relative size of the

3699: 3539: 3447: 2010: 1365: 1129: 1022: 1005: 349: 14667: 13942: 13527: 13424: 13348: 13245: 12977: 12868: 12823: 12093: 11845: 11636: 11273: 11177: 11091: 10781: 10695: 9942: 9373: 9030: 8891:"Hormones, sex accessory structures, and secondary sexual characteristics in amphibians" 8736:"Contribution of eye retraction to swallowing performance in the northern leopard frog, 7975: 7846: 7796: 7662: 7603: 7544: 7501: 7459: 7387: 7224: 7190: 7132: 6908: 5924:. Although alternative pregnancy tests have been developed, biologists continue to use 5901:, is present in substantial quantities in the urine of women during pregnancy. In 1952, 16570: 14793: 14695: 14459:

Myers, Charles W.; Daly, John W.; Malkin, Borys (1978). "A dangerously toxic new frog (

14310: 14300: 14283: 14140: 14115: 13962: 13760: 13747: 13726:"Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health" 13725: 13664: 13656: 13546: 13503: 13436: 13378: 13257: 13131: 12900: 12876: 12788: 12645: 12618: 12513: 12459: 12391: 12348: 12309: 12159: 11999: 11707: 11694: 11667: 11585: 11560: 11531: 11513: 11414: 11406: 11348: 11293: 11228: 11142: 11103: 10994: 10800: 10765: 10746: 10707: 10650: 10550: 10457: 10432: 10430: 9964: 9902: 9854: 9829: 9742: 9631: 9212: 9202: 9185: 9156: 9102: 9069: 9038: 8817: 8612: 8596: 8496: 8430: 8360: 8288: 8280: 8235: 8190: 8172: 8137: 7777: 7681: 7646: 7622: 7587: 7563: 7528: 7399: 7287: 7254: 7202: 7152: 6944: 6928: 6822: 6776: 6216: 6135:, frogs represented water, crops, fertility and birth and were associated with the god 6132: 6055: 5989: 5942: 5877:

out of a frog leg. In 1852, H. F. Stannius used a frog's heart in a procedure called a

5822: 5681: 5645:

Many environmental scientists believe amphibians, including frogs, are good biological

5516: 5269:

strategy of providing their offspring with nutritive but unfertilized eggs. The female

4211: 3954: 3481: 3405: 1350: 1226:

was not an efficient leaper. A 2019 study has noted the presence of Salientia from the

1038: 672: 663: 650: 478: 361: 143: 12996: 12961: 12668: 12530: 12255: 10854:(Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status" 10074: 7935: 7478: 7443: 6590: 580: 16829: 16744: 16591: 16172: 15862: 15203: 15140: 15051: 14712: 14687: 14652: 14635: 14596: 14577: 14547: 14522: 14497: 14438: 14403: 14354: 14315: 14145: 13954: 13950: 13866: 13765: 13652: 13619: 13596: 13551: 13432: 13370: 13253: 13086: 13040: 13001: 12907: 12880: 12837: 12780: 12776: 12650: 12451: 12383: 12379: 12301: 12259: 12228: 12151: 12105: 12101: 12018: 11884: 11826: 11781: 11756: 11711: 11699: 11648: 11590: 11539: 11367: 11340: 11332: 11297: 11285: 11236: 11201: 11196: 11161: 10957: 10906: 10876: 10849: 10828: 10805: 10678:

Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1978). "Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads

10658: 10558: 10487: 10462: 10400:

complex of marbled toads from Madagascar, including the description of a new species"

10247: 10228: 10134: 10115: 10063: 9956: 9951: 9926: 9894: 9859: 9808: 9785: 9768: 9734: 9660: 9623: 9586: 9521: 9424: 9399: 9343: 9282: 9217: 9164: 9133: 9107: 9089: 9050: 9042: 9018: 8989: 8959: 8821: 8761: 8604: 8522: 8474: 8455: 8366: 8339: 8314: 8243: 7941: 7860: 7715: 7686: 7627: 7568: 7483: 7422: 7354: 7322: 7292: 7156: 7144: 7070: 7029: 6988: 6936: 6793: 6665: 6419: 6409: 6331: 6276: 6071: 6044: 6040: 5878: 5870: 5843: 5771: 5646: 5451: 5186: 5179: 5103: 4785: 4704: 4571: 4138: 4068: 4060: 3958: 3894: 3821: 3684: 3616: 3561: 3345: 3297: 2993: 2855: 1953: 1856: 1809: 1392: 1289: 1252: 345: 14699: 13928: 13668: 13501: 13440: 13382: 13261: 12959: 12792: 12463: 12395: 12352: 12313: 12224: 12163: 11418: 11352: 10848:

Sandberger, L.; Hillers, A.; Doumbia, J.; Loua, N-S.; Brede C.; Rödel, M-O. (2010).

10431:

Federle, W.; Barnes, W. J. P.; Baumgartner, W.; Drechsler, P.; Smith, J. M. (2006).

10333: 10306: 9906: 9746: 8616: 8500: 8292: 8176: 7781: 7588:"A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" 7206: 6948: 6826: 5565:

bury themselves underground where they create a water-impervious cocoon in which to

438:, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on plant matter. Frog skin has a rich 16384: 16359: 16251: 15361: 15354: 15340: 14679: 14627: 14472: 14430: 14399: 14395: 14346: 14305: 14295: 14195: 14135: 14127: 13966: 13946: 13755: 13737: 13698: 13648: 13586: 13541: 13531: 13428: 13362: 13300: 13249: 13123: 13032: 12991: 12981: 12872: 12827: 12772: 12640: 12630: 12544: 12505: 12443: 12435: 12375: 12340: 12293: 12251: 12220: 12143: 12097: 11995: 11880: 11849: 11689: 11679: 11640: 11580: 11572: 11505: 11476: 11398: 11324: 11277: 11191: 11181: 11134: 11095: 10986: 10868: 10795: 10785: 10738: 10711: 10699: 10542: 10452: 10444: 10105: 10053: 9946: 9886: 9849: 9841: 9780: 9726: 9635: 9615: 9603: 9578: 9511: 9369: 9274: 9262: 9207: 9197: 9097: 9081: 9034: 8751: 8588: 8555: 8488: 8422: 8272: 8164: 8133: 7979: 7850: 7811: 7769: 7759: 7676: 7666: 7617: 7607: 7558: 7548: 7473: 7463: 7403: 7391: 7282: 7274: 7266: 7194: 7136: 7060: 7019: 6978: 6920: 6814: 6768: 6176: 6148: 6124: 6110: 6009: 5874: 5794: 5728: 5635: 5462: 5442: 5418: 5413: 5352: 4563: 4543: 4382: 4031: 3890: 3857: 3692: 3680: 3313: 2978: 1988: 1388: 1294: 1243: 1227: 1167: 1144:

called Batrachia) than they are to caecilians. However, others have suggested that

972: 941: 838: 818: 490: 13784: 7794: 5985: 16530: 16454: 16414: 16399: 15991: 15961: 15890: 15668: 15235: 15192: 15182: 15096: 14904: 14131: 12408: 11853: 10790: 10393: 9564: 7983: 7311: 6187: 6161: 5894: 5530: 5510: 5494: 5466: 5327:

Some frogs protect their offspring inside their own bodies. Both male and female

5221: 4739: 4713: 4599: 4583: 4575: 4302: 4297:) can "skitter" across the surface of a pond with a series of short rapid jumps. 4053: 3950: 3763: 3555: 3472: 3338: 2516: 2373: 2265: 1906: 1137: 965: 906:

spaces underneath the skin, and a muscle, the protractor lentis, attached to the

814: 654: 563: 463: 325: 305: 288: 260: 16713: 16596: 14172: 13454: 13184: 13106:

Hayes, Floyd E. (1989). "Antipredator behavior of recently metamorphosed toads (

12467: 10369: 8065: 7886: 7855: 7830: 5433: 5189:

is a method of examining bones to determine age. Using this method, the ages of

4838: 3832:

which pass information from the outside directly to the brain, and ten pairs of

3529:

hands and chest of males are specialized to produce sticky secretions to aid in

16859: 16841: 16643: 16630: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16394: 16379: 16364: 16354: 16269: 16264: 16180: 15661: 15636: 15534: 15429: 15293: 14962: 14931: 14737: 14631: 14169:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

13591: 13570: 11684: 9619: 9582: 7671: 7533:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6156: 5929: 5906: 5866: 5854: 5847: 5750: 5446: 5405: 5053: 4979: 4812: 4632: 4476:

The spadefoot toads of North America are also adapted to underground life. The

4461: 4355: 4267:

feet), a distance that is more than fifty times its body length of 55 mm (

4229: 4019: 3962: 3870: 3829: 3789: 3653: 3049: 2931: 2916: 2756: 2692: 2402: 2351: 2088: 2025: 1966: 1891: 1752: 1638: 1594: 1526: 1489: 1430: 1361: 1260: 1149: 1102: 907: 826: 789: 681: 455: 310: 46: 16544: 14668:"Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea" 14434: 14350: 13722: 11281: 11162:"Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs" 10872: 10847: 10132: 10037: 8810: 8600: 8492: 7815: 7198: 7024: 7007: 6983: 6966: 6909:"Initial Diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea" 6151:

on the Egyptians. Medieval Europeans associated frogs and toads with evil and

5205:) has been known to survive 24 years in captivity, and the American bullfrog ( 5017:

Metamorphosis stage with deforming jaws, large eyes, and remains of gill pouch

3799:

and may be held for several days. The male frog has certain hormone-dependent

3420:), an arboreal species, are only a quarter or half webbed. Exceptions include 711:

is uncertain, but agrees with arguments that it could plausibly derive from a

16853: 16557: 16449: 16293: 15971: 15876: 15869: 15839: 15682: 15675: 15590: 15457: 15450: 15068: 14935: 14879: 14784: 12455: 12155: 11336: 11289: 10880: 10342: 10251: 10172: 10143: 9960: 9890: 9877:

Scott, J. (2005). "The locust jump: an integrated laboratory investigation".

9286: 9093: 7719: 6423: 6340: 6120: 6097: 6067: 5914: 5858: 5579: 5551: 5528:) regularly feeds on them. The strategy employed by juvenile American toads ( 4951: 4935: 4744: 4559: 4521: 4198:

Different species of frog use a number of methods of moving around including

4174: 4154: 4122: 3910: 3833: 3429: 3090: 2808: 2501: 2479: 2302: 2287: 2199: 1781: 1326:

have taken place about 20 times faster in mammals than in frogs, which means

1231: 1179: 1121: 1087: 1086:. The study postulated that Lissamphibia originated no earlier than the late 1083: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1026: 945: 865: 560: 435: 431: 295: 88: 14611:

Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems

14376:

toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic".

13366: 12986: 12548: 11644: 11620: 11078:

with especial reference to the green algae found within the egg envelopes".

10395: 9497: 9360:

Gerhardt, H. C. (1994). "The evolution of vocalization in frogs and toads".

9046: 7996: 7612: 7553: 7065: 6964: 4892:, the tadpoles have paired anterior barbels, which make them resemble small 4446:

and spends almost its whole life underground. It emerges briefly during the

3368: 948:, which includes five families of more evolutionary intermediate frogs; and 497:

are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them.

16836: 16817: 16515: 16477: 16459: 16424: 16409: 16349: 16336: 16311: 16301: 16141: 15647: 15601: 15471: 15443: 15411: 15314: 15234: 15172: 15061: 15023: 14989: 14870: 14837: 14691: 14639: 14458: 14358: 14319: 13958: 13769: 13600: 13555: 13536: 13374: 13044: 13005: 12841: 12654: 12635: 12387: 12305: 11703: 11652: 11594: 11576: 11344: 11205: 11186: 10809: 10562: 10466: 10448: 10119: 9898: 9863: 9845: 9738: 9627: 9590: 9525: 9111: 9085: 9054: 8765: 8608: 7864: 7690: 7631: 7572: 7468: 7374:

Shubin, N. H.; Jenkins, F. A. Jr (1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog".

7296: 7270: 7255:"The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona" 7148: 7074: 7033: 6992: 6967:"Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians" 6940: 6718: 6123:. Frogs have been featured in religion, folklore, and popular culture. The 6024: 6012:. Other chemicals isolated from the skins of frogs may offer resistance to 5482: 5348: 5328: 5309: 5293:

Many other diverse forms of parental care are seen in frogs. The tiny male

5241: 4888: 4555: 4422: 4371: 4359: 4186: 4090: 4076: 3726: 3565: 3357: 3321: 2833: 2741: 2659: 2184: 1794: 1739: 1700: 1672: 1338: 1171: 1079: 1066: 949: 830: 738: 474: 14571: 14442: 14407: 14334: 14149: 13327: 13018: 12884: 12784: 12758: 12232: 11930:

Camera, Bruno F.; Krinski, Diones; Calvo, Isabella A. (February 4, 2014).

11481: 11464: 10067: 10058: 9221: 9009:

Muntz, W. R. A.; Scientific American Offprints (1964). "Vision in frogs".

7487: 4341: 3639:

as well as stains, spots and leg stripes similar to fallen leaf features.

328:

suggests their split from other amphibians may extend further back to the

16669: 16524: 16419: 16259: 15897: 15622: 15576: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15492: 15307: 15256: 15089: 15082: 14421:

Lyttle, T. (1993). "Misuse and legend in the "toad licking" phenomenon".

13839: 13681: 13303:"Number of Globally Threatened Amphibian Species by Freshwater Ecoregion" 12808:"Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs" 12109: 9419:

Hilton, Bill Jr. (1986). "9. 'Jug-o-Rum': Call of the Amorous Bullfrog".

6965:

Zhang, Peng; Zhou, Hui; Chen, Yue-Qin; Liu, Yi-Fei; Qu, Liang-Hu (2005).

6020: 6001: 5862: 5766: 5720: 5690: 5673: 5626: 5617: 5600: 5566: 5409: 5140: 4924: 4662: 4558:(Hyperoliidae), some of the narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylidae), and the 4551: 4465: 4435: 4405: 4326: 4223: 4170: 4118: 3917:) are patterned so as to blend in with the surrounding camouflaged skin. 3874: 3683:. When these chambers contract, the two blood streams pass into a common 3440: 3421: 3373: 3353: 3320:

to the up to about 35 cm (14 in) and 3.3 kg (7.3 lb)

3105: 3034: 2707: 1685: 1660: 1030: 1010: 976: 604: 423: 392: 380: 63: 13639:

Lips, Karen R. (2008). "Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna".

12936:

University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication

12832: 12807: 11410: 10433:"Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads" 9183: 7140: 7008:"Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of lissamphibians" 5850:

concerns, and "digital frogs" are now available for virtual dissection.

5546:

Although frogs are most diverse in warm regions, a few species like the

4862: 4627: 4497:

The burrowing frogs of Australia have a rather different lifestyle. The

4117:

and remain inactive for months. In colder regions, many species of frog

16389: 16374: 16154: 15981: 15908: 15809: 15785: 15523: 15397: 15372: 15292: 15263: 15162: 14281: 13751: 13660: 13135: 12517: 12189: 11866: 11517: 11146: 11107: 11011: 10998: 10750: 10554: 9968: 9022: 8434: 8284: 7441: 7319:

Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians

7278: 6780: 6329: 6152: 6116: 6048: 5921: 5839: 5806: 5798: 5716: 5613: 5490: 5261: 4939: 4718: 4679: 4536: 4485: 4484:) is typical and has a flap of keratinised bone attached to one of the 4182: 4102: 3828:

in frogs is much smaller than it is in humans. Frogs have ten pairs of

3817: 3607: 3547: 2877: 1445: 1360:

fossils had been discovered by a team of vertebrate paleontologists in

1327: 1197: 1133: 1124:

with many frog- and salamander-like characteristics, was discovered in

992: 885: 881: 439: 388: 353: 314: 269: 240: 108: 73: 13207: 13036: 12763:

skin mucus induces oral dyskinesias that promote escape from snakes".

12491: 12344: 10110: 10089: 9516: 9499: 9278: 9074:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

8756: 8735: 8560: 8543: 7419:

Jurassic west: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world

6932: 5731:, and scientists are looking for a biological method to control them. 5385: 5372: 4401: 3687:

before being pumped via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel, the

3488: 1275:

did not have greatly enlarged legs, but had the typical three-pronged

1037:

are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs and the

737:

is, however, uncertain, as the development does not involve a regular

16674: 16617: 16444: 16369: 16274: 16241: 16235: 16160: 16131: 16100: 16001: 15937: 15723: 15689: 15615: 15583: 15481: 15330: 15279: 15216: 15075: 14477: 12805: 12447: 12250:. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 25. pp. 109–144. 11621:"Restructuring of the amphibian gut microbiota through metamorphosis" 11329:

10.1002/1526-968X(200102)29:2<91::AID-GENE1009>3.0.CO;2-6

10703: 9766: 8413:

Ruibal, Rodolfo; Shoemaker, Vaughan (1985). "Osteoderms in Anurans".

7773: 7395: 7351:

Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, North America): The Dinosauria

6330:

Lips, K; Solís, F.; Ibáñez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Fuenmayor, Q. (2010).

6036: 5761: 5745: 5704: 5677: 5662: 5650: 5639: 5571: 5561: 5547: 5401: 5344: 5278: 5175: 5062: 4975: 4955: 4904: 4897: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4579: 4451: 4150: 4146: 3804: 3755: 3624: 3611: 3610:

is a common defensive mechanism in frogs. Features such as warts and

3601: 3596: 3580: 3534: 3435: 2439: 2424: 2162: 2061: 1566: 1384: 1219: 1155: 1075: 1042: 1034: 984: 834: 806: 591: 573: 535:) has a slightly warty skin and prefers a watery habitat whereas the 516: 451: 443: 415: 341: 284: 280: 203: 190: 160: 113: 57: 16486: 13742: 13568: 13127: 12509: 11509: 11138: 11099: 10990: 10742: 10546: 8426: 6772: 6737: 5265: 4768: 4026:) lives in mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize. 3873:

come in a range of colours and the pupils in a range of shapes. The

3709: 3525:) is even able to turn white to minimize the chance of overheating. 360:, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from 16661: 16622: 16509: 16229: 16223: 16125: 16119: 15883: 15825: 15818: 15629: 15516: 14888: 14861: 14797: 14683: 13502:

Voordouw, M. J.; Adama, D.; Houston, B.; Govindarajulu, P. (2010).

13330:"Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide" 12492:

van Wijngaarden, René; Bolaños, Federico (1992). "Parental care in

12297: 10976: 10087: 9730: 8592: 8276: 7048: 6924: 6759:

Ford, L.S.; Cannatella, D. C. (1993). "The major clades of frogs".

6438: 6166: 6005: 5786: 5686: 5596: 5478: 5237: 5171: 5114: 4734: 4696: 4670: 4318: 4219: 4134: 3840:(mammals, birds and reptiles) have twelve pairs of cranial nerves. 3837: 3825: 3796: 3675:. Oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the 3530: 3476: 3465: 2636: 1511: 1334: 1301:

impressions of a single animal and was estimated to be 33 mm (

1238: 1193: 1183: 1046: 957: 953: 925: 899: 889: 467: 447: 419: 180: 103: 98: 83: 78: 68: 50: 30:

This article is about the group of amphibians. For other uses, see

12616: 12327:

Sheridan, Jennifer A.; Ocock, Joanne F. (2008). "Parental care in

10614:. National Geographic: Animals. September 10, 2010. Archived from 10013:

Fitch, H. S. (1956). "An ecological study of the collared lizard (

9068:

Kelber, Almut; Yovanovich, Carola; Olsson, Peter (April 5, 2017).

9008: 8925: 8150: 7997:

Morphological Variation in Anuran Limbs: Constraints and Novelties

7353:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 530–532. 6537: 6093: 1230:, and suggested that anurans might have first appeared during the 1097: 470:

to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive.

336:

million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the

16404: 16316: 15741: 15509: 15418: 15386: 15249: 11619:

Kohl, K. D.; Cary, T. L.; Karasov, W. H.; Dearing, M. D. (2013).

10532: 8898:

Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates – Vol 2: Amphibians

8663:"Animal Circulatory Systems: Three Chambers: The Frog and Lizard" 8412: 8068:. Exploratorium:: The museum of science, art and human perception 6192: 6063: 5790: 5486: 5317: 5148: 5082: 4972: 4893: 4882: 4881:

jaws in most species have two elongated, parallel rows of small,

4751:

and females give birth to fully developed juvenile frogs, except

4490: 4447: 4443: 4418: 4207: 4203: 4199: 3949:

Frogs can hear both in the air and below water. They do not have

3866: 3847:

Close-up of frog's head showing eye, nostril, mouth, and tympanum

3747: 3462: 3425: 3385: 3129: 2113: 1579: 1298: 1256: 1091: 1090:, some 290 to 305 million years ago. The split between Anura and 1071: 1050: 915: 822: 482: 407: 337: 329: 118: 93: 14665: 14371: 12929:"The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador" 10394:

Venesci, M; Raxworthy, C. J.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Glaw, F. (2003).

10038:"The aerobic cost of saltatory locomotion in the fowler's toad ( 9070:"Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light" 8734:

Levine, R. P.; Monroy, J. A.; Brainerd, E. L. (March 15, 2004).

6691:

Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2

5857:

throughout the history of science. Eighteenth-century biologist

5778:), mostly farmed in China, varies between 1200 and 2400 tonnes. 5657: 792: 779: 766: 745:, with examples—themselves all of uncertain etymology—including 732: 726: 636: 626: 620: 614: 608: 414:. They have highly specialized rasping mouth parts suitable for 16217: 16113: 15795: 14855: 14806: 14027: 12248:

Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance

11608:

Tadpoles eat like crazy before remodeling their guts - Futurity

8807: 8451:

Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles

7828: 7005: 6246: 6184: 5321: 5094: 5086: 5074: 5066: 4912: 4821: 4322: 4215: 4114: 4010: 3781: 3759: 3743: 3735: 3672: 3648: 3636: 3361: 1323: 1276: 1207: 1175: 910:. The anuran larva or tadpole has a single central respiratory 877: 860: 649:

into the nineteenth century, and is paralleled widely in other

486: 372: 170: 14768:: Researchers Pinpoint Source of Poison Frogs' Deadly Defenses 14008:"The Mountain Chicken Frog's First Problem: It Tastes Like..." 13575:): Potential sources of transmission within and between ponds" 11120: 11012:

Whittaker, Kellie; Chantasirivisal, Peera (December 2, 2005).

10725:

Long, David R. (1989). "Energetics and reproduction in female

9541:"How do frogs survive winter? Why don't they freeze to death?" 8541: 8263:

Frost, S. W. (1932). "Notes on feeding and molting in frogs".

7373: 6573:

Metathetic and Non-Metathetic Form Selection in Middle English

5765:

diminution in the supply. This resulted in the development of

4531: 16770: 16609: 14780:

Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching

10133:

Pickersgill, M.; Schiøtz, A.; Howell, K.; Minter, L. (2004).

9423:. York, SC: Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. 9261:

Tan, W.-H.; Tsai, C.-G.; Lin, C.; Lin, Y. K. (June 5, 2014).

7321:. Vol. 4. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 1295–1331. 6462: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6128: 5500:

Some frogs use bluff or deception. The European common toad (

5400:

The skin of many frogs contains mild toxic substances called

5360: 5162: 5152: 5144: 5132: 4947: 4943: 4923:) is one of a number of species in which the tadpoles can be 4567: 4185:

of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the

3785: 3688: 3668: 3292: 1141: 1125: 940:

Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders:

903: 873: 403: 384: 298: 14335:"Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons" 14031:

The Writings of Mark Twain [pseud.].: A tramp abroad

12496:(Anura: Dendrobatidae), with a description of the tadpole". 11559:

Bender, M. C.; Hu, C.; Pelletier, C.; Denver, R. J. (2018).

10677: 10331: 10226: 8927: 8873: 6503: 5029:

Young frog with a stumpy tail, metamorphosis nearly complete

303:, literally 'without tail'). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" 14750:"Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried" 14616: 11255: 9827: 8574: 8169:

10.1655/0733-1347(2002)016[0046:NAPKPF]2.0.CO;2

6819:

10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2

5828: 5514:) makes an explosive sound that sometimes repels the shrew 5156: 5136: 5098: 5090: 5078: 5070: 4931: 4916: 4908: 4877:) has semiterrestrial tadpoles which live among wet rocks. 3751: 3510: 3349: 1170:(modern frogs have eight or 9), a long and forward-sloping 869: 511: 411: 376: 357: 16098: 14732: 13703:

10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0087:TCODA]2.0.CO;2

9329:"Communication signals and sexual selection in amphibians" 8888: 7765:

10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2

7707:"Fossil Shows Cold-Blooded Frogs Lived on Warm Antarctica" 7349:

Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004).

6131:, protector of newborns, with the head of a frog. For the 5719:

fields of Queensland, Australia, in an attempt to control

964:

features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the

130: 14743: 13508:, in an endangered population of northern leopard frogs, 12246:

Crump, M. L. (1996). "Parental care among the Amphibia".

11403:

10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[1012:ocidai]2.0.co;2

10575: 10035: 9705: 6013: 5940:

is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative,

5920:

Frogs are used in cloning research and other branches of

5890: 5170:

Frogs are primary predators and an important part of the

3881:) has golden irises and horizontal slit-like pupils, the 3468:

often referred to as a spade, that helps them to burrow.

716: 603:

are uncertain and debated. The word is first attested in

543:) is in the toad family Bufonidae and has a smooth skin. 399: 368: 321: 12440:

10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2

12148:

10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[986:ASSOTA]2.0.CO;2

12129: 11530: 11227: 9925:

Buckley, C. R.; Michael, S. F.; Irschick, D. J. (2005).

8234: 7645:

Mörs, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Vasilyan, Davit (2020).

7348: 1061:

first appeared about 330 million years ago and that the

12855:

Myers, C. W.; Daly, J. W. (1983). "Dart-poison frogs".

12179: 12048:

An Educator's Guide to South Dakota's Natural Resources

11558: 11313:"Direct development: an alternative way to make a frog" 11074:

Gilbert, Perry W. (1942). "Observations on the eggs of

9607:

AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

7940:(3 ed.). Guinness Superlatives. pp. 118–119. 7744: 6622: 6027:, but more likely they used substances secreted by the 5950:, thus facilitating faster studies across generations. 4930:

Tadpoles are highly vulnerable to being eaten by fish,

4113:

During extreme conditions, some frogs enter a state of

4059:

Many species of frog have deep calls. The croak of the

16202: 14740: – Photography and images of various frog species 14590: 12759:

Barthalmus, George T.; Zielinski, William J. (1988). "

11899:"Diet of the Neotropical frog Leptodactylus mystaceus" 11618: 10822: 10764:

Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014).

9924: 9769:"A functional analysis of how frogs jump out of water" 9238:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Archived from 9067: 6659: 6023:

used a toxic secretion produced by the cane toad as a

5831:

sent two bullfrogs into space for six days during the

5685:. Probably all these are involved in a complex way as 5625:

decline, as are pollutants, climate change, increased

5093:. A few of the larger ones may eat other frogs, small 1128:. It dated back 290 million years and was hailed as a 16801: 14591:

Cogger, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G.; Kirschner, D. (2004).

14046:"California Schools Leading Race to Stop Dissections" 11800: 10925: 10200: 10090:"Walking and running in the red-legged running frog, 9987:

Zug, George R.; Duellman, William E. (May 14, 2014).

9802: 9393: 9127: 8983: 7586:

Evans, S. E.; Jones, M. E. H.; Krause, D. W. (2008).

7090:""Frog-amander" fossil may be amphibian missing link" 6758: 5481:

themselves. The chemicals involved may be irritants,

5101:. A few species also eat plant matter; the tree frog 4566:

cells separated by grooves into which glands secrete

4333:

locomotion more often, such as swimming and walking.

3461:) have a flap-like toe extension on the hind feet, a 3432:, which also have fully webbed toes used in gliding. 1065:

hypothesis is more credible than other theories. The

15997: 15987: 15977: 15967: 15957: 15850: 15806: 15791: 15781: 15771: 15761: 15505: 15477: 15199: 15188: 15178: 15168: 15158: 15048: 13682:

Blaustein, Andrew R.; Johnson, Pieter T. J. (2003).

13080: 12365: 10763: 10274: 8733: 7885:. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. Archived from 7442:

Wilson, A. C.; Sarich, V. M.; Maxson, L. R. (1974).

7342: 6868:"Mechanisms for partial reproductive isolation in a 6244: 5520:. Although toads are avoided by many predators, the 5166:

A trophic pyramid showing frogs as primary predators

4784:) lays eggs singly, burying them in moist soil. The 705: 692: 14193: 13912:"Appetite For Frogs' Legs Harming Wild Populations" 13023:) and for sequestration of dietary pumiliotoxins". 12283: 11463:Hoff, K. vS.; Wassersug, R. J. (February 1, 2000). 10954:

The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians

9184:Armstrong, Cecilia E.; Roberts, William M. (1998). 8808:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). 8308: 7644: 7502:"Frog evolution linked to dinosaur asteroid strike" 7046: 6270: 944:, which includes four families of primitive frogs; 15047: 14465:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 13885: 12899: 12418:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 11929: 10367: 9767:Nauwelaerts, S.; Schollier, J.; Aerts, P. (2004). 8809: 7909:"Tiny frog claimed as world's smallest vertebrate" 7752:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7705: 7172:"The origin(s) of modern amphibians: a commentary" 6797:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 6623: 6589: 6588: 6538: 6504: 6463: 6298: 5392:contains numerous alkaloids which deter predators. 3788:passes into the kidneys through fine tubes called 3664:) is the first frog known to lack lungs entirely. 3344:modified for this purpose. The tibia, fibula, and 653:, with examples in the modern languages including 613:, but the usual Old English word for the frog was 14541: 14516: 13981:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: 11073: 11042: 10951: 10576:Shah, Sunny; Tiwari, Rachna (November 29, 2001). 8803: 8801: 6732: 5715:agent. In 1935, 3000 toads were liberated in the 4574:of the toe pad epidermis on the surface and also 3360:has elongated and formed a mobile joint with the 519:are considered "true toads". The use of the term 16851: 14021: 13477:"Frog population decrease mostly due to traffic" 12854: 12806:Darst, Catherine R.; Cummings, Molly E. (2006). 11538:. Princeton University Press. pp. 173–175. 11495: 11235:. Princeton University Press. pp. 179–194. 10657:. Princeton University Press. pp. 154–162. 10088:Ahn, A. N.; Furrow, E.; Biewener, A. A. (2004). 8723:The Secret to the Stickiness of Frog Spit | STAO 8385: 8123: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8049: 7585: 7169: 383:is an extension of the male cloaca). Frogs have 14491: 14332: 14005: 13569:Harp, Elizabeth M.; Petranka, James W. (2006). 13105: 12966:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 12728: 12072: 12012: 11775: 11750: 11166:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10900: 9359: 7592:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7448:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7087: 5913:. This same technique was later used to create 5065:as adults, preying on invertebrates, including 4815:. The interior of globular egg clusters of the 4121:in winter. Those that live on land such as the 3816:coordination and posture are controlled by the 1263:epoch (199.6 to 175 million years ago), making 675: 666: 14903: 14496:. Princeton University Press. pp. 91–92. 14454: 14452: 14372:Lyttle, T.; Goldstein, D.; Gartz, J. (1996). " 14162: 13782: 13504:"Prevalence of the pathogenic chytrid fungus, 13183:. Vol. 3. Evolution Facts. Archived from 13152:. National Geographic Explorer. Archived from 11780:. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–68. 10724: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9163:. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–69. 8798: 8629: 8521:. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 204–209. 8448:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2013). 8242:. Princeton University Press. pp. 10–14. 7421:. Indiana University Press. pp. 135–136. 6019:It has long been suspected that pre-Columbian 5693:and several intermediate hosts such as birds. 3642: 884:, absence of a prefrontal bone, presence of a 817:Anura. These include over 7,600 species in 55 466:, and exhibit many different kinds of complex 16188: 16084: 14822: 13085:. Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 73–74. 13083:Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe 12617:Dalgetty, Laura; Kennedy, Malcolm W. (2010). 12326: 11462: 11431: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11215: 10757: 10649: 9260: 9155: 8926:Laurin, Michel; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2012). 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8660: 8362:The Frog Book: North American Frogs and Toads 8046: 8021: 6839: 6385:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 6366:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 6066:. The combination of the two alkaloid toxins 5290:) looks after its tadpoles in a similar way. 3412:sp.) has fully webbed toes, whereas those of 1152:temnospondyl unrelated to extant amphibians. 356:orders. Warty frog species tend to be called 13282:. Frogs Australia Network. February 23, 2005 11666:Fabrezi, Marissa; Cruz, Julio César (2020). 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10196: 10194: 10012: 8951: 8691: 8447: 7410: 6384: 6365: 4177:formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the 4067:) is sometimes written as "jug o' rum". The 3750:by tadpoles and aquatic frogs but mainly as 3287: 657: 14746: – Virtual frog dissection and anatomy 14449: 14200:as a Model System in Developmental Biology" 13987:. FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department 11755:. Princeton University Press. p. 107. 11665: 10167: 10165: 9986: 9975: 9798: 9796: 9538: 9299: 8878:. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 8519:The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals 8512: 8510: 8086: 8017: 8015: 7937:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 6728: 6726: 6240: 6238: 3439:surface and the grip is maintained through 1387:showing the relationships of the different 1333:According to genetic studies, the families 859:The Anura include all modern frogs and any 367:An adult frog has a stout body, protruding 344:regions, but the greatest concentration of 16195: 16181: 16091: 16077: 14829: 14815: 14759:Amphibian photo gallery by scientific name 14420: 14165:"Nuclear Transfer: Bringing in the Clones" 14028:Mark Twain; Charles Dudley Warner (1904). 13922: 13675: 12710:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 12697: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12017:. Princeton University Press. p. 69. 11977:"Folivory and seasonal changes in diet in 11212: 10905:. Princeton University Press. p. 91. 10270: 10268: 9491: 9398:. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 39–44. 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 8988:. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 31–35. 8834: 8063: 7927: 7829:R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). 7317:. In Heatwole, H.; Carroll, R. L. (eds.). 7303: 7222: 7006:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2007). 6004:, a painkiller 200 times more potent than 3939:Surface rendering of the head of the frog 3718: 402:in the water. The eggs hatch into aquatic 239: 129: 14613:. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. 14593:Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians 14476: 14389: 14309: 14299: 14139: 14077:. Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman. p. 290. 13902: 13759: 13741: 13590: 13545: 13535: 13356: 13081:Arnold, Nicholas; Ovenden, Denys (2002). 12995: 12985: 12902:The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica 12831: 12644: 12634: 12429: 12037: 11693: 11683: 11584: 11480: 11195: 11185: 11159: 10850:"Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, 10827:. Comstock Publishing. pp. 104–117. 10799: 10789: 10630: 10456: 10368:Staniszewski, Marc (September 30, 1998). 10191: 10109: 10057: 9950: 9853: 9784: 9773:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 9515: 9211: 9201: 9123: 9121: 9101: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8952:Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995). 8947: 8945: 8755: 8559: 8548:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 8358: 8126:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 7854: 7763: 7680: 7670: 7621: 7611: 7562: 7552: 7477: 7467: 7286: 7218: 7216: 7163: 7064: 7023: 6982: 6808: 6397: 6299:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (September 29, 1999). 5973:have been sequenced and deposited in the 5437:A common toad adopting a defensive stance 4871:fully aquatic, but at least one species ( 3679:tissues enter the heart through separate 1053:and soon after their divergence from the 1049:before the breakup of the supercontinent 500: 14785:Frog vocalisations from around the world 14485: 13886:Cameron, Elizabeth (September 6, 2012). 13691:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13613: 13110:) during encounters with garter snakes ( 12926: 11365: 10162: 9793: 9470: 9446:"The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs" 9362:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9151: 9149: 8958:. Oxford University Press. p. 651. 8507: 8304: 8302: 8012: 7964:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 7880: 6723: 6655: 6653: 6430: 6235: 6104: 6092: 6043:that has been used in modern times as a 5984: 5893:, a discovery made by English zoologist 5749: 5656: 5595: 5541: 5432: 5384: 5371: 5236: 5220: 5161: 5041: 4954:. Some tadpoles, including those of the 4861: 4767: 4717:are unique among frogs in that they are 4656: 4626: 4530: 4520: 4460: 4400: 4340: 4228: 4181:have found that during aestivation, the 4044: 3992: 3989:displaying its vocal sac during its call 3978: 3928: 3842: 3708: 3575: 3560: 3487: 3384: 3367: 3291: 1096: 1070:diversification should be placed in the 1029:analysis dating from 2005 suggests that 924: 843: 687:. These words allow reconstruction of a 641:remained in dialectal use in English as 635:is somehow related to this. Old English 253: 248:Native distribution of frogs (in green) 14649:Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America 14423:International Journal of the Addictions 13684:"The complexity of deformed amphibians" 13321: 13174: 12594:. University of Glasgow. Archived from 12272: 11310: 10823:Channing, Alan; Howell, Kim M. (2006). 10479: 10332:Roberts, Dale; Hero, Jean-Marc (2011). 10265: 10229:"Extension of range of distribution of 10227:Radhakrishnan, C.; Gopi, K. C. (2007). 9803:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). 9394:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). 9380: 9128:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). 8984:Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). 8816:. Saunders College Publishing. p. 8654: 8098:. James Cook University. Archived from 7876: 7874: 6115:Frogs have been featured in mythology, 5698:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3909:) has circular ones. The irises of the 960:. This classification is based on such 279:is any member of a diverse and largely 14: 16852: 14646: 14113: 13910:Brahic, Catherine (January 20, 2009). 13909: 12897: 12765:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 12210: 10437:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9920: 9918: 9916: 9828:Astley, H. C.; Roberts, T. J. (2011). 9648: 9418: 9118: 8972: 8942: 8851:. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from 8782:. TutorVista.com. 2010. Archived from 8516: 8386:Blackburn, D. C. (November 14, 2002). 8215: 7933: 7416: 7213: 6865: 6403: 6210: 6208: 5812: 5809:recorded as part of American cuisine. 3769: 3316:that is 7.7 mm (0.30 in) in 1330:is occurring more rapidly in mammals. 1041:of the three groups took place in the 16491: 16490: 16176: 16072: 14848: 14810: 14706: 14569: 14224: 14070: 13860: 13057: 12245: 12134:, in the Sierra Nevada, California". 10890:from the original on October 9, 2022. 10420:from the original on October 9, 2022. 10261:from the original on October 9, 2022. 9876: 9756:from the original on October 9, 2022. 9719:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 9146: 8874:Duellman, W. E. and L. Trueb (1986). 8333: 8299: 8262: 7835:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7338:from the original on October 9, 2022. 7309: 6684: 6664:(third ed.). Benjamin Cummings. 6650: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6214: 4747:. In these species, fertilization is 4442:) from southern India which feeds on 4052:Distinctive low "jug-o-rum" sound of 3396:) has large toe pads and webbed feet. 3348:have been fused into a single strong 1347:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 1241:period. One such early frog species, 892:without teeth (with the exception of 16776:CB2D87E1-2E34-FFC6-FC3B-41D7FC23FC69 16737:a330081c-9f45-47fb-80dd-ba8d870e5bd2 16649:8675db52-461d-4ab4-8574-dbc5007b80c3 14573:Frogs: Inside their Remarkable World 14546:. Reaktion Books. pp. 167–175. 14194:Browder, L.; Iten, L., eds. (1998). 14006:Ryan Schuessler (January 28, 2016). 13812:. Environment.gov.au. Archived from 13638: 13205: 13062:. American Museum of Natural History 11724: 11444:. University of California, Berkeley 11055:. University of California, Berkeley 11024:. University of California, Berkeley 10588:. University of California, Berkeley 10370:"Madagascan Burrowing Frogs: Genus: 10313:. University of California, Berkeley 10287:. University of California, Berkeley 10179:. University of California, Berkeley 10036:Walton, M.; Anderson, B. D. (1988). 9706:James, R. S.; Wilson, R. S. (2008). 9443: 8907:from the original on October 9, 2022 8704:. University of California, Berkeley 8642:. University of California, Berkeley 7871: 7703: 7417:Foster, J. (2007). "Anura (Frogs)". 6888:from the original on October 9, 2022 6693:. American Museum of Natural History 6678: 6644:participating institution membership 6610:participating institution membership 6559:participating institution membership 6525:participating institution membership 6484:participating institution membership 6406:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français 6311:. University of California, Berkeley 6294: 6292: 6223:. American Museum of Natural History 5846:. This practice is declining due to 5642:, are also devastating populations. 5629:radiation, and the introduction of 4915:filtered from the water through the 1078:and that it should be nested within 16865:Extant Hettangian first appearances 14761: – Features many unusual frogs 11974: 11727:"Animal development: Metamorphosis" 11469:Integrative and Comparative Biology 11043:Whittaker, Kellie (June 27, 2007). 10343:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 10144:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 9913: 9652:Environmental Physiology of Animals 9374:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001453 9326: 8630:Boisvert, Adam (October 23, 2007). 7726:from the original on April 23, 2020 7170:Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2009). 6840:Kuzmin, S. L. (November 10, 1999). 6341:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6205: 4824:released by the developing larvae. 4763: 1403:(2009) and Pyron and Wiens (2011). 1200:(about 250 million years ago), and 24: 14709:Australian Frogs A Natural History 14563: 14521:. Reaktion Books. pp. 40–42. 14333:Phillipe, G.; Angenot, L. (2005). 14301:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11598-11606.2005 13838:. January 15, 2008. Archived from 13783:Black, Richard (October 2, 2005). 13206:Ryan, Paddy (September 25, 2011). 12877:10.1038/scientificamerican0283-120 12729:Sandmeier, Fran (March 12, 2001). 12000:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05430.x 11625:Environmental Microbiology Reports 9807:. Airlife Publishing. p. 51. 9203:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-02962.1998 9132:. Airlife Publishing. p. 38. 9039:10.1038/scientificamerican0364-110 8313:. Airlife Publishing. p. 27. 8309:Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995). 8138:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00082.x 6687:"Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813" 6490: 6436: 6275:. Airlife Publishing. p. 19. 6271:Badger, D.; Netherton, J. (1995). 5670:Frog mutations and genetic defects 5578:), whose habitat extends into the 5113:has been found to eat plants, and 4089:, an Ancient Greek comic drama by 1279:structure of modern frogs. Unlike 797:, apparently meaning 'toad-head'. 765:appears to have been adapted from 631:), and it is agreed that the word 375:, limbs folded underneath, and no 25: 16876: 14726: 14233:. Trans-NIH Xenopus Working Group 14034:. Harper & Bros. p. 263. 13730:Environmental Health Perspectives 11871:(Lissamphibia: Anura: Hylidae)". 10019:University of Kansas Publications 9539:Emmer, Rick (November 24, 1997). 9421:The Piedmont Naturalist, Volume 1 8889:Sever, David M.; Staub, Nancy L. 6289: 5980: 4896:. Their tails are stiffened by a 4354:Frogs in the families Bufonidae, 3810: 3572:) camouflaged against leaf litter 1013:where the hybrids are prevalent. 16835: 16823: 16811: 16471: 16283: 15128: 15121: 15116: 15110: 14836: 14595:(2nd ed.). Fog City Press. 14535: 14510: 14414: 14365: 14326: 14275: 14245: 14218: 14187: 14156: 14107: 14081: 14064: 14038: 13999: 13973: 13951:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01165.x 13879: 13854: 13828: 13802: 13785:"New frog centre for London Zoo" 13776: 13716: 13653:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96359.x 13632: 13607: 13562: 13495: 13469: 13447: 13433:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95485.x 13404: 13294: 13268: 13254:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x 13225: 13199: 13175:Ferrell, Vance (March 4, 2012). 13168: 13142: 13099: 13074: 13051: 13012: 12953: 12920: 12891: 12848: 12799: 12752: 12722: 12691: 12661: 12610: 12584: 12555: 12524: 12485: 12402: 12380:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01609.x 12359: 12320: 12239: 12204: 12173: 12123: 12066: 12031: 12006: 11968: 11923: 11891: 11885:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00192.x 11860: 11820: 11794: 11769: 11744: 11718: 11659: 11612: 11601: 11565:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 11552: 11524: 11489: 11456: 11425: 11378: 11359: 11304: 11249: 11153: 11114: 11067: 11036: 11005: 10970: 10945: 10928:"Anura: Egg laying and hatching" 10919: 10894: 10841: 10816: 10718: 10671: 10600: 10569: 10526: 10500: 10473: 10424: 10387: 10361: 10325: 10299: 10220: 10126: 10081: 10073: 10029: 10006: 9952:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00931.x 9879:Advances in Physiology Education 9870: 9821: 9786:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00403.x 9760: 9699: 9673: 9642: 9597: 9558: 7088:Casselman, Anne (May 21, 2008). 6439:"Greek-french dictionary online" 6054:Exudations from the skin of the 5835:mission to test weightlessness. 5805:, and frogs were among the fare 5592:Decline in amphibian populations 5216: 5159:, bullfrogs, and other animals. 5022: 5010: 4994: 4965: 4799:In certain species, such as the 4755:, which give birth to tadpoles. 4364:Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad 3901:) has triangular pupils and the 3889:) has vertical slit pupils, the 3801:secondary sexual characteristics 3784:are attached to the kidneys and 3758:. The urine passes along paired 3331: 778:, first attested as Old English 450:dynamics of many of the world's 283:group of short-bodied, tailless 147: 61: 13457:. AmphibiaWeb. January 22, 2009 13212:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 12906:. University of Chicago Press. 12571:Repties et Amphibiens de France 12368:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12225:10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.R559 12180:Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate. 11536:A Natural History of Amphibians 11233:A Natural History of Amphibians 10655:A Natural History of Amphibians 10098:Journal of Experimental Biology 10046:Journal of Experimental Biology 9532: 9504:Journal of Experimental Biology 9464: 9437: 9412: 9353: 9320: 9293: 9254: 9228: 9177: 9161:A Natural History of Amphibians 9061: 9002: 8955:Binocular Vision and Stereopsis 8919: 8882: 8867: 8772: 8744:Journal of Experimental Biology 8727: 8716: 8692:Lee, Deborah (April 23, 2010). 8685: 8623: 8568: 8535: 8468: 8441: 8406: 8379: 8352: 8327: 8256: 8240:A Natural History of Amphibians 8228: 8209: 8183: 8144: 8117: 8080: 8001: 7990: 7954: 7901: 7822: 7788: 7738: 7697: 7638: 7579: 7520: 7494: 7435: 7367: 7246: 7112: 7081: 7040: 6999: 6958: 6900: 6859: 6833: 6787: 6752: 6705: 6616: 6582: 6565: 6531: 6456: 5622:Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve 5585: 5537: 4743:are the only frogs known to be 4644: 4622: 584:before a vowel) 'without', and 493:, has spread around the world. 14400:10.1080/02791072.1996.10472488 13865:. Penguin Books. p. 111. 13506:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 12213:American Journal of Physiology 12082:Theoretical Population Biology 11932:"Diet of the Neotropical frog 11432:Janzen, Peter (May 10, 2005). 10483:Living Amphibians of the World 10203:"Anura: From tadpole to adult" 9993:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8454:. Academic Press. p. 50. 8218:"Legless frogs mystery solved" 8197:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 8022:Minott, Kevin (May 15, 2010). 7704:Joel, Lucas (April 23, 2020). 6378: 6359: 6323: 6264: 6221:Amphibian Species of the World 5869:by studying frogs. He created 4703:. In many species such as the 3776:Sexual selection in amphibians 3499:) moulting and eating its skin 1315: in) from snout to vent. 13: 1: 15376:(Northeast Indian caecilians) 14789:British Library Sound Archive 14494:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds 14378:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14227:"Developing the potential of 12592:"Proteins of frog foam nests" 12256:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60331-9 12015:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds 11778:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds 11753:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds 10956:. Firefly Books. p. 67. 10903:Frogs and Toads of the Worlds 10480:Cochran, Doris Mabel (1961). 6579:, 30 (2002), 501–18 (p. 504). 6245:Cannatella, David C. (1997). 6199: 6008:, is made by some species of 5911:somatic cell nuclear transfer 5897:. This is because a hormone, 5734: 4758: 4193: 1206:, from the Early Triassic of 914:and mouthparts consisting of 551:The origin of the order name 410:that have tails and internal 15239:(American tailed caecilians) 14651:. Indiana University Press. 14339:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14116:"Lancelot Hogben, 1895–1975" 13616:Tracking the Vanishing Frogs 13579:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12777:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90126-8 12102:10.1016/0040-5809(79)90010-8 12075:"The structure of food webs" 11854:10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00281 11801:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. 11311:Elinson, Richard P. (2001). 10926:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. 10791:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884 10275:Farrar, Eugenia; Hey, Jane. 10231:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 10201:Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. 9683:. Scienceray. Archived from 9681:"Top 10 best jumper animals" 8216:Walker, M. (June 25, 2009). 8066:"The amazing adaptable frog" 7984:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.010 7748:"The Amphibian Tree of Life" 7047:Pyron, R. Alexander (2011). 5899:human chorionic gonadotropin 5861:discovered the link between 5191:mountain yellow-legged frogs 4542:Tree frogs live high in the 4470:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 4440:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 4253:, can leap over two metres ( 3945:, with ear parts highlighted 3671:, a feature they share with 1378: 1016: 704:finds that the etymology of 546: 505:The use of the common names 7: 15651:(South American caecilians) 13177:"Geographical Distribution" 13060:"Poison Dart Frog Vivarium" 13025:Journal of Natural Products 11534:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). 11231:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). 11016:Leptodactylus pentadactylus 10852:Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis 10653:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). 9444:Nash, Pat (February 2005). 9159:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). 9017:(3). W. H. Freeman: 110–9. 8238:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). 7856:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 6577:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 5739: 5390:Strawberry poison-dart frog 5271:strawberry poison-dart frog 5057:froglet after metamorphosis 4857: 4790:Leptodactylus pentadactylus 4778:yellow-striped pygmy eleuth 4000:Advertisement call of male 3986:Dendropsophus microcephalus 3667:Frogs have three-chambered 3643:Respiration and circulation 1293:, which is known only from 1101:A fossilized frog from the 975:readily. For instance, the 800: 698:. The third edition of the 555:—and its original spelling 10: 16881: 14632:10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034 14542:Sleigh, Charlotee (2012). 14517:Sleigh, Charlotee (2012). 14132:10.1093/genetics/142.3.655 14071:Wells, David Ames (1859). 13861:Tyler, Michael J. (1989). 13614:Phillips, Kathryn (1994). 13592:10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.307 13571:"Ranavirus in wood frogs ( 11685:10.1186/s12861-020-00221-5 10486:. Doubleday. p. 112. 9620:10.1152/ajpregu.00380.2005 9583:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.001 8930:. Tree of Life Web Project 8634:Barbourula kalimantanensis 8155:) from Sumatra and Java". 7672:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5 7265:(2): Article ID 20180922. 7223:Cannatella, David (1995). 6740:. Tree of Life web project 6393:. Perseus Digital Library. 6374:. Perseus Digital Library. 6215:Frost, Darrel R. (2021) . 6108: 5816: 5743: 5607:) – last seen in 1989 5589: 5424:European fire-bellied toad 5367: 5254:evolution of parental care 5005:a day before metamorphosis 4938:, and birds, particularly 4921:Osteopilus septentrionalis 4782:Eleutherodactylus limbatus 4686:New Mexico spadefoot toads 4350:walking on a level surface 4307:Osteopilus septentrionalis 4161:At the other extreme, the 4129:) dig a burrow and make a 4095:Concave-eared torrent frog 3972: 3924: 3780:In the male frog, the two 3773: 3662:Barbourula kalimantanensis 1267:somewhat more recent than 999:). The fire-bellied toads 983:) is a hybrid between the 902:), an unsupported tongue, 849:European fire-bellied toad 585: 579: 567: 529:European fire-bellied toad 398:Frogs typically lay their 299: 29: 16499: 16468: 16335: 16292: 16281: 16250: 16212: 16140: 16108: 16052: 16011: 15953: 15936: 15912:(salamanders crown group) 15907: 15849: 15805: 15757: 15740: 15719: 15715: 15646: 15600: 15538:(Indo-African caecilians) 15533: 15491: 15428: 15396: 15371: 15339: 15328: 15297:(Asian tailed caecilians) 15288: 15277: 15230: 15214: 15154: 15138: 15108: 15043: 15039: 15020: 14988: 14970: 14961: 14943: 14930: 14912: 14899: 14844: 14435:10.3109/10826089309039645 14351:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.022 12535:(Anura: Dendrobatidae)". 12331:(Anura: Rhacophoridae)". 11936:(Anura: Leptodactylidae)" 11672:BMC Developmental Biology 11282:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.11.001 10873:10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3 10825:Amphibians of East Africa 10610:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 10580:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 10336:Heleioporus albopunctatus 9342:: 923–927. Archived from 8849:"Frog's internal systems" 8493:10.1017/S0952836904005953 8359:Dickerson, M. C. (1969). 8336:Amphibians and Their Ways 8157:Herpetological Monographs 7816:10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1 7312:"14. Mesozoic Amphibians" 7227:Triadobatrachus massinoti 7199:10.1007/s11692-009-9065-8 7025:10.1080/10635150701397635 6984:10.1080/10635150590945278 6761:Herpetological Monographs 6685:Frost, Darrel R. (2023). 6631:Oxford English Dictionary 6597:Oxford English Dictionary 6546:Oxford English Dictionary 6512:Oxford English Dictionary 6471:Oxford English Dictionary 5037: 5001:Larva of the common frog 4730:Eleutherodactylus jasperi 4617:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 4503:Heleioporus albopunctatus 4108: 3975:Sexual selection in frogs 3691:for oxygenated blood and 3288:Morphology and physiology 3127: 3103: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3047: 3032: 3025: 3018: 2991: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2929: 2914: 2907: 2897: 2890: 2875: 2868: 2853: 2846: 2831: 2824: 2806: 2799: 2754: 2739: 2732: 2705: 2690: 2683: 2673: 2657: 2650: 2640: 2514: 2499: 2492: 2477: 2470: 2437: 2422: 2415: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2371: 2364: 2349: 2342: 2300: 2285: 2278: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2239: 2197: 2182: 2175: 2160: 2153: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2111: 2104: 2086: 2079: 2023: 2008: 2001: 1986: 1979: 1964: 1957: 1947: 1940: 1904: 1889: 1882: 1867: 1860: 1850: 1840: 1807: 1792: 1785: 1775: 1768: 1750: 1743: 1698: 1683: 1676: 1658: 1651: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1592: 1577: 1570: 1560: 1524: 1509: 1502: 1487: 1480: 1470: 1443: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1203:Czatkobatrachus polonicus 1189:Triadobatrachus massinoti 701:Oxford English Dictionary 475:environmental bellwethers 364:or evolutionary history. 247: 238: 231: 226: 144:Scientific classification 142: 137: 128: 41: 16058:List of amphibian genera 15605:(Neotropical caecilians) 15344:(buried-eyed caecilians) 15220:(caecilians crown group) 15144:(caecilians total group) 14773: 14492:Mattison, Chris (2011). 14050:Animal Welfare Institute 14011:National Geographic News 13836:"2008: Year of the Frog" 13309:. The Nature Conservancy 12927:Duellman, W. E. (1978). 12533:Colostethus subpunctatus 12494:Dendrobates granuliferus 12073:Pimm, Stuart L. (1979). 12040:"Northern leopard frog ( 12013:Mattison, Chris (2011). 11776:Mattison, Chris (2011). 11751:Mattison, Chris (2011). 11160:Warkentin, K.M. (1995). 10901:Mattison, Chris (2011). 10727:Scaphiopus multiplicatus 9891:10.1152/advan.00037.2004 8517:Burton, Maurice (1972). 8390:Trichobatrachus robustus 7094:National Geographic News 6404:Bailly, Anatole (1981). 6251:Tree of Life Web Project 5452:Eleutherodactylus gaigei 5441:Some frogs, such as the 5296:Colostethus subpunctatus 4724:Limnonectes larvaepartus 4391:Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 4347:Phrynomantis bifasciatus 4287:Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 4179:University of Queensland 3851: 3695:for deoxygenated blood. 3658:Bornean flat-headed frog 3552:Trichobatrachus robustus 3519:grey foam-nest tree frog 1136:batrachian close to the 971:Some species of anurans 715:base along the lines of 599:The origins of the word 462:, particularly in their 266:Ranomafana National Park 258:Variegated golden frog ( 14753:San Francisco Chronicle 14206:. University of Calgary 13367:10.1126/science.1103538 13234:Journal of Biogeography 12987:10.1073/pnas.0402365101 12677:Frogs Australia Network 12549:10.1163/156853897X00297 12169:(subscription required) 11949:: 31–36. Archived from 11934:Leptodactylus mystaceus 11807:Encyclopædia Britannica 11803:"Anura: Feeding habits" 11731:Encyclopædia Britannica 11645:10.1111/1758-2229.12092 11366:Seshadri, K.S. (2015). 10932:Encyclopædia Britannica 10608:"Wallace's Flying Frog 10398:Scaphiophryne marmorata 10207:Encyclopædia Britannica 10040:Bufo woodhousei fowleri 9190:Journal of Neuroscience 8780:"Frog Digestive System" 8667:Kimball's Biology Pages 8581:The American Naturalist 8477:Corythomantis greeningi 8265:The American Naturalist 7613:10.1073/pnas.0707599105 7554:10.1073/pnas.1704632114 6954:(subscription required) 6913:The American Naturalist 6879:Dissertation for thesis 6872:hybrid zone in Romania" 6636:Oxford University Press 6602:Oxford University Press 6551:Oxford University Press 6517:Oxford University Press 6476:Oxford University Press 6391:A Greek-English Lexicon 6372:A Greek-English Lexicon 6172:The Wind in the Willows 5819:Animal testing on frogs 5713:biological pest control 5475:Pseudophryne pengilleyi 5471:Pseudophryne corroboree 5120:Euphlyctis hexadactylus 5110:Leptodactylus mystaceus 4903:Tadpoles are typically 4839:Eleutherodactylus coqui 4598:) has a single opposed 4511:Scaphiophryne marmorata 4383:red-legged running frog 4036:Polypedates leucomystax 3968: 3719:Digestion and excretion 3647:Like other amphibians, 3523:Chiromantis xerampelina 3503: 1318:Notobatrachus degiustoi 1210:(about the same age as 793: 780: 771:as part of this trend. 767: 733: 727: 718: 707: 694: 637: 627: 621: 619:(with variants such as 615: 609: 495:Conservation biologists 430:is completed when they 16027:several hundred genera 14744:The Whole Frog Project 14647:Holman, J. A. (2004). 14253:"Genome List – Genome" 13537:10.1186/1472-6785-10-6 13278:Cyclorana platycephala 13181:Evolution Encyclopedia 13112:Thamnophis s. sirtalis 12898:Savage, J. M. (2002). 12636:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0934 12563:"Common midwife toad, 12498:Journal of Herpetology 12119:on September 27, 2011. 11975:Das, I. (April 1996). 11725:Balinsky, Boris Ivan. 11577:10.1098/rspb.2017.2784 11436:Nannophrys ceylonensis 11387:Nannophrys ceylonensis 11187:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3507 11127:Journal of Herpetology 10731:Journal of Herpetology 10449:10.1098/rsif.2006.0135 10407:Herpetological Journal 9846:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0982 9349:on September 23, 2012. 9306:: Coastal Tailed Frog" 9086:10.1098/rstb.2016.0065 8661:Kimball, John (2010). 8415:Journal of Herpetology 8365:. Dover Publications. 7469:10.1073/pnas.71.8.3028 7271:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922 6866:Köhler, Sonja (2003). 6101: 6084:black-legged dart frog 6080:Phyllobates aurotaenia 6076:Kokoe poison dart frog 6060:Phyllobates terribilis 5997: 5994:Phyllobates terribilis 5871:one of the first tools 5758: 5725:Dermolepida albohirtum 5666: 5665:with an extra left leg 5608: 5555: 5477:), can synthesize the 5438: 5393: 5382: 5314:Physalaemus pustulosus 5249: 5234: 5167: 5058: 4984:Lepidobatrachus laevis 4874:Nannophrys ceylonensis 4867: 4851:Raorchestes chalazodes 4845:Raorchestes ochlandrae 4773: 4673: 4641: 4539: 4528: 4526:Burmeister's leaf frog 4473: 4413: 4351: 4237: 4234:Rainforest rocket frog 4163:striped burrowing frog 4056: 4006: 3990: 3946: 3848: 3807:to amplify the sound. 3715: 3592: 3573: 3500: 3397: 3382: 3302: 1259:and dates back to the 1111: 937: 930:Panamanian golden frog 856: 676: 667: 658: 537:Panamanian golden frog 501:Etymology and taxonomy 371:, anteriorly-attached 326:molecular clock dating 272: 138:Various types of frog 16758:Paleobiology Database 16103:positions by subclass 14707:Tyler, M. J. (1994). 14570:Beltz, Ellin (2005). 12182:"Frog and toad index" 11956:on September 24, 2015 11374:. 23(4) (116): 46–49. 11262:Zoologischer Anzeiger 11047:Agalychnis callidryas 10729:from Western Texas". 10059:10.1242/jeb.136.1.273 9567:Cyclorana alboguttata 9327:Roy, Debjani (1997). 8876:Biology of Amphibians 8334:Smyth, H. R. (1962). 7066:10.1093/sysbio/syr047 6844:Pelophylax esculentus 6714:Biology of Amphibians 6711:Duellman, William E. 6540:"frosh | frosk, n.1." 6465:"anuran, n. and adj." 6181:Warner Bros. Cartoons 6105:Cultural significance 6096: 6041:psychoactive compound 5988: 5934:developmental biology 5853:Frogs have served as 5833:Orbiting Frog Otolith 5783:mountain chicken frog 5756:cuisses de grenouille 5753: 5674:ultraviolet radiation 5660: 5599: 5545: 5436: 5388: 5375: 5337:gastric-brooding frog 5240: 5224: 5165: 5125:northern leopard frog 5050: 4866:Frogspawn development 4865: 4794:Agalychnis callidryas 4771: 4660: 4630: 4613:Wallace's flying frog 4592:reticulated leaf frog 4554:(Centrolenidae), the 4534: 4524: 4478:Plains spadefoot toad 4464: 4404: 4368:Gastrophryne olivacea 4344: 4311:northern leopard frog 4291:northern cricket frog 4232: 4167:Cyclorana alboguttata 4082:Pelophylax ridibundus 4051: 3999: 3982: 3938: 3893:has dark irises, the 3887:Agalychnis callidryas 3846: 3712: 3633:disruptive coloration 3629:Lithobates sylvaticus 3589:disruptive coloration 3585:Lithobates sylvaticus 3579: 3564: 3493:Northern leopard frog 3491: 3388: 3371: 3309:Paedophryne amauensis 3295: 1146:Gerobatrachus hottoni 1117:Gerobatrachus hottoni 1108:Palaeobatrachus gigas 1100: 981:Pelophylax esculentus 928: 895:Gastrotheca guentheri 847: 257: 32:Frog (disambiguation) 16644:Fauna Europaea (new) 16207:families by suborder 15728:(salamanders + frogs 15433:(aquatic caecilians) 15401:(African caecilians) 14163:Brownlee, Christen. 14017:on January 29, 2016. 13931:Conservation Biology 13712:on October 29, 2013. 13641:Conservation Biology 13413:Conservation Biology 12708:Animal Diversity Web 12329:Chiromantis hansenae 10015:Crotaphytus collaris 9649:Wilmer, Pat (2009). 9300:Nafis, Gary (2012). 8191:"Couch's spadefoot ( 8087:Vincent, L. (2001). 7934:Colgan, P.V (1982). 7179:Evolutionary Biology 6736:(January 11, 2008). 6506:"frog, n.1 and adj." 5855:experimental animals 5284:granular poison frog 4907:, feeding mostly on 4833:Ischnocnema henselii 4550:. These include the 4548:convergent evolution 4507:green burrowing frog 4499:western spotted frog 3863:nictitating membrane 3372:Webbed hind foot of 1870:Calyptocephalellidae 1349:associated with the 1247:, was discovered in 1178:, the presence of a 934:Atelopus zeteki 853:Bombina bombina 788:, first attested as 774:Meanwhile, the word 16345:Amphignathodontidae 16016:(frogs crown group) 15854:Batrachosauroididae 15496:(common caecilians) 14766:Scientific American 14672:American Naturalist 14294:(18): 11598–11606. 14288:Journal of Virology 14231:as a genetic model" 14204:Dynamic Development 14175:on October 14, 2012 14114:Sarkar, S. (1996). 14089:"Stannius ligature" 13943:2009ConBi..23.1056W 13890:. Australian Museum 13528:2010BMCE...10....6V 13425:1997ConBi..11.1307P 13392:on October 27, 2017 13349:2004Sci...306.1783S 13343:(5702): 1783–1786. 13246:2009JBiog..36..896D 12978:2004PNAS..101.8045S 12869:1983SciAm.248b.120M 12857:Scientific American 12833:10.1038/nature04297 12824:2006Natur.440..208D 12733:Rhinoderma darwinii 12702:Rheobatrachus silus 12698:Semeyn, E. (2002). 12565:Alytes obstetricans 12286:American Naturalist 12219:(3 Pt 2): 559–568. 12094:1979TPBio..16..144P 11846:2023FWebs..3500281D 11637:2013EnvMR...5..899K 11532:Stebbins, Robert C. 11482:10.1093/icb/40.1.62 11389:(Dicroglossidae)". 11274:2020ZooAn.284...78G 11229:Stebbins, Robert C. 11178:1995PNAS...92.3507W 11092:1942Ecol...23..215G 11076:Ambystoma maculatum 10782:2014PLoSO...9k5884I 10696:1978Natur.274..683D 10651:Stebbins, Robert C. 10618:on January 18, 2010 10510:Phyllomedusa ayeaye 10396:"A revision of the 9943:2005FuEco..19...67B 9545:Scientific American 9157:Stebbins, Robert C. 9031:1964SciAm.210c.110M 9011:Scientific American 8855:on January 21, 2008 8750:(Pt 8): 1361–1368. 8236:Stebbins, Robert C. 8064:Tesler, P. (1999). 8034:on November 4, 2013 8028:National Geographic 7976:2014JSAES..55..133O 7847:2011MolPE..61..543A 7663:2020NatSR..10.5051M 7604:2008PNAS..105.2951E 7545:2017PNAS..114E5864F 7539:(29): E5864–E5870. 7460:1974PNAS...71.3028W 7388:1995Natur.377...49S 7191:2009EvBio..36..336M 7141:10.1038/nature06865 7133:2008Natur.453..515A 6634:(Online ed.). 6600:(Online ed.). 6549:(Online ed.). 6515:(Online ed.). 6474:(Online ed.). 6408:. Paris: Hachette. 6088:Phyllobates bicolor 6029:Colorado River toad 5883:African clawed frog 5838:Frogs are used for 5827:In November, 1970, 5813:Scientific research 5526:Thamnophis sirtalis 5522:common garter snake 5458:Lithodytes lineatus 5379:Ranitomeya imitator 5357:Rhinoderma darwinii 5306:Alytes obstetricans 5302:common midwife toad 5288:Oophaga granulifera 5264:(water-filled leaf 5231:Alytes obstetricans 5227:common midwife toad 4733:and members of the 4596:Phyllomedusa ayeaye 4590:on their feet. The 4337:Walking and running 4283:Indian skipper frog 4247:striped rocket frog 4093:. The calls of the 4020:coastal tailed frog 4003:Atelopus franciscus 3942:Atelopus franciscus 3915:Anaxyrus terrestris 3770:Reproductive system 3700:Titicaca water frog 2011:Eleutherodactylidae 1366:Antarctic Peninsula 1271:. Like the latter, 1180:frontoparietal bone 1168:presacral vertebrae 1082:rather than within 1063:temnospondyl-origin 1023:molecular phylogeny 837:(646 spp.) are the 713:Proto-Indo-European 350:tropical rainforest 221:, 1806 (as Anoures) 27:Order of amphibians 15141:Gymnophionomorpha 14229:Xenopus tropicalis 13108:Bufo a. americanus 12192:on August 18, 2012 11988:Journal of Zoology 11873:Journal of Zoology 10374:(Boulenger, 1882)" 9931:Functional Ecology 9687:on August 10, 2012 9655:. Wiley. pp. 9308:. California Herps 9267:Journal of Zoology 9242:on August 18, 2012 9080:(1717): 20160065. 8900:. pp. 83–98. 8696:Telmatobius culeus 8481:Journal of Zoology 7915:. January 12, 2012 7712:The New York Times 7651:Scientific Reports 7310:Roček, Z. (2000). 7053:Systematic Biology 7012:Systematic Biology 6971:Systematic Biology 6169:of the 1908 novel 6102: 6056:golden poison frog 5998: 5990:Golden poison frog 5943:Xenopus tropicalis 5844:biological systems 5823:Frogs in captivity 5759: 5682:Ribeiroia ondatrae 5667: 5609: 5556: 5517:Blarina brevicauda 5439: 5394: 5383: 5250: 5235: 5201:). The cane toad ( 5168: 5097:and reptiles, and 5059: 4868: 4828:Direct development 4774: 4674: 4642: 4631:Life cycle of the 4540: 4529: 4474: 4454:existence, it was 4414: 4352: 4238: 4073:Pseudacris regilla 4057: 4007: 3991: 3955:tympanic membranes 3947: 3883:red-eyed tree frog 3849: 3716: 3704:Telmatobius culeus 3621:Pseudacris regilla 3595:Some species have 3593: 3574: 3501: 3482:Ribeiroia ondatrae 3459:Scaphiopus couchii 3406:African dwarf frog 3398: 3383: 3303: 2126:Leptodactyliformes 1351:Chicxulub impactor 1324:chromosome numbers 1112: 1055:lobe-finned fishes 938: 857: 839:richest in species 722:, meaning 'jump'. 651:Germanic languages 393:ward off predators 309:is known from the 273: 16799: 16798: 16745:Open Tree of Life 16493:Taxon identifiers 16484: 16483: 16170: 16169: 16066: 16065: 16048: 16047: 16044: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16035: 16018: 15946: 15932: 15931: 15914: 15863:Batrachosauroides 15750: 15732: 15711: 15710: 15707: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15653: 15607: 15540: 15498: 15435: 15403: 15378: 15346: 15341:Scolecomorphidae 15324: 15323: 15299: 15273: 15272: 15241: 15222: 15204:Albanerpetontidae 15146: 15106: 15105: 15052:Albanerpetontidae 15035: 15034: 15031: 15030: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15011: 15008: 15007: 14787: – From the 14718:978-0-7301-0468-1 14658:978-0-253-34280-5 14602:978-1-877019-69-2 14583:978-1-55297-869-6 14576:. Firefly Books. 14553:978-1-86189-920-0 14528:978-1-86189-920-0 14503:978-0-691-14968-4 14095:. October 3, 2005 13872:978-0-670-90123-4 13842:on April 21, 2012 13625:978-0-14-024646-9 13618:. Penguin Books. 13092:978-0-00-219964-3 13037:10.1021/np010506a 12972:(21): 8045–8050. 12913:978-0-916984-16-8 12818:(7081): 208–211. 12537:Amphibia-Reptilia 12345:10.1643/CH-07-225 12265:978-0-12-004525-9 12024:978-0-691-14968-4 11981:(Anura: Ranidae)" 11943:Herpetology Notes 11869:Xenohyla truncata 11787:978-0-691-14968-4 11762:978-0-691-14968-4 11545:978-0-691-03281-8 11242:978-0-691-03281-8 10963:978-1-55297-613-5 10912:978-0-691-14968-4 10834:978-0-8014-4374-9 10690:(5672): 683–685. 10664:978-0-691-03281-8 10493:978-0-241-90338-4 10111:10.1242/jeb.00761 10104:(Pt 3): 399–410. 9814:978-1-85310-740-5 9517:10.1242/jeb.02594 9510:(24): 4984–4993. 9430:978-0-9832151-0-3 9405:978-1-85310-740-5 9279:10.1111/jzo.12154 9170:978-0-691-03281-8 9139:978-1-85310-740-5 8995:978-1-85310-740-5 8827:978-0-03-030504-7 8757:10.1242/jeb.00885 8561:10.1111/zoj.12222 8528:978-0-7232-1503-5 8372:978-0-486-21973-8 8345:978-0-02-612190-3 8320:978-1-85310-740-5 8249:978-0-691-03281-8 8193:Scaphiopus couchi 8105:on April 22, 2004 7881:Flam, F. (1995). 7428:978-0-253-34870-8 7360:978-0-520-24209-8 7328:978-0-949324-87-0 7127:(7194): 515–518. 6734:Cannatella, David 6671:978-0-13-100849-6 6642:(Subscription or 6608:(Subscription or 6557:(Subscription or 6523:(Subscription or 6482:(Subscription or 6443:www.tabularium.be 6437:Bailly, Anatole. 6282:978-1-85310-740-5 6127:depicted the god 6125:ancient Egyptians 6072:homobatrachotoxin 6045:recreational drug 6035:). These contain 6010:poison dart frogs 5977:Genome database. 5909:cloned a frog by 5879:Stannius ligature 5772:American bullfrog 5443:poison dart frogs 5414:poison dart frogs 5376:The mildly toxic 5187:Skeletochronology 5104:Xenohyla truncata 5048: 4786:smoky jungle frog 4764:Eggs / frogspawn 4705:Great Plains toad 4690:Spea multiplicata 4572:boundary friction 4139:American bullfrog 4069:Pacific tree frog 4061:American bullfrog 4049: 3997: 3959:electrical tuning 3936: 3895:fire-bellied toad 3822:medulla oblongata 3617:Pacific tree frog 3455:Couch's spadefoot 3414:White's tree frog 3390:Tyler's tree frog 3318:snout–vent length 3284: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3116: 3115: 3060: 3059: 3004: 3003: 2994:Ceratobatrachidae 2951: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2856:Phrynobatrachidae 2785: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2729:Laurentobatrachia 2718: 2717: 2680:Xenosyneunitanura 2626: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2209: 2068: 2067: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2035: 1954:Brachycephaloidea 1926: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1857:Australobatrachia 1829: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1810:Nasikabatrachidae 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1605: 1604: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1456: 1455: 1399:(2006), Heinicke 1290:Vieraella herbsti 1253:Kayenta Formation 1192:, from the early 880:fused, elongated 346:species diversity 322:million years ago 294:(coming from the 252: 251: 222: 16:(Redirected from 16872: 16840: 16839: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16807: 16792: 16791: 16779: 16778: 16766: 16765: 16753: 16752: 16740: 16739: 16730: 16729: 16717: 16716: 16714:NHMSYS0000375308 16704: 16703: 16691: 16690: 16678: 16677: 16665: 16664: 16652: 16651: 16639: 16638: 16626: 16625: 16613: 16612: 16600: 16599: 16587: 16586: 16574: 16573: 16561: 16560: 16548: 16547: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16488: 16487: 16478:Frogs portal 16476: 16475: 16474: 16360:Brachycephalidae 16287: 16252:Archaeobatrachia 16197: 16190: 16183: 16174: 16173: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16070: 16069: 16017: 16014: 15999: 15989: 15979: 15969: 15959: 15951: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15913: 15910: 15852: 15808: 15793: 15783: 15773: 15763: 15755: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15738: 15737: 15731: 15726: 15717: 15716: 15652: 15649: 15606: 15603: 15539: 15536: 15507: 15497: 15494: 15479: 15434: 15431: 15402: 15399: 15377: 15374: 15345: 15342: 15337: 15336: 15298: 15295: 15290: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15240: 15237: 15236:Rhinatrematidae 15232: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15221: 15218: 15201: 15190: 15180: 15170: 15160: 15152: 15151: 15145: 15142: 15133: 15132: 15125: 15120: 15114: 15050: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15040: 14968: 14967: 14941: 14940: 14910: 14909: 14901: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14846: 14845: 14831: 14824: 14817: 14808: 14807: 14738:Gallery of Frogs 14722: 14703: 14662: 14643: 14606: 14587: 14558: 14557: 14539: 14533: 14532: 14514: 14508: 14507: 14489: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14456: 14447: 14446: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14393: 14369: 14363: 14362: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14313: 14303: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14263:on July 13, 2019 14259:. Archived from 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14238: 14222: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14171:. Archived from 14160: 14154: 14153: 14143: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14068: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14052:. April 25, 2011 14042: 14036: 14035: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14013:. Archived from 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13983:Rana catesbeiana 13977: 13971: 13970: 13937:(4): 1056–1059. 13926: 13920: 13919: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13895: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13863:Australian Frogs 13858: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13847: 13832: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13780: 13774: 13773: 13763: 13745: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13705:. Archived from 13688: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13636: 13630: 13629: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13594: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13549: 13539: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13419:(6): 1307–1322. 13408: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13391: 13385:. Archived from 13360: 13334: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13298: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13156:on March 6, 2004 13146: 13140: 13139: 13122:(4): 1011–1015. 13103: 13097: 13096: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13055: 13049: 13048: 13016: 13010: 13009: 12999: 12989: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12949:on July 4, 2011. 12948: 12942:. Archived from 12933: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12905: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12835: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12717: 12715: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12671:Assa darlingtoni 12665: 12659: 12658: 12648: 12638: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12473:on April 4, 2016 12472: 12466:. Archived from 12433: 12415: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12374:(6): 1534–1543. 12363: 12357: 12356: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12281: 12270: 12269: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12188:. Archived from 12177: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12112:. Archived from 12079: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12054:on June 23, 2012 12050:. Archived from 12035: 12029: 12028: 12010: 12004: 12003: 11985: 11979:Rana hexadactyla 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11940: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11911:on April 7, 2014 11910: 11904:. Archived from 11903: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11697: 11687: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11616: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11588: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11504:(4): 1007–1009. 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11397:(4): 1012–1018. 11382: 11376: 11375: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11225: 11210: 11209: 11199: 11189: 11172:(8): 3507–3510. 11157: 11151: 11150: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10858: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10803: 10793: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10704:10.1038/274683a0 10675: 10669: 10668: 10647: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10541:(8): 1931–1946. 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10460: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10404: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10307:"Scaphiopodidae" 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10272: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10237: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10198: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10169: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10137:Kassina maculata 10130: 10124: 10123: 10113: 10092:Kassina maculata 10085: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10071: 10061: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9984: 9973: 9972: 9954: 9922: 9911: 9910: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9800: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9716: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9614:(3): R836–R843. 9601: 9595: 9594: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9475:. Archived from 9468: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9452:on March 9, 2012 9448:. Archived from 9441: 9435: 9434: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9391: 9378: 9377: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9333: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9196:(8): 2962–2973. 9181: 9175: 9174: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9125: 9116: 9115: 9105: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8981: 8970: 8969: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8906: 8895: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8845: 8832: 8831: 8815: 8805: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8759: 8731: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8669:. Archived from 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8306: 8297: 8296: 8271:(707): 530–540. 8260: 8254: 8253: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8091:Litoria caerulea 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8061: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8030:. Archived from 8024:"How frogs jump" 8019: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7878: 7869: 7868: 7858: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7801: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7767: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7709: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7674: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7615: 7598:(8): 2951–2956. 7583: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7556: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7471: 7454:(8): 3028–3030. 7439: 7433: 7432: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7396:10.1038/377049a0 7371: 7365: 7364: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7316: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7176: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7096:. Archived from 7085: 7079: 7078: 7068: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7027: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6876: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6812: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6730: 6721: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6554: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6520: 6508: 6501: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6467: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6212: 6190:and in the game 6177:Michigan J. Frog 6111:Frogs in culture 5971:Nanorana parkeri 5963:Rana catesbeiana 5875:electric current 5776:Rana catesbeiana 5729:invasive species 5636:chytridiomycosis 5506:Rana catesbeiana 5495:vasoconstrictors 5467:corroboree frogs 5419:Allobates zaparo 5333:Assa darlingtoni 5246:Assa darlingtoni 5207:Rana catesbeiana 5049: 5026: 5014: 4998: 4661:Male and female 4387:Kassina maculata 4280: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4143:Rana catesbeiana 4133:in which to lie 4099:Amolops tormotus 4050: 4032:common tree frog 4017: 3998: 3953:; the eardrums ( 3937: 3891:poison dart frog 3858:binocular vision 3693:pulmonary artery 3570:Assa darlingtoni 3540:Woodhouse's toad 3418:Litoria caerulea 3314:Papua New Guinea 3084: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2979:Nyctibatrachidae 2972: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2910: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2871: 2870: 2849: 2848: 2827: 2826: 2802: 2801: 2735: 2734: 2686: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2495: 2494: 2473: 2472: 2418: 2417: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2367: 2366: 2345: 2344: 2281: 2280: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2178: 2177: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2107: 2106: 2082: 2081: 2004: 2003: 1989:Brachycephalidae 1982: 1981: 1960: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1885: 1884: 1863: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1765:Phthanobatrachia 1746: 1745: 1679: 1678: 1654: 1653: 1632: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1573: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1505: 1504: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1472: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1341:, and the clade 1314: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1244:Prosalirus bitis 1228:Chinle Formation 1214:). The skull of 942:Archaeobatrachia 833:(744 spp.), and 796: 783: 770: 736: 730: 725:How Old English 721: 710: 697: 679: 670: 661: 640: 630: 624: 618: 612: 595: 589: 583: 577: 571: 491:chytridiomycosis 446:and part of the 335: 320: 302: 301: 243: 217: 152: 151: 133: 123: 60: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 16880: 16879: 16875: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16869: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16834: 16824: 16822: 16812: 16810: 16802: 16800: 16795: 16787: 16782: 16774: 16769: 16761: 16756: 16748: 16743: 16735: 16733: 16725: 16720: 16712: 16707: 16699: 16694: 16686: 16681: 16673: 16668: 16660: 16655: 16647: 16642: 16634: 16629: 16621: 16616: 16608: 16603: 16595: 16590: 16582: 16577: 16569: 16564: 16556: 16551: 16543: 16538: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16495: 16485: 16480: 16472: 16470: 16464: 16455:Rhinodermatidae 16415:Leptodactylidae 16331: 16288: 16279: 16246: 16208: 16201: 16171: 16166: 16136: 16104: 16097: 16067: 16062: 16032: 16015: 16007: 15992:Triadobatrachus 15962:Czatkobatrachus 15943: 15941: 15939: 15928: 15911: 15903: 15891:Peratosauroides 15845: 15801: 15776:Kulgeriherpeton 15747: 15745: 15743: 15734: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15695: 15669:Luetkenotyphlus 15650: 15642: 15604: 15596: 15537: 15535:Grandisoniidae 15529: 15495: 15487: 15432: 15430:Typhlonectidae 15424: 15400: 15392: 15375: 15367: 15343: 15333: 15320: 15296: 15294:Ichthyophiidae 15282: 15269: 15238: 15224: 15219: 15210: 15193:Chinlestegophis 15183:Rubricacaecilia 15148: 15143: 15134: 15127: 15102: 15027: 15004: 14984: 14957: 14926: 14920:Tetrapodomorpha 14905:Tetrapodomorpha 14895: 14851: 14850: 14840: 14835: 14804: 14776: 14755:, 20 April 1992 14729: 14719: 14659: 14603: 14584: 14566: 14564:Further reading 14561: 14554: 14540: 14536: 14529: 14515: 14511: 14504: 14490: 14486: 14457: 14450: 14419: 14415: 14391:10.1.1.688.5926 14370: 14366: 14331: 14327: 14280: 14276: 14266: 14264: 14251: 14250: 14246: 14236: 14234: 14223: 14219: 14209: 14207: 14192: 14188: 14178: 14176: 14161: 14157: 14112: 14108: 14098: 14096: 14087: 14086: 14082: 14069: 14065: 14055: 14053: 14044: 14043: 14039: 14026: 14022: 14004: 14000: 13990: 13988: 13979: 13978: 13974: 13927: 13923: 13907: 13903: 13893: 13891: 13884: 13880: 13873: 13859: 13855: 13845: 13843: 13834: 13833: 13829: 13819: 13817: 13816:on May 12, 2008 13808: 13807: 13803: 13793: 13791: 13781: 13777: 13743:10.2307/3454299 13721: 13717: 13709: 13686: 13680: 13676: 13637: 13633: 13626: 13612: 13608: 13567: 13563: 13500: 13496: 13486: 13484: 13475: 13474: 13470: 13460: 13458: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13409: 13405: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13358:10.1.1.225.9620 13332: 13326: 13322: 13312: 13310: 13299: 13295: 13285: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13269: 13230: 13226: 13216: 13214: 13204: 13200: 13190: 13188: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13157: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13128:10.2307/1445987 13104: 13100: 13093: 13079: 13075: 13065: 13063: 13056: 13052: 13017: 13013: 12958: 12954: 12946: 12931: 12925: 12921: 12914: 12896: 12892: 12853: 12849: 12804: 12800: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12727: 12723: 12713: 12711: 12696: 12692: 12682: 12680: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12623:Biology Letters 12615: 12611: 12601: 12599: 12598:on June 3, 2013 12590: 12589: 12585: 12575: 12573: 12561: 12560: 12556: 12529: 12525: 12510:10.2307/1565037 12490: 12486: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12431:10.1.1.693.8392 12413: 12407: 12403: 12364: 12360: 12325: 12321: 12282: 12273: 12266: 12244: 12240: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12193: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12128: 12124: 12116: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12038:Graham, Donna. 12036: 12032: 12025: 12011: 12007: 11983: 11973: 11969: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11938: 11928: 11924: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11901: 11897: 11896: 11892: 11865: 11861: 11825: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11799: 11795: 11788: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11723: 11719: 11664: 11660: 11617: 11613: 11606: 11602: 11557: 11553: 11546: 11529: 11525: 11510:10.2307/1445301 11494: 11490: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11430: 11426: 11383: 11379: 11364: 11360: 11309: 11305: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11226: 11213: 11158: 11154: 11139:10.2307/1563783 11119: 11115: 11100:10.2307/1931088 11072: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11041: 11037: 11027: 11025: 11010: 11006: 10991:10.2307/1447647 10975: 10971: 10964: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10934: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10856: 10846: 10842: 10835: 10821: 10817: 10776:(12): e115884. 10762: 10758: 10743:10.2307/1564026 10723: 10719: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10648: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10591: 10589: 10574: 10570: 10547:10.2307/2409604 10531: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10443:(10): 689–697. 10429: 10425: 10417: 10402: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10290: 10288: 10279:Spea bombifrons 10273: 10266: 10258: 10240:Current Science 10235: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10199: 10192: 10182: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10131: 10127: 10086: 10082: 10072: 10034: 10030: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9985: 9976: 9923: 9914: 9875: 9871: 9834:Biology Letters 9826: 9822: 9815: 9801: 9794: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9714: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9647: 9643: 9602: 9598: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9537: 9533: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9479:on May 13, 2012 9469: 9465: 9455: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9392: 9381: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9336:Current Science 9331: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9298: 9294: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9126: 9119: 9066: 9062: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8982: 8973: 8966: 8950: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8924: 8920: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8847: 8846: 8835: 8828: 8806: 8799: 8789: 8787: 8786:on June 3, 2010 8778: 8777: 8773: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8673:on May 11, 2016 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8628: 8624: 8573: 8569: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8515: 8508: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8427:10.2307/1564085 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8307: 8300: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8233: 8229: 8214: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8149: 8145: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8062: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8020: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7889:on May 13, 2013 7879: 7872: 7827: 7823: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7702: 7698: 7643: 7639: 7584: 7580: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7415: 7411: 7382:(6544): 49–52. 7372: 7368: 7361: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7259:Biology Letters 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7221: 7214: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7100:on May 25, 2008 7086: 7082: 7045: 7041: 7004: 7000: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6874: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6838: 6834: 6810:10.1.1.470.2967 6792: 6788: 6773:10.2307/1466954 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6731: 6724: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6658: 6651: 6641: 6625:"tadpole, n.1." 6621: 6617: 6607: 6587: 6583: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6502: 6491: 6481: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6435: 6431: 6416: 6402: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6334:Atelopus zeteki 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6303:Bombina bombina 6297: 6290: 6283: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6243: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6213: 6206: 6202: 6188:Kermit the Frog 6162:The Frog Prince 6149:plague of frogs 6113: 6107: 6039:(5-MeO-DMT), a 5983: 5967:Rhinella marina 5915:Dolly the sheep 5895:Lancelot Hogben 5825: 5815: 5803:prairie chicken 5748: 5742: 5737: 5709:Rhinella marina 5605:Bufo periglenes 5594: 5588: 5540: 5531:Bufo americanus 5511:Hyla versicolor 5428:Bombina bombina 5406:parotoid glands 5370: 5275:Oophaga pumilio 5219: 5203:Rhinella marina 5042: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5018: 5015: 5006: 5003:Rana temporaria 4999: 4968: 4960:Rhinella marina 4860: 4766: 4761: 4753:L. larvaepartus 4740:Nectophrynoides 4714:Nimbaphrynoides 4647: 4635: 4625: 4584:Phyllomedusinae 4576:surface tension 4482:Spea bombifrons 4456:first described 4303:Cuban tree frog 4295:Acris crepitans 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4196: 4127:Bufo americanus 4111: 4075:) produces the 4065:Rana catesbiana 4054:banded bullfrog 4045: 4015: 3993: 3977: 3971: 3929: 3927: 3854: 3813: 3778: 3772: 3764:urinary bladder 3721: 3645: 3556:dermal papillae 3544:Bufo woodhousii 3511:granular glands 3506: 3473:dragonfly nymph 3441:surface tension 3379:Rana temporaria 3376: 3339:musculoskeletal 3334: 3326:Conraua goliath 3290: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3117: 3061: 3015:Saukrobatrachia 3005: 2952: 2943: 2904:Pyxicephaloidea 2786: 2777: 2768: 2719: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2517:Rhinodermatidae 2460: 2451: 2374:Odontophrynidae 2332: 2323: 2314: 2266:Leptodactylidae 2229: 2220: 2211: 2150:Agastorophrynia 2069: 2055: 2046: 2037: 1927: 1918: 1907:Limnodynastidae 1830: 1821: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1606: 1547: 1538: 1457: 1381: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1281:Triadobatrachus 1269:Triadobatrachus 1224:Triadobatrachus 1216:Triadobatrachus 1212:Triadobatrachus 1138:common ancestor 1019: 1001:Bombina bombina 966:pectoral girdle 908:lens of the eye 821:, of which the 803: 689:Common Germanic 564:alpha privative 549: 541:Atelopus zeteki 533:Bombina bombina 503: 464:breeding season 333: 318: 306:Triadobatrachus 261:Mantella baroni 216: 146: 124: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 54: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16878: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16845: 16844: 16832: 16820: 16797: 16796: 16794: 16793: 16780: 16767: 16754: 16741: 16731: 16718: 16705: 16692: 16679: 16666: 16653: 16640: 16631:Fauna Europaea 16627: 16614: 16601: 16588: 16575: 16562: 16549: 16536: 16521: 16505: 16503: 16497: 16496: 16482: 16481: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16440:Pyxicephalidae 16437: 16435:Petropedetidae 16432: 16430:Myobatrachidae 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16395:Hemiphractidae 16392: 16390:Heleophrynidae 16387: 16382: 16380:Craugastoridae 16377: 16372: 16367: 16365:Brevicipitidae 16362: 16357: 16355:Arthroleptidae 16352: 16347: 16341: 16339: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16327:Rhinophrynidae 16324: 16322:Scaphiopodidae 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16298: 16296: 16290: 16289: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16275:Leiopelmatidae 16272: 16270:Discoglossidae 16267: 16265:Bombinatoridae 16262: 16256: 16254: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16238: 16232: 16226: 16220: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16200: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16177: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16158: 16152: 16146: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16128: 16122: 16116: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16096: 16095: 16088: 16081: 16073: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16060: 16053: 16050: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16022: 16020: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16005: 15995: 15985: 15975: 15965: 15954: 15948: 15934: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15918: 15916: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15866: 15858: 15856: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15836: 15829: 15822: 15814: 15812: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15799: 15789: 15779: 15769: 15758: 15752: 15735: 15720: 15713: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15693: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15662:Brasilotyphlus 15657: 15655: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15637:Schistometopum 15633: 15626: 15619: 15611: 15609: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15594: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15566: 15559: 15552: 15544: 15542: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15520: 15513: 15502: 15500: 15489: 15488: 15486: 15485: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15447: 15439: 15437: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15415: 15407: 15405: 15394: 15393: 15391: 15390: 15382: 15380: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15365: 15362:Scolecomorphus 15358: 15350: 15348: 15334: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15318: 15311: 15303: 15301: 15283: 15280:Stegokrotaphia 15278: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15245: 15243: 15225: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15197: 15186: 15176: 15166: 15155: 15149: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15093: 15086: 15079: 15072: 15065: 15057: 15055: 15037: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15002: 15001: 15000: 14994: 14992: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14978:Dissorophoidea 14971: 14965: 14963:Dissorophoidea 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14953: 14944: 14938: 14932:Batrachomorpha 14928: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14922: 14913: 14907: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14882: 14873: 14864: 14858: 14842: 14841: 14834: 14833: 14826: 14819: 14811: 14802: 14801: 14791: 14782: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14770: 14762: 14756: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14728: 14727:External links 14725: 14724: 14723: 14717: 14711:. Reed Books. 14704: 14684:10.1086/429523 14678:(5): 590–599. 14663: 14657: 14644: 14626:(2): 228–237. 14614: 14607: 14601: 14588: 14582: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14559: 14552: 14534: 14527: 14509: 14502: 14484: 14448: 14429:(6): 521–538. 14413: 14384:(3): 267–290. 14364: 14345:(1–2): 85–91. 14325: 14274: 14244: 14217: 14186: 14155: 14126:(3): 655–660. 14106: 14093:Biology online 14080: 14063: 14037: 14020: 13998: 13972: 13921: 13901: 13878: 13871: 13853: 13827: 13801: 13775: 13715: 13674: 13647:(1): 106–117. 13631: 13624: 13606: 13585:(2): 307–318. 13573:Rana sylvatica 13561: 13494: 13483:. July 7, 2006 13468: 13446: 13403: 13320: 13293: 13267: 13240:(5): 896–904. 13224: 13208:"Story: Frogs" 13198: 13187:on May 5, 2012 13167: 13150:"Freaky Frogs" 13141: 13098: 13091: 13073: 13050: 13011: 12952: 12919: 12912: 12890: 12863:(2): 120–133. 12847: 12798: 12771:(4): 957–959. 12751: 12721: 12690: 12660: 12629:(3): 293–296. 12609: 12583: 12554: 12523: 12504:(1): 102–105. 12484: 12401: 12358: 12339:(4): 733–736. 12319: 12298:10.1086/650727 12292:(4): 436–446. 12271: 12264: 12238: 12203: 12172: 12142:(4): 986–993. 12122: 12088:(2): 144–158. 12065: 12030: 12023: 12005: 11994:(4): 785–794. 11967: 11922: 11890: 11879:(4): 692–698. 11859: 11819: 11793: 11786: 11768: 11761: 11743: 11717: 11658: 11631:(6): 899–903. 11611: 11600: 11551: 11544: 11523: 11488: 11455: 11424: 11377: 11358: 11303: 11248: 11241: 11211: 11152: 11123:Rana sylvatica 11113: 11086:(2): 215–227. 11066: 11035: 11004: 10985:(4): 852–859. 10969: 10962: 10944: 10918: 10911: 10893: 10840: 10833: 10815: 10756: 10737:(2): 176–179. 10717: 10670: 10663: 10629: 10599: 10568: 10525: 10499: 10492: 10472: 10423: 10386: 10360: 10324: 10298: 10264: 10246:(2): 213–216. 10219: 10190: 10161: 10125: 10080: 10052:(1): 273–288. 10028: 10005: 9974: 9912: 9869: 9840:(3): 386–389. 9820: 9813: 9792: 9779:(3): 413–420. 9759: 9731:10.1086/525290 9725:(2): 176–185. 9710:Litoria nasuta 9698: 9672: 9665: 9641: 9596: 9577:(4): 557–563. 9557: 9531: 9490: 9471:Aristophanes. 9463: 9436: 9429: 9411: 9404: 9379: 9352: 9319: 9304:Ascaphus truei 9292: 9253: 9227: 9176: 9169: 9145: 9138: 9117: 9060: 9001: 8994: 8971: 8965:978-0195084764 8964: 8941: 8918: 8881: 8866: 8833: 8826: 8797: 8771: 8726: 8715: 8684: 8653: 8622: 8601:10.1086/378253 8593:10.1086/378253 8587:(4): 461–473. 8567: 8554:(4): 913–928. 8534: 8527: 8506: 8467: 8460: 8440: 8421:(3): 313–328. 8405: 8378: 8371: 8351: 8344: 8326: 8319: 8298: 8277:10.1086/280458 8255: 8248: 8227: 8208: 8182: 8143: 8132:(3): 199–216. 8116: 8079: 8045: 8011: 8000: 7989: 7953: 7947:978-0851122359 7946: 7926: 7900: 7870: 7841:(2): 543–583. 7821: 7787: 7737: 7696: 7637: 7578: 7519: 7508:. July 3, 2017 7493: 7434: 7427: 7409: 7366: 7359: 7341: 7327: 7302: 7245: 7212: 7185:(3): 336–338. 7162: 7111: 7080: 7059:(4): 466–481. 7039: 7018:(3): 369–388. 6998: 6977:(3): 391–400. 6957: 6925:10.1086/429523 6919:(5): 590–599. 6899: 6858: 6832: 6786: 6751: 6722: 6704: 6677: 6670: 6649: 6615: 6581: 6571:Jerzy Wełna, ' 6564: 6530: 6489: 6455: 6429: 6415:978-2010035289 6414: 6396: 6377: 6358: 6322: 6288: 6281: 6263: 6234: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6157:Brothers Grimm 6109:Main article: 6106: 6103: 6100:frog sculpture 5982: 5981:Pharmaceutical 5979: 5955:Xenopus laevis 5938:Xenopus laevis 5930:model organism 5907:Thomas J. King 5887:Xenopus laevis 5873:for measuring 5867:nervous system 5848:animal welfare 5814: 5811: 5744:Main article: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5691:ramshorn snail 5587: 5584: 5576:Rana sylvatica 5539: 5536: 5369: 5366: 5218: 5215: 5211:Rana sylvatica 5139:, fish, large 5131:) is eaten by 5054:Xenopus laevis 5039: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5009: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4980:gut microbiota 4967: 4964: 4952:domestic ducks 4936:diving beetles 4859: 4856: 4813:photosynthesis 4805:Rana sylvatica 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4646: 4643: 4638:Rana clamitans 4624: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4588:opposable toes 4519: 4518: 4431: 4430: 4399: 4398: 4356:Rhinophrynidae 4339: 4338: 4251:Litoria nasuta 4243: 4242: 4195: 4192: 4110: 4107: 4024:Ascaphus truei 3970: 3967: 3926: 3923: 3907:Dyscophus spp. 3853: 3850: 3830:cranial nerves 3812: 3811:Nervous system 3809: 3790:efferent ducts 3771: 3768: 3720: 3717: 3714:12 Cloaca 3654:buccal pumping 3644: 3641: 3505: 3502: 3436:Arboreal frogs 3394:Litoria tyleri 3333: 3330: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050:Dicroglossidae 3046: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932:Pyxicephalidae 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917:Petropedetidae 2913: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757:Arthroleptidae 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693:Brevicipitidae 2689: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2672: 2671:Afrobatrachia 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2403:Cycloramphidae 2399: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352:Ceratophryidae 2348: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2253:Diphyabatracea 2247: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2101:Athesphatanura 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089:Hemiphractidae 2085: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026:Craugastoridae 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1967:Ceuthomantidae 1963: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892:Myobatrachidae 1888: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753:Heleophrynidae 1749: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639:Scaphiopodidae 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595:Rhinophrynidae 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527:Discoglossidae 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490:Bombinatoridae 1486: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431:Leiopelmatidae 1427: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1380: 1377: 1362:Seymour Island 1261:Early Jurassic 1103:Czech Republic 1067:neobatrachians 1059:lissamphibians 1018: 1015: 827:Strabomantidae 802: 799: 790:Middle English 548: 545: 502: 499: 456:semi-permeable 454:. The skin is 311:Early Triassic 287:composing the 250: 249: 245: 244: 236: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 211: 207: 206: 201: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 140: 139: 135: 134: 126: 125: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 47:Early Jurassic 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16877: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16831: 16821: 16819: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16790: 16785: 16781: 16777: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16746: 16742: 16738: 16732: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16710: 16706: 16702: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16684: 16680: 16676: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16606: 16602: 16598: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16567: 16563: 16559: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16541: 16537: 16532: 16526: 16522: 16517: 16511: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16498: 16494: 16489: 16479: 16467: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450:Rhacophoridae 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16385:Dendrobatidae 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16375:Centrolenidae 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16334: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16295: 16294:Mesobatrachia 16291: 16286: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16253: 16249: 16243: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16225: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16214: 16211: 16206: 16198: 16193: 16191: 16186: 16184: 16179: 16178: 16175: 16162: 16159: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16133: 16129: 16127: 16123: 16121: 16117: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16107: 16102: 16094: 16089: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16075: 16074: 16071: 16059: 16055: 16054: 16051: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16019: 16010: 16004: 16003: 15996: 15994: 15993: 15986: 15984: 15983: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15972:Notobatrachus 15966: 15964: 15963: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15935: 15922: 15921: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15877:Palaeoproteus 15874: 15872: 15871: 15870:Opisthotriton 15867: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15855: 15848: 15842: 15841: 15840:Marmorerpeton 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15811: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15780: 15778: 15777: 15770: 15768: 15767: 15760: 15759: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15739: 15736: 15733: 15718: 15714: 15692: 15691: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15683:Mimosiphonops 15680: 15678: 15677: 15676:Microcaecilia 15673: 15671: 15670: 15666: 15664: 15663: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15654: 15648:Siphonopidae 15645: 15639: 15638: 15634: 15632: 15631: 15627: 15625: 15624: 15620: 15618: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15602:Dermophiidae 15599: 15593: 15592: 15591:Sylvacaecilia 15588: 15586: 15585: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15560: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15521: 15519: 15518: 15514: 15512: 15511: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15499: 15490: 15484: 15483: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15465:Potamotyphlus 15462: 15460: 15459: 15458:Nectocaecilia 15455: 15453: 15452: 15451:Chthonerpeton 15448: 15446: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15436: 15427: 15421: 15420: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15404: 15395: 15389: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15355:Crotaphatrema 15352: 15351: 15349: 15347: 15338: 15335: 15332: 15327: 15317: 15316: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15276: 15266: 15265: 15261: 15259: 15258: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15213: 15206: 15205: 15198: 15195: 15194: 15187: 15185: 15184: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15167: 15165: 15164: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15147: 15137: 15131: 15126: 15124: 15119: 15113: 15099: 15098: 15094: 15092: 15091: 15087: 15085: 15084: 15080: 15078: 15077: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15069:Anoualerpeton 15066: 15064: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15026: 15025: 15019: 14998: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14987: 14979: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14952: 14951:Temnospondyli 14948: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936:Temnospondyli 14933: 14929: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14902: 14898: 14890: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14880:Sarcopterygii 14877: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14859: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14832: 14827: 14825: 14820: 14818: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14805: 14799: 14796: – From 14795: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14720: 14714: 14710: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14664: 14660: 14654: 14650: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14615: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14575: 14574: 14568: 14567: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14538: 14530: 14524: 14520: 14513: 14505: 14499: 14495: 14488: 14479: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14455: 14453: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14417: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14368: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14329: 14321: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14278: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14248: 14232: 14230: 14221: 14205: 14201: 14199: 14190: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14159: 14151: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14094: 14090: 14084: 14076: 14075: 14067: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14033: 14032: 14024: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14002: 13986: 13984: 13976: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13925: 13917: 13913: 13905: 13894:September 12, 13889: 13882: 13874: 13868: 13864: 13857: 13841: 13837: 13831: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13790: 13786: 13779: 13771: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13719: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13685: 13678: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13635: 13627: 13621: 13617: 13610: 13602: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13574: 13565: 13557: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13511: 13507: 13498: 13482: 13481:New Scientist 13478: 13472: 13456: 13450: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13407: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13308: 13304: 13297: 13281: 13279: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13213: 13209: 13202: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13171: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13094: 13088: 13084: 13077: 13061: 13054: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13031:(4): 439–47. 13030: 13026: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12956: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12909: 12904: 12903: 12894: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12851: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12740: 12736: 12734: 12725: 12709: 12705: 12703: 12694: 12678: 12674: 12672: 12664: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12613: 12597: 12593: 12587: 12572: 12568: 12566: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12176: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12126: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12043: 12034: 12026: 12020: 12016: 12009: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11980: 11971: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11935: 11926: 11907: 11900: 11894: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11808: 11804: 11797: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11772: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11747: 11732: 11728: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11609: 11604: 11596: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11555: 11547: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11483: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11459: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11381: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11307: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11207: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11117: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11070: 11054: 11050: 11048: 11039: 11023: 11019: 11017: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10973: 10965: 10959: 10955: 10948: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10897: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10836: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10617: 10613: 10611: 10603: 10587: 10583: 10581: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10529: 10514:. AmphibiaWeb 10513: 10511: 10503: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10476: 10468: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10427: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10399: 10390: 10375: 10373: 10372:Scaphiophryne 10364: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10337: 10328: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10280: 10271: 10269: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10232: 10223: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10195: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10138: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10093: 10084: 10076: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10041: 10032: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9865: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9763: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9713: 9711: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9668: 9666:9781405107242 9662: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9307: 9305: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8946: 8929: 8922: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8877: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8804: 8802: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8739: 8730: 8724: 8719: 8703: 8699: 8697: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8511: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8463: 8461:9780123869203 8457: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8394:. AmphibiaWeb 8393: 8391: 8382: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8341: 8338:. Macmillan. 8337: 8330: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8196: 8194: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8101: 8094: 8092: 8083: 8067: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7919:September 28, 7914: 7910: 7904: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7875: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7234: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6717:, p. 319, at 6716: 6715: 6708: 6697:September 19, 6692: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6239: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121:lunar eclipse 6118: 6112: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6068:batrachotoxin 6065: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6033:Bufo alvarius 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021:Mesoamericans 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959:X. tropicalis 5956: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903:Robert Briggs 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5885:or platanna ( 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859:Luigi Galvani 5856: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:Arctic Circle 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5552:Arctic Circle 5549: 5544: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491:nerve poisons 5488: 5484: 5483:hallucinogens 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5374: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:Darwin's frog 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341:Rheobatrachus 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329:pouched frogs 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5217:Parental care 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4966:Metamorphosis 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4925:cannibalistic 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745:ovoviviparous 4742: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709:Bufo cognatus 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372:Fowler's toad 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4155:spring peeper 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123:American toad 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4005: 4004: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:external ears 3944: 3943: 3922: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3911:southern toad 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834:spinal nerves 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3430:Rhacophoridae 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3332:Feet and legs 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3299: 3294: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091:Rhacophoridae 3086: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2809:Ptychadenidae 2804: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502:Batrachylidae 2497: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480:Telmatobiidae 2475: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2303:Centrolenidae 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288:Allophrynidae 2283: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200:Dendrobatidae 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782:Sooglossoidea 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:helmeted frog 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1232:Late Triassic 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1088:Carboniferous 1085: 1084:Temnospondyli 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 997:P. ridibundus 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 962:morphological 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:Mesobatrachia 943: 935: 931: 927: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 854: 850: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825:(1049 spp.), 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 805:About 88% of 798: 795: 791: 787: 782: 777: 772: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 731:gave rise to 729: 723: 720: 714: 709: 703: 702: 696: 690: 686: 683: 678: 674: 669: 665: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 634: 629: 623: 617: 611: 606: 602: 597: 594: 588: 582: 576: 570: 565: 562: 561:Ancient Greek 558: 554: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513: 508: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 460:vocalizations 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 436:invertebrates 433: 429: 425: 424:planktivorous 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379:(the tail of 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 331: 327: 323: 316: 312: 308: 307: 297: 296:Ancient Greek 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 271: 267: 263: 262: 256: 246: 242: 237: 234: 230: 225: 220: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 141: 136: 132: 127: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 52: 48: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16847: 16500: 16460:Sooglossidae 16425:Microhylidae 16410:Hyperoliidae 16350:Aromobatidae 16337:Neobatrachia 16302:Megophryidae 16204: 16149: 16142:Lissamphibia 16012: 16000: 15990: 15980: 15970: 15960: 15944:total group) 15896: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15868: 15861: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15794: 15784: 15774: 15764: 15748:total group) 15746:(salamanders 15730:crown group) 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15635: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15589: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15561: 15554: 15547: 15522: 15515: 15508: 15493:Caeciliidae 15480: 15472:Typhlonectes 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15444:Atretochoana 15442: 15417: 15412:Boulengerula 15410: 15385: 15360: 15353: 15315:Uraeotyphlus 15313: 15306: 15262: 15255: 15248: 15217:Gymnophiona 15202: 15191: 15181: 15173:Funcusvermis 15171: 15161: 15115: 15095: 15088: 15081: 15074: 15067: 15062:Albanerpeton 15060: 15024:Lissamphibia 15022: 14990:Lissamphibia 14884: 14875: 14871:Osteichthyes 14866: 14838:Lissamphibia 14803: 14765: 14752: 14708: 14675: 14671: 14648: 14623: 14619: 14610: 14592: 14572: 14543: 14537: 14518: 14512: 14493: 14487: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14367: 14342: 14338: 14328: 14291: 14287: 14277: 14265:. Retrieved 14261:the original 14256: 14247: 14235:. Retrieved 14228: 14220: 14208:. Retrieved 14203: 14197: 14189: 14177:. Retrieved 14173:the original 14168: 14158: 14123: 14119: 14109: 14097:. Retrieved 14092: 14083: 14073: 14066: 14054:. Retrieved 14049: 14040: 14030: 14023: 14015:the original 14010: 14001: 13989:. Retrieved 13982: 13975: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13915: 13904: 13892:. Retrieved 13881: 13862: 13856: 13844:. Retrieved 13840:the original 13830: 13818:. Retrieved 13814:the original 13804: 13792:. Retrieved 13788: 13778: 13736:(1): 83–90. 13733: 13729: 13718: 13707:the original 13697:(2): 87–94. 13694: 13690: 13677: 13644: 13640: 13634: 13615: 13609: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13564: 13519: 13515: 13510:Rana Pipiens 13509: 13505: 13497: 13485:. Retrieved 13480: 13471: 13459:. Retrieved 13449: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13394:. Retrieved 13387:the original 13340: 13336: 13323: 13313:September 5, 13311:. Retrieved 13306: 13296: 13284:. Retrieved 13277: 13270: 13237: 13233: 13227: 13215:. Retrieved 13211: 13201: 13189:. Retrieved 13185:the original 13180: 13170: 13158:. Retrieved 13154:the original 13144: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13082: 13076: 13064:. Retrieved 13053: 13028: 13024: 13021:Pseudophryne 13020: 13014: 12969: 12965: 12955: 12944:the original 12939: 12935: 12922: 12901: 12893: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12815: 12811: 12801: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12742:. Retrieved 12738: 12732: 12724: 12712:. Retrieved 12707: 12701: 12693: 12681:. Retrieved 12676: 12670: 12663: 12626: 12622: 12612: 12600:. Retrieved 12596:the original 12586: 12574:. Retrieved 12570: 12564: 12557: 12543:(1): 39–48. 12540: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12487: 12477:November 13, 12475:. Retrieved 12468:the original 12421: 12417: 12404: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12322: 12289: 12285: 12247: 12241: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12194:. Retrieved 12190:the original 12185: 12175: 12139: 12135: 12132:Rana muscosa 12131: 12125: 12114:the original 12085: 12081: 12068: 12056:. Retrieved 12052:the original 12047: 12042:Rana pipiens 12041: 12033: 12014: 12008: 11991: 11987: 11978: 11970: 11958:. Retrieved 11951:the original 11946: 11942: 11933: 11925: 11913:. Retrieved 11906:the original 11893: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11837: 11833: 11822: 11810:. Retrieved 11806: 11796: 11777: 11771: 11752: 11746: 11734:. Retrieved 11730: 11720: 11675: 11671: 11661: 11628: 11624: 11614: 11603: 11568: 11564: 11554: 11535: 11526: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11475:(1): 62–76. 11472: 11468: 11458: 11446:. Retrieved 11441: 11435: 11427: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11371: 11361: 11323:(2): 91–95. 11320: 11316: 11306: 11265: 11261: 11251: 11232: 11169: 11165: 11155: 11133:(1): 70–72. 11130: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11057:. Retrieved 11052: 11046: 11038: 11026:. Retrieved 11021: 11015: 11007: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10953: 10947: 10935:. Retrieved 10931: 10921: 10902: 10896: 10864: 10860: 10851: 10843: 10824: 10818: 10773: 10769: 10759: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10673: 10654: 10620:. Retrieved 10616:the original 10609: 10602: 10590:. Retrieved 10585: 10579: 10571: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10516:. Retrieved 10509: 10502: 10482: 10475: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10410: 10406: 10397: 10389: 10377:. Retrieved 10371: 10363: 10351:. Retrieved 10347: 10341: 10335: 10327: 10315:. Retrieved 10310: 10301: 10289:. Retrieved 10284: 10278: 10243: 10239: 10230: 10222: 10210:. Retrieved 10206: 10181:. Retrieved 10176: 10152:. Retrieved 10148: 10142: 10136: 10128: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10083: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10031: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10008: 9996:. Retrieved 9992: 9937:(1): 67–72. 9934: 9930: 9885:(1): 21–26. 9882: 9878: 9872: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9804: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9722: 9718: 9709: 9701: 9689:. Retrieved 9685:the original 9675: 9651: 9644: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9548:. Retrieved 9544: 9534: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9481:. Retrieved 9477:the original 9466: 9454:. Retrieved 9450:the original 9439: 9420: 9414: 9395: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9344:the original 9339: 9335: 9322: 9310:. Retrieved 9303: 9295: 9273:(2): 77–84. 9270: 9266: 9256: 9244:. Retrieved 9240:the original 9230: 9193: 9189: 9179: 9160: 9129: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8985: 8954: 8932:. Retrieved 8921: 8909:. Retrieved 8897: 8884: 8875: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8853:the original 8811: 8788:. Retrieved 8784:the original 8774: 8747: 8743: 8738:Rana pipiens 8737: 8729: 8718: 8706:. Retrieved 8701: 8695: 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8671:the original 8666: 8656: 8644:. Retrieved 8639: 8633: 8625: 8584: 8580: 8577:Hyla regilla 8576: 8570: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8518: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8450: 8443: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8396:. Retrieved 8389: 8381: 8361: 8354: 8335: 8329: 8310: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8239: 8230: 8221: 8211: 8199:. Retrieved 8192: 8185: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8107:. Retrieved 8100:the original 8090: 8082: 8070:. Retrieved 8036:. Retrieved 8032:the original 8027: 8003: 7992: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7936: 7929: 7917:. Retrieved 7913:The Guardian 7912: 7903: 7891:. Retrieved 7887:the original 7838: 7834: 7824: 7807: 7803: 7790: 7755: 7751: 7740: 7728:. Retrieved 7711: 7699: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7595: 7591: 7581: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7510:. Retrieved 7505: 7496: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7418: 7412: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7350: 7344: 7318: 7305: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7236:. Retrieved 7233:Tree of Life 7232: 7226: 7182: 7178: 7165: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7102:. Retrieved 7098:the original 7093: 7083: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6878: 6869: 6861: 6849:. Retrieved 6843: 6835: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6742:. Retrieved 6719:Google Books 6712: 6707: 6695:. Retrieved 6690: 6680: 6661: 6629: 6618: 6595: 6584: 6576: 6567: 6544: 6533: 6510: 6469: 6458: 6446:. Retrieved 6442: 6432: 6405: 6399: 6390: 6380: 6371: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6345: 6339: 6333: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6308: 6302: 6272: 6266: 6254:. Retrieved 6250: 6227:November 29, 6225:. Retrieved 6220: 6191: 6170: 6160: 6147:unleashes a 6114: 6087: 6079: 6059: 6053: 6032: 6025:hallucinogen 6018: 5999: 5993: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5925: 5919: 5886: 5852: 5837: 5826: 5780: 5775: 5767:frog farming 5760: 5755: 5724: 5721:cane beetles 5708: 5702: 5695: 5680: 5668: 5644: 5610: 5604: 5586:Conservation 5575: 5560: 5557: 5550:live at the 5538:Distribution 5529: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5474: 5470: 5456: 5450: 5440: 5427: 5417: 5399: 5395: 5377: 5356: 5349:stomach acid 5340: 5332: 5326: 5313: 5310:tungara frog 5305: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5274: 5262:phytotelmata 5259: 5251: 5245: 5242:Pouched frog 5230: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195:Rana muscosa 5194: 5184: 5176:cold-blooded 5169: 5129:Rana pipiens 5128: 5118: 5108: 5102: 5060: 5052: 5002: 4969: 4959: 4934:, predatory 4929: 4920: 4911:, including 4902: 4889:Hymenochirus 4887: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4752: 4738: 4728: 4722: 4712: 4708: 4694: 4689: 4678: 4675: 4666: 4663:common toads 4652: 4648: 4645:Reproduction 4637: 4623:Life history 4616: 4609: 4595: 4541: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4439: 4432: 4423:lateral line 4415: 4409: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4376:Bufo fowleri 4375: 4367: 4360:Microhylidae 4353: 4345: 4331: 4327:grasshoppers 4315:Rana pipiens 4314: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4286: 4250: 4244: 4197: 4187:mitochondria 4169:) regularly 4166: 4160: 4142: 4131:hibernaculum 4126: 4112: 4098: 4091:Aristophanes 4086: 4080: 4077:onomatopoeic 4072: 4064: 4058: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4008: 4001: 3984: 3963:conspecifics 3948: 3940: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3899:Bombina spp. 3898: 3886: 3878: 3855: 3814: 3794: 3779: 3740: 3732: 3727:Pyxicephalus 3725: 3722: 3703: 3697: 3666: 3661: 3646: 3628: 3620: 3606: 3594: 3584: 3569: 3566:Pouched frog 3551: 3543: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3497:Rana pipiens 3496: 3480: 3470: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3434: 3422:flying frogs 3417: 3410:Hymenochirus 3409: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3378: 3335: 3325: 3322:goliath frog 3307: 3304: 3128: 3104: 3089: 3048: 3033: 2992: 2977: 2930: 2915: 2876: 2854: 2834:Micrixalidae 2832: 2807: 2755: 2742:Hyperoliidae 2740: 2706: 2691: 2660:Microhylidae 2658: 2647:Allodapanura 2515: 2500: 2478: 2438: 2423: 2401: 2372: 2350: 2301: 2286: 2264: 2198: 2185:Aromobatidae 2183: 2161: 2112: 2087: 2024: 2009: 1987: 1965: 1905: 1890: 1868: 1847:Notogaeanura 1808: 1795:Sooglossidae 1793: 1751: 1740:Neobatrachia 1701:Megophryidae 1699: 1684: 1673:Pelobatoidea 1659: 1637: 1593: 1578: 1525: 1510: 1488: 1444: 1429: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1382: 1370: 1355: 1339:Microhylidae 1332: 1316: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1242: 1236: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1187: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150:dissorophoid 1145: 1130:missing link 1122:temnospondyl 1115: 1113: 1106: 1080:Lepospondyli 1076:monophyletic 1020: 1006:B. variegata 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 980: 970: 950:Neobatrachia 939: 933: 893: 858: 852: 831:Microhylidae 829:(797 spp.), 809:species are 804: 785: 775: 773: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 739:sound-change 724: 699: 684: 646: 642: 632: 600: 598: 592: 574: 556: 552: 550: 540: 532: 524: 520: 510: 506: 504: 472: 432:metamorphose 397: 381:tailed frogs 366: 304: 291: 276: 274: 259: 232: 213: 197: 36: 18:Anura (frog) 16670:iNaturalist 16525:Wikispecies 16420:Mantellidae 16400:Hemisotidae 16312:Pelodytidae 16307:Pelobatidae 16234:Superclass 16161:Gymnophiona 16130:Superclass 15898:Prodesmodon 15623:Geotrypetes 15577:Indotyphlus 15570:Idiocranium 15563:Hypogeophis 15556:Grandisonia 15549:Gegeneophis 15398:Herpelidae 15373:Chikilidae 15308:Ichthyophis 15257:Epicrionops 15090:Wesserpeton 15083:Shirerpeton 14733:AmphibiaWeb 14471:: 307–366. 14461:Phyllobates 14179:October 21, 13888:"Cane toad" 13820:November 3, 13794:November 3, 13516:BMC Ecology 13461:October 15, 13396:October 27, 12739:AmphibiaWeb 11442:AmphibiaWeb 11053:AmphibiaWeb 11022:AmphibiaWeb 10586:AmphibiaWeb 10311:AmphibiaWeb 10285:AmphibiaWeb 10177:AmphibiaWeb 9473:"The Frogs" 9368:: 293–324. 8702:AmphibiaWeb 8640:AmphibiaWeb 8153:Rhacophorus 7970:: 133–140. 7657:(1): 5051. 7279:10919/87931 6851:October 12, 6662:Herpetology 6448:December 9, 6309:AmphibiaWeb 6247:"Salientia" 6159:fairy tale 6117:fairy tales 6002:epibatidine 5953:Genomes of 5863:electricity 5840:dissections 5654:resistant. 5649:of broader 5618:golden toad 5601:Golden toad 5487:convulsants 5410:aposematism 5233:) with eggs 5141:salamanders 5063:carnivorous 4940:water birds 4905:herbivorous 4883:keratinized 4560:shrub frogs 4552:glass frogs 4537:glass frogs 4486:metatarsals 4466:Purple frog 4436:purple frog 4406:Common toad 3903:tomato frog 3875:common toad 3597:bony plates 3463:keratinised 3374:common frog 3354:metatarsals 3106:Mantellidae 3071:Aglaioanura 3035:Ranixalidae 2821:Victoranura 2708:Hemisotidae 1937:Nobleoanura 1686:Pelobatidae 1661:Pelodytidae 1148:was only a 1105:, possibly 1031:salamanders 1011:hybrid zone 989:P. lessonae 977:edible frog 886:hyoid plate 882:ankle bones 605:Old English 426:diets. The 416:herbivorous 389:camouflaged 281:carnivorous 56:200–0 16854:Categories 16830:Amphibians 16260:Ascaphidae 16228:Subphylum 16124:Subphylum 16056:See also: 15982:Prosalirus 15923:115 genera 15810:Karauridae 15786:Triassurus 15524:Oscaecilia 15331:Teresomata 15264:Rhinatrema 15163:Eocaecilia 14999:see below↓ 14794:Frog calls 14225:Klein, S. 13217:August 20, 13058:Grant, T. 12602:August 24, 11840:: e00281. 11736:August 10, 10025:: 213–274. 9236:"Bullfrog" 9023:B0006RENBO 8487:(1): 1–8. 8398:August 18, 6767:: 94–117. 6646:required.) 6612:required.) 6591:"toad, n." 6561:required.) 6527:required.) 6486:required.) 6200:References 6153:witchcraft 6082:) and the 6049:urban myth 5922:embryology 5817:See also: 5807:Mark Twain 5799:partridges 5787:Dominicans 5735:Human uses 5717:sugar cane 5647:indicators 5631:non-native 5614:extinction 5590:See also: 5402:bufotoxins 5343:sp.) from 5117:occurs in 4942:, such as 4759:Life cycle 4719:viviparous 4680:Scaphiopus 4633:green frog 4556:bush frogs 4412:) swimming 4309:) and the 4194:Locomotion 4183:metabolism 4171:aestivates 4103:ultrasound 3973:See also: 3820:, and the 3818:cerebellum 3805:vocal sacs 3774:See also: 3612:skin folds 3608:Camouflage 3548:hairy frog 3342:morphology 3301:elongated. 2878:Conrauidae 2796:Natatanura 1626:Anomocoela 1616:Acosmanura 1467:Bombianura 1446:Ascaphidae 1371:Nothofagus 1343:Natatanura 1328:speciation 1285:Prosalirus 1273:Prosalirus 1265:Prosalirus 1198:Madagascar 1196:period of 1039:divergence 1035:caecilians 993:marsh frog 991:) and the 918:beaks and 916:keratinous 811:classified 483:extinction 479:threatened 452:ecosystems 440:microbiome 428:life cycle 420:omnivorous 354:vertebrate 315:Madagascar 285:amphibians 270:Madagascar 227:Subgroups 16370:Bufonidae 16236:Tetrapoda 16157:(Urodela) 16132:Tetrapoda 16101:amphibian 16002:Vieraella 15938:Salientia 15833:Kuzbassia 15724:Batrachia 15690:Siphonops 15616:Dermophis 15584:Praslinia 15482:Ymboirana 15076:Celtedens 14889:Tetrapoda 14854:Kingdom: 14478:2246/1286 14386:CiteSeerX 14099:August 5, 13353:CiteSeerX 12744:August 5, 12714:August 5, 12683:August 5, 12456:0003-0090 12448:2246/5803 12426:CiteSeerX 12424:: 1–262. 12186:Longevity 12156:0045-8511 12058:August 4, 11960:April 26, 11834:Food Webs 11712:255787646 11678:(1): 16. 11337:1526-968X 11298:209576535 11290:0044-5231 11268:: 78–87. 10881:1175-5334 10867:: 56–68. 10680:Bufo bufo 10535:Evolution 10413:: 69–79. 10252:0011-3891 10173:"Pipidae" 9998:April 26, 9961:0269-8463 9456:August 4, 9287:0952-8369 9094:0962-8436 8934:August 4, 8928:"Amniota" 8911:August 4, 8790:August 4, 8201:August 3, 8163:: 46–92. 8109:August 3, 7774:2246/5781 7758:: 1–291. 7720:0362-4331 7157:205212809 6805:CiteSeerX 6803:: 1–240. 6744:August 8, 6424:461974285 6351:August 2, 6256:August 7, 6139:. In the 6037:bufotenin 5948:X. laevis 5762:Frog legs 5746:Frog legs 5705:cane toad 5687:stressors 5678:trematode 5663:mink frog 5661:Deformed 5651:ecosystem 5640:ranavirus 5572:wood frog 5567:aestivate 5562:Cyclorana 5548:wood frog 5502:Bufo bufo 5479:alkaloids 5345:Australia 5279:bromeliad 5199:Bufo bufo 4976:thyroxine 4956:cane toad 4898:notochord 4817:wood frog 4809:symbiotic 4801:wood frog 4772:Frogspawn 4735:Tanzanian 4667:Bufo bufo 4580:viscosity 4564:epidermal 4535:Group of 4452:fossorial 4429:Burrowing 4410:Bufo bufo 4216:burrowing 4151:moor frog 4147:wood frog 4119:hibernate 4087:The Frogs 3879:Bufo bufo 3756:uric acid 3685:ventricle 3677:respiring 3625:Wood frog 3602:exostosis 3581:Wood frog 3535:nocturnal 3448:substrate 2440:Hylodidae 2425:Alsodidae 2163:Bufonidae 2062:Terrarana 1567:Xenoanura 1385:cladogram 1379:Phylogeny 1220:vertebrae 1184:lower jaw 1156:Salientia 1114:In 2008, 1045:or early 1043:Paleozoic 1025:based on 1017:Evolution 985:pool frog 973:hybridize 920:denticles 890:lower jaw 835:Bufonidae 807:amphibian 755:pig, stag 691:ancestor 685:(kik)vors 673:Icelandic 664:Norwegian 547:Etymology 517:Bufonidae 489:disease, 468:behaviors 444:predators 385:glandular 342:subarctic 264:) in the 233:See text 204:Salientia 167:Kingdom: 161:Eukaryota 16510:Wikidata 16242:Amphibia 16230:Craniata 16224:Chordata 16218:Animalia 16216:Kingdom 16126:Craniata 16120:Chordata 16114:Animalia 16112:Kingdom 15909:Urodela 15884:Parrisia 15826:Kokartus 15819:Karaurus 15630:Gymnopis 15517:Caecilia 14862:Chordata 14860:Phylum: 14856:Animalia 14800:, Canada 14798:Manitoba 14700:17021360 14692:15795855 14640:16307849 14359:15993556 14320:16140737 14267:April 7, 14237:March 9, 14210:June 17, 14120:Genetics 14056:June 17, 13959:19210303 13916:abc news 13846:July 13, 13789:BBC News 13770:10620528 13669:55870526 13601:16870853 13556:20202208 13522:(6): 6. 13487:July 13, 13441:85382659 13383:86238651 13375:15486254 13286:July 20, 13262:13067241 13191:July 13, 13160:July 13, 13045:11975476 13006:15128938 12842:16525472 12793:25434883 12655:20106853 12576:July 30, 12464:82263880 12396:29546555 12388:18811668 12353:85122799 12314:20270737 12306:20180700 12164:86237494 11915:April 2, 11812:April 9, 11704:32723314 11653:24249298 11595:29593109 11571:(1875). 11448:July 20, 11419:86244218 11411:25140719 11353:32550621 11345:11170349 11206:11607529 11059:July 19, 11028:July 19, 10937:April 9, 10885:Archived 10810:25551466 10770:PLOS ONE 10592:June 11, 10563:28564439 10518:June 14, 10467:16971337 10415:Archived 10379:June 16, 10353:June 16, 10317:June 16, 10291:June 16, 10256:Archived 10212:July 13, 10183:June 14, 10154:June 11, 10120:14691087 9907:13423666 9899:15718379 9864:22090204 9751:Archived 9747:12643425 9739:18190283 9691:June 11, 9628:16239372 9591:19737622 9550:June 15, 9526:17142687 9483:June 19, 9312:June 19, 9246:June 19, 9112:28193810 9055:14133069 9047:15304238 8902:Archived 8766:15010487 8617:25692966 8609:14582008 8501:59449901 8293:84796411 8222:BBC News 8177:86616385 8038:June 10, 7893:June 10, 7865:21723399 7810:: 1–35. 7782:86140137 7724:Archived 7691:32327670 7632:18287076 7573:28673970 7506:BBC News 7333:Archived 7297:30958136 7238:June 26, 7207:12023942 7149:18497824 7075:21540408 7034:17520502 6993:16012106 6949:17021360 6941:15795855 6883:Archived 6827:83925199 6315:June 15, 6167:Mr. Toad 6006:morphine 5865:and the 5740:Culinary 5723:such as 5318:proteins 5174:. Being 5172:food web 5149:raccoons 5115:folivory 4858:Tadpoles 4749:internal 4701:external 4697:amplexus 4671:amplexus 4517:Climbing 4444:termites 4397:Swimming 4319:catapult 4220:climbing 4212:swimming 3838:amniotes 3826:cerebrum 3797:amplexus 3531:amplexus 3477:flatworm 3466:tubercle 3298:bullfrog 2637:Ranoides 1557:Pipanura 1512:Alytidae 1389:families 1335:Hyloidea 1239:Jurassic 1194:Triassic 1182:, and a 1047:Mesozoic 958:Ranoidea 954:Hyloidea 912:spiracle 900:Pipoidea 819:families 801:Taxonomy 794:taddepol 759:(ear)wig 559:—is the 448:food web 408:tadpoles 362:taxonomy 191:Amphibia 181:Chordata 177:Phylum: 171:Animalia 157:Domain: 16842:Animals 16804:Portals 16445:Ranidae 16405:Hylidae 16317:Pipidae 16222:Phylum 16203:Extant 16163:(Apoda) 16155:Caudata 16118:Phylum 16099:Extant 15742:Caudata 15510:Apodops 15419:Herpele 15387:Chikila 15250:Amazops 14443:8486435 14408:8895112 14311:1212620 14198:Xenopus 14150:8849876 14141:1207007 13991:July 5, 13967:1837255 13939:Bibcode 13761:1637865 13752:3454299 13661:2387466 13547:2846871 13524:Bibcode 13421:Bibcode 13345:Bibcode 13337:Science 13242:Bibcode 13136:1445987 13066:July 7, 12974:Bibcode 12885:6836257 12865:Bibcode 12820:Bibcode 12785:3227042 12761:Xenopus 12646:2880057 12518:1565037 12233:2180324 12196:July 4, 12090:Bibcode 11842:Bibcode 11695:7388516 11633:Bibcode 11586:5897637 11518:1445301 11372:FrogLog 11317:Genesis 11270:Bibcode 11174:Bibcode 11147:1563783 11108:1931088 11088:Bibcode 11080:Ecology 10999:1447647 10861:Zootaxa 10801:4281041 10778:Bibcode 10751:1564026 10712:4222519 10692:Bibcode 10622:June 5, 10555:2409604 10458:1664653 10068:3404074 9989:"Anura" 9969:3599272 9939:Bibcode 9855:3367733 9636:8395980 9222:9526013 9213:6792591 9103:5312015 9027:Bibcode 8859:June 4, 8812:Zoology 8708:July 9, 8677:July 9, 8646:July 9, 8435:1564085 8285:2456779 8072:June 4, 7972:Bibcode 7843:Bibcode 7804:Zootaxa 7730:May 13, 7682:7181706 7659:Bibcode 7623:2268566 7600:Bibcode 7564:5530686 7541:Bibcode 7512:July 3, 7488:4528784 7456:Bibcode 7404:4308225 7384:Bibcode 7288:6405462 7187:Bibcode 7129:Bibcode 7104:July 5, 6892:June 5, 6870:Bombina 6781:1466954 6738:"Anura" 6217:"Anura" 6193:Frogger 6064:blowgun 5926:Xenopus 5795:opossum 5791:Raccoon 5754:French 5447:weapons 5368:Defence 5359:) from 5322:lectins 5180:biomass 5095:mammals 5075:spiders 5067:insects 4973:hormone 4913:diatoms 4894:catfish 4822:enzymes 4606:Gliding 4491:osmosis 4448:monsoon 4419:Pipidae 4323:locusts 4276:⁄ 4262:⁄ 4241:Jumping 4236:jumping 4224:gliding 4208:walking 4204:running 4200:jumping 4135:dormant 3983:A male 3925:Hearing 3867:Pipidae 3762:to the 3760:ureters 3748:ammonia 3744:kidneys 3673:lizards 3631:) uses 3587:) uses 3426:Hylidae 3424:in the 3346:tarsals 3130:Ranidae 2114:Hylidae 1580:Pipidae 1477:Costata 1364:on the 1310:⁄ 1299:ventral 1257:Arizona 1251:in the 1174:in the 1158:(Latin 1092:Caudata 1072:Permian 1051:Pangaea 872:fused, 823:Hylidae 813:in the 786:tadpole 708:froskaz 695:froskaz 677:froskur 566:prefix 557:Anoures 406:called 338:tropics 330:Permian 324:), but 219:Duméril 210:Order: 187:Class: 51:Present 16789:448306 16763:150288 16750:991547 16734:NZOR: 16701:173423 16623:1ANURO 16516:Q53636 16240:Class 16205:anuran 16013:Anura 15942:(frogs 15796:Urupia 15766:Egoria 15097:Yaksha 14715: 14698: 14690: 14655: 14638: 14599: 14580: 14550: 14525: 14500: 14441: 14406: 14388: 14357: 14318: 14308: 14148: 14138: 13965: 13957: 13869: 13768: 13758: 13750: 13667: 13659: 13622: 13599: 13554: 13544: 13439: 13381: 13373: 13355: 13260: 13134: 13116:Copeia 13089: 13043: 13004: 12997:419554 12994: 12910: 12883: 12840: 12812:Nature 12791: 12783: 12679:. 2005 12653: 12643: 12516: 12462: 12454: 12428: 12394: 12386: 12351: 12333:Copeia 12312: 12304: 12262: 12231: 12162: 12154: 12136:Copeia 12110:538731 12108: 12021: 11784: 11759: 11710: 11702: 11692: 11651: 11593: 11583: 11542: 11516: 11498:Copeia 11417: 11409: 11391:Copeia 11351: 11343: 11335: 11296: 11288: 11239: 11204: 11194: 11145: 11106: 10997: 10979:Copeia 10960: 10909: 10879: 10831: 10808: 10798: 10749: 10710: 10684:Nature 10661: 10561: 10553: 10490: 10465: 10455: 10250: 10118: 10066: 9967: 9959: 9905: 9897: 9862: 9852: 9811: 9745: 9737: 9663: 9634: 9626: 9589: 9524: 9427: 9402: 9285: 9220: 9210: 9167: 9136: 9110: 9100: 9092: 9053: 9045: 9021: 8992: 8962: 8824: 8764: 8615: 8607: 8599: 8525: 8499: 8458: 8433: 8369: 8342: 8317: 8291: 8283: 8246: 8175: 7944: 7863: 7780: 7718: 7689: 7679: 7630: 7620: 7571: 7561: 7486: 7479:388613 7476: 7425: 7402: 7376:Nature 7357: 7325: 7295: 7285: 7205: 7155: 7147: 7121:Nature 7073: 7032: 6991: 6947: 6939: 6933:429523 6931: 6825: 6807: 6779: 6668: 6422: 6412: 6387:"οὐρά" 6279: 6185:Muppet 6183:, the 6155:. The 6133:Mayans 5969:, and 5412:. The 5153:skunks 5145:snakes 5133:herons 5089:, and 5087:snails 5038:Adults 4948:herons 4944:storks 4842:, and 4737:genus 4544:canopy 4358:, and 4175:cocoon 4115:torpor 4109:Torpor 4016: 4011:larynx 3871:irises 3782:testes 3736:cloaca 3669:hearts 3649:oxygen 3637:midrib 3554:) has 3362:sacrum 1401:et al. 1397:et al. 1373:forest 1295:dorsal 1277:pelvic 1208:Poland 1176:pelvis 1160:salire 878:fibula 866:radius 861:fossil 781:tādige 757:, and 734:frogga 680:, and 659:Frosch 655:German 610:frogga 487:fungal 404:larvae 373:tongue 348:is in 334: 319: 300:ἀνούρα 16860:Frogs 16818:Frogs 16784:WoRMS 16771:Plazi 16688:10211 16683:IRMNG 16675:20979 16636:15534 16571:Anura 16558:Anura 16545:Anura 16531:Anura 16501:Anura 16150:Anura 14885:Clade 14876:Clade 14867:Clade 14774:Media 14696:S2CID 13963:S2CID 13748:JSTOR 13710:(PDF) 13687:(PDF) 13665:S2CID 13657:JSTOR 13437:S2CID 13390:(PDF) 13379:S2CID 13333:(PDF) 13258:S2CID 13132:JSTOR 12947:(PDF) 12932:(PDF) 12789:S2CID 12514:JSTOR 12471:(PDF) 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