638:
384:
1295:
1278:
3679:
571:
949:
726:
1248:
44:
369:
1422:
1403:
1384:
1365:
1346:
5480:
1055:
780:
3919:
688:
858:
1176:
1230:
1212:
705:
59:
5659:
3929:
1088:
9043:
1080:, in order to complete her pregnancy in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he was born in the claimed
924:
The West
Antarctic ice sheet is likely to completely melt unless temperatures are reduced by 2 °C (3.6 °F) below 2020 levels. The loss of this ice sheet would take between 2,000 and 13,000 years, although several centuries of high greenhouse emissions could shorten this time to 500 years. A
680:
among terrestrial flora and fauna is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects
929:
may contribute an additional 1 m (3 ft 3 in) to global sea levels over another 1,000 years. The far-stabler East
Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a
1488:
has become common and is often considered more correct. The pronunciation without the first k sound and the first t sound is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of
English in many other similar words too. The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be
938:
may collapse over around 2,000 years, potentially adding up to 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) to sea levels. The complete melting and disappearance of the East
Antarctic ice sheet would require at least 10,000 years and would only occur if global warming reaches 5 °C (9.0 °F) to
2404:
Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey".
1076:. His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains the southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to
886:(SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the
2268:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
753:
Marine
Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km, its protection is set to expire in 35 years.) To protect the area, all Antarctic ships over 500 tonnes are subject to mandatory regulations under the
2572:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
852:
may cause West
Antarctica to contribute tens of centimeters more if it is triggered before 2100. With higher warming, instability would be much more likely, and could double global, 21st-century sea-level
744:
comprising 1.07 million km, the South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012. The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the
2679:
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).
5769:
1932:
861:
Since the 1970s, the upper cell of the
Southern Ocean overturning circulation has strengthened, while the lower cell weakened. These changes have been linked to the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet.
3072:
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; Wilson, David J.; Severi, Mirko; Mulvaney, Robert; Wilhelms, Frank; Barbante, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo (10 September 2022).
925:
sea-level rise of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) would occur if the ice sheet collapses, leaving ice caps on the mountains, and 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) if those ice caps also melt.
2847:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
1901:
435:
1134:, with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the
830:
than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around the West
Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955.
1877:
1761:
8447:
3248:
2458:
Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William
Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).
5762:
1803:
3296:
1765:
1175:
645:
Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant,
5755:
1918:
1746:
810:
has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across the continent, although it had been uneven.
3219:
2948:
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021).
1327:
2277:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5524:
1310:
755:
1942:
930:
small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet. With global warming of around 3 °C (5.4 °F), vulnerable areas like
2609:"The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica"
9056:
3158:
3736:
1574:
976:
1994:
1968:
1905:
3970:
1115:
maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000 tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the
3130:
310:, a zone approximately 32 to 48 km (20 to 30 mi) wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the
840:
and stabilize them. Many coastal glaciers have been losing mass and retreating, causing net-annual ice loss across Antarctica, although the
637:
5878:
3339:
1656:
1300:
681:
are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source.
470:
2112:
Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020).
1713:
7609:
5932:
3421:
3374:
3308:
3047:
1884:
1769:
3241:
1510:
6570:
5517:
5244:
5103:
3546:
3384:
283:
434:
collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the
8990:
6205:
5430:
2662:
Carlson, Anders E; Walczak, Maureen H; Beard, Brian L; Laffin, Matthew K; Stoner, Joseph S; Hatfield, Robert G (10 December 2018).
6213:
2589:
8565:
7571:
5984:
3137:. In Cerchi, D. (ed.). Reminiscences (Report). Hobart, Tasmania, AU: Archives Office of Tasmania. pp. 98–99. Archived from
8162:
7760:
7348:
5237:
5123:
2169:"West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation"
1263:
883:
383:
353:
2918:
844:
continues to gain ice inland. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica is expected to add about 11 cm (5 in) to global
8954:
5510:
5232:
5166:
3170:
1549:
1092:
3275:
2087:
975:, who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of
6900:
5227:
5191:
5130:
3937:
3211:
1799:
1626:
7765:
1678:
1138:. The definitive results of the conference were presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.
8848:
8529:
8351:
8241:
8010:
6599:
6548:
5827:
5220:
5215:
5161:
3700:
2460:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water"
1072:(born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the
759:
314:, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and
8299:
7880:
7819:
5089:
3963:
3741:
2065:
Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009).
1005:
8322:
5800:
5171:
3478:
3195:
1253:
478:
9100:
8400:
5900:
5859:
5533:
5186:
5176:
5118:
5096:
5079:
5074:
4993:
3837:
3751:
3394:
2167:
Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023).
1161:
1043:(Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859. The first human born and raised on an Antarctic island was
8631:
8617:
8591:
8428:
6399:
5925:
5196:
5025:
4891:
4805:
4755:
3832:
3715:
3493:
3414:
2269:
1112:
709:
488:
7322:
1819:"Ecological Biogeography of Southern Ocean Islands: Species-Area Relationships, Human Impacts, and Conservation"
8454:
8424:
6767:
6757:
6341:
6043:
5736:
5560:
5140:
3705:
8065:
8227:
7737:
6870:
5450:
5435:
3956:
3695:
3657:
3468:
3152:
1040:
3074:"Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials"
2345:
L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019).
1566:
8136:
8022:
7865:
6911:
6372:
6140:
5483:
5135:
4765:
4492:
4197:
3606:
3536:
3483:
3456:
1268:
867:
849:
807:
772:
512:
341:
1481:
1044:
8584:
8206:
8040:
7981:
7935:
6164:
6053:
5624:
5612:
4622:
3932:
3720:
3652:
3541:
1990:
1622:
1964:
9033:
8944:
7669:
7643:
7636:
7087:
6988:
6980:
6963:
6581:
6127:
5979:
5918:
4800:
4785:
4083:
4068:
3802:
3787:
3746:
3710:
3407:
3332:
3187:
2950:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"
2509:"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century"
1315:
446:. The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in
32:
7376:
2787:
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).
2608:
9095:
8767:
8377:
8073:
7872:
7657:
7539:
7342:
7224:
7075:
6924:
6862:
6849:
6722:
6448:
6100:
5181:
5113:
5084:
5069:
4810:
4735:
3461:
2202:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"
1001:
5747:
2607:
Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019).
8917:
8508:
8502:
8420:
8294:
8079:
7805:
7681:
7531:
7419:
7203:
4770:
4687:
4270:
3983:
3822:
3812:
3596:
3568:
3524:
3138:
2681:
1182:
1028:
841:
799:
17:
6219:
3948:
1649:"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources – Department of Agriculture"
1600:
508:
487:(France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the
8984:
8647:
7800:
7674:
7594:
7103:
6930:
6132:
5580:
5417:
5108:
5015:
4692:
4402:
4397:
3852:
3756:
3642:
3438:
1826:
1431:
1412:
1393:
1374:
1355:
1135:
746:
556:
466:
395:
323:
2919:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
1648:
8922:
8488:
6420:
5585:
5394:
5201:
4795:
4598:
3827:
3647:
2740:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"
1702:
1485:
1426:
1320:
1124:
1120:
907:
879:
560:
423:
252:
7755:
3300:
2663:
1541:
1534:
1489:
pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people.
1446:
984:
953:
8927:
8896:
8701:
8654:
8553:
8357:
8276:
8219:
7968:
7962:
7812:
7770:
7732:
7712:
7307:
7082:
6918:
6828:
6810:
6727:
6698:
6688:
6576:
6513:
6287:
5871:
5487:
5351:
5271:
4914:
4815:
4424:
3847:
3797:
3792:
3687:
3529:
3473:
3451:
3006:
2788:
2296:"Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways"
1818:
1518:
1461:
1131:
1104:
1096:
1014:
532:
462:
427:
307:
291:
48:
6968:
832:
The warming of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has caused the weakening or collapse of
8781:
8773:
8716:
8304:
8168:
8094:
8086:
7886:
7826:
7785:
7398:
7389:
7260:
7255:
7159:
7023:
6780:
6742:
6349:
6119:
6087:
6031:
6011:
5725:
5720:
5617:
5555:
5361:
4337:
4055:
3283:
3085:
3021:
2961:
2800:
2751:
2696:
2593:
2520:
2414:
2358:
2307:
2213:
2200:
Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).
2125:
2029:
1407:
1215:
1081:
1020:
996:("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of
646:
443:
419:
8149:
6554:
6537:
2067:"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year"
1791:
8:
8902:
8824:
8289:
8212:
8128:
7909:
7901:
7850:
7490:
7448:
6943:
6906:
6795:
6559:
6429:
6232:
6037:
5575:
5010:
4675:
4612:
4588:
4419:
4280:
4226:
4167:
4138:
4078:
4073:
3922:
3899:
3857:
3807:
3782:
3556:
3514:
1456:
1116:
1069:
972:
891:
887:
815:
692:
650:
617:
592:
496:
399:
345:
337:
319:
311:
52:
6542:
3089:
3025:
2965:
2804:
2755:
2700:
2524:
2418:
2362:
2311:
2217:
2129:
2033:
948:
779:
8623:
8515:
8496:
8060:
8035:
7577:
7471:
7435:
7411:
7302:
7149:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7016:
6994:
6973:
6854:
6844:
6591:
6479:
6407:
6080:
6071:
6063:
5974:
5954:
5298:
4919:
4882:
4760:
4206:
4128:
4088:
4063:
3842:
3106:
3073:
3039:
2982:
2949:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2894:
2824:
2769:
2720:
2644:
2549:
2508:
2484:
2459:
2440:
2381:
2346:
2294:; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017).
2234:
2201:
2149:
2047:
1851:
1147:
980:
895:
827:
783:
Antarctic surface ice layer temperature trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal
439:
2848:
902:. While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in
818:
has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler
570:
8995:
8801:
8795:
8751:
8736:
8665:
8637:
8545:
8482:
8392:
8364:
8344:
8282:
8190:
8154:
8028:
7995:
7988:
7941:
7923:
7840:
7589:
7458:
7406:
7312:
7265:
7193:
7182:
6894:
6884:
6876:
6772:
6762:
6673:
6668:
6651:
6617:
6484:
6471:
6292:
6198:
6156:
6151:
5941:
5842:
5379:
4998:
4825:
4790:
4651:
4646:
4627:
4436:
4263:
4023:
3904:
3777:
3446:
3191:
3166:
3111:
2987:
2898:
2886:
2878:
2828:
2816:
2773:
2724:
2712:
2682:"Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial"
2636:
2628:
2554:
2536:
2489:
2444:
2386:
2239:
2153:
2141:
2051:
1859:
1843:
1545:
1282:
1107:
when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient
926:
613:
484:
368:
279:
5847:
3043:
2905:
2648:
2624:
2113:
725:
524:
9047:
9012:
8744:
8436:
8316:
8142:
8115:
8055:
7930:
7860:
7845:
7584:
7513:
7508:
7482:
7477:
7359:
7282:
7235:
7002:
6822:
6787:
6683:
6678:
6612:
6526:
6308:
6300:
6186:
6106:
6058:
6048:
6021:
5822:
5805:
5502:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5374:
5051:
5005:
4948:
4877:
4740:
4634:
4583:
4561:
4414:
4361:
4300:
3894:
3101:
3093:
3029:
2977:
2969:
2868:
2860:
2808:
2759:
2704:
2620:
2574:
2544:
2528:
2479:
2471:
2430:
2422:
2376:
2366:
2325:
2315:
2229:
2221:
2180:
2133:
2037:
1835:
1738:
1451:
1190:
899:
602:
540:
516:
492:
357:
222:
184:
149:
111:
76:
5832:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2347:"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"
1614:
578:
A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including:
520:
454:
quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as
9002:
8949:
8934:
8840:
8835:
8759:
8724:
8660:
8559:
8474:
8441:
8173:
7956:
7948:
7917:
7833:
7793:
7547:
7503:
7443:
7367:
7337:
7332:
7292:
7270:
7218:
7154:
7144:
7095:
6817:
6802:
6655:
6624:
6586:
6336:
6264:
6258:
6181:
6146:
6006:
5702:
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5645:
5637:
5590:
5346:
4847:
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4607:
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4275:
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4233:
3878:
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3162:
2259:
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1350:
1009:
992:
903:
819:
811:
631:
552:
407:
333:
287:
63:
7525:
1933:"World's largest marine park created in Ross Sea in Antarctica in landmark deal"
8976:
8959:
8912:
8871:
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8830:
8689:
8679:
8571:
8521:
8386:
8336:
8309:
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7453:
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2835:
2764:
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2330:
2320:
2295:
2225:
2185:
2168:
2042:
2018:"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"
2017:
1685:
1369:
1194:
1077:
1073:
957:
919:
845:
823:
814:
warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed
795:
741:
733:
626:
528:
431:
411:
349:
303:
5547:
2849:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
2812:
2426:
2250:
2137:
9089:
9071:
9058:
8939:
8881:
8876:
8866:
8816:
8811:
8787:
8731:
8608:
8602:
8597:
8196:
8107:
8100:
7855:
7650:
7629:
7497:
7275:
7245:
7213:
7208:
7045:
6951:
6834:
6629:
6442:
6392:
6385:
6377:
6282:
6191:
6026:
5812:
5694:
5600:
5465:
5334:
5326:
5293:
5030:
4980:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4707:
4670:
4578:
4573:
4475:
4380:
3817:
3611:
3212:"Emilio Palma, argentino y "Adán" de la Antártida | Información General"
2882:
2632:
2540:
2279:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.
2265:
2145:
1847:
1235:
1054:
500:
474:
2864:
2708:
2371:
914:
are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land,
43:
8970:
8964:
8576:
8540:
8406:
8233:
8183:
8122:
7976:
7664:
7615:
7465:
7287:
7250:
7230:
7171:
6705:
6693:
6636:
6564:
6465:
6362:
6356:
6253:
6241:
6114:
6092:
6016:
5969:
5866:
5778:
5565:
5369:
5308:
5288:
5278:
4988:
4960:
4715:
4453:
4387:
4356:
4305:
4177:
4106:
4043:
4033:
3341:
Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science
3273:
Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion.
3115:
2991:
2973:
2890:
2820:
2716:
2640:
2600:
2558:
2493:
2475:
2390:
2291:
2243:
1937:
1863:
1388:
1032:
935:
931:
677:
536:
415:
329:
3034:
3007:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
2846:
2193:
9007:
8907:
8855:
8673:
8460:
8248:
7623:
7555:
7317:
7176:
7139:
7039:
7031:
6839:
6175:
5854:
5595:
5425:
5384:
5315:
5020:
4909:
4852:
4780:
4730:
4617:
4593:
4482:
4320:
4238:
4216:
4192:
4038:
4028:
3621:
3601:
3488:
2998:
2731:
2507:
Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022).
2082:
2080:
1198:
894:, an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential
729:
469:
fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them:
461:
The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the
403:
2873:
2738:
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).
2655:
2451:
2435:
8806:
8709:
8693:
8535:
8468:
8369:
7778:
7727:
7687:
7009:
6735:
6663:
6605:
5998:
5966:
5673:
5658:
5605:
4955:
4924:
4750:
4745:
4409:
4370:
4332:
4250:
4123:
4008:
4003:
3678:
3551:
3430:
3065:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2665:
Absence of the West Antarctic ice sheet during the last interglaciation
2397:
2338:
2283:
1855:
1153:
997:
915:
803:
666:
543:
remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region.
275:
268:
260:
28:
2780:
2590:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"
2581:
2344:
2077:
2058:
2009:
1679:"Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources"
822:
had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the
8328:
7165:
6717:
6500:
5795:
5790:
5777:
5570:
5061:
5035:
4965:
4943:
4936:
4720:
4497:
4431:
4327:
4150:
4133:
4018:
4013:
3987:
3591:
2606:
2565:
2105:
1304:
1257:
1219:
1157:
1062:
1048:
969:
875:
833:
696:
658:
597:
504:
455:
376:
satellite image of the Antarctic without its periphery of unattached
315:
295:
5910:
2936:
2672:
2500:
2160:
1839:
1031:(1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the
857:
438:
approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along
436:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
8260:
4929:
4534:
4470:
4441:
4351:
4310:
4118:
4098:
3978:
3616:
2263:
2066:
1211:
784:
750:
587:
582:
3389:
3344:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.
2571:
2289:
1111:
and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen
465:
to the north and their respective 200-nautical-mile (370 km)
8887:
8267:
6532:
6508:
6496:
4901:
4639:
4529:
4487:
4375:
4187:
4182:
4111:
1108:
1058:
911:
837:
451:
377:
58:
7054:
2114:"Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades"
356:, which would have significant effects on the local climate and
7133:
6458:
5407:
4511:
4465:
4172:
4159:
2199:
1286:
1239:
1186:
662:
447:
299:
264:
2457:
1164:
or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base.
1084:. Palma can be considered to be the first native Antarctican.
6519:
5817:
5258:
5153:
4697:
3995:
3979:
3399:
3354:
968:
The first recorded sighting of Antarctica is credited to the
713:
622:
607:
388:
256:
2786:
2737:
2064:
1766:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
802:
from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while
234:
199:
164:
126:
91:
4292:
3295:
788:
654:
373:
3071:
2947:
1160:. For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on
1087:
3369:
2661:
749:'s 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi). (While the
240:
225:
208:
187:
170:
152:
135:
114:
97:
79:
27:
This article is about the region. For the continent, see
3379:
2166:
2016:
Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020).
7724:
3338:
Krupnik, Igor; Michael A. Lang; Scott E. Miller (eds).
1919:
CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area.
1596:
3380:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
2678:
9031:
3364:
3359:
2111:
1480:
The word was originally pronounced without the first
1000:
is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the
344:
is particularly important because the melting of the
243:
231:
211:
202:
190:
173:
155:
138:
129:
117:
100:
82:
5532:
3360:
Committee for Environmental Protection of Antarctica
1924:
1703:"Schedule of Conservation Measures in Force 2023/24"
1597:"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research website"
1511:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Antarctica"
237:
205:
193:
167:
158:
132:
123:
94:
88:
2403:
2270:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
874:The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of
806:is less vulnerable to it than any other continent,
228:
196:
161:
120:
85:
3737:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1816:
1533:
398:, the Antarctic region is everything south of the
352:. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of
3395:Ushuaia is the most popular gateway to Antarctica
430:, a transition zone where the cold waters of the
9087:
1878:"SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan)"
2916:
2351:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3005:Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013).
450:, Australia, by an efficient system of annual
5926:
5763:
5518:
3964:
3415:
2506:
1983:
1759:
47:A map of the Antarctic region, including the
5879:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2015:
1904:. Statistics Greenland. 2009. Archived from
1301:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
990:Although such myths and speculation about a
471:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
402:. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the
3390:The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands
2917:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
2789:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
1167:
5933:
5919:
5770:
5756:
5525:
5511:
3971:
3957:
3422:
3408:
3355:British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012
2668:. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting.
426:. However, this area does not include the
387:Location of the Antarctic on a map of the
348:has a high potential to add to the global
3105:
3033:
2981:
2872:
2763:
2548:
2483:
2434:
2380:
2370:
2329:
2319:
2233:
2184:
2041:
1336:
1206:
1065:is the most active gateway to Antarctica.
274:The Antarctic comprises the continent of
8991:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5889:"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the
3181:
3128:
3004:
2071:Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
1957:
1745:. Natural Environment Research Council.
1210:
1086:
1053:
947:
856:
778:
740:The Antarctic hosts the world's largest
724:
672:
636:
569:
382:
367:
57:
42:
8566:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1806:from the original on 26 September 2023.
1531:
14:
9088:
1930:
1659:from the original on 20 September 2020
1603:from the original on 14 December 2013.
1508:
884:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
354:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
38:Polar region around Earth's South Pole
7710:
5952:
5940:
5914:
5751:
5506:
3952:
3403:
3222:from the original on 25 February 2021
3053:from the original on 16 February 2020
2587:
2575:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
1156:, it is theoretically located in all
1099:, with its signpost in the background
3928:
1800:Natural Environment Research Council
1719:from the original on 8 February 2024
1577:from the original on 11 January 2012
294:. The Antarctic region includes the
8352:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6549:Norse colonization of North America
3365:Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty
2407:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
2022:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
1931:Slezak, Michael (26 October 2016).
1749:from the original on 1 August 2023.
1540:. Oxford University Press. p.
760:International Maritime Organization
24:
7881:United States Exploring Expedition
5781:countries and overseas territories
3326:
3311:from the original on 28 March 2022
3254:from the original on 1 August 2013
3242:"IAATO tourist statistics 2007/08"
3165:Generis Publishing, 2022. 241 pp.
1997:from the original on 2 August 2021
1971:from the original on 2 August 2021
1564:
1006:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
952:A map of the Antarctic voyages of
882:, weakening the lower cell of the
25:
9112:
8955:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
8323:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5801:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
3348:
1760:Vanessa Woods (14 October 2011).
1254:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1152:Because Antarctica surrounds the
1093:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
787:observations made by a series of
765:
762:(in force since 1 January 2017).
9041:
8849:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
8242:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5901:territorial claims in Antarctica
5657:
5534:Territorial claims in Antarctica
5479:
5478:
4811:West South Central United States
3927:
3918:
3917:
3677:
3385:Map of the Antarctic Convergence
2613:Science of the Total Environment
1629:from the original on 11 May 2013
1420:
1401:
1382:
1363:
1344:
1293:
1276:
1246:
1228:
1174:
1130:In December 2009, the growth of
878:from the ice dilutes the saline
866:This section is an excerpt from
771:This section is an excerpt from
703:
686:
221:
183:
148:
110:
75:
5026:Latin America and the Caribbean
4892:Latin America and the Caribbean
3289:
3266:
3234:
3204:
3175:
3145:
3122:
2625:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168
2577:(Report). University of Exeter.
1912:
1894:
1870:
1817:Chown; Gremmen; Gaston (1998).
1810:
1784:
1753:
1731:
922:and formerly frozen pollution.
836:, which float just offshore of
720:
710:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
489:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
5561:Australian Antarctic Territory
3429:
2300:Environmental Research Letters
2173:Environmental Research Letters
1695:
1671:
1641:
1607:
1589:
1558:
1525:
1502:
1474:
13:
1:
8228:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
8163:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7711:
3131:"Appendix B: Log of the
2588:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023).
1991:"The Polar Code, One Year On"
1496:
1141:
565:
8585:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
8401:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
8207:French Antarctic Expeditions
8137:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
8023:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
6141:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
4493:Middle East and North Africa
4198:Middle East and North Africa
1615:"The Antarctic Treaty | NSF"
1103:The Antarctic region had no
868:Climate change in Antarctica
850:Marine ice sheet instability
808:climate change in Antarctica
773:Climate change in Antarctica
363:
342:Climate change in Antarctica
7:
7670:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
7349:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
6214:Andrée's balloon expedition
5828:French Southern Territories
5625:Chilean Antarctic Territory
5613:British Antarctic Territory
3305:National Geographic Society
3297:National Geographic Spciety
3184:The Island of South Georgia
2088:"Impacts of climate change"
1902:"Greenland in figures 2009"
1623:National Science Foundation
1571:Online Etymology Dictionary
1509:Publishers, HarperCollins.
1440:
322:are administered under the
10:
9117:
6871:Franklin's lost expedition
6571:Christian IV's expeditions
5953:
4786:Northeastern United States
3333:Bibliography of Antarctica
3330:
3188:Cambridge University Press
3151:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
3098:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3
2765:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x
2533:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6
2226:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
2043:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w
1993:. The Maritime Executive.
1965:"Shipping in polar waters"
1145:
1047:born on 8 October 1913 in
943:
865:
770:
550:
546:
479:Heard and McDonald Islands
33:Antarctic (disambiguation)
26:
8688:
8419:
8006:
7746:
7723:
7719:
7706:
7225:Great Northern Expedition
7119:
6901:Rae–Richardson expedition
6650:
6495:
6101:British Arctic Expedition
5993:
5965:
5961:
5948:
5887:
5786:
5711:
5693:
5666:
5655:
5540:
5474:
5416:
5393:
5360:
5324:
5257:
5151:
5059:
5050:
4979:
4900:
4706:
4510:
4291:
4249:
4158:
4149:
4097:
4054:
3994:
3913:
3866:
3765:
3729:
3686:
3675:
3630:
3579:
3502:
3437:
3375:Antarctic Heritage Trusts
3182:Headland, Robert (1984).
2923:climatetippingpoints.info
2813:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
2427:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5
2138:10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z
1045:Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
963:
340:on Earth's land surface.
8509:British Antarctic Survey
8503:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7748:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5267:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4271:Transantarctic Mountains
3587:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3129:Robinson, James (1906).
2321:10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6
2186:10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4
1796:British Antarctic Survey
1743:British Antarctic Survey
1467:
1168:List of offshore islands
1029:James Kerguelen Robinson
939:10 °C (18 °F).
842:East Antarctic ice sheet
800:greenhouse gas emissions
467:exclusive economic zones
146:, American English also
9101:Geography of Antarctica
8985:Pole of inaccessibility
8648:Antarctic Treaty System
6989:2nd Grinnell expedition
5860:NZ Subantarctic Islands
5016:Caribbean South America
3278:18 January 2012 at the
3161:1 November 2022 at the
3154:The World of Antarctica
2865:10.1126/science.abn7950
2709:10.1126/science.ade0664
2372:10.1073/pnas.1817205116
1827:The American Naturalist
1532:Crystal, David (2006).
1432:Antarctic Treaty System
1413:Antarctic Treaty System
1394:Antarctic Treaty System
1375:Antarctic Treaty System
1356:Antarctic Treaty System
747:Greenland National Park
557:Antarctic microorganism
396:Antarctic Treaty System
324:Antarctic Treaty System
4796:Southern United States
4599:Scandinavian Peninsula
2974:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
2476:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467
2092:Discovering Antarctica
1653:www.agriculture.gov.au
1486:spelling pronunciation
1427:South Shetland Islands
1337:South of 60°S latitude
1328:South Sandwich Islands
1222:
1207:North of 60°S latitude
1121:South Shetland Islands
1100:
1066:
960:
880:Antarctic bottom water
862:
792:
737:
642:
575:
561:Wildlife of Antarctica
541:Tristan da Cunha group
444:meridians of longitude
424:South Shetland Islands
391:
380:
306:situated south of the
298:, waters, and all the
66:
55:
31:. For other uses, see
8655:Transglobe Expedition
8554:Operation Deep Freeze
7963:Challenger expedition
6829:Coppermine expedition
6350:Drifting ice stations
5872:Prince Edward Islands
5272:Antarctic Convergence
4816:Western United States
3078:Nature Communications
3035:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
2744:Nature Climate Change
2206:Nature Communications
2118:Nature Climate Change
1536:The Fight for English
1462:History of Antarctica
1311:South Georgia Islands
1214:
1119:area (especially the
1105:indigenous population
1097:geographic South Pole
1090:
1057:
951:
860:
782:
736:in Eastern Antarctica
728:
673:Sub-Antarctic Islands
640:
573:
533:Prince Edward Islands
509:Diego Ramírez Islands
463:Antarctic Convergence
440:parallels of latitude
428:Antarctic Convergence
386:
371:
308:Antarctic Convergence
292:Antarctic Convergence
61:
49:Antarctic Convergence
46:
5726:Uruguayan Antarctica
5721:Brazilian Antarctica
5618:Queen Elizabeth Land
5556:Argentine Antarctica
4338:Greater Central Asia
3284:The Associated Press
1762:"Antarctic wildlife"
1515:www.ahdictionary.com
1408:South Orkney Islands
1216:South Georgia Museum
1125:South Georgia Island
1082:Argentine Antarctica
647:Antarctic hair grass
593:South Georgia pipits
420:South Orkney Islands
338:biogeographic realms
9068: /
8825:South magnetic pole
7491:Brusilov expedition
6600:Danish colonization
6038:North magnetic pole
5730:American Antarctica
5484:Continents of Earth
5011:Brazilian Highlands
4420:Indian subcontinent
4281:Antarctic Peninsula
4079:Southern Hemisphere
4074:Northern Hemisphere
3900:Robert Falcon Scott
3557:South magnetic pole
3515:Antarctic Peninsula
3510:Biogeographic realm
3141:on 6 February 2012.
3090:2022NatCo..13.5328C
3026:2013TCry....7..375F
2966:2021SciA....7.7787P
2805:2020Natur.585..538G
2756:2023NatCC..13.1222N
2701:2023Sci...382.1384L
2695:(6677): 1384–1389.
2619:(Pt 1): 1534–1548.
2525:2022NatSR..12..383P
2419:2020npCAS...3...18H
2363:2019PNAS..11611195B
2357:(23): 11195–11200.
2331:20.500.11850/230713
2312:2017ERL....12k4002N
2290:Nauels, Alexander;
2218:2022NatCo..13..340B
2130:2020NatCC..10..762C
2034:2020npCAS...3...39S
1890:on 29 October 2016.
1772:on 14 December 2013
1521:on 8 December 2015.
1457:Antarctic ice sheet
1447:Anthony de la Roché
1117:Antarctic Peninsula
1070:Emilio Marcos Palma
985:Anthony de la Roché
973:Gabriel de Castilla
954:Anthony de la Roché
892:Northern Hemisphere
888:Southern Hemisphere
816:Antarctic Peninsula
693:Isla de los Estados
651:Antarctic pearlwort
618:Antarctic toothfish
497:Isla de los Estados
346:Antarctic ice sheet
312:Southern Hemisphere
302:territories in the
53:60th parallel south
8516:Operation Windmill
8497:Operation Highjump
7472:Rusanov expedition
7377:A. E. Nordenskiöld
7121:North East Passage
6925:McClure expedition
5737:Spanish Antarctica
5733:Russian Antarctica
5581:Princess Elizabeth
5299:Great Barrier Reef
4920:Mainland Australia
4628:Apennine Peninsula
4089:Western Hemisphere
4064:Eastern Hemisphere
3838:Telecommunications
3752:Territorial claims
3299:(14 August 2012).
3286:, 8 December 2009.
3216:www.diarioc.com.ar
2859:(6611): eabn7950.
2513:Scientific Reports
1945:on 28 October 2016
1223:
1162:territorial claims
1148:Time in Antarctica
1101:
1067:
1002:Russian expedition
961:
956:and others in the
863:
826:has absorbed more
793:
791:satellite sensors.
738:
643:
641:Chinstrap penguin.
576:
473:(United Kingdom),
394:As defined by the
392:
381:
284:island territories
267:region around the
67:
56:
9072:90.000°S -0.000°E
9029:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
8483:Operation Tabarin
8345:Far Eastern Party
8191:Nimrod Expedition
7702:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7261:M. Pronchishcheva
7183:Siberian Cossacks
6652:Northwest Passage
5985:Research stations
5942:Polar exploration
5908:
5907:
5848:Saint Paul Island
5843:Kerguelen Islands
5745:
5744:
5712:Unrecognized and
5686:
5678:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5586:Kaiser Wilhelm II
5552:
5500:
5499:
5380:Mediterranean Rim
5253:
5252:
5192:Mediterranean Sea
5046:
5045:
4999:Amazon Rainforest
4826:Canadian Prairies
4791:Pacific Northwest
4652:Iberian Peninsula
4437:Arabian Peninsula
4264:Antarctic Plateau
4024:Three/Four Worlds
3946:
3945:
3905:Ernest Shackleton
3833:Research stations
3778:Antarctic English
3747:National programs
3742:Military activity
3716:COVID-19 pandemic
3673:
3672:
3542:Floristic Kingdom
3447:Antarctic sea ice
3370:CCAMLR Commission
3171:979-8-88676-403-1
2799:(7826): 538–544.
2750:(11): 1222–1228.
1908:on 28 April 2010.
1565:Harper, Douglas.
1551:978-0-19-920764-0
1283:Kerguelen Islands
1201:in the background
1113:research stations
1051:, South Georgia.
979:, visited by the
927:Isostatic rebound
900:marine ecosystems
758:, adopted by the
653:, but a range of
614:Antarctic icefish
603:Antarctic petrels
485:Kerguelen Islands
330:Biogeographically
280:Kerguelen Plateau
16:(Redirected from
9108:
9096:Antarctic region
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9037:
8530:Ronne Expedition
8015:
8009:
7873:Dumont d'Urville
7721:
7720:
7708:
7707:
7256:V. Pronchishchev
5963:
5962:
5950:
5949:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5833:Amsterdam Island
5823:Falkland Islands
5806:Macquarie Island
5772:
5765:
5758:
5749:
5748:
5684:
5676:
5661:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5550:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5482:
5481:
5461:Global Southwest
5456:Global Southeast
5446:Global Northwest
5441:Global Northeast
5431:Global Heartland
5375:Indian Ocean Rim
5057:
5056:
4949:Island Melanesia
4640:Balkan Peninsula
4415:Himalayan states
4362:Russian Far East
4156:
4155:
4084:Water Hemisphere
3973:
3966:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3895:James Clark Ross
3867:Famous explorers
3681:
3500:
3499:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3293:
3287:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3179:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3037:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2954:Science Advances
2945:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2876:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2686:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2464:Science Advances
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2264:Fox-Kemper, B.;
2261:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1883:. Archived from
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1768:. Archived from
1757:
1751:
1750:
1739:"Polar Wildlife"
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:. Archived from
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:. Archived from
1506:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1452:Antarctic Circle
1425:
1424:
1423:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:McDonald Islands
1252:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1191:Petermann Island
1178:
1136:Antarctic Treaty
1041:Gulf of Morbihan
920:greenhouse gases
890:but more in the
708:
707:
706:
691:
690:
689:
625:, including the
574:Antarctic krill.
517:Macquarie Island
493:Falkland Islands
372:An October 2006
358:marine ecosystem
336:is one of eight
290:or south of the
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
21:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9086:
9085:
9077:-90.000; -0.000
9076:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9042:
9040:
9032:
9030:
9017:
8692:
8684:
8560:McMurdo Station
8429:Modern research
8427:
8415:
8150:O. Nordenskjöld
8013:
8007:
8002:
7918:Ross expedition
7742:
7715:
7694:
7123:
7115:
6656:Northern Canada
6654:
6646:
6499:
6491:
5997:
5989:
5957:
5944:
5939:
5909:
5904:
5883:
5782:
5776:
5746:
5741:
5714:Proposed claims
5713:
5707:
5703:Marie Byrd Land
5689:
5682:Yamato Yukihara
5662:
5653:
5646:Ross Dependency
5638:Queen Maud Land
5536:
5531:
5501:
5496:
5470:
5412:
5389:
5356:
5320:
5249:
5238:South China Sea
5147:
5090:Central America
5042:
4975:
4896:
4848:Northern Mexico
4836:Northern Canada
4821:Atlantic Canada
4776:Mountain states
4702:
4557:European Russia
4550:Southern Russia
4506:
4459:Iranian Plateau
4287:
4276:West Antarctica
4259:East Antarctica
4245:
4145:
4093:
4069:Land Hemisphere
4050:
3990:
3977:
3947:
3942:
3909:
3879:Richard E. Byrd
3862:
3823:Protected areas
3761:
3725:
3682:
3669:
3626:
3580:Bodies of Water
3575:
3564:West Antarctica
3520:East Antarctica
3498:
3433:
3428:
3351:
3335:
3329:
3327:Further reading
3324:
3314:
3312:
3294:
3290:
3280:Wayback Machine
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3176:
3163:Wayback Machine
3150:
3146:
3127:
3123:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2946:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2906:
2845:
2836:
2785:
2781:
2736:
2732:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2605:
2601:
2586:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2505:
2501:
2470:(4): eaap9467.
2456:
2452:
2402:
2398:
2343:
2339:
2288:
2284:
2272:
2262:
2251:
2198:
2194:
2165:
2161:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1840:10.2307/2463357
1821:
1815:
1811:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1530:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1443:
1438:
1421:
1419:
1402:
1400:
1383:
1381:
1364:
1362:
1351:Balleny Islands
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1275:
1247:
1245:
1229:
1227:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1189:cruise ship at
1184:
1179:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1027:The Australian
1010:Mikhail Lazarev
993:Terra Australis
966:
946:
941:
940:
904:Antarctic flora
871:
855:
854:
820:East Antarctica
812:West Antarctica
776:
768:
723:
704:
702:
687:
685:
675:
632:Antarctic krill
568:
563:
553:Antarctic realm
549:
513:Campbell Island
408:Balleny Islands
366:
334:Antarctic realm
288:Antarctic Plate
286:located on the
263:, opposite the
224:
220:
186:
182:
151:
147:
113:
109:
78:
74:
64:Antarctic Plate
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9114:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9051:
9050:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8977:Vostok Station
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8928:Cherry-Garrard
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8768:Southern Cross
8764:
8763:
8762:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8734:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8698:
8696:
8690:Farthest South
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8651:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8581:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8562:
8557:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8512:
8505:
8500:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8451:
8444:
8439:
8433:
8431:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8387:Ross Sea party
8383:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8348:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8334:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8187:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8171:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8081:Southern Cross
8074:Southern Cross
8070:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8018:
8016:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7939:
7933:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7820:Bellingshausen
7810:
7803:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7717:
7716:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7679:
7667:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7127:
7125:Russian Arctic
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6941:
6936:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6882:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6567:
6562:
6560:Snæbjörn galti
6557:
6552:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6462:
6455:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6353:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:Farthest North
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5959:
5958:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:Crozet Islands
5835:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5779:Peri-Antarctic
5775:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5679:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5630:Peter I Island
5627:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5576:Mac. Robertson
5573:
5568:
5558:
5553:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5492:Physical Earth
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5331:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5304:Mariana Trench
5301:
5291:
5286:
5284:Atlantic Ocean
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5245:Southern Ocean
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5233:East China Sea
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5167:Atlantic Ocean
5164:
5158:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4971:Remote Oceania
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:Western Canada
4838:
4833:
4831:Eastern Canada
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4545:South Caucasus
4542:
4540:North Caucasus
4532:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:South Caucasus
4439:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:Aralkum Desert
4313:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4107:Africa-Eurasia
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3889:Ui-te-Rangiora
3886:
3884:Douglas Mawson
3881:
3876:
3874:Roald Amundsen
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Gateway cities
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Antarctica Day
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3643:Microorganisms
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:List of rivers
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Extreme points
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3457:Climate change
3449:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3349:External links
3347:
3346:
3345:
3331:Main article:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3288:
3265:
3233:
3203:
3196:
3174:
3144:
3121:
3064:
3014:The Cryosphere
2997:
2935:
2904:
2834:
2779:
2730:
2671:
2654:
2599:
2580:
2564:
2499:
2450:
2396:
2337:
2306:(11): 114002.
2282:
2249:
2192:
2159:
2124:(8): 762–770.
2104:
2076:
2057:
2008:
1982:
1956:
1923:
1921:CCAMLR Website
1911:
1893:
1869:
1809:
1783:
1752:
1730:
1694:
1691:on 5 May 2010.
1670:
1640:
1606:
1588:
1557:
1550:
1524:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1417:
1398:
1379:
1370:Peter I Island
1360:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1305:United Kingdom
1290:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1243:
1224:
1208:
1205:
1195:Kyiv Peninsula
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1078:Esperanza Base
1074:Esperanza Base
965:
962:
958:Southern Ocean
945:
942:
918:thaws release
872:
864:
846:sea level rise
824:Southern Ocean
796:Climate change
777:
769:
767:
766:Climate change
764:
742:protected area
734:Mount Herschel
722:
719:
718:
717:
700:
674:
671:
635:
634:
629:
627:colossal squid
620:
612:Fish, such as
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
567:
564:
548:
545:
529:Crozet Islands
477:(Norway), and
458:surveillance.
432:Southern Ocean
412:Peter I Island
365:
362:
350:sea level rise
304:Southern Ocean
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9113:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9084:
9081:
9049:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8108:Discovery Hut
8106:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7705:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7638:A. Sibiryakov
7635:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7610:Glavsevmorput
7607:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6912:J. Richardson
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:M. Corte-Real
6672:
6670:
6669:G. Corte-Real
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6592:C. Richardson
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6401:Georgiy Sedov
6397:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:Riiser-Larsen
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Bouvet Island
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:Former claims
5665:
5660:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:Pacific Ocean
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:Pacific Ocean
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Caribbean Sea
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5124:by population
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5097:South America
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:North America
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:Southern Cone
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Andean States
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4981:South America
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4708:North America
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Low Countries
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:South-western
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:South-eastern
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:South-central
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Mediterranean
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:British Isles
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:Levantine Sea
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Mediterranean
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Midwinter Day
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:Treaty System
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:McMurdo Sound
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3197:9780521424745
3193:
3189:
3186:. Cambridge:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Rogelj, Joeri
2286:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2182:
2179:(6): 064034.
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:(4): 562–75.
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1487:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:South Georgia
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:Bouvet Island
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:South Georgia
974:
971:
959:
955:
950:
937:
933:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
786:
781:
774:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
735:
731:
727:
715:
711:
701:
698:
694:
684:
683:
682:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
639:
633:
630:
628:
624:
621:
619:
615:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
572:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Hornos Island
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:(Australia).
480:
476:
475:Bouvet Island
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:60°S latitude
397:
390:
385:
379:
375:
370:
361:
360:functioning.
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
320:60°S latitude
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
216:
178:
143:
105:
72:
65:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
34:
30:
19:
9053:
8983:
8971:Pole of Cold
8969:
8895:
8886:
8854:
8847:
8823:
8794:
8780:
8774:Borchgrevink
8766:
8753:
8738:
8718:
8703:
8672:
8653:
8646:
8630:
8616:
8607:
8590:
8583:
8564:
8552:
8528:
8514:
8507:
8495:
8481:
8467:
8453:
8446:
8407:
8399:
8385:
8378:
8376:
8358:
8350:
8343:
8330:
8321:
8283:
8275:
8266:
8259:
8247:
8240:
8226:
8214:Pourquoi-Pas
8213:
8205:
8197:
8189:
8184:Orcadas Base
8182:
8174:
8161:
8155:C. A. Larsen
8143:
8135:
8121:
8114:
8101:
8093:
8087:Borchgrevink
8080:
8072:
8029:
8021:
7996:C. A. Larsen
7989:
7970:
7961:
7943:
7925:
7916:
7903:
7888:
7879:
7866:
7827:
7813:
7806:
7787:
7772:
7682:
7675:
7658:
7651:
7637:
7622:
7608:
7595:
7570:
7556:
7554:
7540:
7538:
7532:
7530:
7496:
7489:
7470:
7436:
7434:
7420:
7418:
7400:
7390:
7388:
7368:
7366:
7347:
7223:
7181:
7164:
7132:
7096:
7094:
7074:
7073:
7053:
7052:
7038:
7025:
7010:
6996:
6987:
6974:
6945:
6933:Investigator
6932:
6923:
6899:
6886:
6878:
6869:
6856:
6827:
6804:
6789:
6774:
6744:
6729:
6699:
6618:
6598:
6569:
6565:Erik the Red
6547:
6525:
6518:
6475:submersibles
6472:
6466:Arktika 2007
6464:
6457:
6450:
6447:
6431:
6422:
6419:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6355:
6348:
6324:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6299:
6265:
6263:
6234:
6231:
6220:S. A. Andrée
6212:
6199:
6174:
6166:
6163:
6139:
6121:
6108:
6099:
6081:
6072:
6070:
6036:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5867:South Africa
5490: /
5488:List of seas
5486: /
5451:Global South
5436:Global North
5402:
5370:Atlantic Rim
5309:Ring of Fire
5289:Indian Ocean
5279:Arctic Ocean
5221:Persian Gulf
5216:Indian Ocean
5197:Adriatic Sea
5162:Arctic Ocean
4994:Amazon Basin
4989:Amazon Plain
4961:Near Oceania
4766:Mid-Atlantic
4716:Aridoamerica
4676:Northwestern
4589:Northwestern
4562:Southeastern
4454:Greater Iran
4393:Southeastern
4388:Pacific Asia
4357:Pacific Asia
4345:Northeastern
4301:Asia–Pacific
4044:Fourth World
4034:Second World
3803:Firefighting
3788:Demographics
3711:Colonization
3706:World War II
3340:
3313:. Retrieved
3304:
3301:"South Pole"
3291:
3282:Ray Lilley,
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3215:
3206:
3183:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3139:the original
3132:
3124:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3017:
3013:
3000:
2957:
2953:
2926:. Retrieved
2922:
2874:10871/131584
2856:
2852:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2692:
2688:
2674:
2664:
2657:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2583:
2567:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2436:10356/143900
2410:
2406:
2399:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2303:
2299:
2285:
2276:
2266:Hewitt, H.T.
2209:
2205:
2195:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2070:
2060:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1938:The Guardian
1936:
1926:
1914:
1906:the original
1896:
1885:the original
1872:
1831:
1825:
1812:
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1755:
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:
1686:the original
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1535:
1527:
1519:the original
1514:
1504:
1476:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1389:Scott Island
1373:
1354:
1264:Heard Island
1151:
1129:
1102:
1068:
1036:
1026:
1019:
1013:
991:
989:
967:
936:Aurora Basin
932:Wilkes Basin
906:, and large
873:
828:oceanic heat
794:
739:
721:Conservation
678:Biodiversity
676:
644:
577:
537:Gough Island
483:
460:
416:Scott Island
404:archipelagos
393:
328:
282:, and other
273:
253:polar region
70:
68:
40:
9075: /
8674:Lake Vostok
8624:Tryoshnikov
8546:Schlossbach
8437:Christensen
8379:James Caird
8300:E. R. Evans
8066:Dobrowolski
8036:de Gerlache
7738:Expeditions
7624:Aviaarktika
7578:Samoylovich
7449:Kolomeitsev
7343:Middendorff
7303:Gedenshtrom
6723:I. Fyodorov
6485:Chilingarov
6373:E. Fyodorov
5980:Expeditions
5855:New Zealand
5548:Adélie Land
5466:Global West
5426:Global East
5385:Pacific Rim
5327:waterbodies
5316:World Ocean
5141:New Zealand
5021:The Guianas
4910:Australasia
4853:West Indies
4781:New England
4761:Great Lakes
4731:Mesoamerica
4618:Middle East
4594:Scandinavia
4483:Middle East
4321:Caspian Sea
4227:Great Lakes
4207:Sub-Saharan
4193:Middle East
4056:Hemispheres
4039:Third World
4029:First World
3982:'s primary
3891:(legendary)
3798:Field camps
3696:Expeditions
3622:Weddell Sea
3602:Lake Vostok
3597:Lake Mercer
3469:Ice shelves
3084:(1): 5328.
1776:20 November
1619:www.nsf.gov
1581:16 November
1567:"Antarctic"
1199:Graham Land
898:of certain
834:ice shelves
730:Moubray Bay
598:Albatrosses
316:ice shelves
296:ice shelves
219:; commonly
9090:Categories
8897:Terra Nova
8802:Shackleton
8745:J. C. Ross
8704:Resolution
8694:South Pole
8469:New Swabia
8393:Mackintosh
8365:Shackleton
8284:Terra Nova
8277:Terra Nova
8011:Heroic Age
7971:Challenger
7931:J. C. Ross
7841:Bransfield
7773:Resolution
7688:icebreaker
7652:Chelyuskin
7393:expedition
7371:Expedition
7313:Matyushkin
7271:Kh. Laptev
7266:Chelyuskin
7160:Heemskerck
7150:Chancellor
7145:Willoughby
7140:Koch boats
7083:Stefansson
7017:McClintock
6981:Inglefield
6823:J. C. Ross
6730:Resolution
6582:Cunningham
6480:Sagalevich
6169:expedition
6128:Stephenson
6088:C. F. Hall
6075:expedition
6049:J. C. Ross
6012:Heemskerck
5999:North Pole
5674:New Swabia
5591:Queen Mary
5207:Ionian Sea
5202:Aegean Sea
5172:Baltic Sea
5104:Antarctica
4956:Micronesia
4925:New Guinea
4883:Portuguese
4806:West Coast
4756:East Coast
4751:Bible Belt
4746:Appalachia
4425:Subregions
4333:Inner Asia
4251:Antarctica
4151:Continents
4124:Antarctica
4099:Landmasses
4009:Down Under
4004:Arab World
3988:subregions
3701:Heroic Age
3552:South Pole
3462:Heat waves
3431:Antarctica
3020:(1): 390.
2519:(1): 383.
2212:(1): 340.
1949:28 October
1497:References
1484:, but the
1316:Shag Rocks
1158:time zones
1154:South Pole
1142:Time zones
1109:scientific
998:Antarctica
987:in 1675.
916:permafrost
804:Antarctica
798:caused by
756:Polar Code
667:macrofungi
659:liverworts
566:Antarctica
551:See also:
525:Saint Paul
422:, and the
276:Antarctica
269:North Pole
261:South Pole
29:Antarctica
9048:Geography
8996:Tolstikov
8782:Discovery
8752:HMS
8737:HMS
8719:Adventure
8717:HMS
8702:HMS
8638:Tolstikov
8359:Endurance
8144:Antarctic
8129:Drygalski
8102:Discovery
8095:Discovery
8056:Arctowski
7969:HMS
7942:HMS
7936:Abernethy
7924:HMS
7902:USS
7889:Vincennes
7887:USS
7867:Astrolabe
7807:San Telmo
7788:Adventure
7786:HMS
7771:HMS
7766:Kerguelen
7728:Continent
7713:Antarctic
7590:Urvantsev
7548:Vilkitsky
7401:Jeannette
7399:USS
7391:Jeannette
7355:Weyprecht
7333:Pakhtusov
7283:Chichagov
7276:D. Laptev
7219:Permyakov
7194:Stadukhin
7189:Perfilyev
7166:Mangazeya
7104:H. Larsen
7069:Rasmussen
7024:HMS
6995:USS
6944:HMS
6931:HMS
6895:Collinson
6885:HMS
6877:HMS
6855:HMS
6803:HMS
6788:HMS
6773:HMS
6758:Mackenzie
6745:Discovery
6743:HMS
6728:HMS
6700:Discovery
6679:Frobisher
6642:Rasmussen
6555:Gunnbjörn
6501:Greenland
6430:USS
6421:USS
6293:Ellsworth
6235:Roosevelt
6165:Nansen's
6122:Discovery
6120:HMS
6107:HMS
6054:Abernethy
6022:Marmaduke
5891:Antarctic
5796:Australia
5791:Argentina
5695:Unclaimed
5403:Antarctic
5187:Irish Sea
5177:Black Sea
5136:Australia
5085:Caribbean
5062:continent
5036:Patagonia
4966:Polynesia
4944:Melanesia
4937:Zealandia
4915:Australia
4801:Southwest
4721:Caribbean
4498:Near East
4139:submerged
4134:Zealandia
4129:Australia
4019:Old World
4014:New World
3853:Transport
3592:Lake CECs
3569:ice sheet
3525:ice sheet
3494:Volcanoes
3484:Mountains
3439:Geography
3057:6 January
2928:2 October
2899:252161375
2883:0036-8075
2829:221885420
2774:264476246
2725:266436146
2633:0048-9697
2541:2045-2322
2445:218541055
2413:(1): 18.
2154:220261150
2146:1758-6798
2052:222179485
2028:(1): 39.
1848:0003-0147
1663:7 October
1633:7 October
1258:Australia
1220:Grytviken
1187:Norwegian
1063:Argentina
1049:Grytviken
983:merchant
876:meltwater
697:Argentina
527:Islands,
521:Amsterdam
505:Cape Horn
456:satellite
364:Geography
318:south of
71:Antarctic
9008:A. Fuchs
8965:V. Fuchs
8945:McKinley
8908:E. Evans
8867:Bjaaland
8862:Amundsen
8812:Marshall
8725:Furneaux
8577:V. Fuchs
8541:E. Ronne
8536:F. Ronne
8475:Ritscher
8329:SY
8317:Filchner
8261:Framheim
8255:Amundsen
8061:Racoviță
8046:Amundsen
8041:Lecointe
7910:Ringgold
7904:Porpoise
7794:Furneaux
7630:Shevelev
7585:Begichev
7564:Amundsen
7526:Nagórski
7504:Brusilov
7498:Sv. Anna
7412:Melville
7382:Palander
7338:Tsivolko
7298:Sannikov
7293:Billings
7236:Chirikov
7155:Barentsz
7097:St. Roch
7088:Bartlett
7062:Amundsen
7046:Sverdrup
6946:Resolute
6835:Franklin
6763:Kotzebue
6630:Sverdrup
6613:Scoresby
6587:Lindenov
6438:Plaisted
6423:Nautilus
6368:Shirshov
6342:Belyakov
6337:Baydukov
6311:Nautilus
6273:Amundsen
6233:SS
6192:Sverdrup
6187:Johansen
6157:Brainard
6152:Lockwood
6007:Barentsz
5899:include
5893:") does
5601:George V
4930:Tasmania
4878:Hispanic
4741:Northern
4688:Germanic
4666:Atlantic
4608:Southern
4569:Northern
4535:Caucasus
4471:Dead Sea
4442:Caucasus
4410:Southern
4403:Maritime
4398:Mainland
4371:Northern
4352:Far East
4311:Aral Sea
4234:Southern
4178:Northern
3923:Category
3828:Religion
3730:Politics
3648:Wildlife
3617:Ross Sea
3479:Glaciers
3309:Archived
3276:Archived
3249:Archived
3220:Archived
3159:Archived
3116:36088458
3048:Archived
3044:13129041
2992:33931453
2891:36074831
2821:32968257
2717:38127761
2649:53093132
2641:30360282
2594:ABC News
2559:35013425
2494:29675467
2391:31110015
2244:35039511
2001:2 August
1995:Archived
1975:2 August
1969:Archived
1864:18811364
1804:Archived
1792:"Plants"
1747:Archived
1723:15 April
1714:Archived
1657:Archived
1627:Archived
1601:Archived
1599:. SCAR.
1575:Archived
1441:See also
970:Spaniard
912:penguins
910:such as
896:collapse
838:glaciers
785:infrared
751:Ross Sea
588:Penguins
51:and the
18:Antartic
9063:00°00′W
9060:90°00′S
9013:Messner
8960:Hillary
8940:Balchen
8888:Polheim
8882:Wisting
8760:Crozier
8732:Weddell
8710:J. Cook
8680:Kapitsa
8661:Fiennes
8603:Klenova
8572:Hillary
8522:Ketchum
8448:BANZARE
8423:·
8268:Polheim
8234:Shirase
8220:Charcot
8030:Belgica
7949:Crozier
7861:Morrell
7856:Weddell
7834:Lazarev
7779:J. Cook
7733:History
7683:Arktika
7659:Krassin
7644:Voronin
7616:Schmidt
7602:Ushakov
7541:Vaygach
7509:Albanov
7478:Rusanov
7459:Kolchak
7454:Matisen
7428:Makarov
7407:De Long
7308:Wrangel
7288:Lyakhov
7241:Malygin
7199:Dezhnev
7026:Pandora
6997:Advance
6964:Kennedy
6959:Belcher
6952:Kellett
6939:McClure
6863:Beechey
6857:Blossom
6850:Simpson
6818:Crozier
6811:Hoppner
6768:J. Ross
6736:J. Cook
6684:Gilbert
6577:J. Hall
6543:Ingólfr
6533:Naddodd
6527:Vikings
6514:Brendan
6509:Pytheas
6497:Iceland
6451:Arktika
6443:Herbert
6408:Badygin
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3086:Bibcode
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