31:
44:
494:. In fact, this species can reach extreme depths when diving for their food. Since demersal fish are found on the ocean floor, these fish feed on other benthic species. Thus, the Antarctic shag links the benthic and pelagic zones of the food web. Despite linking these two areas of the ocean, the Antarctic shag has a limited population. Therefore, the amount of demersal species consumed doesn't impact the entire ecosystem.
511:
plumage, this species doesn't need to dry off via wing-spreading like other diving bird species. These dense feathers close to the skin also prevent icy waters from hitting the skin. Additionally, birds having to spread their wings to dry could have further reduced their body temperature in an already extremely harsh climate. Therefore, both the cold water and cold air could have caused this species to develop over time.
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protection, parents must keep their chicks warm for the first few weeks. The naked chicks are fed by their parents for about 3 weeks with the male partner providing most of the food. After about 3 weeks, the chicks start to fledge. By age 4, the offspring will have reached sexual maturity. The
Antarctic shag has an estimated life expectancy of 15–20 years in the wild.
252:
wing. The bill is dark ranging from brown to yellow. As the bill hooks, the lower mandible becomes lighter. The species has naked pink webbed feet and large black claws. The wings of this species are extremely strong and are powerful in flight with continuous wingbeats disrupted by some gliding. It is estimated that flight speed can reach 50 km per hour.
388:
Both genders build a nest from feathers, seaweed, and ocean debris. Materials are then connected with excreta, which is waste material, such as feces and urine. Shag mating pairs often steal nesting material from other couples. The final nest shape looks like a cone with the tip cut off, similar to a
502:
On average, the
Antarctic shag dives 25 meters to feed on fish. Their maximum dive depth is around 60 meters. The number of dives and depth of each dive is related to foraging conditions. They most likely ingest smaller fish and invertebrates while underwater. In contrast, larger fish, 15 cm or
392:
Antarctic shags lay their eggs between
October and December. The female lays 2 or 3 eggs on average; but up to 5 eggs have been observed. Both parents help incubate the eggs for 28–31 days. Chicks hatch without a protective down making them vulnerable to the Antarctic conditions. Due to this lack of
341:
It is very hard to estimate the population of species in isolated areas, such as the
Antarctic. Still, recent studies using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have allowed scientists to estimate Antarctic shag populations by taking images of colonies. Since this data is based on images, more can also be
506:
Shags can't predict how much time is required to dive and capture prey. Once underwater, the bird looks for prey, and reacts based on the situation. If a fish is found but the shag doesn't have enough oxygen, it will come back up to the surface, take in the largest amount of air possible, and dive
251:
found on the forehead. Additionally, the blue "eye", which is actually blue skin surrounding the eye, is a distinct trait that stands out. The head, wings, and outside of the thighs are black. While the underparts and central back are white. White is also found on the wing bars that line the upper
329:
This species is sedentary and doesn't migrate. However, a single
Antarctic shag was found dead in Bahia, Brazil in 2002; it had previously been ringed in the South Shetland Islands. Colonies may move short distances to find waters that aren't frozen in order to feed. This short move most likely
325:
The
Antarctic shag is described as a marine species staying near the shores of coastal regions and some islands. Additionally, colonies are usually found near packed ice. During the breeding season, breeding colonies are found on cliffs, rocky slopes, outcrops and sometimes even flat coasts or
510:
Many birds can't fly with wet feathers and diving in the water can cause feathers to become waterlogged (fully saturated). Often, you see waterbirds standing with their wings spread to dry off their feathers after diving. Antarctic shags are unique in this respect and due to their dense inner
822:
Lima, P.C.; Grantsau, R; Lima, R.C.F.R; dos Santos, S.S. (2002). "Notas sobre os registros brasileiros de
Calonectris edwardsii (Oustalet, 1883) e Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Mouquin-Tandon, 1841) e primeiro registro de Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936) para o Brasil".
519:
Shags are known to be quiet but often vocalize at breeding sites or when vulnerable. When threatened, the male makes a "aaark" call while the female will make a hissing call. In contrast, during breeding, males makes a "honk" call.
997:
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The adult
Antarctic shag is about 75–77 cm tall, has a wingspan of 124 cm, and weighs 1.5-3.5 kg. When looking at individuals within this species, the most defining characteristic is the warty yellow
338:
The current population of the
Antarctic shag is stable, with a estimated 20,000 individuals worldwide. Currently there is no particular threat that could hurt the community or population size.
842:
Orta, Jaume; Garcia, Ernest; Christie, David; Jutglar, Francesc; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.),
467:). Typically, the females consume more invertebrates while the males consume more fish. This difference in diet is most likely due to the difference in size of each gender.
884:"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey of the Antarctic shag (Leucocarbo bransfieldensis) breeding colony at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands"
366:
and only mate with one partner each nesting season. Still, partners may change between seasons. Males attract breeding partners with a greeting display.
274:, which includes all cormorants and shags. Still, there are some taxonomic issues regarding the species. The Antarctic shag is usually placed in genus
1196:
Neil, Bernstein; Maxson, Stephen (1982). "Absence of Wing-spreading
Behavior in the Antarctic Blue-Eyed Shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldenis".
1056:
Casaux, Ricardo. "On The Accuracy of the Pellet Analysis Method to Estimate The Food Intake in the Antarctic Shag, Phalacrocoraz bransfieldensis".
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learned about topography, habitat selection and nesting. In the future, this might allow scientists to more precisely estimate population size.
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Males and female look very similar but can be distinguished by size. Males are larger than females in size and are also larger-billed.
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Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives : Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae
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2121:
290:, however its position within the group is debated. Some scientists lump the Antarctic shag with other species, such as the
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385:. This species usually forms smaller colonies of 20-40 pairs, but larger colonies of up to 800 pairs have been observed.
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Juveniles are duller and browner than adults. They don't usually have the warty caruncle or white patch on their back.
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again to capture the prey. This shows that the Antarctic shag changes its diving strategy based on the situation.
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Typically, colonies breed on low rocky cliffs near the water. Sometimes, breeding colonies are shared with other
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Antarctic shags usually forage alone or in small groups. Most of the Antarctic shag's diet is composed of
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volcano. Nests are sometimes reused between years as many individuals return to the same breeding site.
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Antarctic shags are rarely prey for other species. There have been a few documented cases, including
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occurs during winter months when ice starts to spread and cover the ocean where the birds feed.
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Oosthuizen, W. Chris; KrĂĽger, Lucas; Jouanneau, William; Lowther, Andrew D. (2020-01-02).
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1084:"Shags in Antarctica: their feeding behaviour and ecological role in the marine food web"
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Breeding success can be directly affected by food availability and diving conditions.
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649:"Birds of the World - Comprehensive life histories for all bird species and families"
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In 2018, a study found that 3.5% of the global Antarctic shag population breeds in
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1173:"Double-crested Cormorant Dries its Feathers | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab"
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The most common way to study the Antarctic shag's diet is by analyzing its
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and other invertebrates. The fish diet is mostly composed of
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722:"Blue Eyed Shag / Imperial Shag, Antarctica fact file birds"
349:. The study also calls for greater protections of the area.
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10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0382:DPITAS]2.0.CO;2
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964:"EXCRETA | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
940:"Seabird populations on Antarctic Peninsula unexpected"
799:"Leucocarbo bransfieldensis (Antarctic Shag) - Avibase"
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1082:
Casaux, Ricardo; Barrera-Oro, Esteban (March 2006).
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302:consider the Antarctic shag to be its own species.
1081:
2242:
844:"Antarctic Shag (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis)"
490:Unlike other birds, the Antarctic shag consumes
487:species prey on their eggs and chicks as well.
310:Currently, the Antarctic shag is found on the
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779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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783:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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483:killing Antarctic shags. However, other
266:The Antarctic shag is part of the order
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998:"Diving Patterns in the Antarctic Shag"
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2186:Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis
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174:Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis
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1977:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
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503:longer, are brought to land to eat.
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2261:Taxa named by Robert Cushman Murphy
1064:: 167–176 – via Researchgate.
751:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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996:Casaux, Ricardo (December 2004).
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1219:. University of Minnesota Press.
198:), sometimes referred to as the
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1217:Bird Island in Antarctic Waters
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1204:(3): 588–589 – via JSTOR.
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850:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
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1:
745:Nelson, Bryan, 1932- (2005).
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286:. This species is one of the
226:. It is sometimes considered
218:, is the only species of the
179:Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis
1376:Christmas Island frigatebird
1171:Thompson, Mya (2013-08-08).
7:
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1434:
1340:
461:Antarctic spiny plunderfish
379:southern rockhopper penguin
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10:
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2174:Leucocarbo-bransfieldensis
2069:Leucocarbo bransfieldensis
2039:Leucocarbo bransfieldensis
1240:Leucocarbo bransfieldensis
900:10.1007/s00300-019-02616-y
441:Gobionotothen gibberifrons
195:Leucocarbo bransfieldensis
148:Leucocarbo bransfieldensis
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1177:academy.allaboutbirds.org
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702:oceanwide-expeditions.com
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39:Scientific classification
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1858:Double-crested cormorant
1753:White-breasted cormorant
1148:"Demersal Fish | Tethys"
968:dictionary.cambridge.org
449:Lepidonotothen nudifrons
383:black-browed albatrosses
306:Habitat and distribution
2256:Birds described in 1936
1801:(long-tailed cormorant)
1366:Magnificent frigatebird
1215:Parmlee, David (1980).
542:Wildfoot Travel Journal
415:, but can also include
399:
130:L. bransfieldensis
1930:(Magellanic cormorant)
1760:(Temminck's cormorant)
1733:Little black cormorant
1295:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
856:10.2173/bow.antsha1.01
726:www.coolantarctica.com
465:Harpagifer antarcticus
316:South Shetland Islands
1939:New Zealand king shag
1794:Little pied cormorant
1728:Black-faced cormorant
1371:Ascension frigatebird
606:www.oiseaux-birds.com
1908:Red-legged cormorant
1868:Flightless cormorant
1838:Spectacled cormorant
1658:: Phalacrocoracidae)
1562:: Anhingidae ·
1313:: Fregatidae ·
1242:at Wikimedia Commons
538:"The Antarctic Shag"
471:Role in the food web
457:Notothenia coriiceps
373:species such as the
362:Antarctic shags are
222:family found in the
1863:Neotropic cormorant
1830:Red-faced cormorant
1629:Australasian darter
1533:Australasian gannet
1409:Gannets and boobies
1100:2006AntSc..18....3C
803:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
653:birdsoftheworld.org
312:Antarctic Peninsula
296:IOC World Bird List
236:Leucocarbo atriceps
216:Antarctic cormorant
2006:South Georgia shag
1941:(rough-faced shag)
1820:Brandt's cormorant
1758:Japanese cormorant
1386:Lesser frigatebird
1251:2021-07-19 at the
848:Birds of the World
300:Clements Checklist
200:imperial cormorant
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2031:Taxon identifiers
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2018:
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2014:
2013:
1981:Heard Island shag
1825:Pelagic cormorant
1779:Crowned cormorant
1703:Socotra cormorant
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1381:Great frigatebird
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1238:Media related to
1088:Antarctic Science
453:bullhead notothen
437:humphead notothen
334:Population status
272:Phalacrocoracidae
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106:Phalacrocoracidae
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1784:Little cormorant
1738:Indian cormorant
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698:"Blue-eyed shag"
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602:"Antarctic Shag"
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1789:Pygmy cormorant
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1748:Great cormorant
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1619:Oriental darter
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1523:Northern gannet
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320:Elephant Island
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294:. However, the
288:blue-eyed shags
270:and the family
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24:Antarctic shag
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16:Species of bird
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1708:Bank cormorant
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1955:Chatham shag
1945:Foveaux shag
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1899:Poikilocarbo
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1718:Spotted shag
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1180:. Retrieved
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1117:11336/102295
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2104:iNaturalist
2063:Wikispecies
1986:Crozet shag
1970:Bounty shag
1849:Nannopterum
1528:Cape gannet
1485:Brown booby
1475:Nazca booby
1094:(1): 3–14.
1023:11336/29062
481:brown skuas
417:crustaceans
242:Description
228:conspecific
2251:Leucocarbo
2245:Categories
2169:Xeno-canto
1950:Otago shag
1919:Leucocarbo
1770:Microcarbo
1652:Cormorants
1415:: Sulidae)
1293:Suliformes
1182:2020-10-13
1157:2020-10-09
1058:Folia Zool
1002:Waterbirds
973:2020-10-13
949:2020-11-02
909:2263/76501
869:2020-11-02
808:2020-11-02
731:2020-10-14
707:2020-10-10
658:2020-10-09
611:2020-10-09
548:2020-10-14
524:References
364:monogamous
283:Leucocarbo
268:Suliformes
117:Leucocarbo
96:Suliformes
2201:Q27043884
1928:Rock shag
1713:Pitt shag
1126:0954-1020
1032:1524-4695
926:209528444
918:0722-4060
864:243014094
825:Ararajuba
775:cite book
421:octopuses
375:rock shag
347:Ryder Bay
230:with the
224:Antarctic
220:cormorant
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
2195:Wikidata
2054:Q1264549
2048:Wikidata
1495:Papasula
1249:Archived
1134:86322485
1040:85908033
944:phys.org
767:67291699
353:Behavior
326:islets.
298:and the
262:Taxonomy
249:caruncle
165:Synonyms
102:Family:
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
2215:4352330
2161:1486689
2096:6066510
1879:Gulosus
1680:Species
1614:Anhinga
1605:Anhinga
1591:Species
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1556:Darters
1437:Species
1357:Fregata
1343:Species
1319:Fregata
1198:The Auk
1096:Bibcode
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406:pellets
158:, 1936)
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1811:Urile
1669:Genus
1580:Genus
1564:genus
1514:Morus
1426:Genus
1332:Genus
1315:genus
1289:Order
1130:S2CID
1036:S2CID
922:S2CID
860:S2CID
433:slugs
429:worms
2210:GBIF
2156:OBIS
2130:NCBI
2117:ITIS
2091:GBIF
1451:Sula
1122:ISSN
1028:ISSN
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785:link
781:link
763:OCLC
753:ISBN
485:bird
479:and
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400:Diet
371:bird
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