566:
980:
1031:
916:
49:
835:
1762:
934:
63:
956:
1019:
112:
277:
968:
87:
1911:
679:. Traditionally, lesser snow geese wintered in coastal marsh areas where they used their short but strong bills to dig up the roots of marsh grasses for food. However, they have also since shifted inland towards agricultural areas, likely the cause behind the unsustainable population increase in the 20th century. This shift may help to contribute to increased goose survival rates, leading to overgrazing on tundra breeding grounds.
817:
estimate, so the total number of geese is likely higher. Lesser snow goose population indices are the highest they have been since population records have been kept, and evidence suggests that large breeding populations are spreading to previously untouched sections of the Hudson Bay coastline. The cause of this overpopulation may be the heavy conversion of land from forest and prairie to agricultural usage in the 20th century.
581:, white (snow) or gray/blue (blue), thus the common description as "snows" and "blues". White-morph birds are white except for black wing tips, but blue-morph geese have bluish-gray plumage replacing the white except on the head, neck and tail tip. The immature blue phase is drab or slate-gray with little to no white on the head, neck, or belly. Both snow and blue phases have rose-red feet and legs, and pink bills with black
900:
for home habitat. The increase in population in substantial amounts raised concern to then DU chief biologist Dr. Bruce Batt who was part of a committee that put together various data and submitted it to the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service with the recommendation on ways to combat the growing population and the damage that the snow geese were creating in the arctic breeding grounds.
1000:
589:
genetically controlled. The dark phase results from a single dominant gene and the white phase is homozygous recessive. When choosing a mate, young birds will most often select a mate that resembles their parents' coloring. If the birds were hatched into a mixed pair, they will mate with either color phase.
651:
Snow geese breed from late May to mid-August, but they leave their nesting areas and spend more than half the year on their migration to-and-from warmer wintering areas. During spring migration (the reverse migration), large flocks of snow geese fly very high and migrate in large numbers along narrow
588:
White- and blue-morph birds interbreed and the offspring may be of either morph. These two colors of geese were once thought to be separate species; since they interbreed and are found together throughout their ranges, they are now considered two color phases of the same species. The color phases are
903:
The committee recommended relaxing hunting restrictions and giving hunters a better opportunity to harvest more snow geese on their way back to the breeding grounds in the spring. The suggested restrictions were to allow the use of electronic callers, unplugged shotguns, extended shooting hours, and
899:
The late 1990s was when the mid-continent population of snow geese was recognized as causing significant damage to the arctic and sub-arctic breeding grounds which was also causing critical damage to other varieties of waterfowl species and other wildlife that uses the arctic and sub-arctic grounds
620:
Snow geese often nest in colonies. Nesting usually begins at the end of May or during the first few days of June, depending on snow conditions. The female selects a nest site and builds the nest on an area of high ground. The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material and may be reused
787:
nests, which is likely a solution to predation. Their nesting success was much lower when snowy owls were absent, leading scientists to believe that the owls, since they are predatory, were capable of keeping competing predators away from the nests. A similar association as with the owls has been
816:
The breeding population of the lesser snow goose exceeds 5 million birds, an increase of more than 300% since the mid-1970s. The population is increasing at a rate of more than five percent per year. Non-breeding geese (juveniles or adults that fail to nest successfully) are not included in this
820:
Since the late 1990s, efforts have been underway in the U.S. and Canada to reduce the North
American population of lesser snow and Ross's geese to sustainable levels due to the documented destruction of tundra habitat in Hudson Bay and other nesting areas. The Light Goose Conservation Order was
585:("cutting edges"), giving them a black "grin patch". The colors are not as bright on the feet, legs, and bill of immature birds. The head can be stained rusty-brown from minerals in the soil where they feed. They are very vocal and can often be heard from more than a mile away.
821:
established in 1997 and federally mandated in 1999. Increasing hunter bag limits, extending the length of hunting seasons, and adding new hunting methods have all been successfully implemented, but have not reduced the overall population of snow geese in North
America.
756:
Outside of the nesting season, they usually feed in flocks. In winter, snow geese feed on left-over grain in fields. They migrate in large flocks, often visiting traditional stopover habitats in spectacular numbers. Snow geese frequently travel and feed alongside
1005:
1004:
1001:
1006:
349:
1791:
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608:), nests in northeastern Canada. It averages about 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) and 79 cm (31 in), but can weigh up to 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). The wingspan for both subspecies ranges from 135 to 165 cm (53 to 65 in).
783:. The biggest threat occurs during the first couple of weeks after the eggs are laid and then after hatching. The eggs and young chicks are vulnerable to these predators, but adults are generally safe. They have been seen nesting near
1003:
350:
616:
Long-term pair bonds are usually formed in the second year, although breeding does not usually start until the third year. Females are strongly philopatric, meaning they will return to the place they hatched to breed.
621:
from year to year. After the female lays the first of three to five eggs, she lines the nest with down. The female incubates for 22 to 25 days, and the young leave the nest within a few hours of hatching.
768:
The population of greater snow geese was in decline at the beginning of the 20th century, but has now recovered to sustainable levels. Snow geese in North
America have increased to the point where the
1030:
604:
area. The lesser snow goose stands 64 to 79 cm (25 to 31 in) tall and weighs 2.05 to 2.7 kg (4.5 to 6.0 lb). The larger subspecies, the greater snow goose (
979:
1002:
1606:
Johnson, Stephen R.; Noel, Lynn E. (2005). "Temperature and
Predation Effects on Abundance and Distribution of Lesser Snow Geese in the Sagavanirktok River Delta, Alaska".
1337:
Ottenburghs, J.; Megens, H.-J.; Kraus, R.H.S.; Madsen, O.; van Hooft, P.; van Wieren, S.E.; Crooijmans, R.P.M.A.; Ydenberg, R.C.; Groenen, M.A.M.; Prins, H.H.T. (2016).
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The young feed themselves, but are protected by both parents. After 42 to 50 days they can fly, but they remain with their family until they are two to three years old.
570:
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breeding areas in the Arctic and the saltmarsh wintering grounds are both becoming severely degraded, and this affects other species using the same habitat.
441:. He used the English name "The blue-winged goose". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from the
351:
264:
667:
across prairie and rich farmland to their wintering grounds on grassland and agricultural fields across the United States and Mexico, especially the
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1386:
Arctic
Ecosystems in Peril: Report of the Arctic Goose Habitat Working Group. Part II High Goose Populations: causes, impacts and implications
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1819:
2657:
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on the basis of size and geography. Size overlap has caused some to question the division. The smaller subspecies, the lesser snow goose (
1229:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1313:
2629:
2419:
1741:
2458:
955:
557:, the normal white-colored animals and a dark gray-colored "blue" phase. The greater snow goose is rarely seen in a blue phase.
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1421:
1321:
1153:
1126:
915:
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1307:
1535:
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and all three North
American bear species. Few predators regularly prey on snow geese outside of the nesting season, but
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17:
1812:
1509:
1248:
Ornithologie, ou, MĂ©thode
Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
886:
904:
no bag limits. Two years after the Light Goose
Conservation Order was introduced it was federally mandated in 1999.
857:
706:, but escapes from collections have occurred, and it is an occasional feral breeder. Snow geese are visitors to the
2692:
2575:
2682:
2515:
2411:
2393:
1751:
1018:
460:
252:
227:
1619:
1385:
535:– breeds in northeast Siberia, north Alaska and northwest Canada, winters in south USA, north Mexico and Japan
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1558:"Factors Affecting Nesting Success in Greater Snow Geese: Effects of Habitat and Association with Snowy Owls"
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breed together, as at La PĂ©rouse, they hybridize at times, and hybrids are fertile. Rare hybrids with the
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form by being slightly larger. It nests farther north and east. The lesser snow goose can be found in two
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758:
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31:
1212:. Vol. Part 3. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 152, Plate 152.
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corridors, more than 3,000 mi (4,800 km) from traditional wintering areas to the tundra.
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1232:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.
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2323:
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8:
2008:
1930:
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76:
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Herrera, NĂ©stor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo; RodrĂguez, Wilfredo (2006).
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included an illustration and a description of the snow goose in the third volume of his
289: Breeding range (also in northwest Greenland and Wrangel Island, Russia; not shown)
2104:
1639:
1631:
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1438:
1339:"A tree of geese: A phylogenomic perspective on the evolutionary history of True Geese"
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native to North America. Both white and dark morphs exist, the latter often known as
48:
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1965:
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1975:
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1391:(Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. p. 1
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741:. They were seen and photographed several times over the course of 3-4 months.
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1970:
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545:– breeds in northeast Canada and northwest Greenland, winters in northeast USA
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Around 2015, a small group of 3-5 snow geese landed on the north shore of
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Mowbray, Thomas B.; Fred, Cooke; Barbara, Ganter (2000). "Snow Goose (
761:; in contrast, the two tend to avoid travelling and feeding alongside
671:. The larger and less numerous greater snow goose travels through the
2068:
2063:
2013:
1985:
1507:
1383:
793:
784:
425:. Snow goose populations increased dramatically in the 20th century.
417:, and spend winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern
402:
398:
123:
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2359:
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2129:
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1900:
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and cited Edwards' work. The snow goose is now placed in the genus
173:
143:
1557:
1556:
Tremblay, J.-P.; Gauthier, G.; Lepage, D.; Desrochers, A. (1997).
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1960:
1945:
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30:
This article is about the species of goose. For other uses, see
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133:
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1148:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 297.
683:
582:
464:
370:
1336:
792:. Additional predators at the nest have reportedly included
2053:
1620:
10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0292:TAPEOA]2.0.CO;2
1062:
925:
780:
468:
463:, he placed the snow goose with the ducks and geese in the
153:
1409:
388:, but is now typically included in the "gray goose" genus
2038:
1493:
690:
epidemic while flying their spring migration to northern
675:
and winters on a relatively more restricted range on the
682:
In March 2015, 2,000 snow geese were killed in northern
1410:
McKelvey, Rick; Leafloor, Jim; Alisauskas, Ray (2010).
1512:[New records for the avifauna of El Salvador]
1068:
1169:
1167:
1165:
824:
748:, vagrants are frequently encountered during winter.
1736:
The Nature Conservancy's Species profile: Snow Goose
1377:
1271:
1250:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
472:. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the
1712:. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online.
1510:"Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador"
1489:"2,000 snow geese drop dead from the sky in Idaho"
1173:
1162:
1094:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679896A157448765.en
1768:Song of the North Wind: A Story of the Snow Goose
549:The greater snow goose is distinguished from the
2649:
1738:Learn more about the conservation of these geese
1518:BoletĂn de la Sociedad Antioqueña de OrnitologĂa
1384:Kenneth F. Abraham; Robert L. Jefferies (1997).
856:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
942:, spring migration, blue morphs in foreground,
489:in 1760. The scientific name is from the Latin
1747:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
1121:. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 38.
961:Wintering snow geese on Fir Island, Washington
710:where they are seen regularly among flocks of
1813:
600:), lives from central northern Canada to the
1309:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1114:
485:that was introduced by the French zoologist
377:. Its name derives from the typically white
1605:
1580:
381:. The species was previously placed in the
1828:Game animals and shooting in North America
1820:
1806:
1760:
1115:Ogilvie, Malcolm A.; Young, Steve (2002).
655:The lesser snow goose travels through the
275:
85:
61:
47:
1092:
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
1222:
564:
346:
1658:"Too Many Snow Geese | Central Flyways"
1599:
1586:
1551:
1549:
1528:
1501:
1305:
1242:
1202:
808:) will readily attack wintering geese.
14:
2650:
1108:
1036:Snow geese on the North shore of the
449:. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist
421:through parts of the United States to
2236:
2235:
1801:
1343:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1312:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1287:. International Ornithologists' Union
1281:"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans"
1267:
1265:
501:, "dark blue". The snow goose is the
2412:4d62ed06-0394-49c0-ad4a-47fc9de8bcba
1546:
1299:
1184:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1141:
828:
702:The snow goose is a rare vagrant to
2658:IUCN Red List least concern species
1710:"The snow goose population problem"
1209:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
1135:
1080:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
439:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
24:
1909:
1724:Conservation Order for Light Geese
1701:
1262:
825:Conservation order for light geese
25:
2709:
1717:
1181:The Birds of North America Online
765:, which are often heavier birds.
1416:. Canadian Wildlife Federation.
1285:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2
1029:
1017:
998:
978:
966:
954:
932:
914:
833:
592:The species is divided into two
110:
1674:
1650:
1587:Coakley, Amber (3 March 2009).
1481:
1457:
1403:
1330:
1069:BirdLife International (2021).
1024:Snow geese (Anser caerulescens)
433:In 1750 the English naturalist
1708:Johnson, Mike (16 July 1997).
1589:"Duck Duck Goose – Snow Goose"
1236:
1216:
1196:
985:Snow geese in a corn field on
560:
413:, and the northeastern tip of
397:Snow geese breed north of the
13:
1:
1056:
811:
775:Major nest predators include
577:The snow goose has two color
1794:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1732:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1012:Greater snow geese in flight
646:
355:A pair of snow geese calling
7:
2698:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1536:"Snow geese degrade tundra"
1363:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.021
759:greater white-fronted geese
734:in Britain seem to derive.
720:greater white-fronted goose
697:
633:greater white-fronted goose
611:
428:
32:Snow goose (disambiguation)
10:
2714:
1730:Snow Goose Species Account
1520:(in Spanish and English).
907:
751:
29:
2604:
2244:
2168:
2097:
1994:
1921:
1907:
1833:
1306:Jobling, James A (2010).
1244:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1087:: e.T22679896A157448765.
497:, "bluish", derived from
307:
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283:
274:
240:
235:
212:
205:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
1792:Snow goose photo gallery
1784:Internet Bird Collection
1178:)". In Poole, A. (ed.).
1042:Sainte-Anne-de-la-PĂ©rade
842:This section includes a
788:noted between geese and
571:Gray Lodge Wildlife Area
487:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
2693:Birds described in 1758
871:more precise citations.
2683:Native birds of Alaska
2034:Cougar (mountain lion)
1915:
1145:Ducks, Geese and Swans
987:Fir Island, Washington
677:Atlantic coastal plain
574:
573:in Northern California
356:
263:(Greater snow goose) (
2563:Paleobiology Database
1913:
1682:"Light Goose Dilemma"
1465:"Light Goose Dilemma"
1118:Wildfowl of the World
804:(as well as possibly
627:Where snow geese and
568:
354:
322:(Linnaeus, 1758)
295: Wintering range
247:(Lesser snow goose) (
2407:Fauna Europaea (new)
1886:Snipe (common snipe)
1866:Ring-necked pheasant
1726:- Cornell Law School
1542:. 22 September 2014.
1142:Kear, Janet (2005).
643:have been observed.
198:A. caerulescens
2678:Arctic land animals
2673:Birds of the Arctic
1881:Sharp-tailed grouse
1851:Hungarian partridge
1355:2016MolPE.101..303O
338:(Pallas, 1769)
314:Linnaeus, 1758
77:Conservation status
2594:Anser-caerulescens
2276:Anser caerulescens
2246:Anser caerulescens
2105:American alligator
1916:
1779:"Snow goose media"
1662:central.flyways.us
1540:The New York Times
1275:; Donsker, David;
1073:Anser caerulescens
1038:St. Lawrence River
973:Snow goose landing
922:Anser caerulescens
844:list of references
790:rough-legged hawks
722:. There is also a
669:Gulf coastal plain
661:Mississippi Flyway
598:C. c. caerulescens
575:
569:Snow goose at the
543:greater snow goose
541:(Kennard, 1927) –
525:A. c. caerulescens
445:area of Canada by
369:) is a species of
366:Anser caerulescens
357:
284:Snow goose range:
244:A. c. caerulescens
216:Anser caerulescens
18:Anser caerulescens
2645:
2644:
2606:Anas caerulescens
2238:Taxon identifiers
2229:
2228:
2201:Waterfowl hunting
2049:White-tailed deer
1914:Waterfowl hunters
1774:(1974, rev. 2009)
1772:Paul A. Johnsgard
1744:Chen caerulescens
1423:978-0-662-17199-7
1413:Lesser Snow Goose
1323:978-1-4081-2501-4
1277:Rasmussen, Pamela
1176:Chen caerulescens
1155:978-0-19-861008-3
1128:978-1-84330-328-2
1007:
897:
896:
889:
533:lesser snow goose
477:Anas caerulescens
352:
345:
344:
330:Pallas, 1769
327:Anser hyperboreus
319:Chen caerulescens
311:Anas caerulescens
268:
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100:
16:(Redirected from
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2503:NBNSYS0000000259
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2181:Big-game hunting
1966:Northern pintail
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1497:. 18 March 2015.
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940:A. c. atlanticus
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872:
867:this section by
858:inline citations
837:
836:
829:
730:from which many
606:C. c. atlanticus
539:A. c. atlanticus
520:are recognised:
419:British Columbia
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1990:
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1702:Further reading
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838:
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746:Central America
700:
673:Atlantic Flyway
649:
614:
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493:, "goose", and
456:Systema Naturae
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27:Species of bird
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1718:External links
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1593:Birders Lounge
1579:
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852:external links
841:
839:
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753:
750:
726:population in
716:barnacle goose
699:
696:
665:Pacific Flyway
657:Central Flyway
648:
645:
641:cackling goose
613:
610:
602:Bering Straits
579:plumage morphs
562:
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435:George Edwards
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2160:Snowshoe hare
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2004:Bighorn sheep
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1742:Snow Goose -
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1686:www.ducks.org
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1252:Vol. 1, p. 58
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806:golden eagles
803:
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732:vagrant birds
729:
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708:British Isles
705:
695:
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689:
688:avian cholera
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474:binomial name
471:
470:
466:
462:
461:tenth edition
458:
457:
452:
451:Carl Linnaeus
448:
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207:Binomial name
204:
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92:Least Concern
82:
78:
73:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2663:Anser (bird)
2605:
2245:
2216:Wolf hunting
2191:Deer hunting
2176:Bear hunting
2125:Fox squirrel
2098:Other quarry
1980:
1976:Ross's goose
1956:Lesser scaup
1936:Canada goose
1782:
1755:
1752:"Snow Goose"
1743:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1427:. Retrieved
1412:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1379:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1308:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1247:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1180:
1175:
1144:
1137:
1117:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1084:
1078:
1072:
1064:
991:Skagit River
939:
921:
902:
898:
883:
877:October 2021
874:
863:Please help
855:
819:
815:
777:Arctic foxes
774:
767:
763:Canada geese
755:
743:
736:
701:
681:
654:
650:
637:Canada goose
629:Ross's geese
626:
623:
619:
615:
605:
597:
591:
587:
576:
555:color phases
548:
542:
538:
532:
524:
515:
511:Anser rossii
510:
507:Ross's goose
498:
495:caerulescens
494:
490:
480:
476:
467:
454:
453:updated his
438:
432:
396:
389:
384:
374:
365:
364:
360:
358:
334:
326:
318:
310:
259:
243:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
164:Anseriformes
56:White morph
36:
2524:Neotropical
2485:NatureServe
2433:iNaturalist
2270:Wikispecies
2196:Fox hunting
1429:15 November
1395:15 November
1349:: 303–313.
1273:Gill, Frank
869:introducing
802:bald eagles
561:Description
505:species to
447:James Isham
236:Subspecies
70:Blue morph
42:Snow goose
2652:Categories
2589:Xeno-canto
2084:Polar bear
2079:Dall sheep
2019:Brown bear
2009:Black bear
1981:Snow goose
1941:Canvasback
1931:Black duck
1834:Game birds
1691:2017-12-31
1667:2017-12-31
1614:(3): 292.
1608:Waterbirds
1524:(2): 1–19.
1474:2018-01-01
1057:References
944:Alexandria
812:Population
594:subspecies
531:, 1758) –
518:subspecies
443:Hudson Bay
399:timberline
375:blue goose
361:snow goose
2621:Q27924978
2261:Q27074540
2069:Pronghorn
2064:Mule deer
2014:Razorback
1986:Wood duck
1923:Waterfowl
1871:Ptarmigan
1628:1524-4695
1449:ignored (
1439:cite book
1291:6 October
785:snowy owl
647:Migration
499:caeruleus
403:Greenland
192:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
2615:Wikidata
2490:2.101815
2477:22679896
2451:10195594
2324:22679896
2319:BirdLife
2308:BioLib:
2255:Wikidata
2169:See also
2130:Gray fox
1996:Big game
1901:Woodcock
1644:86264904
1371:27233434
1246:(1760).
1226:(1758).
1206:(1743).
1188:10 April
1100:14 April
728:Scotland
698:Vagrancy
686:from an
612:Breeding
551:nominate
529:Linnaeus
459:for the
429:Taxonomy
302:Synonyms
267:, 1927)
249:Linnaeus
224:Linnaeus
174:Anatidae
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
2635:4409115
2581:1034711
2555:1034711
2425:2498167
2373:1048460
2296:Avibase
2211:Fishing
2206:Whaling
2155:Red fox
2150:Raccoon
2140:Opossum
2029:Caribou
1971:Redhead
1961:Mallard
1946:Gadwall
1756:Avibase
1636:4132542
1574:4163840
1351:Bibcode
989:in the
948:Ontario
908:Gallery
865:improve
798:coyotes
752:Ecology
415:Siberia
379:plumage
265:Kennard
180:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
2568:368038
2529:snogoo
2464:175029
2438:558426
2394:EURING
2386:100613
2360:snogoo
2334:snogoo
2289:snogoo
2145:Rabbit
2120:Coyote
2115:Bobcat
2110:Badger
2089:Whales
2074:Muskox
1896:Turkey
1846:Chukar
1642:
1634:
1626:
1572:
1420:
1369:
1320:
1316:, 83.
1152:
1125:
1050:Canada
1046:Quebec
794:wolves
770:tundra
718:, and
704:Europe
692:Canada
663:, and
639:, and
503:sister
423:Mexico
411:Alaska
407:Canada
383:genus
293:
287:
2668:Geese
2576:WoRMS
2446:IRMNG
2381:EUNIS
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