Anorexia nervosa - Knowledge

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norms have varying influences on eating behaviors, self-perception, and anorexia in their respective cultures. For example, despite the fact that "fat phobia", or a fear of fat, is a key diagnostic criteria of anorexia by the DSM-5, anorexic patients in Asia rarely display this trait, as deep-rooted cultural values in Asian cultures praise larger bodies. Fat phobia appears to be intricately linked to Western culture, encompassing how various cultural perceptions impact anorexia in various ways. It calls on the need for greater, diverse cultural consideration when looking at the diagnosis and experience of anorexia. For instance, in a cross-sectional study done on British South Asian adolescent English adolescent anorexia patients, it was found that both patients' symptom profiles differed. South Asians were less likely to exhibit fat-phobia as a symptom versus their English counterparts, instead exhibiting loss of appetite. However, both kinds of patients had distorted body images, implying the possibility of disordered eating and highlighting the need for cultural sensitivity when diagnosing anorexia.

1105:. Although the prevalence rates vary greatly, between 37% and 100%, there appears to be a link between traumatic events and eating disorder diagnosis. Approximately 72% of individuals with anorexia report experiencing a traumatic event prior to the onset of eating disorder symptoms, with binge-purge subtype reporting the highest rates. There are many traumatic events that have been identified as possible risk factors for the development of anorexia, the first of which was childhood sexual abuse. However, other traumatic events, such as physical and emotional abuse have also been found to be risk factors. Interpersonal, as opposed to non-interpersonal trauma, has been seen as the most common type of traumatic event, which can encompass sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Individuals who experience repeated trauma, like those who experience trauma perpetrated by a caregiver or loved one, have increased symptom severity of anorexia and a greater prevalence of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. 390: 853: 761:

sensitivity and interoceptive awareness can lead anorexia patients to adapt distorted interpretations of weight gain that are cued by physical sensations related to digestion (e.g., fullness). Combined, these interoceptive and emotional elements could together trigger maladaptive and negatively reinforced behavioral responses that assist in the maintenance of anorexia. In addition to metacognition, people with anorexia also have difficulty with social cognition including interpreting others' emotions, and demonstrating empathy. Abnormal interoceptive awareness and interoceptive sensitivity shown through all of these examples have been observed so frequently in anorexia that they have become key characteristics of the illness.

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screen for celiac disease with eating disorder symptoms especially with gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, or growth failure.(...) Celiac disease patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, bloating, and distension due to malabsorption. Extraintestinal presentations include anemia, osteoporosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, short stature, delayed puberty, fatigue, aphthous stomatitis, elevated transaminases, neurologic problems, or dental enamel hypoplasia.(...) it has become clear that symptomatic and diagnosed celiac disease is the tip of the iceberg; the remaining 90% or more of children are asymptomatic and undiagnosed.

2239:. This is also a time when most older individuals experience a rise in conflict with family members, such as limitations on driving or limitations on personal freedom, which increases the likelihood of an issue with anorexia. There can be physical issues in the elderly that leads to anorexia of aging, including a decline in chewing ability, a decline in taste and smell, and a decrease in appetite. Psychological reasons for the elderly to develop anorexia can include depression and bereavement, and even an indirect attempt at suicide. There are also common comorbid psychiatric conditions with aging anorexics, including major depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and 1734:, an evidence-based manualized model, showed full recovery at rates up to 90%. The Maudsley model of family therapy is problem focused, and the treatment targets re-establishing regular eating, weight restoration, and the reduction of illness behaviors like purging. The Maudsley model is split into three phases, with phase one focusing on the parents implementing weight restoration in the child; phase two transitioning control over food back to the individual at an age-appropriate level; and phase three focusing on other issues related to typical adolescent development (e.g., social and other psychological developments), and helps parents learn how to interact with their child. Although this model is recommended by the 1884: 2285: 1667:(OSFED) is often difficult for non-specialist clinicians. A main factor differentiating binge-purge anorexia from bulimia is the gap in physical weight. Patients with bulimia nervosa are ordinarily at a healthy weight, or slightly overweight. Patients with binge-purge anorexia are commonly underweight. Moreover, patients with the binge-purging subtype may be significantly underweight and typically do not binge-eat large amounts of food. In contrast, those with bulimia nervosa tend to binge large amounts of food. It is not unusual for patients with an eating disorder to "move through" various diagnoses as their behavior and beliefs change over time. 1113:

intrusive and obsessive thoughts, and the symptom of anorexia that has been most closely linked to a PTSD diagnosis is increased obsessive thoughts pertaining to food. Similarly, impulsivity is linked to the purge and binge-purge subtypes of anorexia, trauma, and PTSD. Emotional trauma (e.g., invalidation, chaotic family environment in childhood) may lead to difficulty with emotions, particularly the identification of and how physical sensations contribute to the emotional response. Trauma and traumatic events can disturb an individual's sense of self and affect their ability to thrive, especially within their bodies.

1927:, and the suicide risk is 56 times higher. Half of women with AN achieve a full recovery, while an additional 20–30% may partially recover. Not all people with anorexia recover completely: about 20% develop anorexia nervosa as a chronic disorder. If anorexia nervosa is not treated, serious complications such as heart conditions and kidney failure can arise and eventually lead to death. The average number of years from onset to remission of AN is seven for women and three for men. After ten to fifteen years, 70% of people no longer meet the diagnostic criteria, but many still continue to have eating-related problems. 1152:

women and athletic, V-shaped muscular men. Media sources such as magazines, television shows, and social media can contribute to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating across the globe, by emphasizing Western ideals of slimness. A 2002 review found that, of the magazines most popular among people aged 18 to 24 years, those read by men, unlike those read by women, were more likely to feature ads and articles on shape than on diet. Body dissatisfaction and internalization of body ideals are risk factors for anorexia nervosa that threaten the health of both male and female populations.

1945:. Complications specific to adolescents and children with anorexia nervosa can include the following: Growth retardation may occur, as height gain may slow and can stop completely with severe weight loss or chronic malnutrition. In such cases, provided that growth potential is preserved, height increase can resume and reach full potential after normal intake is resumed. Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of illness are not significant or if the illness is accompanied by delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as 1933:(inability to identify and describe one's own emotions) influences treatment outcome. Recovery is also viewed on a spectrum rather than black and white. According to the Morgan-Russell criteria, individuals can have a good, intermediate, or poor outcome. Even when a person is classified as having a "good" outcome, weight only has to be within 15% of average, and normal menstruation must be present in females. The good outcome also excludes psychological health. Recovery for people with anorexia nervosa is undeniably positive, but recovery does not mean a return to normal. 2119:, can cause anomalies in the electrical activity of the heart, and result in life-threatening arrhythmias. Hypokalemia most commonly results in patients with anorexia when restricting is accompanied by purging (induced vomiting or laxative use). Hypotension (low blood pressure) is common, and symptoms include fatigue and weakness. Orthostatic hypotension, a marked decrease in blood pressure when standing from a supine position, may also occur. Symptoms include lightheadedness upon standing, weakness, and cognitive impairment, and may result in 1033:

of their foods. Some authors suggest that medical professionals should evaluate the presence of an unrecognized celiac disease in all people with eating disorder, especially if they present any gastrointestinal symptom (such as decreased appetite, abdominal pain, bloating, distension, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation), weight loss, or growth failure; and also routinely ask celiac patients about weight or body shape concerns, dieting or vomiting for weight control, to evaluate the possible presence of eating disorders, especially in women.

1811:. RFS is most likely to happen in severely or extremely underweight anorexics, as well as when medical comorbidities, such as infection or cardiac failure, are present. In these circumstances, it is recommended to start refeeding more slowly but to build up rapidly as long as RFS does not occur. Recommendations on energy requirements in the most medically compromised patients vary, from 5–10 kcal/kg/day to 1900 kcal/day. This risk-averse approach can lead to underfeeding, which results in poorer outcomes for short- and long-term recovery. 833: 1791:, or extreme hunger. With adequate refeeding and the full restoration of both fat mass and fat-free mass, hunger eventually becomes normalized. However, the restoration of fat-free mass typically takes longer than that of body fat, leading to "fat overshoot" or "overshoot weight," wherein the patient's body fat levels are greater than pre-starvation levels. The timeline of the complete normalization of hunger varies considerably from individual to individual, from a few months to multiple years. 68: 1866:. Additionally, access to timely treatment can be hindered by systemic challenges within the medical system. Some individuals have reported experiencing delays in treatment, particularly when transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. It has been noted that once patients reach the age of 17, they may encounter obstacles in receiving continued care, with treatment resuming only after they turn 18. This delay can exacerbate the severity of the disorder. 951:

ESRRA activity is associated with risks of anorexia nervosa. In some tissues, the ESRRA gene alters the ability of estrogen and estrogen receptors to interact with DNA and change the function of cells. Since estrogen has potent effects upon appetite and feeding, any genetic abnormality in the estrogen signaling pathway could contribute to the symptoms of anorexia and explain why anorexia typically appears in young women just after the onset of puberty.

12678: 2048:. Delayed stomach emptying, or gastroparesis, often develops following food restriction and weight loss; the most common symptom is bloating with gas and abdominal distension, and often occurs after eating. Other symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The symptoms may inhibit efforts at eating and recovery, but can be managed by limiting high-fiber foods, using liquid nutritional supplements, or using 12688: 11917: 1138:

anorexia have much higher contact with cultural sources that promote weight loss. This trend can also be observed for people who partake in certain sports, such as jockeys and wrestlers. There is a higher incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in sports with an emphasis on aesthetics, where low body fat is advantageous, and sports in which one has to make weight for competition. Family

1185:(also called 5-HT) may play a role in anorexia. While acutely ill, metabolic changes may produce a number of biological findings in people with anorexia that are not necessarily causative of the anorexic behavior. For example, abnormal hormonal responses to challenges with serotonergic agents have been observed during acute illness, but not recovery. Nevertheless, increased 753:

fullness may be detected prematurely in highly sensitive individuals, which can result in decreased calorie consumption and generate anxiety surrounding food intake in anorexia patients. People with anorexia also report difficulty identifying and describing their emotional feelings and the inability to distinguish emotions from bodily sensations in general, called

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bodies due to trauma may use food as a means of control because the choice to eat is an unmatched expression of control. By exerting control over food, individuals can choose when to eat and how much to eat. Individuals, particularly children experiencing abuse, may feel a loss of control over their life, circumstances, and their own bodies. Particularly

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anorexia observed in the 20th and 21st centuries is due to an actual increase in its frequency or simply due to improved diagnostic capabilities. In 2013, it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally, up from 400 deaths in 1990. Eating disorders also increase a person's risk of death from a wide range of other causes, including

1727:(CFT), in which the parents and child are seen together by the same therapist, and separated family therapy (SFT) in which the parents and child attend therapy separately with different therapists. Proponents of family therapy for adolescents with AN assert that it is important to include parents in the adolescent's treatment. 2266:. Some studies report that malnutrition is prevalent in nursing homes, with up to 58% of residents suffering from it, which can lead to the difficulty of identifying anorexia. One of the challenges with assisted living facilities is that they often serve bland, monotonous food, which lessens residents' desire to eat. 2205:

and losing large amounts of weight, which may promote the development of eating disorders among them. While women use diet pills, which is an indicator of unhealthy behavior and an eating disorder, men use steroids, which contextualizes the beauty ideals for genders. In a Canadian study, 4% of boys in grade nine used

1221:, independent of the state of illness. While these findings may be confounded by comorbid psychiatric disorders, taken as a whole they indicate serotonin in anorexia. These alterations in serotonin have been linked to traits characteristic of anorexia such as obsessiveness, anxiety, and appetite dysregulation. 1173:

the globe has begun to shift perceptions and standards of beauty in diverse cultures, contributing to a rise in the incidence of anorexia in places they were once rare in. Anorexia, once primarily associated with Western culture, seems more than ever to be linked to the cultures of modernity and globalization.

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workers would inflexibly follow process to avoid responsibility. Healthcare workers attempted to reach balance by gradually giving patients back control avoiding feeling sole responsibility for outcomes, being mindful of their emotional state, and trying to view eating disorders as external from patients.

401:. A person with anorexia nervosa may exhibit a number of signs and symptoms, the type and severity of which may vary and be present but not readily apparent. Though anorexia is typically recognized by the physical manifestations of the illness, it is a mental disorder that can be present at any weight. 2192:

In non-Westernized countries, including those in Africa (excluding South Africa), eating disorders are less frequently reported and studied compared to Western countries, with available data mostly limited to case reports and isolated studies rather than prevalence investigations. Theories to explain

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Rates of relapse after treatment range 30–72% over a period of 2–26 months, with a rate of approximately 50% in 12 months after weight restoration. Relapse occurs in approximately a third of people in hospital, and is greatest in the first six to eighteen months after release from an institution. BMI

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for individuals with AN is challenging as they may value being thin and may seek to maintain control and resist change. Initially, developing a desire to change is fundamental. Despite no evidence for better treatment in adults patients, research stated that family based therapy is the primary choice

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Anorexia nervosa has been increasingly diagnosed since 1950; the increase has been linked to vulnerability and internalization of body ideals. People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin (such as models and dancers) were more likely to develop anorexia, and those with

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who are not conscious about the importance of strictly following their diet, choose to consume their trigger foods to promote weight loss. On the other hand, individuals with good dietary management may develop anxiety, food aversion and eating disorders because of concerns around cross contamination

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has been found. The role that gastrointestinal symptoms play in the development of eating disorders seems rather complex. Some authors report that unresolved symptoms prior to gastrointestinal disease diagnosis may create a food aversion in these persons, causing alterations to their eating patterns.

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Aside from weight gain and outer appearance, people with anorexia also report abnormal bodily functions such as indistinct feelings of fullness. This provides an example of miscommunication between internal signals of the body and the brain. Due to impaired interoceptive sensitivity, powerful cues of

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Anorexia is estimated to occur in 0.9% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 0.3% of men in Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young females are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur three to ten times less commonly in males. Rates in most of the developing world are

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may be related to excessive cognitive control of eating related behaviors. Similarly, altered somatosensory integration and introspection may relate to abnormal body image. A review of functional neuroimaging studies reported reduced activations in "bottom up" limbic region and increased activations

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Anorexia nervosa is more likely to occur in a person's pubertal years. Some explanatory hypotheses for the rising prevalence of eating disorders in adolescence are "increase of adipose tissue in girls, hormonal changes of puberty, societal expectations of increased independence and autonomy that are

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The mutations of two particular genes, the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) gene and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) gene, have been linked to anorexia. While the ESRRA mutation decreases its transcriptional activity, the HDAC4 mutation increases ESRRA's transcription repression. This decreased

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Other psychological issues may factor into anorexia nervosa. Some pre-existing disorders can increase a person's likelihood to develop an eating disorder. Additionally, Anorexia Nervosa can contribute to the development of certain conditions. The presence of psychiatric comorbidity has been shown to

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It is estimated to occur in 0.3% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 1% of men in Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young women are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women than men. It is unclear whether the increased incidence of

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There are also several medical conditions that can result from anorexia in the elderly. An increased risk of illness and death can be a result of anorexia. There is also a decline in muscle and bone mass as a result of a reduction in protein intake during anorexia. Another result of anorexia in the

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Male and female athletes are often overlooked as anorexic. Research emphasizes the importance to take athletes' diet, weight and symptoms into account when diagnosing anorexia, instead of just looking at weight and BMI. For athletes, ritualized activities such as weigh-ins place emphasis on gaining

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of not being in control of outcomes which they may protect against by focusing on individual tasks, avoiding identifying with patients (for example by making their eating behavior very different and not sharing personal information with patients), and blaming patients for their distress. Healthcare

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Healthcare workers involved in the treatment of anorexia reported frustration and anger to setbacks in treatment and noncompliance and were afraid of patients dying. Some healthcare workers felt that they did not understand the treatment and that medical doctors were making decisions. They may feel

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Patients involved in treatment sometimes felt that treatment focused on biological aspects of body weight and eating behaviour change rather than their perceptions or emotional state. Patients felt that a therapists trust in them shown by being treated as a complete person with their own capacities

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can play a role in the perpetuation of anorexia including negative expressed emotion in overprotective families where blame is frequently experienced among its members. In the face of constant pressure to be thin, often perpetuated by teasing and bullying, feelings of low self-esteem and self-worth

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Interoceptive awareness and emotion are deeply intertwined, and could mutually impact each other in abnormalities. Anorexia patients also exhibit emotional regulation difficulties that ignite emotionally-cued eating behaviors, such as restricting food or excessive exercising. Impaired interoceptive

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feeding is unclear. Such an intervention may be highly distressing for both anorexia patients and healthcare staff when administered against the patient's will under restraint. Some people with anorexia will have a single episode and recover while others may have recurring episodes over years. Many

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This eating disorder that affects older adults has two types – early onset and late onset. Early onset refers to a recurrence of anorexia in late life in an individual who experienced the disease during their youth. Late onset describes instances where the eating disorder begins for the first time

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Restricting type: the individual uses restricting food intake, fasting, diet pills, or exercise as a means for losing weight; they may exercise excessively to keep off weight or prevent weight gain, and some individuals eat only enough to stay alive. In the restrictive type, there are no recurrent

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Notably, although these cultural distinctions persist, modernization and globalization slowly homogenize these attitudes. Anorexia is increasingly tied to the pressures of a global culture that celebrates Western ideals of thinness. The spread of Western media, fashion, and lifestyle ideals across

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diagnosis ranges from 4% to 52% in non-clinical samples to 10% to 47% in clinical samples. A complicated symptom profile develops when trauma and anorexia meld; the bodily experience of the individual is changed and intrusive thoughts and sensations may be experienced. Traumatic events can lead to

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that indicates the functional and non-organic nature of the disorder, but this adjective is also often omitted when the context is clear. Despite the literal translation of anorexia, the feeling of hunger in anorexia nervosa is frequently present and the pathological control of this instinct is a

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Moreover, some individuals, particularly men, who exhibit symptoms of anorexia may not meet the BMI criteria outlined in the DSM-IV due to higher muscle weight and lower fat content. Consequently, a subclinical diagnosis, such as Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (ED-NOS) in DSM-IV or Other

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While anorexia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis. Most studies show that since at least 1970 the incidence of AN in adult women is fairly constant, while there is some indication that the

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While anorexia nervosa is commonly associated with women, it can also affect men. However, the diagnosis and awareness of eating disorders and associated health risks in men are frequently underrepresented. A survey conducted among a randomly selected sample of individuals aged 18–35 reveals that

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Cultural attitudes towards body image, beauty, and health also significantly impact the incidence of anorexia nervosa. There is a stark contrast between Western societies that idolize slimness and certain Eastern traditions that worship gods depicted with larger bodies, and these varying cultural

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Persistent exposure to media that present thin ideal may constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction and anorexia nervosa. Cultures that equate thinness with beauty often have higher rates of anorexia nervosa. The cultural ideal for body shape for men versus women continues to favor slender

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When trauma is perpetrated on an individual, it can lead to feelings of not being safe within their own body. Both physical and sexual abuse can lead to an individual seeing their body as belonging to an "other" and not to the "self". Individuals who feel as though they have no control over their

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Another online aspect contributing to higher rates of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are websites and communities on social media that stress the importance of attainment of body ideals extol. These communities promote anorexia nervosa through the use of religious metaphors, lifestyle

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to flush food out of their system after eating or engage in self-induced vomiting. Anorexia purging is a subtype of anorexia, wherein the person severely restricts most of the time but has recurring episodes of binge eating. After bingeing they engage in purging behaviors. This is different from

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Several case reports brought attention to the association of anorexia nervosa and celiac disease.(...) Some patients present with the eating disorder prior to diagnosis of celiac disease and others developed anorexia nervosa after the diagnosis of celiac disease. Healthcare professionals should

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remains the same size. Studies have shown rates of mitral valve prolapse of around 20 percent in those with anorexia nervosa, while the rate in the general population is estimated at 2–4 percent. It has been suggested that there is an association between mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac

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is a marker of the severity of the disease, and while it is reversible with treatment and refeeding, it is possible that it may cause permanent, microscopic changes to the heart muscle that increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. Individuals with anorexia nervosa may experience chest pain or

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in the central nervous system which prevents ovulation. Anorexia nervosa can also result in pubertal delay or arrest. Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotropins in

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may partially counteract the effects of undernutrition on height by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls. Appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential, and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects, due to factors such as long-term reduced

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Historically, practitioners have slowly increased calories at a measured pace from a starting point of around 1,200 kcal/day. However, as understanding of the process of weight restoration has improved, an approach that favors a higher starting point and a more rapid rate of increase has become

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more often affected than fraternal twins. Cultural factors also appear to play a role, with societies that value thinness having higher rates of the disease. Additionally, it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thinness, such as high-level athletics, modeling, and

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and clinical settings, this symptom is called "body image disturbance". Individuals with anorexia nervosa also often deny that they have a problem with low weight. They may weigh themselves frequently, eat small amounts, and only eat certain foods. Some exercise excessively, force themselves to

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During the weekends in particular, some of the men found it difficult to stop eating. Their daily intake commonly ranged between 8,000 and 10,000 calories. After about 5 months of refeeding, the majority of the men reported some normalization of their eating patterns, but for some the extreme

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An increasing trend of anorexia among the elderly, termed "Anorexia of Aging," is observed, characterized by behaviors similar to those seen in typical anorexia nervosa but often accompanied by excessive laxative use. Most geriatric anorexia patients limit their food intake to dairy or grains,

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in which the person loses a significant amount of weight and is at risk for serious medical complications despite having a higher body-mass index, is much higher, at 5–12%. Additionally, a UCSF study showed severity of illness is independent of current BMI, and "patients with large, rapid, or

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or measures of body fat and leptin levels at discharge were the strongest predictors of relapse, as well as signs of eating psychopathology at discharge. Duration of illness, age, severity, the proportion of AN binge-purge subtype, and presence of comorbidities are also contributing factors.

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Many assessments are available to diagnose anorexia in the aging community. These assessments include the Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) and Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy (FAACT). Specific to the geriatric populace, the interRAI system identifies

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without their consent. AN has a high mortality and patients admitted in a severely ill state to medical units are at particularly high risk. Diagnosis can be challenging, risk assessment may not be performed accurately, consent and the need for compulsion may not be assessed appropriately,

1347:) criterion was removed. Amenorrhea was removed for several reasons: it does not apply to males, it is not applicable for females before or after the age of menstruation or taking birth control pills, and some women who meet the other criteria for AN still report some menstrual activity. 1159:

Media portrayal of idealized and unrealistic bodies contribute to AN prevalence. In magazines and movies and even on billboards most of the actors/models are digitally altered in multiple ways. People then strive to look like these "perfect" models who, in reality, are flawed themselves.

11925: 5613:"The role of "mixed" orexigenic and anorexigenic signals and autoantibodies reacting with appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptides of the adipose tissue-gut-brain axis: relevance to food intake and nutritional status in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa" 1709:. Although restoring the person's weight is the primary task at hand, optimal treatment also includes and monitors behavioral change in the individual as well. There is some evidence that hospitalization might adversely affect long term outcome, but sometimes is necessary. 2269:

The treatment for anorexia of aging is undifferentiated as anorexia for any other age group. Some of the treatment options include outpatient and inpatient facilities, antidepressant medication and behavioral therapy such as meal observation and discussing eating habits.

11926: 2064:, though the precise cause is unknown. Cardiac complications include structural and functional changes to the heart. Some of these cardiovascular changes are mild and are reversible with treatment, while others may be life-threatening. Cardiac complications can include 2354:

In the late 19th century anorexia nervosa became widely accepted by the medical profession as a recognized condition. Awareness of the condition was largely limited to the medical profession until the latter part of the 20th century, when German-American psychoanalyst

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have also been reported in acutely ill patients. However, these alterations seem to be associated with acute malnutrition and largely reversible with weight restoration, at least in nonchronic cases in younger people. In contrast, some studies have reported increased

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Treatment of anorexia involves restoring the patient back to a healthy weight, treating their underlying psychological problems, and addressing underlying maladaptive behaviors. While medications do not help with weight gain, they may be used to help with associated

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or near-fainting. Orthostasis in anorexia nervosa indicates worsening cardiac function and may indicate a need for hospitalization. Hypotension and orthostasis generally resolve upon recovery to a normal weight. The weight loss in anorexia nervosa also causes

1607:: A BUN to creatinine ratio is used to predict various conditions. A high BUN/creatinine ratio can occur in severe hydration, acute kidney failure, congestive heart failure, and intestinal bleeding. A low BUN/creatinine ratio can indicate a low protein diet, 11922: 2135:

Some individuals may also have a decrease in cardiac contractility. Cardiac complications can be life-threatening, but the heart muscle generally improves with weight gain, and the heart normalizes in size over weeks to months, with recovery. Atrophy of the

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descriptions, "thinspiration" or "fitspiration" (inspirational photo galleries and quotes that aim to serve as motivators for attainment of body ideals). Pro-anorexia websites reinforce internalization of body ideals and the importance of their attainment.

1974:, the downstream hormone that should be released in response to GH are low; this indicates a state of "resistance" to GH due to chronic starvation. IGF-1 is necessary for bone formation, and decreased levels in anorexia nervosa contribute to a loss of 1758:

Diet is the most essential factor to work on in people with anorexia nervosa, and must be tailored to each person's needs. Food variety is important when establishing meal plans as well as foods that are higher in energy density, especially in

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Neuroimaging studies investigating the functional connectivity between brain regions have observed a number of alterations in networks related to cognitive control, introspection, and sensory function. Alterations in networks related to the

324:. In extreme cases, patients with anorexia nervosa who continually refuse significant dietary intake and weight restoration interventions, and are declared to lack capacity to make decisions by a psychiatrist, may be fed by force under 4541:

Gárriz M, Andrés-Perpiñá S, Plana MT, Flamarique I, Romero S, Julià L, et al. (March 2021). "Personality disorder traits, obsessive ideation and perfectionism 20 years after adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: a recovered study".

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Artoni P, Chierici ML, Arnone F, Cigarini C, De Bernardis E, Galeazzi GM, et al. (March 2021). "Body perception treatment, a possible way to treat body image disturbance in eating disorders: a case-control efficacy study".

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detrimental conditions in assisted living facilities and nursing homes. Even a simple screening for nutritional insufficiencies such as low levels of important vitamins, can help to identify someone who has anorexia of aging.

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and continuing into the medieval period. The medieval practice of self-starvation by women, including some young women, in the name of religious piety and purity also concerns anorexia nervosa; it is sometimes referred to as

1986:. Anorexia nervosa can also result in reduction of peak bone mass. Buildup of bone is greatest during adolescence, and if onset of anorexia nervosa occurs during this time and stalls puberty, low bone mass may be permanent. 1722:

Family-based treatment (FBT) has been shown to be more successful than individual therapy for adolescents with AN. Various forms of family-based treatment have been proven to work in the treatment of adolescent AN including

1019:: people with gastrointestinal disorders may be more at risk of developing disorders of eating practices than the general population, principally restrictive eating disturbances. An association of anorexia nervosa with 1742:(CBT) is useful in adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa. One of the most known psychotherapy in the field is CBT-E, an enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy specifically focus to eating disorder psychopathology. 1819:

Pharmaceuticals have limited benefit for anorexia itself. There is a lack of good information from which to make recommendations concerning the effectiveness of antidepressants in treating anorexia. Administration of

1129:, in the case of anorexia, may also lead to reduction in the body as a sexual object, making starvation a solution. Restriction may also be a means by which the pain an individual is experiencing can be communicated. 2246:

The signs and symptoms that go along with anorexia of aging are similar to what is observed in adolescent anorexia, including sudden weight loss, unexplained hair loss or dental problems, and a desire to eat alone.

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Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, Obarzanek E, George T, Jimerson DC, Ebert MH (October 1986). "Caloric intake necessary for weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa: nonbulimics require greater caloric intake than bulimics".

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Halmi KA, Sunday SR, Strober M, Kaplan A, Woodside DB, Fichter M, et al. (November 2000). "Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior".

1750:(CRT) is also used in treating anorexia nervosa. Schema-Focused Therapy (a form of CBT) was developed by Dr. Jeffrey Young and is effective in helping patients identify origins and triggers for disordered eating. 1676:

females are more inclined to report behaviors such as fasting, body checking, and body avoidance, whereas males are more prone to report overeating. 0.3% of men may experience anorexia nervosa in their life time.

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personality traits which may facilitate sticking to a restricted diet. It has been suggested that patients with anorexia are rigid in their thought patterns, and place a high level of importance upon being thin.

12128: 12109: 1870:

powerless to improve a patient's situation and deskilled as a result. Healthcare workers involved in monitoring patients consumption of food felt watched themselves. Healthcare workers often feel a degree of

744:

and regulation of emotions. Aside from noticeable physiological dysfunction, interoceptive deficits also prompt individuals with anorexia to concentrate on distorted perceptions of multiple elements of their

12482: 6533:

Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe-Hesketh S, Treasure J (February 2003). "Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype".

1065:. This has given further rise to the hypothesis that anorexia nervosa and other restrictive eating disorders may be an evolutionarily advantageous adaptive response to a perceived famine in the environment. 5666: 4326:"The association of anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive personality disorder with anorexia nervosa: evidence from a family study with discussion of nosological and neurodevelopmental implications" 11511:"The interRAI Acute Care instrument incorporated in an eHealth system for standardized and web-based geriatric assessment: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the acute hospital setting" 7103:"Expressed emotion in eating disorders assessed via self-report: an examination of factors associated with expressed emotion in carers of people with anorexia nervosa in comparison to control families" 3798: 2892:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 11442:"The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) as a Screening Tool for Risk of Malnutrition: Optimal Cutoff, Factor Structure, and Validation in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults" 7785:"A systematic review of resting-state functional-MRI studies in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body-signal integration" 5130:

Rask-Andersen M, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, Schiöth HB (March 2010). "Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake".

11920: 2835:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1057:, for example, showed that normal controls will exhibit many of the same behavioral patterns associated with AN when subjected to starvation. Similarly, scientific experiments conducted using 3268:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 8426:

Montagnese C, Scalfi L, Signorini A, De Filippo E, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F (December 2007). "Cholinesterase and other serum liver enzymes in underweight outpatients with eating disorders".

1941:

Anorexia nervosa can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation, or the attainment of

335:

Anorexia often develops during adolescence or young adulthood. The causes of anorexia are varied and may differ from individual to individual. There is emerging evidence that there is a

9622: 1989:

Hepatic steatosis, or fatty infiltration of the liver, can also occur, and is an indicator of malnutrition in children. Neurological disorders that may occur as complications include

4502:"Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies" 3905:

Bora E, Köse S (August 2016). "Meta-analysis of theory of mind in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A specific İmpairment of cognitive perspective taking in anorexia nervosa?".

2406: 8232: 1260:

Structural neuroimaging studies have found global reductions in both gray matter and white matter, as well as increased cerebrospinal fluid volumes. Regional decreases in the left

5860:

Leffler DA, Dennis M, Edwards George JB, Jamma S, Magge S, Cook EF, et al. (May 2009). "A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease".

5363:

Tanida T (January 2022). "Molecular dynamics of estrogen-related receptors and their regulatory proteins: roles in transcriptional control for endocrine and metabolic signaling".

7697:

Kaye WH, Frank GK, Bailer UF, Henry SE, Meltzer CC, Price JC, et al. (May 2005). "Serotonin alterations in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: new insights from imaging studies".

2288:

Two images of an anorexic woman published in 1900 in "Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière". The case was titled "Un cas d'anorexie hysterique" (A case of hysteric anorexia).

2363:

in 1978. Despite major advances in neuroscience, Bruch's theories tend to dominate popular thinking. A further important event was the death of the popular singer and drummer

1061:

have suggested that other mammals exhibit these same behaviors, especially compulsive movement, when caloric restriction is induced, likely mediated by various changes in the

2343:'s personal physicians. Gull published a seminal paper providing a number of detailed case descriptions of patients with anorexia nervosa. In the same year, French physician 1954:

levels compared to premorbid levels. In some cases, especially where onset is before puberty, complications such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually reversible.

12724: 9517:

overconsumption persisted. More than 8 months after renourishment began, most men had returned to normal eating patterns; however, a few were still eating abnormal amounts.

1957:

Anorexia nervosa causes alterations in the female reproductive system; significant weight loss, as well as psychological stress and intense exercise, typically results in a

4365:

Brand-Gothelf A, Leor S, Apter A, Fennig S (October 2014). "The impact of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders on severity of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls".

10479:

Norris ML, Harrison ME, Isserlin L, Robinson A, Feder S, Sampson M (March 2016). "Gastrointestinal complications associated with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review".

5780:

Sainsbury K, Mullan B, Sharpe L (August 2013). "Reduced quality of life in coeliac disease is more strongly associated with depression than gastrointestinal symptoms".

1656:

A variety of medical and psychological conditions have been misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa; in some cases the correct diagnosis was not made for more than ten years.

9231: 8355:

Lee H, Oh JY, Sung YA, Chung H, Cho WY (October 2009). "The prevalence and risk factors for glucose intolerance in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome".

12467: 8105: 6589:

Flett GL, Newby J, Hewitt PL, Persaud C (September 2011). "Perfectionistic automatic thoughts, trait perfectionism, and bulimic automatic thoughts in young women".

1803:(RFS), which occurs when a malnourished person is refed too quickly for their body to be able to adapt. Two of the most common indicators that RFS is occurring are 2168:

unclear. Often it begins during the teen years or young adulthood. Medical students are a high risk group, with an overall estimated prevalence of 10.4% globally.

1597:: urea nitrogen is the byproduct of protein metabolism first formed in the liver then removed from the body by the kidneys. The BUN test is primarily used to test 11892: 10306:

Devlin MJ, Walsh BT, Katz JL, Roose SP, Linkie DM, Wright L, et al. (April 1989). "Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in anorexia nervosa and bulimia".

5705: 3109: 7193: 9896: 9197: 2235:

The stimulus for anorexia in elderly patients is typically a loss of control over their lives, which can be brought on by many events, including moving into an

2132:, a reduction in the ability to sustain exercise, a diminished ability to increase blood pressure in response to exercise, and a subjective feeling of fatigue. 1297:

A diagnostic assessment includes the person's current circumstances, biographical history, current symptoms, and family history. The assessment also includes a

1089:, and is part of the differential diagnosis. Other psychological causes of anorexia include low self-esteem, feeling like there is lack of control, depression, 75:"Miss A—" depicted in 1866 and in 1870 after treatment. Her condition was one of the earliest case studies of anorexia, published in medical research papers of 10790:

Jahrami H, Sater M, Abdulla A, Faris MA, AlAnsari A (June 2019). "Eating disorders risk among medical students: a global systematic review and meta-analysis".

1702: 4576:

However, prospective studies are still scarce and the results from current literature regarding causal connections between AN and personality are unavailable.

3809: 864:. Twin studies have shown a heritability rate of 28–58%. First-degree relatives of those with anorexia have roughly 12 times the risk of developing anorexia. 11130:"The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: meta-analysis and implications for DSM" 1311: 11051:

Thiel A, Gottfried H, Hesse FW (October 1993). "Subclinical eating disorders in male athletes. A study of the low weight category in rowers and wrestlers".

9530: 6475: 12646: 12477: 5582:

Davis JF, Choi DL, Benoit SC (2011). "24. Orexigenic Hypothalamic Peptides Behavior and Feeding – 24.5 Orexin". In Preedy VR, Watson RR, Martin CR (eds.).

4890: 9301:"An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Schema Modes in a Single Case of Anorexia Nervosa: Part 1- Background, Method, and Child and Parent Modes" 4977: 1450:: a variety of tests performed on the urine used in the diagnosis of medical disorders, to test for substance abuse, and as an indicator of overall health 12397: 9561:

Hypophosphatemia is considered the hallmark of refeeding syndrome, although other imbalances may occur as well, including hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.

2833:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

11694:

King NA, Burley VJ, Blundell JE (October 1994). "Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: effects on food intake and implications for energy balance".

9357: 3266:

Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

1024:

Other authors report that greater symptoms throughout their diagnosis led to greater risk. It has been documented that some people with celiac disease,

2217:

Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder/Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder in DSM-5, is often made instead though there is no significant difference.

9174: 2145:; these can be a result of mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse occurs because the size of the heart muscle decreases while the tissue of the 12717: 11712:

Subjective feelings of hunger were significantly suppressed during and after intense exercise sessions (P 0.01), but the suppression was short-lived.

571:

Preoccupation with food, recipes, or cooking; may cook elaborate dinners for others, but not eat the food themselves or consume a very small portion.

10101: 4461:"The relation among perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders" 844:

There is evidence for biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural risk factors, but the exact cause of eating disorders is unknown.

10600:

Johnson GL, Humphries LL, Shirley PB, Mazzoleni A, Noonan JA (August 1986). "Mitral valve prolapse in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia".

10443: 5825:

Tang TN, Toner BB, Stuckless N, Dion KL, Kaplan AS, Ali A (August 1998). "Features of eating disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome".

1494:: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) used to assess the body's ability to metabolize glucose. Can be useful in detecting various disorders such as 1405:

Medical tests to check for signs of physical deterioration in anorexia nervosa may be performed by a general physician or psychiatrist, including:

7740:

Kaye WH, Bailer UF, Frank GK, Wagner A, Henry SE (September 2005). "Brain imaging of serotonin after recovery from anorexia and bulimia nervosa".

3775: 749:. This exists in both people with anorexia and in healthy individuals due to impairment in interoceptive sensitivity and interoceptive awareness. 4148:

Badoud D, Tsakiris M (June 2017). "From the body's viscera to the body's image: Is there a link between interoception and body image concerns?".

2737: 8883: 2470: 4907:

Huke V, Turk J, Saeidi S, Kent A, Morgan JF (September 2013). "Autism spectrum disorders in eating disorder populations: a systematic review".

2890:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

6938:

Francisco R (2018), "Studies on Body Image, Eating, and Weight in Models, Dancers, and Aesthetic Athletes", in Cuzzolaro M, Fassino S (eds.),

1641:: tests used to assess thyroid functioning by checking levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). 12653: 12636: 12447: 3039:"Nursing assistants' experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa" 1363:

in terms of the individual's weight. An individual with binge-eating/purging type anorexia is usually significantly underweight. People with

9264:

Tchanturia K, Lounes N, Holttum S (November 2014). "Cognitive remediation in anorexia nervosa and related conditions: a systematic review".

2323:(ὄρεξις, "appetite"), translating literally to "a loss of appetite". In and of itself, this term does not have a harmful connotation, e.g., 1635:(EEG): measures the electrical activity of the brain. It can be used to detect abnormalities such as those associated with pituitary tumors. 12710: 1845:

may be missed or poorly treated and the behavioural and family problems in AN may be missed or poorly managed. Guidelines published by the

9729:

Meftah AM, Deckler E, Citrome L, Kantrowitz JT (January 2020). "New discoveries for an old drug: a review of recent olanzapine research".

6288:

Wonderlich SA, Brewerton TD, Jocic Z, Dansky BS, Abbott DW (August 1997). "Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders".

5539:

Favaro A, Tenconi E, Santonastaso P (January 2006). "Perinatal factors and the risk of developing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa".

389: 8662: 8531: 8325: 8295: 8273: 3182:"Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders" 2193:

these lower rates of eating disorders, lower reporting, and lower research rates in these countries include the attention to effects of

12402: 10238: 6993: 6989: 3531: 1664: 1651: 1218: 9045:

Russell GF, Szmukler GI, Dare C, Eisler I (December 1987). "An evaluation of family therapy in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa".

7084: 7471:

Harrison K (2001). "Ourselves, Our Bodies: Thin-Ideal Media, Self-Discrepancies, and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Adolescents".

777: 8461:

Narayanan V, Gaudiani JL, Harris RH, Mehler PS (May 2010). "Liver function test abnormalities in anorexia nervosa—cause or effect".

4606: 4589: 1775:

increasingly common. In either approach, the end goal is typically in the range of 3,000 to 3,500 kcal/day. Patients who experience

1738:, critics claim that it has the potential to create power struggles in an intimate relationship and may disrupt equal partnerships. 12938: 5105:

Hildebrandt T, Downey A (4 July 2013). "The Neurobiology of Eating Disorders". In Charney D, Sklar P, Buxbaum J, Nestler E (eds.).

805: 6336: 5895:

Garcia J, Kimeldorf DJ, Koelling RA (July 1955). "Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation".

4285:"Impaired social cognition processes in Asperger syndrome and anorexia nervosa. In search for endophenotypes of social cognition" 920:, may contribute to the development or maintenance of anorexia nervosa, though clinical research in this area is in its infancy. 435:

Signs and symptoms may be classified in various categories including: physical, cognitive, affective, behavioral and perceptual:

295:. The DSM-5 describes this perceptual symptom as "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced". In 10527:

Sachs KV, Harnke B, Mehler PS, Krantz MJ (March 2016). "Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: A systematic review".

11606:

Espi Forcen F (April 2013). "Anorexia mirabilis: the practice of fasting by Saint Catherine of Siena in the late Middle Ages".

11004:"National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes" 6569: 1301:, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, focusing on views on weight and patterns of eating. 2327:

simply means that hunger is naturally suppressed during and after sufficiently intense exercise sessions. It is the adjective

13068: 12407: 11867: 11105: 10850: 10565:

Goldberg SJ, Comerci GD, Feldman L (January 1988). "Cardiac output and regional myocardial contraction in anorexia nervosa".

10453: 10084: 9550: 9351: 9241: 9207: 8986: 8959: 8747: 8242: 7884: 7378: 7028: 7003: 6965: 6448: 6419: 6392: 6367: 6146: 5595: 5114: 5071: 4841: 4679: 4650: 4039: 3840: 3583: 3541: 2706: 2679: 2610: 1383:(BMI) is used by the DSM-5 as an indicator of the level of severity of anorexia nervosa. The DSM-5 states these as follows: 12253: 7953:"Structural Neuroimaging of Anorexia Nervosa: Future Directions in the Quest for Mechanisms Underlying Dynamic Alterations" 7902:"Anorexia nervosa is linked to reduced brain structure in reward and somatosensory regions: a meta-analysis of VBM studies" 2401: 8561:

Sheridan AM, Bonventre JV (July 2000). "Cell biology and molecular mechanisms of injury in ischemic acute renal failure".

3950: 2150:

death, but it has not been proven to be causative, either in patients with anorexia nervosa or in the general population.

420:, a drop in the level of potassium in the blood, is a sign of anorexia nervosa. A significant drop in potassium can cause 12733: 12457: 12143: 9698:

Claudino AM, Hay P, Lima MS, Bacaltchuk J, Schmidt U, Treasure J (January 2006). "Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa".

7428:

Norris ML, Boydell KM, Pinhas L, Katzman DK (September 2006). "Ana and the Internet: a review of pro-anorexia websites".

5267:"Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa" 2045: 1824:

has been shown to result in a modest but statistically significant increase in body weight of anorexia nervosa patients.

1735: 11884: 11095: 8627:

Pepin J, Shields C (February 2012). "Advances in diagnosis and management of hypokalemic and hyperkalemic emergencies".

4256:

Boswell JF, Anderson LM, Anderson DA (June 2015). "Integration of Interoceptive Exposure in Eating Disorder Treatment".

852: 12442: 12417: 9463:"Poststarvation hyperphagia and body fat overshooting in humans: a role for feedback signals from lean and fat tissues" 3116: 10228:"Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders" 7185: 784:

between personality disorders and eating disorders has yet to be fully established. Other comorbid conditions include

13095: 12980: 12926: 9900: 7388: 6887: 6792:

Malecki J, Rhodes P, Ussher J (August 2018). "Childhood trauma and anorexia nervosa: from body image to embodiment".

1743: 1563:: A series of tests used to assess liver function some of the tests are also used in the assessment of malnutrition, 1359:

Binge-eating/purging type: patients with anorexia could show binge eating and purging behavior. It is different from

1094: 993:

Neuroendocrine dysregulation: altered signaling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain and

928: 663:

Food rituals, such as cutting food into tiny pieces, refusing to eat around others, and hiding or discarding of food.

9991: 8097: 812:(BDD). Depression and anxiety are the most common comorbidities, and depression is associated with a worse outcome. 13058: 12432: 12412: 7328:"Sociocultural Appearance Standards and Risk Factors for Eating Disorders in Adolescents and Women of Various Ages" 6467: 3141:

Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005–2012".

1315:(DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. 12827: 12641: 12437: 12286: 9556: 4861: 2037: 1054: 1037:

particularly difficult for anorexic adolescents to meet; increased influence of the peer group and its values."

962:

complications: prenatal and perinatal complications may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as

793: 686:

Excessive exercise, including micro-exercising, for example making small persistent movements of fingers or toes.

7875:

Kaye WH, Wagner A, Fudge JL, Paulus M (2011). "Neurocircuitry of Eating Disorders". In Adan RA, Kaye WH (eds.).

1883: 1237:

in response to food, and reduced correlation between self reported liking of a sugary drink and activity in the

740:

involves the conscious and unconscious sense of the internal state of the body, and it has an important role in

12842: 12543: 12513: 12472: 11347:

Lapid MI, Prom MC, Burton MC, McAlpine DE, Sutor B, Rummans TA (June 2010). "Eating disorders in the elderly".

5054:

Thornton LM, Mazzeo SE, Bulik CM (2011). "The heritability of eating disorders: methods and current findings".

4946: 2308:

in 1689. Case descriptions fitting anorexic illnesses continued throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

2284: 1962: 1846: 1574: 1109: 7142:

Yager J (April 2020). "Managing Patients With Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: When Is Enough, Enough?".

6270: 2944:

Treasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A, et al. (November 2015). "Anorexia nervosa".

12538: 12487: 12422: 9823:"Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies" 2336: 1747: 1684:

There is no conclusive evidence that any particular treatment for anorexia nervosa works better than others.

773: 11641:

Harris JC (November 2014). "Anorexia nervosa and anorexia mirabilis: Miss K. R--and St Catherine Of Siena".

11253: 3606:

Poyastro Pinheiro A, Thornton LM, Plotonicov KH, Tozzi F, Klump KL, Berrettini WH, et al. (July 2007).

1625:(EKG or ECG): measures electrical activity of the heart. It can be used to detect various disorders such as 1209:

has been reported to be lower in patients with anorexia in a number of cortical regions, evidenced by lower

1125:, can make individuals feel that the body is not a safe place and an object over which another has control. 13083: 12921: 12781: 9170: 8496:

Walder A, Baumann P (December 2008). "Increased creatinine kinase and rhabdomyolysis in anorexia nervosa".

7411: 6094:

Zandian M, Ioakimidis I, Bergh C, Södersten P (September 2007). "Cause and treatment of anorexia nervosa".

1961:

in women who are past puberty. In patients with anorexia nervosa, there is a reduction of the secretion of

1924: 1739: 1214: 780:(OCPD) are highly comorbid with AN. OCD is linked with more severe symptomatology and worse prognosis. The 361: 226: 2099:

Abnormalities in conduction and repolarization of the heart that can result from anorexia nervosa include

12754: 12086: 4947:"Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes" 3981:"Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa: review of the literature and implications for treatment" 2279: 2052:

to increase emptying of food from the stomach. Gastroparesis generally resolves when weight is regained.

1013:, may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa by disrupting regulation of hunger and satiety. 590: 9921:""Finding my own identity": a qualitative metasynthesis of adult anorexia nervosa treatment experiences" 5496:

Jones C, Pearce B, Barrera I, Mummert A (September 2017). "Fetal programming and eating disorder risk".

1325:

Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B)

816:

disorders occur more commonly among people with eating disorders than in the general population. Zucker

12769: 12452: 10255:

Vyver E, Steinegger C, Katzman DK (2008). "Eating disorders and menstrual dysfunction in adolescents".

3771: 2500: 2305: 1799:

Treatment professionals tend to be conservative with refeeding in anorexic patients due to the risk of

1194: 1190: 1029: 608: 208: 10040:

Bouquegneau A, Dubois BE, Krzesinski JM, Delanaye P (August 2012). "Anorexia nervosa and the kidney".

7019:

Anderson-Fye EP, Becker AE (2004). "Sociocultural Aspects of Eating Disorders". In Thompson KJ (ed.).

2744: 1923:

AN has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. The mortality rate is 11 to 12 times

1849:

recommend that medical and psychiatric experts work together in managing severely ill people with AN.

13153: 12953: 12631: 12528: 12523: 12296: 12291: 9623:"Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition" 8887: 6722:

Reyes-Rodríguez ML, Von Holle A, Ulman TF, Thornton LM, Klump KL, Brandt H, et al. (July 2011).

4096:

Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG, Critchley HD, Davenport PW, Feinstein JS, et al. (June 2018).

2784:"Focus on anorexia nervosa: modern psychological treatment and guidelines for the adolescent patient" 2478: 2376: 2172: 2108: 1863: 1511: 1339:), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the 1242: 1226: 936: 785: 39: 9002:

Blessitt E, Voulgari S, Eisler I (November 2015). "Family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa".

5733:

Bern EM, O'Brien RF (August 2013). "Is it an eating disorder, gastrointestinal disorder, or both?".

2391: 2304:

The earliest medical descriptions of anorexic illnesses are generally credited to English physician

2251:

aging population is irreparable damage to kidneys, heart or colon and an imbalance of electrolytes.

1309:

Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the

13110: 13100: 12847: 12575: 12570: 12462: 12301: 12246: 12154: 11285:

Donini LM, Poggiogalle E, Piredda M, Pinto A, Barbagallo M, Cucinotta D, et al. (2 May 2013).

10640:"BMI at Discharge from Treatment Predicts Relapse in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Scoping Review" 10638:

Frostad S, Rozakou-Soumalia N, Dârvariu Ş, Foruzesh B, Azkia H, Larsen MP, et al. (May 2022).

3181: 2293: 1529: 1298: 1025: 1016: 809: 509: 480: 196: 17: 11509:

Devriendt E, Wellens NI, Flamaing J, Declercq A, Moons P, Boonen S, et al. (September 2013).

1587:(CK) test: measures the circulating blood levels of creatine kinase an enzyme found in the heart ( 12931: 12891: 12869: 12663: 10866:

Garber AK, Cheng J, Accurso EC, Adams SH, Buckelew SM, Kapphahn CJ, et al. (December 2019).

9341: 3858:"Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician" 3483:"Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician" 2386: 1998: 1731: 1724: 1604: 1322:

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A)

1318:

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are:

1246: 639: 489: 409: 365: 117: 7542:"Anorexia nervosa in a girl of Chinese origin: Psychological, somatic and transcultural factors" 7502: 2602: 2596: 368:. Sometimes people require admission to a hospital to restore weight. Evidence for benefit from 13088: 13043: 12968: 12837: 12759: 12610: 12346: 12306: 7380:

Crossing the #BIKINIBRIDGE: Exploring the Role of Social Media in Propagating Body Image Trends

2259: 1706: 1638: 1491: 1328: 1281:

volume in currently ill and in recovered patients, although findings are inconsistent. Reduced

893: 869: 712: 345: 281: 191: 180: 110: 12194: 8654: 8539: 8333: 8303: 8265: 6409: 5587: 4833: 4642: 2696: 2292:

The history of anorexia nervosa begins with descriptions of religious fasting dating from the

1577:(GnRH): Tests the pituitary glands' response to GnRh, a hormone produced in the hypothalamus. 1081:; evidence is conflicting, and well-designed research is needed. The fear of food is known as 13132: 13063: 13048: 13011: 12691: 12658: 12533: 12508: 12427: 12281: 10741:

Striegel-Moore RH, Rosselli F, Perrin N, DeBar L, Wilson GT, May A, et al. (July 2009).

10178:"Linear growth in young people with restrictive eating disorders: "Inching" toward consensus" 9083:

le Grange D, Eisler I (January 2009). "Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa".

8976: 8763:

Striegel-Moore RH, Rosselli F, Perrin N, DeBar L, Wilson GT, May A, et al. (July 2009).

6436: 5265:

Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, Hübel C, Coleman JR, Gaspar HA, et al. (August 2019).

5005:

Rikani AA, Choudhry Z, Choudhry AM, Ikram H, Asghar MW, Kajal D, et al. (October 2013).

4671: 3084: 2669: 2085: 2002: 1837: 1746:

is a third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapy which has shown promise in the treatment of AN.

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Intolerance to cold and frequent complaints of being cold; body temperature may lower (

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In some clinical settings a specific body image intervention is performed to reduce

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In individuals with anorexia, the prevalence rates for those who also qualify for a

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Altered body schema (i.e. an implicit representation of the body evoked by acting)

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People who have undergone significant caloric deficits often report experiencing

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Evidence from physiological, pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggest

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A 2019 study found a genetic relationship with mental disorders, such as

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American Psychiatric Pub. 2471:"What are Eating Disorders?" 2024:, but also include elevated 1878: 1740:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1679: 1396:Extreme: BMI of less than 15 1387:Mild: BMI of greater than 17 1292: 362:cognitive behavioral therapy 227:Cognitive behavioral therapy 7: 12755:Internet addiction disorder 11947:Journal of Eating Disorders 10958:Eating and Weight Disorders 10843:10.1007/978-3-642-29136-4_2 10792:Eating and Weight Disorders 10442:Kleinman R (1 April 2008). 10395:"Anorexia nervosa and bone" 9778:Eating and Weight Disorders 8629:Emergency Medicine Practice 8596:Nelsen DA (December 2002). 7830:Journal of Eating Disorders 7485:10.1521/jscp.20.3.289.22303 6414:. 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For the medication, see 29: 12989: 12907: 12800: 12740: 12672: 12624: 12529:Electroconvulsive therapy 12524:Biopsychiatry controversy 12496: 12390: 12297:Cross-cultural psychiatry 12292:Cognitive neuropsychiatry 12269: 12180: 12095: 11742:10.1080/10673220490447236 11361:10.1017/S1041610210000104 11094:Crilly L (2 April 2012). 11020:10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.80 10804:10.1007/s40519-018-0516-z 9097:10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.004 8950:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). 8602:American Family Physician 8369:10.1007/s12020-009-9226-7 8018:10.1017/S1092852915000012 7843:10.1186/s40337-016-0118-y 7742:Physiology & Behavior 7699:Physiology & Behavior 6841:Child Abuse & Neglect 6603:10.1007/s10942-011-0135-3 6179:Physiology & Behavior 6096:Physiology & Behavior 6016:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0432 5874:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.032 5467:10.1017/S0033291719003945 5283:10.1038/s41588-019-0439-2 5234:10.1038/s41380-018-0254-7 3831:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2013). 3797:Hedrick T (August 2022). 3731:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.700645 3672:10.1186/s40337-015-0040-8 3450:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.007 3235:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y 2711:– via Google Books. 2540:Annual Review of Medicine 2325:exercise-induced anorexia 2173:atypical anorexia nervosa 2109:junctional escape rhythms 2107:, conduction delays, and 1959:cessation of menstruation 1714:for adolescents with AN. 1512:polycystic ovary syndrome 1390:Moderate: BMI of 16–16.99 1243:anterior cingulate cortex 1017:Gastrointestinal diseases 827: 251: 243: 233: 222: 190: 169: 161: 153: 116: 99: 83: 74: 65: 57: 52: 40:Anorexia (disambiguation) 13111:Suicide and the Internet 13101:Social media and suicide 12848:Media naturalness theory 12576:Psychiatric epidemiology 12571:Philosophy of psychiatry 12463:Philadelphia Association 12302:Developmental disability 9969:doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.78 9881:10.1192/pb.bp.111.036699 9591:10.1177/0884533613476892 9202:. Radcliffe Publishing. 8147:10.3389/fendo.2014.00175 8000:Frank GK (August 2015). 7919:10.1186/1471-244X-13-110 7558:10.1177/1359104513514067 7410:: CS1 maint: location ( 7345:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00429 6835:Young L (January 1992). 6053:Science (New York, N.Y.) 5868:(5): 530–536, 536.e1–2. 5553:10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.82 4714:10.1186/1471-244X-13-292 4427:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00778 4215:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00121 3998:10.1186/1471-244X-13-290 2349:De l'Anorexie hystérique 2237:assisted living facility 2018:delayed stomach emptying 1304: 1299:mental state examination 1289:has also been reported. 1026:irritable bowel syndrome 914:Epigenetic modifications 810:body dysmorphic disorder 481:Gastrointestinal disease 197:Body dysmorphic disorder 12932:Social anxiety disorder 12765:Online problem gambling 12642:Psychiatric medications 11528:10.1186/1471-2318-13-90 10277:10.1196/annals.1429.013 10182:Frontiers in Psychiatry 9343:Understanding Nutrition 7332:Frontiers in Psychology 6137:Thambirajah MS (2007). 6065:10.1126/science.1118357 6010:(25): 432–9, quiz 440. 5011:Annals of Neurosciences 4414:Frontiers in Psychology 4202:Frontiers in Psychiatry 2387:Evolutionary psychiatry 1999:Wernicke encephalopathy 1853:Experience of treatment 1753: 1732:Maudsley family therapy 1725:conjoint family therapy 1605:BUN-to-creatinine ratio 1393:Severe: BMI of 15–15.99 910:opioid receptor delta-1 822:cognitive endophenotype 660:or at a healthy weight. 640:Emotional dysregulation 490:orthostatic hypotension 366:Maudsley family therapy 133:, whole-body swelling ( 27:Type of eating disorder 13089:Television consumption 13044:Evolution of cognition 12969:Body image disturbance 12910:psychiatric conditions 12838:Engineering psychology 12760:Internet sex addiction 12741:Proposed or recognised 12611:Psychosomatic medicine 12347:Nutritional psychiatry 12307:Descriptive psychiatry 11935: 11134:Psychological Bulletin 10884:10.1542/peds.2019-2339 8655:"Electroencephalogram" 8635:(2): 1–17, quiz 17–8. 7501:Lee S (January 1996). 6728:Psychosomatic Medicine 5455:Psychological Medicine 5132:Brain Research Reviews 4954:Psychological Bulletin 4639:Handbook of Alcoholism 4594:Depression and Anxiety 3394:10.4161/derm.1.5.10193 3337:10.1186/2050-2974-1-29 2505:My.clevelandclinic.org 2345:Ernest-Charles Lasègue 2289: 2260:retirement communities 1920: 1707:body image disturbance 1646:Differential diagnoses 1639:Thyroid function tests 1492:Glucose tolerance test 1480:and tests specific to 1440:which may result from 1079:dysfunctional families 1075:childhood sexual abuse 1041:Anorexia as adaptation 894:agouti-related peptide 857: 841: 713:body image disturbance 422:abnormal heart rhythms 394: 282:body image disturbance 192:Differential diagnosis 181:substance use disorder 111:body image disturbance 38:. For other uses, see 13133:Texting while driving 13064:Promotion of anorexia 13049:Evolutionary mismatch 13012:Criticism of Facebook 12743:diagnostic categories 12534:Insulin shock therapy 12509:Clinical neuroscience 12428:Democratic Psychiatry 12282:Biological psychiatry 12049:10.14336/AD.2014.0124 11960:10.1186/2050-2974-2-5 11929: 11399:Neurobiology of Aging 9731:Postgraduate Medicine 9625:. NICE. 4 August 2017 9529:Maniscalco J (2007). 9480:10.1093/ajcn/65.3.717 9440:10.1093/ajcn/44.4.435 8928:10.1192/bjp.176.2.138 8847:BMJ Clinical Evidence 8068:10.1056/NEJMcp1803175 7957:Biological Psychiatry 6882:. London: Routledge. 6383:Ensminger AH (1983). 6173:Kaye W (April 2008). 5964:10.3945/an.112.003608 5952:Advances in Nutrition 5586:. Springer. pp. 4670:. Routledge. p. 4641:. CRC Press. p. 3382:Dermato-Endocrinology 3187:. 2004. p. 103. 2287: 2171:The lifetime rate of 2130:ability to pump blood 2086:mitral valve prolapse 2056:Cardiac complications 2042:difficulty swallowing 2003:vitamin B1 deficiency 2001:, which results from 1886: 1838:involuntarily treated 1828:Admission to hospital 1805:low phosophate levels 1412:(CBC): a test of the 1063:neuroendocrine system 855: 836:Dysregulation of the 835: 798:personality disorders 728:Altered interoception 392: 13002:Behavioral modernity 12997:Behavioral addiction 12823:Cognitive ergonomics 12808:Digital anthropology 12801:Disciplines involved 12792:Video game addiction 12787:Television addiction 12647:by condition treated 12586:Psychiatric hospital 12581:Psychiatric genetics 12327:Geriatric psychiatry 12317:Emergency psychiatry 12277:Addiction psychiatry 12005:10.2147/OAJSM.S36528 11258:Eating Disorder Hope 10371:10.1210/jc.2006-1926 9559:on 21 January 2024. 6919:(9): 7. March 2004. 6228:Psychological Review 5711:on 24 September 2019 5222:Molecular Psychiatry 5064:10.1007/7854_2010_91 4030:Robinson PH (2006). 2958:10.1038/nrdp.2015.74 2902:(10053): 1459–1544. 2845:(10053): 1545–1602. 2094:pericardial effusion 2062:sudden cardiac death 2026:liver function tests 1809:low potassium levels 1703:body dissatisfaction 1633:Electroencephalogram 1555:pseudocholinesterase 1551:acetylcholinesterase 1410:Complete blood count 1279:orbitofrontal cortex 1095:obsessive compulsive 980:placental infarction 540:Abdominal distension 13054:Fear of missing out 12504:Behavioral medicine 12362:Palliative medicine 12342:Military psychiatry 12322:Forensic psychiatry 11862:. Routledge Press. 11303:2013PLoSO...863539D 10657:10.3390/jpm12050836 10411:10.1530/JOE-14-0039 10308:Psychiatry Research 10269:2008NYASA1135..253V 10077:Abnormal Psychology 9862:Robinson P (2012). 9666:10.2147/PRBM.S52656 9299:Edwards DJ (2017). 9233:Psychiatric Nursing 8952:Abnormal Psychology 8740:Abnormal Psychology 8661:. 26 January 2012. 8406:Maudsleyparents.org 5909:1955Sci...122..157G 5630:10.1155/2013/483145 5510:2017JThBi.428...26J 4600:(Suppl 1): 96–104. 3833:Abnormal Psychology 3815:on 8 February 2024. 3122:on 23 November 2020 2801:10.2147/AHMT.S70300 2188:Underrepresentation 2090:myocardial fibrosis 1950:estrogen-producing 1571:Luteinizing hormone 1561:Liver Function Test 1187:cerebrospinal fluid 866:Association studies 703:Perceptual symptoms 651:Behavioral symptoms 607:Hypercriticism and 94:clinical psychology 12750:Computer addiction 12606:Psychopharmacology 12337:Liaison psychiatry 12181:External resources 11936: 11932:Utrecht University 11565:European Neurology 11459:10.3390/nu12092885 11100:. Hay House, Inc. 10970:10.1007/BF03354445 10710:10.7150/ijms.8.679 9171:"Eating Disorders" 8981:. Guilford Press. 8884:"Eating disorders" 8843:"Anorexia nervosa" 8690:Neuroendocrinology 8532:"BUN – blood test" 6988:Becker AE (2018). 6876:Sartre JP (1989). 6638:10.1007/BF01183887 6570:"Anorexia Nervosa" 6358:Worthen D (2001). 5803:20.500.11937/40065 4588:Casper RC (1998). 4289:Psychiatria Polska 4270:10.1111/cpsp.12103 3951:"Anorexia nervosa" 3772:"Anorexia Nervosa" 2501:"Anorexia Nervosa" 2417:Orthorexia nervosa 2300:anorexia mirabilis 2290: 2074:low blood pressure 2034:acute pancreatitis 1921: 1843:refeeding syndrome 1801:refeeding syndrome 1795:Refeeding syndrome 1565:protein deficiency 1504:Cushing's Syndrome 1376:Levels of severity 1189:concentrations of 988:personality traits 886:personality traits 858: 842: 615:Affective symptoms 559:Cognitive symptoms 474:Rapid, continuous 395: 385:Signs and symptoms 247:2.9 million (2015) 32:Anorexia (symptom) 13141: 13140: 12813:Digital sociology 12700: 12699: 12632:Counseling topics 12566:Pentylenetetrazol 12332:Immuno-psychiatry 12229: 12228: 12037:Aging and Disease 11927: 11869:978-0-415-89867-6 11858:Arnold C (2012). 11649:(11): 1212–1213. 11577:10.1159/000082033 11213:10.3390/nu8020069 11107:978-1-84850-906-1 10852:978-3-642-29135-7 10837:. pp. 9–15. 10759:10.1002/eat.20625 10541:10.1002/eat.22481 10493:10.1002/eat.22462 10455:978-1-55009-364-3 10086:978-0-07-803538-8 10011:10.1002/eat.23215 9903:on 21 April 2016. 9552:978-0-323-03004-5 9394:10.1002/eat.22482 9353:978-1-133-58752-1 9243:978-0-323-29352-5 9209:978-1-85775-603-6 9053:(12): 1047–1056. 8988:978-1-57230-186-3 8961:978-1-259-06072-4 8781:10.1002/eat.20625 8749:978-0-07-803538-8 8702:10.1159/000323771 8608:(12): 2259–2266. 8510:10.1002/eat.20548 8475:10.1002/eat.20690 8440:10.1002/eat.20432 8244:978-0-8261-7147-4 8200:10.1002/eat.20717 8062:(14): 1343–1351. 7886:978-3-642-15131-6 7660:10.1002/eat.23444 7613:10.1002/eat.20080 7442:10.1002/eat.20305 7120:10.1002/eat.20469 7030:978-0-471-23073-1 7005:978-1-4625-3609-2 6967:978-3-319-90817-5 6506:(11): 1799–1805. 6450:978-1-118-32142-3 6421:978-0-19-105784-7 6408:Colman A (2015). 6394:978-0-941218-05-4 6369:978-1-4822-9648-8 6148:978-1-85775-698-2 5903:(3160): 157–158. 5597:978-0-387-92271-3 5326:(11): 4706–4713. 5116:978-0-19-993495-9 5073:978-3-642-15130-9 4843:978-1-4625-0790-0 4793:Nutrition Reviews 4681:978-1-135-44280-4 4652:978-1-4200-3696-1 4519:10.1002/eat.20419 4478:10.1002/eat.20190 4343:10.1002/eat.20429 4041:978-0-470-01676-3 3919:10.1002/eat.22572 3842:978-0-07-803538-8 3624:10.1002/eat.20388 3585:978-0-89042-555-8 3543:978-0-323-02964-3 3278:(9963): 117–171. 3155:10.1002/eat.22103 3055:10.1111/inm.12758 2708:978-1-58562-462-1 2681:978-0-7234-3461-0 2612:978-0-89042-555-8 2412:Muscle dysmorphia 2207:anabolic steroids 1671:Gender difference 1623:Electrocardiogram 1573:(LH) response to 1526:total cholesterol 1414:white blood cells 1285:integrity in the 1270:lentiform nucleus 1211:binding potential 972:diabetes mellitus 802:anxiety disorders 692:or self-loathing. 629:Anxiety disorders 591:Memory impairment 531:, aches and pains 439:Physical symptoms 348:-inducing event. 276:characterized by 259: 258: 107:food restrictions 47:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 13161: 13154:Anorexia nervosa 12964:Anorexia nervosa 12949:Bipolar disorder 12917:Anxiety disorder 12727: 12720: 12713: 12704: 12703: 12690: 12689: 12680: 12551:Imaging genetics 12256: 12249: 12242: 12233: 12232: 12220:Anorexia nervosa 12093: 12092: 12070: 12060: 12027: 12017: 12007: 11982: 11972: 11962: 11928: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11838: 11823:Obesity Research 11815: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11794: 11779:Obesity Research 11770: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11676: 11667: 11666: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11560: 11551: 11550: 11540: 11530: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11471: 11461: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11394: 11381: 11380: 11344: 11335: 11334: 11324: 11314: 11282: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11249: 11236: 11235: 11225: 11215: 11191: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11146:10.1037/a0015326 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11031: 10999: 10990: 10989: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10936: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10895: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10770: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10721: 10689: 10680: 10679: 10669: 10659: 10635: 10626: 10625: 10608:(8): 1525–1529. 10597: 10591: 10590: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10524: 10505: 10504: 10476: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10422: 10405:(3): R163–R176. 10390: 10384: 10383: 10373: 10364:(6): 2323–2329. 10349: 10340: 10339: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10232: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10197: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10156: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10037: 10031: 10030: 9996: 9987: 9970: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9950: 9940: 9916: 9905: 9904: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9868:The Psychiatrist 9859: 9853: 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Archived from 8879: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8838: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8735: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8266:"CBC blood test" 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8211: 8179: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8149: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8102: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8051: 8040: 8039: 8029: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7980: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7931: 7921: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7845: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7347: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7192:. 13 June 2014. 7182: 7176: 7175: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7050: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6959: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6789: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6719: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6672:Eating Disorders 6663: 6650: 6649: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6296:(8): 1107–1115. 6285: 6279: 6278: 6277:on 22 June 2024. 6273:. Archived from 6266: 6260: 6259: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6102:(1–2): 283–290. 6091: 6085: 6084: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6027: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5704:. Archived from 5671: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5632: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5414:(8): 1195–1200. 5403: 5397: 5396: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5332:10.1172/JCI71400 5311: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5277:(8): 1207–1214. 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5002: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4921:10.1002/erv.2244 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4880: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4726: 4716: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4609: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4429: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4217: 4193: 4182: 4181: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4000: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3957:. 23 August 2017 3947: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3733: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3674: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3461: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3339: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3214: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3178: 3167: 3166: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3115:. Archived from 3114: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3049:(6): 1181–1191. 3034: 3025: 3024: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2919: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2870: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2803: 2779: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2713: 2712: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2671:General Medicine 2665: 2659: 2658: 2647:10.1002/erv.2271 2626: 2617: 2616: 2593: 2564: 2563: 2535: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2477:. Archived from 2467: 2337:Sir William Gull 2311:Etymologically, 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1872:moral dissonance 1460:. Tests include 1264:, left inferior 933:anxiety disorder 882:reward mechanics 683:bulimia nervosa. 370:nasogastric tube 339:component, with 330:nasogastric tube 278:food restriction 262:Anorexia nervosa 129:, heart damage, 70: 53:Anorexia nervosa 50: 49: 21: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13137: 12985: 12959:Eating disorder 12909: 12903: 12853:Neuroergonomics 12833:Cyberpsychology 12796: 12742: 12736: 12731: 12701: 12696: 12668: 12664:Psychotherapies 12620: 12601:Psycho-oncology 12561:Neurophysiology 12519:Anti-psychiatry 12492: 12386: 12357:Neuropsychiatry 12312:Eating disorder 12265: 12260: 12230: 12225: 12224: 12176: 12175: 12104: 12078: 12073: 12030: 11985: 11940: 11916: 11914: 11912:Further reading 11909: 11908: 11898: 11896: 11881: 11877: 11870: 11856: 11852: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11771: 11767: 11722: 11718: 11692: 11688: 11677: 11670: 11643:JAMA Psychiatry 11639: 11635: 11604: 11600: 11561: 11554: 11507: 11503: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11438: 11434: 11395: 11384: 11345: 11338: 11283: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11250: 11239: 11192: 11171: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11092: 11088: 11049: 11045: 11000: 10993: 10954: 10950: 10913: 10909: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10831: 10827: 10788: 10784: 10739: 10735: 10690: 10683: 10636: 10629: 10598: 10594: 10563: 10556: 10525: 10508: 10477: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10391: 10387: 10350: 10343: 10304: 10300: 10253: 10249: 10241: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10174: 10170: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10073: 10069: 10038: 10034: 9994: 9988: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9917: 9908: 9893: 9889: 9860: 9856: 9819: 9815: 9770: 9766: 9727: 9723: 9702:(1): CD004365. 9696: 9692: 9645: 9638: 9628: 9626: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9571: 9567: 9553: 9527: 9523: 9508: 9504: 9459: 9455: 9423: 9419: 9374: 9365: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9297: 9293: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9228: 9224: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9119: 9112: 9081: 9074: 9043: 9039: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8948: 8944: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8880: 8876: 8839: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8736: 8727: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8625: 8621: 8594: 8590: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8542:on 9 April 2010 8530: 8529: 8525: 8494: 8490: 8459: 8455: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8336:on 5 April 2015 8324: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8306:on 4 April 2010 8294: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8180: 8173: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8052: 8043: 7998: 7994: 7949: 7945: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7873: 7869: 7822: 7818: 7781: 7777: 7738: 7734: 7695: 7691: 7640: 7636: 7593: 7589: 7538: 7534: 7499: 7492: 7469: 7465: 7426: 7419: 7403: 7402: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7324: 7320: 7289: 7285: 7248: 7244: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7140: 7136: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7053:Sports Medicine 7048: 7044:Baum A (2006). 7042: 7038: 7031: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6986: 6982: 6968: 6936: 6932: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6833: 6829: 6790: 6765: 6720: 6709: 6664: 6653: 6622: 6618: 6587: 6583: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6531: 6527: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6356: 6352: 6321: 6317: 6286: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6220: 6216: 6171: 6164: 6149: 6135: 6131: 6092: 6088: 6045: 6041: 5996: 5989: 5944: 5940: 5893: 5889: 5858: 5854: 5823: 5819: 5778: 5774: 5731: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5580: 5576: 5537: 5533: 5494: 5490: 5447: 5443: 5404: 5400: 5361: 5357: 5312: 5308: 5271:Nature Genetics 5263: 5259: 5214: 5210: 5171: 5167: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5103: 5099: 5074: 5052: 5048: 5003: 4988: 4980: 4960:(6): 976–1006. 4949: 4943: 4936: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4826: 4822: 4785: 4781: 4765:10.1002/erv.784 4744: 4740: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4635: 4631: 4586: 4582: 4539: 4535: 4498: 4494: 4457: 4453: 4406: 4402: 4373:(10): 759–762. 4363: 4359: 4336:(S3): S46–S51. 4322: 4318: 4281: 4277: 4254: 4241: 4194: 4185: 4146: 4139: 4094: 4090: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4028: 4024: 3977: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3903: 3899: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3820: 3812: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3710: 3706: 3651: 3647: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3479: 3475: 3430: 3419: 3374: 3363: 3316: 3309: 3264: 3260: 3215: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3035: 3028: 2988: 2981: 2942: 2933: 2888: 2884: 2831: 2827: 2780: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2716: 2709: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2595: 2594: 2567: 2536: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2469: 2468: 2435: 2430: 2382:Eating recovery 2373: 2365:Karen Carpenter 2294:Hellenistic era 2282: 2276: 2223: 2190: 2165: 2156: 2101:QT prolongation 2058: 2044:, and, rarely, 1939: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1855: 1834:lack of insight 1830: 1817: 1797: 1785: 1777:hypermetabolism 1756: 1720: 1682: 1673: 1661:bulimia nervosa 1654: 1648: 1585:Creatine kinase 1418:red blood cells 1403: 1381:Body mass index 1378: 1365:bulimia nervosa 1361:bulimia nervosa 1353: 1307: 1295: 1206: 1179: 1166: 1149: 1135: 1071: 1043: 957: 941:type 2 diabetes 918:DNA methylation 850: 830: 814:Autism spectrum 767: 735: 705: 653: 617: 561: 510:Chronic fatigue 446:body mass index 441: 412:in every major 387: 341:identical twins 274:eating disorder 205:hyperthyroidism 201:bulimia nervosa 48: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13167: 13157: 13156: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13079:Binge-watching 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13039:Digital zombie 13036: 13031: 13029:Cyberpathology 13026: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12993: 12991: 12990:Related topics 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12913: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12862: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12815: 12810: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12730: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12707: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12684: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12596:Psychoanalysis 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12547: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12511: 12506: 12500: 12498: 12497:Related topics 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12382:Telepsychiatry 12379: 12377:Sleep medicine 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12273: 12271: 12270:Subspecialties 12267: 12266: 12259: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12236: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12211: 12197: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12162: 12151: 12140: 12125: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096:Classification 12090: 12089: 12084: 12077: 12076:External links 12074: 12072: 12071: 12028: 11983: 11937: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11875: 11868: 11850: 11806: 11785:(5): 498–502. 11765: 11736:(2): 123–126. 11716: 11686: 11683:. p. 309. 11681:Medical Papers 11668: 11633: 11614:(4): 370–371. 11598: 11571:(4): 191–192. 11552: 11515:BMC Geriatrics 11501: 11483: 11432: 11382: 11355:(4): 523–536. 11336: 11270: 11237: 11169: 11140:(3): 407–433. 11120: 11106: 11086: 11059:(4): 259–265. 11043: 10991: 10964:(4): 183–197. 10948: 10907: 10858: 10851: 10825: 10798:(3): 397–410. 10782: 10753:(5): 471–474. 10733: 10704:(8): 679–703. 10681: 10627: 10592: 10554: 10535:(3): 238–248. 10506: 10487:(3): 216–237. 10468: 10454: 10434: 10385: 10341: 10298: 10263:(1): 253–264. 10247: 10219: 10168: 10119: 10092: 10085: 10067: 10048:(2): 299–307. 10032: 10005:(3): 422–441. 9971: 9962: 9925:BMC Psychology 9906: 9887: 9854: 9833:(7): 724–731. 9813: 9764: 9721: 9690: 9636: 9614: 9585:(3): 358–364. 9565: 9551: 9521: 9502: 9473:(3): 717–723. 9453: 9434:(4): 435–443. 9417: 9388:(3): 293–310. 9363: 9352: 9332: 9291: 9272:(6): 454–462. 9256: 9242: 9222: 9208: 9188: 9162: 9133:(3): 393–401. 9110: 9091:(1): 159–173. 9072: 9037: 9010:(6): 455–460. 8994: 8987: 8967: 8960: 8942: 8921:(2): 138–141. 8901: 8874: 8830: 8804: 8775:(5): 471–474. 8755: 8748: 8725: 8676: 8646: 8619: 8588: 8569:(4): 427–434. 8553: 8523: 8504:(8): 766–767. 8488: 8469:(4): 378–381. 8453: 8434:(8): 746–750. 8418: 8390: 8363:(2): 326–332. 8347: 8317: 8287: 8257: 8243: 8223: 8194:(7): 590–594. 8171: 8120: 8089: 8041: 8012:(4): 391–400. 7992: 7963:(3): 224–234. 7943: 7906:BMC Psychiatry 7892: 7885: 7867: 7816: 7775: 7748:(1–2): 15–17. 7732: 7689: 7634: 7607:(2): 161–165. 7587: 7552:(2): 276–288. 7532: 7490: 7479:(3): 289–323. 7463: 7436:(6): 443–447. 7417: 7389: 7369: 7318: 7299:(4): 233–242. 7283: 7242: 7207: 7177: 7150:(4): 277–282. 7134: 7093: 7036: 7029: 7011: 7004: 6980: 6966: 6957:10400.14/33058 6930: 6903: 6888: 6868: 6827: 6800:(8): 936–951. 6763: 6734:(6): 491–497. 6707: 6651: 6616: 6597:(3): 192–206. 6581: 6561: 6542:(2): 242–247. 6525: 6489: 6456: 6449: 6427: 6420: 6400: 6393: 6375: 6368: 6350: 6315: 6280: 6261: 6234:(4): 745–761. 6214: 6185:(1): 121–135. 6162: 6147: 6129: 6086: 6059:(5754): 1641. 6039: 5987: 5958:(3): 277–286. 5938: 5887: 5852: 5833:(2): 171–178. 5817: 5788:(2): 135–141. 5772: 5741:(4): 463–470. 5722: 5654: 5603: 5596: 5574: 5531: 5488: 5461:(5): 870–880. 5441: 5398: 5355: 5306: 5257: 5228:(6): 901–915. 5208: 5181:(4): 330–335. 5165: 5138:(2): 147–164. 5122: 5115: 5097: 5072: 5046: 5017:(4): 157–161. 4986: 4934: 4915:(5): 345–351. 4899: 4871:(135): 1–166. 4849: 4842: 4820: 4799:(9): 404–411. 4779: 4758:(4): 253–274. 4738: 4701:BMC Psychiatry 4687: 4680: 4658: 4651: 4629: 4580: 4550:(2): 667–677. 4533: 4512:(7): 581–588. 4492: 4471:(4): 371–374. 4451: 4400: 4357: 4316: 4295:(3): 533–542. 4275: 4264:(2): 194–210. 4239: 4183: 4137: 4108:(6): 501–513. 4088: 4067:(6): 658–662. 4047: 4040: 4022: 3985:BMC Psychiatry 3968: 3942: 3913:(8): 739–740. 3897: 3868:(8): 577–590. 3848: 3841: 3818: 3789: 3763: 3704: 3645: 3618:(5): 424–434. 3598: 3584: 3556: 3542: 3522: 3493:(8): 577–590. 3473: 3444:(3): 515–528. 3417: 3388:(5): 268–270. 3361: 3307: 3258: 3229:(4): 406–414. 3198: 3168: 3149:(5): 462–469. 3133: 3101: 3076: 3026: 2999:(2): 499–514. 2979: 2931: 2882: 2825: 2761: 2714: 2707: 2687: 2680: 2660: 2618: 2611: 2565: 2546:(1): 425–435. 2517: 2492: 2481:on 23 May 2015 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2341:Queen Victoria 2306:Richard Morton 2278:Main article: 2275: 2272: 2222: 2219: 2199:culture change 2195:westernisation 2189: 2186: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2117:hypomagnesemia 2057: 2054: 2050:metoclopramide 1968:growth hormone 1952:adipose tissue 1943:peak bone mass 1938: 1935: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1854: 1851: 1829: 1826: 1816: 1813: 1796: 1793: 1784: 1783:Extreme hunger 1781: 1755: 1752: 1719: 1716: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1620: 1613:rhabdomyolysis 1609:celiac disease 1602: 1592: 1582: 1568: 1558: 1547:cholinesterase 1541: 1515: 1489: 1451: 1445: 1434:thrombocytosis 1402: 1401:Investigations 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1352: 1349: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1306: 1303: 1294: 1291: 1249:radiolabelled 1204: 1178: 1175: 1165: 1162: 1148: 1145: 1140:group dynamics 1134: 1131: 1123:physical abuse 1070: 1067: 1042: 1039: 1021:celiac disease 1007:neuropeptide Y 995:adipose tissue 984:harm avoidance 956: 953: 872:related to 43 849: 846: 829: 826: 766: 763: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 723: 716: 704: 701: 700: 699: 693: 687: 684: 664: 661: 652: 649: 648: 647: 642: 637: 631: 626: 623: 616: 613: 612: 611: 605: 599: 596: 593: 588: 585:theory of mind 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 560: 557: 556: 555: 548: 542: 537: 532: 529:muscle tension 527:Having severe 525: 515: 512: 507: 504:Russell's Sign 501: 492: 483: 478: 472: 465: 459: 449: 440: 437: 386: 383: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 224: 220: 219: 194: 188: 187: 173: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 120: 114: 113: 103: 97: 96: 87: 81: 80: 72: 71: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13166: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13034:Digital detox 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13024:Cyberbullying 13022: 13018: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12906: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12723: 12721: 12716: 12714: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12693: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12659:Psychiatrists 12657: 12655: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12617: 12616:Psychosurgery 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391:Organizations 12389: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12372:Psychotherapy 12370: 12368: 12367:Pain medicine 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12257: 12252: 12250: 12245: 12243: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12221: 12217: 12216: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12068: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11879: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11854: 11846: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11761: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11690: 11682: 11675: 11673: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11341: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11297:(5): e63539. 11296: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11259: 11255: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11233: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11124: 11109: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11090: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11014:(1): 80–108. 11013: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10996: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10903: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10688: 10686: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10559: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10473: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10346: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10240: 10236: 10229: 10223: 10215: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9882: 9877: 9874:(3): 109–13. 9873: 9869: 9865: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9641: 9624: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9245: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9226: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9192: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9115: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9079: 9077: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8971: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8835: 8819:. 20 May 2022 8818: 8817:Psych Central 8814: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8178: 8176: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8108: 8107: 8099: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8037: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8006:CNS Spectrums 8003: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7495: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7422: 7413: 7407: 7392: 7390:9781138052550 7386: 7382: 7381: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6889:0-415-04029-9 6885: 6881: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6847:(1): 89–100. 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632:(2): 123–50. 6631: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6437:"Weight Loss" 6431: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6269:Guisinger S. 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 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3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2750:on 1 May 2015 2746: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641:(2): 92–101. 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2295: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2230:late in life. 2227: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:QT dispersion 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1937:Complications 1934: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:carbohydrates 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1711:Psychotherapy 1708: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619:of the liver. 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538:triglycerides 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Lipid profile 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1302: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:parietal lobe 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:reward system 1231: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147:Media effects 1144: 1141: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1069:Psychological 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045:Studies have 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 986:, one of the 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:preterm birth 961: 955:Environmental 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:schizophrenia 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:polymorphisms 867: 863: 854: 845: 839: 834: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 762: 758: 756: 750: 748: 743: 739: 738:Interoception 733:Interoception 727: 724: 721: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 662: 659: 655: 654: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 632: 630: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 610: 609:perfectionism 606: 604: 600: 597: 594: 592: 589: 586: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 563: 562: 553: 549: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 513: 511: 508: 505: 502: 500: 496: 493: 491: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 473: 470: 466: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451:Irregular or 450: 447: 443: 442: 436: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 416:in the body. 415: 411: 410:complications 407: 402: 400: 391: 382: 380: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 349: 347: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 139:heart failure 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 119: 118:Complications 115: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 86: 82: 78: 73: 69: 64: 60: 56: 51: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13128:Technostress 13121:Technophobia 13116:Technophilia 12963: 12892:Evolutionary 12870:Evolutionary 12860:Neuroscience 12591:Psychiatrist 12556:Neuroimaging 12213: 12199: 12188: 12164: 12153: 12142: 12127: 12108: 12043:(1): 48–55. 12040: 12036: 11995: 11991: 11950: 11946: 11897:. 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Retrieved 2479:the original 2474: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2298: 2291: 2268: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2191: 2182: 2175:, a form of 2170: 2166: 2163:Epidemiology 2157: 2147:mitral valve 2143:palpitations 2138:heart muscle 2134: 2103:, increased 2098: 2082:heart volume 2059: 2022:constipation 2015: 1988: 1984:osteoporosis 1976:bone density 1956: 1947:hypogonadism 1940: 1929: 1922: 1868: 1856: 1831: 1818: 1798: 1786: 1773: 1757: 1729: 1721: 1700: 1686: 1683: 1674: 1658: 1655: 1627:hyperkalemia 1579:Hypogonadism 1508:hypoglycemia 1466:electrolytes 1442:malnutrition 1426:leukocytosis 1404: 1379: 1354: 1334: 1317: 1310: 1308: 1296: 1283:white matter 1262:hypothalamus 1259: 1232: 1223: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1136: 1133:Sociological 1119:sexual abuse 1115: 1107: 1100: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1051:epiphenomena 1047:hypothesized 1044: 1035: 1015: 992: 976:preeclampsia 958: 949: 922: 859: 843: 817: 772: 768: 759: 751: 736: 690:Self harming 676:ipecac syrup 434: 426:constipation 414:organ system 406:malnutrition 403: 396: 375: 350: 334: 314:osteoporosis 286: 269: 265: 261: 260: 171:Risk factors 143:lung failure 123:Osteoporosis 77:William Gull 44: 13074:Screen time 12190:MedlinePlus 11998:: 105–113. 11452:(9): 2885. 11405:(1): 9–16. 10188:: 1094222. 8823:29 February 8536:MedlinePlus 8330:MedlinePlus 8300:MedlinePlus 8270:MedlinePlus 7795:: 578–589. 6575:Mayo Clinic 6331:(1): 1–11. 5680:: 240–250. 4156:: 237–246. 3591:29 February 2357:Hilde Bruch 2113:hypokalemia 2066:arrhythmias 1931:Alexithymia 1789:hyperphagia 1765:dietary fat 1524:(including 1522:cholesterol 1520:: includes 1458:blood serum 1121:, but also 1083:sitiophobia 966:, maternal 765:Comorbidity 755:alexithymia 742:homeostasis 720:hypothermia 658:underweight 645:Alexithymia 635:mood swings 603:self-esteem 552:Carotenosis 514:Infertility 499:tachycardia 495:Bradycardia 486:Hypotension 476:weight loss 469:hypothermia 418:Hypokalemia 318:infertility 293:underweight 154:Usual onset 127:infertility 58:Other names 13007:Body image 12954:Depression 12908:Associated 12877:Psychology 12865:Psychiatry 12818:Ergonomics 12775:Nomophobia 12263:Psychiatry 12215:Patient UK 12166:DiseasesDB 10872:Pediatrics 10650:(5): 836. 10133:Metabolism 9931:(1): 110. 8669:4 February 8546:4 February 8340:4 February 8310:4 February 7654:(1): 3–6. 7059:(1): 1–6. 5954:(Review). 5737:(Review). 5676:(Review). 5623:: 483145. 3991:(1): 290. 2428:References 2377:Body image 2359:published 2080:, reduced 1980:osteopenia 1917: 4–25 1822:olanzapine 1815:Medication 1500:insulinoma 1448:Urinalysis 1430:leukopenia 1341:amenorrhea 1272:and right 1251:raclopride 1199:tryptophan 1177:Mechanisms 1127:Starvation 1087:cibophobia 997:, such as 937:depression 916:, such as 878:motivation 796:and other 794:borderline 790:alcoholism 786:depression 776:(OCD) and 747:body image 709:Perception 672:diet pills 621:Depression 399:starvation 358:depression 289:overweight 255:600 (2015) 90:Psychiatry 12887:Cognitive 12352:Narcology 12201:eMedicine 11816:See also 11496:FACIT.org 11446:Nutrients 11206:(2): 69. 11200:Nutrients 10927:(3): 49. 10921:MedGenMed 10027:209894802 9759:208957067 9489:0002-9165 9327:148977898 8385:207361456 8357:Endocrine 8084:214769639 7684:229325699 7668:0276-3478 7621:0276-3478 7566:1359-1045 7406:cite book 7172:209342890 6976:150323306 6822:205580678 6611:144731404 6248:0033-295X 6073:1095-9203 5504:: 26–33. 5483:210086516 5393:238262414 4572:216649851 3740:1662-5153 3681:2050-2974 3665:(1): 11. 3632:0276-3478 3330:(1): 29. 3126:2 October 3094:2 October 3071:220046454 3021:211728899 2952:: 15074. 2859:0140-6736 2392:Idée fixe 2339:, one of 2211:manorexic 2038:heartburn 1911: 3–4 1905: 2–3 1899: 1–2 1893: 0–1 1879:Prognosis 1680:Treatment 1617:cirrhosis 1488:function. 1470:potassium 1422:platelets 1337:DSM-IV-TR 1293:Diagnosis 1207:receptors 1183:serotonin 960:Obstetric 862:heritable 838:serotonin 782:causality 680:diuretics 668:laxatives 583:Impaired 566:obsession 518:Halitosis 463:hair loss 456:menstrual 430:paralysis 326:restraint 310:binge eat 306:laxatives 244:Frequency 235:Prognosis 223:Treatment 213:dysphagia 177:modelling 85:Specialty 36:Anorectic 13148:Category 12976:Insomnia 12882:Clinical 12206:emerg/34 12067:25657852 12024:24891817 11979:24999427 11953:(1): 5. 11899:29 March 11893:Archived 11760:15204807 11663:25372187 11628:23545792 11593:30482453 11585:15539770 11547:24007312 11478:32967354 11377:38114971 11369:20170590 11331:23658838 11291:PLOS ONE 11232:26828516 11164:19379023 11081:10232724 11038:18335017 10986:41396054 10978:11216126 10943:15520673 10902:31694978 10820:29156560 10812:29785631 10777:19107833 10728:22135615 10676:35629258 10549:26710932 10501:26407541 10429:24898127 10380:17389700 10336:39940665 10293:42042720 10285:18574232 10239:Archived 10237:. 2004. 10214:36937727 10205:10020618 10163:26166318 10062:22609034 10019:31904870 9957:33092638 9849:21727255 9808:33099675 9751:31813311 9716:16437485 9685:25565909 9659:: 1–15. 9609:23459608 9412:26661289 9358:Archived 9311:: 1–13. 9286:25277720 9175:Archived 9157:33351987 9105:19014864 9032:33438815 9024:26382158 8937:10755050 8894:23 March 8869:19445758 8799:19107833 8720:21228564 8663:Archived 8641:22413702 8614:12507163 8583:10926180 8518:18521917 8483:19424979 8448:17610252 8377:19688613 8274:Archived 8218:19598270 8166:25368605 8076:32242359 8036:25902917 7987:28967386 7938:23570420 7862:27933159 7811:27725172 7770:17250708 7762:16102788 7727:25676759 7719:15869768 7676:33340374 7629:15732077 7582:13036347 7574:24363225 7458:29355957 7450:16721839 7396:15 March 7364:29651268 7313:11927235 7278:19030149 7237:11896858 7194:Archived 7164:32221180 7129:17922532 7085:Archived 7081:15296296 7073:16445307 6925:15044128 6898:25319731 6814:30152723 6758:21715295 6702:24365526 6646:10469356 6556:12562569 6520:11058477 6476:Archived 6256:14599241 6209:18164737 6157:84150452 6124:43620773 6116:17585973 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