Annihilationism - Knowledge

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punishment for finite crimes would be incompatible with "the belief that God will judge people 'according to what they done' (e.g. Revelation 20:12), which implies that the penalty inflicted will be commensurate with the evil done." However, despite Stott's personal belief in annihilationism, he cautions, "I do not dogmatize about the position to which I have come. I hold it tentatively... I believe that the ultimate annihilation of the wicked should at least be accepted as a legitimate, biblically founded alternative to their eternal conscious torment."

1078:). Annihilationists believe that verses speaking of the second death refer to ceasing to exist. Opponents of annihilationism argue that the second death is the spiritual death (separation from God) that occurs after physical death (separation of soul and body). Annihilationists are quick to point out that spiritual death happens the moment one sins and that it is illogical to believe further separation from God can take place. In addition, annihilationists claim that complete separation from God conflicts with the doctrine of 740:, the dead are unconscious in their graves and immortality is conditional. When God formed Adam out of the dust of the ground, and before Adam could live, God breathed the breath of life into his body: "And man became a living soul" (Genesis 2:7). See also Ezekiel 18:4, 20. Psalm 146:4 says, "His (man's) breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth (dust); in that very day his thoughts perish." No man has ascended to heaven except Jesus Christ (John 3:13). 807:, the first time he publicly did so. However 5 years later he said that he had been an annihilationist for around fifty years. Stott wrote, "Well, emotionally, I find the concept intolerable and do not understand how people can live with it without either cauterizing their feelings or cracking under the strain. But our emotions are a fluctuating, unreliable guide to truth ... my question what does my heart tell me, but what does God’s word say?" 1827: 487:

evil, to the resurrection of judgment." (Jn 5:28–29) Then Christ will come "in his glory, and all the angels with him... . Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will place the sheep at his right hand, but the goats at the left... . And they will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life." (Mt 25:31,32,46)

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bestowed , deprives himself of continuance forever and ever. And, for this reason, the Lord declared to those who showed themselves ungrateful towards Him: If you have not been faithful in that which is little, who will give you that which is great? indicating that those who, in this brief temporal life, have shown themselves ungrateful to Him who bestowed it, shall justly not receive from Him length of days forever and ever."

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not its attribute, as it is God's; but as a man does not live always, and the soul is not forever conjoined with the body, since, whenever this harmony must be broken up, the soul leaves the body, and the man exists no longer; even so, whenever the soul must cease to exist, the spirit of life is removed from it, and there is no more soul, but it goes back to the place from whence it was taken."

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1:10). If all souls are born immortal, then why is humanity encouraged to seek it by Paul? "To them who by patient continuance in well doing 'seek' for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:" (Romans 2:7) And also, why would Jesus offer humanity an opportunity to "live forever", if all live forever? "If any man eat of this bread, he shall live forever:" (John 6:51).

1414:"And the devil, who deceived them, was thrown into the lake of burning sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown. They will be tormented day and night for ever and ever." (This verse leads some annihilationists to conclude that while ordinary human unbelievers will be annihilated, demons will be tormented forever.) 486:

1038 The resurrection of all the dead, "of both the just and the unjust," (Acts 24:15) will precede the Last Judgment. This will be "the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear (the Son of man's) voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done

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4:2 (July 1966), pp. 193–200 . He considers it of "greatest use" to theologians and other readers, and presents only "few reservations" for such a "voluminous work". It is aimed at English readers, and thus focuses on Great Britain and America; Vaucher expounds on continental European supporters. He

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and their insistence that some were pre-destined to receive Christ, and others to be eternally punished. How much weight this statement of Wesley's should be placed on his idea of eternal condemnation remains debated. Actually, the terminology "being destroyed body and soul in hell" is from the lips

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Chapter V: "some which have appeared worthy of God never die, but others are punished so long as God wills them to exist and to be punished." Chapter VI: "Now the soul partakes of life since God wills it to live. Thus, then, it will not even partake when God does not will it to live. For to live is

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The Church of England's Doctrine Commission reported in February 1995 that Hell is not eternal torment. The report, entitled "The Mystery of Salvation" states, "Christians have professed appalling theologies which made God into a sadistic monster. ... Hell is not eternal torment, but it is the final

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view of Hell is held to be as annihilation rather than eternal burning of the wicked, and it is one of its distinctive tenets. They hold that the wicked will be lost eternally as they are consumed in the lake of fire rather than eternal suffering, and they will perish and cease to exist in the fire.

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Some annihilationists insist that words like "destroy, destruction, perish, death" must refer to "non-existence". While this interpretation of those terms does not imply the non-existence of Hades or the lake of fire, this interpretation does require that the suffering of the souls that inhabit it,

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With this one may compare the Anglican prayer book, as the collect for the ninth Sunday after Trinity, but stating "we who cannot do anything that is good without Thee". In the modern ordinary form of the Mass of the Catholic Church, the collect is included again, used on Thursday in the first week

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Stott argued that the biblical descriptions of Hell only state that Hell itself is eternal, not necessarily that sinners damned to Hell will live eternally in suffering, pointing also to several biblical references to the "destruction" of sinners. Fundamentally, though, Stott argues that an eternal

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in 1989. In 1990, J. I. Packer delivered several lectures supporting the traditional doctrine of eternal suffering. The reluctance of many evangelicals is illustrated by the fact that proponents of annihilationism have had trouble publishing their doctrines with evangelical publishing houses, with

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I feel that the time has come when I must declare my mind honestly. I believe that endless torment is a hideous and unscriptural doctrine that has been a terrible burden on the mind of the church for many centuries and a terrible blot on her presentation of the gospel. I should indeed be happy if,

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1035 The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity. Immediately after death, the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into Hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell, "eternal fire". The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God, in

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Traditionalist Christians point to biblical references to eternal punishment, as well as eternal elements of this punishment, such as the unquenchable fire, the everlasting shame, the "worm" that never dies, and the smoke that rises forever, as consistent with the traditional doctrine of eternal,

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Your interests are in jeopardy,—the salvation, I mean, of your souls; and unless you give yourselves to seek to know the Supreme God, a cruel death awaits you when freed from the bonds of body, not bringing sudden annihilation, but destroying by the bitterness of its grievous and long-protracted

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3. paragraph: "he who shall preserve the life bestowed upon him, and give thanks to Him who imparted it, shall receive also the length of days forever and ever. But he who shall reject it, and prove himself ungrateful to his Maker, inasmuch as he has been created, and has not recognized Him who

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Annihilationists declare eternal existence and life is a gift gotten only from believing the gospel; (John 3:16) Paul calls this gift (immortality) an integral part of the gospel message: "who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and 'immortality' to light through the gospel." (2 Timothy

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support annihilation. They hold that the doctrine of Hell as defined by mainstream Christianity is incompatible with the concept that God is love. They believe that God loves humans unconditionally, and has no destructive intentions for human beings. Seventh-day Adventists believe that the

952:. Consignment to the destroying fire is usually treated as the end of the story—not as the beginning of a new story. That the lost soul is eternally fixed in its diabolical attitude we cannot doubt: but whether this eternal fixity implies endless duration—or duration at all—we cannot say. 471:

Much as certain Church Fathers and Catholic theologians have advocated qualified forms of universalism, some Catholic theologians have advocated qualified forms of annihilationism as being in line with Catholic teaching. Concerning the typical doctrinal presentation of Hell, the

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Those who describe or believe in this doctrine may not use "annihilationist" to define the belief, and the terms "mortalist" and "conditionalist" are often used. Edward Fudge (1982) uses "annihilationist" to refer to both the "mortalists" and "conditionalists" who believe in a

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since the 1960s, and particularly since the 1980s. It has found support and acceptance among some British evangelicals, although it is viewed with greater suspicion by their American counterparts. Recently, a handful of evangelical theologians, including the prominent

1427:. The sections of 1 Corinthians 15:22, "As all die in Adam, so all will be made alive in Christ", and 1 Corinthians 15:28, "God will be all in all", are cited. Verses that seem to contradict the tradition of complete damnation and come up in arguments also include 2865:

Three early essays from one of the classical advocates of conditional immortality, a French author. See especially "Appendix 1: Answers to Objections Urged Against the Doctrine of the Gradual Extinction of Obdurate Sinners," beginning on page 147 of the book.

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in which God is present everywhere, including Hell. Some annihilationists accept the position that Hell is a separation from God by taking the position that God sustains the life of his creations: when separated from God, one simply ceases to exist.

1177:"He burned incense in the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, and burned his children in the fire, according to the abominations of the nations whom the Lord had cast out before the children of Israel." (the Valley of Ben Hinnom is where the concept of 1191:"They have built pagan shrines to Baal, and there they burn their sons as sacrifices to Baal. I have never commanded such a horrible deed; it never even crossed my mind to command such a thing!" (the Valley of Ben Hinnom is where the concept of 972:

I, question 10), so apparently eternal separation from God is a "negative eternity", a complete and permanent separation from God. In the Collect (opening prayer) for the eighth Sunday after Pentecost in the Tridentine missal, we find the words

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publication, which started in the early 1850s, and played a key part in the origin of the Advent Christian Church. Storrs came to believe the wicked would never be resurrected. He and like-minded others formed the Life and Advent Union in 1863.

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of the movement in the 1850s, and two books were published. Annihilationism was apparently established in the church by the middle of that decade. (In the 1860s, the group adopted the name "Seventh-day Adventist" and organized more formally.)

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Church of England Commission on evangelism – 1946 "... but gives the idea that 'everyone goes to heaven when he dies'. 198 During their earlier years children have to learn how to discriminate between the world of experience and the world of

2779:" (1980) webpage from the official church website. See "25. Second Coming of Christ", "26. Death and Resurrection", "27. Millennium and the End of Sin", and "28. New Earth". The earlier 1872 and 1931 statements also support conditionalism 1419:

conscious torment of the non-believers or sinners in Hell. An annihilationist response is that the eternal nature of the fire, worms, and disgrace do not imply eternal conscious torment, only that the punishment has eternal consequences.

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Church of England, "The Mystery of Salvation: The Doctrine Commission of the General Synod" (1995), p. 199; published by Church House Publishing, London, 1995; copyrighted by The Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, 1995,

1398:"And if your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out. It is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye than to have two eyes and be thrown into hell, where 'the worms that eat them do not die, and the fire is not quenched. 1044:

Some annihilationists understand there will be suffering in the death process, but ultimately the wages of sin is death, not eternal existence. Some affirm that Jesus taught limited conscious physical sufferings upon the guilty:

962:(1992) describes Hell as "eternal death" (paragraph 1861) and elsewhere states that "the chief punishment of hell is that of eternal separation from God" (paragraph 1035). The question is what "eternal" means in this context. 1049:

That servant who knows his master's will and does not get ready or does not do what his master wants will be beaten with many blows. But the one who does not know and does things deserving punishment will be beaten with few

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have held to traditional notions of Hell. However, the annihilationist position is not without some historical precedent. Early forms of annihilationism or conditional immortality are claimed to be found in the writings of

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Other relevant New Testament texts include Matthew 10:28 where Christ speaks of the wicked being destroyed "both body and soul" in fiery hell or John 3:36 which says that "he that believeth not the Son shall not see life".

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Proponents of annihilationism agree that the Bible teaches that the wicked are punished eternally, but they believe that punishment is complete destruction for eternity as opposed to eternal life in torment. They see

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of Jesus. Matthew 10:28 "And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell." SERMON 128, Preached at Bristol, in the year 1740 –

1334:"And they will go out and look on the dead bodies of those who rebelled against me; the worms that eat them will not die, the fire that burns them will not be quenched, and they will be loathsome to all mankind." 4064:

The Conditional Immortality Association of New Zealand Inc. is a non-profit organization established to promote a Biblical understanding of human nature, life, death and eternity as taught throughout Scripture.

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Christians who believe in universal reconciliation have also criticized annihilationism using Biblical references. Books of the Bible argued to possibly support the idea of full reconciliation include the

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Wenham claims that just a single verse (Revelation 14:11) sounds like eternal torment to him. This is out of a total of 264 references. Ralph Bowles argues the word order of the verse was chosen to fit a

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passages referring to the finality of judgment, and not its duration (see Isaiah 66:24; cf. 2 Kings 22:17; Isaiah 17:2–7; 51:8; Jeremiah 4:4; 7:20; 21:12; Ezekiel 20:47–48; Malachi 4:1-3). Similarly, the

1107:"For I have told you often before, and I say it again with tears in my eyes, that there are many whose conduct shows they are really enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 They are headed for destruction." 2628:

5 (1967), pp. 202–204 . Vaucher praises Froom's "erudition"; as a "monumental work" without "rival". He questions whether several individuals should be claimed for conditionalism, or that the

1408:"And the smoke of their torment will rise for ever and ever. There will be no rest day or night for those who worship the beast and its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of its name." 1259:"And death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death, even the lake of fire. And if any was not found written in the book of life, he was cast into the lake of fire." 913:

view" that has "grown within evangelicalism in recent years". A 2011 study of British evangelicals showed 19% disagreed a little or a lot with eternal conscious torment, and 31% were unsure.

526:, caused controversy with statements including that "Judgment is the ultimate separation of the evil from the good, with the consequent destruction of all that opposes itself to God's will." 3114:, Britain: InterVarsity Press, 1985; a 2nd edition. A new edition with an extended chapter on the debate was published by Eagle books in 1994, from Guilford, England. As cited by Phillips 227:

belief that everyone will be saved. However, it is also possible to hold to a partial annihilationism, believing unsaved humans to be obliterated, but demonic beings to suffer forever.

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before I die, I could help in sweeping it away. Most of all I should rejoice to see a number of theologians ... joining ... in researching this great topic with all its ramifications.

1231:"I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever" (the offer to live forever only makes sense if it were possible to not live forever.) 1358:"... where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." Beings that have been destroyed do not have teeth to gnash. Beings in the process of burning up in a fire, however, do. 273:

argued that it could be held as a legitimate interpretation of biblical texts by those who give supreme authority to scripture. Earlier in the 20th century, some theologians at the

3214:(March 20, 1987), pp. 40–41. He lists the evangelical authors who persuaded him as: Stott, Fudge, Hughes, and Green (as cited elsewhere in this article), and Stephen Travis, 1060:

Other annihilationists, who understand that a loving God would not gratuitously cause the dead to suffer, believe this verse refers to those living through the tribulation(

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introduced the belief to the Millerites. He had been a Methodist minister and antislavery advocate. He was introduced to annihilationism when in 1837 he read a pamphlet by

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contained a chapter that challenged the traditional church doctrine, and it was the first book from an evangelical publishing house to do so. It was republished later as

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Gregory A. Boyd and Paul R. Eddy, Across the Spectrum: Understanding Issues in Evangelical Theology, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2009), pp. 286–287.

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rejects eternal torment, universalism, and apparently also annihilation; but believes those who reject God will become dehumanized, and no longer be in the image of God

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is not innately immortal. They are related yet distinct. God, who alone is immortal, passes on the gift of immortality to the righteous, who will live forever in

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churches. (The Millerite movement consisted of 50,000 to 100,000 people in the United States who eagerly expected the soon return of Jesus, and originated around

1328:"The sinners in Zion are terrified; trembling grips the godless: 'Who of us can dwell with the consuming fire? Who of us can dwell with everlasting burning?'" 402:

teaches that the wicked will justly suffer for their sins, but the end result will be their destruction (cf. Luke 16:19–31; Romans 2:8; 2 Thessalonians 1:9).

1205:—roots, branches, and all... On the day when I act, you will tread upon the wicked as if they were dust under your feet," says the Lord of Heaven's Armies." 1019:, as well as those groups which hold that not all the wicked will rise to face the New Testament's "resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust". 1253:"and turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, having made them an example unto those that should live ungodly" 1316:"Surely God will bring you down to everlasting ruin: He will snatch you up and pluck you from your tent; he will uproot you from the land of the living." 928:

wrote, "annihilation is certainly an acceptable interpretation of the relevant New Testament passages ... For myself, I remain agnostic." Comparatively,

611:, adopted the traditional position of the immortal soul, and became the American Evangelical Adventist Conference. On the other hand, groups behind the 2729: 1297:, and does not support eternal punishment. Opponents of annihilationism, however, say that there are in fact many bible verses supporting their view. 2828:

Life in Christ: A Study of the Scripture Doctrine On the Nature of Man, the Object of the Divine Incarnation, and the Conditions of Human Immortality

2802: 1165:"For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten." 3837: 3558:

by John Wenham, pp. 68–92; esp. pp. 81–83. Quotations are Wenham's terms, not the Bible's necessarily. The first edition of the book was titled,

1910: 2152: 439:(d. 330) are often interpreted as the first to defend annihilationism explicitly. One quote, in particular, stands out in Arnobius' second book 3929: 737: 3723: 286: 3088:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans; and Leicester, United Kingdom: Inter-Varsity Press, 1989, pp. 398–407. As cited by Packer (and Pinnock). 902:

and irrevocable choosing of that which is opposed to God so completely and so absolutely that the only end is total non-being." The British

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But I notice that Our Lord, while stressing the terror of hell with unsparing severity usually emphasizes the idea not of duration but of

3784: 1388:"Then he will say to those on his left, 'Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. 1061: 840:, which explores the doctrine through an autobiographical approach. His interest in the topic stemmed from the 1930s as a student at the 2292: 543: 246:. Thus those who do not repent of their sins are eventually destroyed because of the incompatibility of sin with God's holy character. 1435:), "For no one is cast off by the Lord forever. Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love", and 145: 3513:

Edward Fudge, The Fire That Consumes: A Biblical and Historical Study of Final Punishment (Houston, Texas: Providential Press, 1982).

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Eternal Hell/torment has been "the semiofficial position of the church since approximately the sixth century", according to Pinnock.

1201:"The day of judgment is coming, burning like a furnace. On that day the arrogant and the wicked will be burned up like straw. They 2480: 2019:

David A. Reed, Answering Jehovah's Witnesses: Subject by Subject, electronic ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1997).

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in 1989, which has been called "ne of the most significant books" in the debate. A portion deals with this issue in particular.

1352:"Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake: some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt." 1147:"He will give eternal life to those who keep on doing good, seeking after the glory and honor and immortality that God offers." 269:, but it has often been in the minority. It experienced a resurgence in the 1980s when several prominent theologians including 137: 3902:

Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Death, Life-After-Death, Resurrection and the World-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity

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who accepted conditionalism. Still, in 1844 the movement officially decided these issues were not essential points of belief.

4038: 4016: 3946: 3910: 3794: 3310: 2757: 659:, and hinted at this belief in early publications. Together, the three constitute the primary founders of this denomination. 3316: 1489: 1376:"It is better for you to enter life maimed or crippled than to have two hands or two feet and be thrown into eternal fire." 580:. He published tracts in 1841 and 1842 arguing for conditionalism and annihilation. He became a Millerite, and started the 3170: 2619: 690:

as "a classic defense of conditionalism". It is a lengthy historical work, documenting the supporters throughout history.

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to torment his creations forever. They claim that the popular conceptions of Hell stem from Jewish speculation during the

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Life and Immortality: An Examination of the Nature and Meaning of Life and Death as They Are Revealed in the Scriptures

2679: 1890: 1496: 1439:(NIV), "We have put our hope in the living God, who is the Savior of all people, and especially of those who believe." 3755: 2707: 888:. Theologians from Cambridge have been influential in supporting the annihilationist position, particularly Atkinson. 4030: 4008: 3539: 3282: 3127:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1992. A report on the Fourth Edinburgh Conference on Christian Dogmatics. 2749: 2401: 2376: 2351: 2326: 1536: 1256: 1234: 1104: 999:

The doctrine is often, although not always, bound up with the notion of "conditional immortality", a belief that the

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is terminated by their reduction to non-existence. Adventists, and perhaps others, then understand the term "Hell" (

91: 1596: 1470: 1424: 1174: 958: 474: 38: 1162: 1132: 459:'s recorded sermons is often reluctantly understood as implying annihilationism. Contrarily, the denominations of 4146: 1503: 638: 607:". However, they split on the issues of conditionalism and annihilation. The dominant group, which published the 591:

The Millerites expected Jesus to return around 1843 or 1844, based on Bible texts including Daniel 8:14, and one

242:. Annihilationism asserts that God will destroy and cremate the wicked, leaving only the righteous to live on in 3769: 966:, following Boethius, states that "eternity is the full, perfect and simultaneous possession of unending life" ( 3369: 1474: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1168: 1098: 76: 2231: 1150: 3365: 3293: 2904:"CHARLES FOX PARHAM'S THEOLOGICAL UNDERBELLY: ANNIHILATIONISM, 8TH-DAY CREATIONISM AND PRE-MILLENIAL ZIONISM" 1861: 1250: 1244: 1156: 1138: 1135:"There is only the terrible expectation of God's judgment and the raging fire that will consume his enemies." 1122: 1116: 1485: 1144: 1110: 1092: 584:

in 1843 to promote these doctrines. However most leaders of the movement rejected these beliefs, other than

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Recently the doctrine has been most often associated with groups descended from or with influences from the

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Others have remained "agnostic", not taking a stand on the issue of hell. The two listed are also British:

1228: 1218: 781:, have offered at least tentative support for the doctrine, touching off a heated debate within mainstream 633: 539: 313: 4105: 368: 239: 3834: 3498: 1978: 880:

called it "the ablest critique of hell by a believer in the inspiration of the Bible." Clark Pinnock of

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posit that living in eternal hell is a false doctrine of pagan origin, as the wicked will perish in the

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did not systematize his own beliefs. He rejected traditional pictures of the "tortures" of hell, as in

3455: 1346:"I will completely destroy them and make them an object of horror and scorn, and an everlasting ruin." 760:(1836–1910, in 1889) and others. Early Pentecostal pioneer Charles Fox Parham taught annihilationism. 3938: 1939: 1432: 1211:"And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which 881: 567: 3683: 2986: 2924: 2534: 2369:

A Catholic Reading Guide to Conditional Immortality – The Third Alternative to Hell and Universalism

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21st Century Evangelicals: A snapshot of the beliefs and habits of evangelical Christians in the UK

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whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs.

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supported the belief. Twentieth-century English theologians who favor annihilation include Bishop

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Annihilationism seems to be gaining as a legitimate minority opinion within modern, conservative

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destructive force of Gehenna is eternal, rather than an indication of eternal conscious torment.

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will be totally destroyed and their consciousness extinguished rather than suffering forever in

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It had the motto "No immortality, or endless life except through Jesus Christ alone." Sources:

1628: 1266:, a prominent annihilationist, has classified the New Testament texts on the fate of the dead: 1125:"... For the Lord watches over the path of the godly, but the path of the wicked leads to 1075: 1016: 891:

Annihilationism is also the belief of some liberal Christians within mainstream denominations.

724: 698: 551: 547: 317: 255: 247: 224: 4090: 3670: 3658: 3581: 3377: 2911: 2741: 1992: 1510: 1411: 1405: 3643:, Christian Theology, 2nd Ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 1998), pp. 1242–1244. 2296: 1221:"For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him 1159:"When they breathe their last, they return to the earth, and all their plans die with them." 1113:"Though the wicked sprout like weeds and evildoers flourish they will be destroyed forever." 788:

The subject really gained attention in the late 1980s, from publications by two evangelical

595:. When the most expected date of Jesus' return (October 22, 1844) passed uneventfully, the " 3294: 2941: 2477: 1653: 1428: 1337: 1071: 903: 801: 774: 656: 648: 596: 559: 44: 3573: 2769: 2446: 1385: 1379: 1367: 1361: 1343: 1095:"God alone, who gave the law, is the Judge. He alone has the power to save or to destroy." 8: 3925: 2712: 1840: 1761: 1591: 1395: 1373: 1355: 1331: 1325: 1319: 940: 916:

Several evangelical reactions to annihilationism were published. Another critique was by

713: 424: 149: 83: 2883: 2826: 2060: 1349: 1340:"I will bring on you everlasting disgrace—everlasting shame that will not be forgotten." 1313: 3992: 3598: 3178: 2974: 2843: 2632:

taught an immortal soul. He challenged the preaching tone of books, and related artwork

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proves "annihilationism" and not the Greek philosophical belief in innate immortality.

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http://www.churchofgod-7thday.org/Publications/Doctrinal%20Points%20Final%20Proof.pdf

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Clark Pinnock, "The Conditional View", p. 147 footnote 21; in William Crockett, ed.,

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Chapter 10: "For were He to reward us according to our works, we should cease to be."

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reported in 1995 that Hell may be a state of "total non-being", not eternal torment.

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believe that there can be no punishment after death because the dead cease to exist.

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1853 – the first clear statement. James White, "Destruction of the Wicked" series,

2006: 1771: 1716: 1581: 1576: 1364:"... it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment.." 1306: 968: 804: 693: 663: 555: 513: 372: 321: 3900: 3841: 3344: 3174: 2776: 2733: 2484: 1851: 1832: 1811: 1781: 1370:"... it will be more bearable for Sodom on the day of judgment than for you" 592: 220: 3662: 3235:. Taunton, England: printed by E. Goodman, pp. 196–?. As cited by Phillips, and 3167: 2655: 2600: 2250: 2007:"Seventh-day Adventists Believe... The Millenium and the End of Sin: 27-26.HTM" 1731: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1586: 1382:"... where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." Same as Matt 8:12 963: 910: 845: 782: 668: 644: 603:

to discuss the future direction of the movement, and were henceforth known as "

463:

which arose through his influence typically do not agree with annihilationism.

278: 266: 3594: 1101:"But we are not like those who turn away from God to their own destruction..." 894:

There have been individual supporters earlier. Pentecostal healing evangelist

619:

adopted conditionalism. Later, the main advocate of conditionalism became the

4130: 4101: 4097: 3983: 3654: 3574:"Does Revelation 14:11 Teach Eternal Torment? Examining a Proof-text on Hell" 2885:

Christ Our Life: The Scriptural Argument for Immortality Through Christ Alone

2675: 2344:

Dare We Hope: "that All Men be Saved"? ; With, A Short Discourse on Hell

1964: 1801: 1796: 1756: 1668: 1618: 1070:

Annihilationism is based on passages that speak of the unsaved as perishing (

1008: 1000: 877: 873: 769: 687: 585: 573: 505: 428: 419: 399: 394: 200: 3956: 2199: 4071: 3431:

Pinnock, "The Conditional View", in Crockett; p. 150 including footnote 28.

3164:

The Fire that Consumes: A Biblical and Historical Study of Final Punishment

2957: 2840:

the standard conditional immortality belief that the dead are unconscious.

1870: 1776: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1726: 1702: 1638: 1623: 1079: 865: 703: 683: 509: 359:

writings, historical criticism of the doctrine of Hell, and the concept of

356: 282: 251: 208: 1285:

108 (41%) to "unforgiven sin", where the precise consequence is not stated

909:

report (published in 2000) states the doctrine is a "significant minority

637:

The church formed from a small group of Millerite Adventists who kept the

212: 3931:

Immortality or Resurrection? A Biblical Study on Human Nature and Destiny

3655:"Damning assumptions: What advocates of endless torment take for granted" 3357: 3123:

Wenham, "The Case for Conditional Immortality" in N. M. S. Cameron, ed.,

2615: 2031: 1806: 1786: 1696: 1561: 1263: 929: 925: 898:

promoted annihilationism in the last few years before his death in 1965.

884:

has defended annihilation. Earlier, Atkinson had self-published the book

821: 672: 501: 456: 376: 360: 298: 678:

A publication with a noticeable impact in the wider Christian world was

235: 1856: 1556: 1477: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 793: 778: 577: 415: 375:

and influenced Christian theologians, and also graphic and imaginative

329: 270: 1309:, identify the following biblical texts in support of their doctrine: 4109: 3389: 2629: 2286: 917: 604: 535: 460: 352: 309: 305: 204: 3297:; Alliance Commission on Unity and Truth among Evangelicals (2000). 2903: 2267:

Arnobius, Against the Heathen: Book II, paragraph 61, last sentence.

1452: 1141:"...for the day of judgment, when ungodly people will be destroyed." 796:

and Philip Hughes. Stott advocated annihilationism in the 1988 book

696:, an Australian and former Seventh-day Adventist best known for his 304:

Some annihilationist Christian denominations were influenced by the

94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3444:. London and Glasgow: Collins, 1940, p114–115; emphasis in original 3236: 2618:

as conditionals, and other descriptions of their history. Vaucher,

2473: 1826: 789: 436: 432: 348: 333: 3002:

by David L. Edwards with a response from John Stott. 1988, p. 314

1305:

Proponents of the traditional Christian doctrine of Hell, such as

3218:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1982, pp. 196–199. Listed in 2416: 2153:"England: Doctrine Commission Report on the Mystery of Salvation" 1192: 1178: 520:. In 1945 a report by the Archbishops' Commission on Evangelism, 4067: 4055: 4001:

Hell Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents Eternal Punishment

3337: 2836:. White does posit an intermediate conscious state of the soul 1911:"Revelation 20:10...a Devil of a Dilemma for Advent Christians" 1241:, forever separated from the Lord and from his glorious power." 1004: 4061: 3729:. The Maronite Voice, Volume VII, Issue No. XI. Archived from 852:, which has been a standard textbook for students.) He wrote: 832:. He contributed a chapter on conditionalism in the 1992 book 1322:"He beat back his enemies; he put them to everlasting shame." 1034: 731: 3963:

Clark Pinnock, "The Destruction of the Finally Impenitent".

3405:

Letter from F. F. Bruce to John Stott in 1989, as quoted in

1119:"But the wicked will die... they will disappear like smoke." 3418:

According to F. F. Bruce, in his foreword to Edward Fudge,

1182: 1153:"For you were made from dust, and to dust you will return." 982: 219:. Annihilationism stands in contrast to both the belief in 3348:. Evangelical Alliance and Christian Research, 2011, p. 9. 2871:

Debt and Grace as Related to a Doctrine of the Future Life

2040:(Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1965–1966). PART IV. 508:,the doctrine of annihilation of the "wicked" following a 336:

writers have also proposed annihilationist doctrines. The

3724:"The Question of Universal Salvation: Will All Be Saved?" 2536:?. D. P. Hall, articles in 1854, republished as the book 1282:

25 (10%) to "death in its finality" or "the second death"

944:, "Lewis sounds much like an annihilationist." He wrote: 720:, has defended annihilation. Pinnock wrote the foreword. 3893:

Two Views of Hell: A Biblical & Theological Dialogue

2587:, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1965–66; 1276:

59 (22%) to "destruction, perdition, utter loss or ruin"

1011:, while the wicked will ultimately face a second death. 647:

rejected the immortal soul concept in 1843. Her husband

3698:"Universalism: a historical survey by Richard Bauckham" 3086:

The True Image: The Origin and Destiny of Man in Christ

977:", meaning "we who without Thee cannot be (or exist)". 3786:

Evangelical Essentials: A Liberal-evangelical Dialogue

2559:

History of the Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul

641:

and today forms the most prominent "Adventist" group.

261:

The belief in annihilationism has appeared throughout

3999:

Christopher W. Morgan and Robert A. Peterson, eds.,

3305:. London: Paternoster Publishing. pp. 130–135. 3210:

An early article was Pinnock, "Fire, then Nothing".

1843:, the belief that the soul is not naturally immortal 1822: 1041:

of destruction, not a permanently existing process.

312:

movement of the mid-19th century. These include the

3895:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000 3783:Edwards, David Lawrence; Stott, John R. W. (1989). 2514:

Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists

2447:"Six Sermons By George Storrs – The Harvest Herald" 1699:, who described himself as "agnostic" on this issue 938:where he pictured it as a drab "grey town". Yet in 924:Some well respected authors have remained neutral. 529: 293:, Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury (1933), 3562:, but contained little or none of this discussion. 3527: 2077:London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988, pp. 313–320. 435:(d. 202), among others. However, the teachings of 3899:Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan Jeffery (2000). 3898: 3394:The Last Things: Death, Judgment, Heaven and Hell 16:Doctrine that the unsaved cease to exist at death 4128: 3820:. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990, pp. 69–70. 2857:The Extinction of Evil: Three Theological Essays 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1979:"Punishment of the Wicked in Light of the Cross" 3905:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 342. 2478:George Storrs: 1796–1879: A Biographical Sketch 2217:"Justin Martyr and the Immortality of the Soul" 627: 500:has through most of its history been closer to 4023:Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment 3856:"J. I. Packer on Why Annihilationism Is Wrong" 3618:"J. I. Packer on Why Annihilationism Is Wrong" 2512:Gary Land, "Conditional Immortality" entry in 2142:London: A. and C. Black., 1966, pp. 186f., 260 1171:"The person who sins is the one who will die." 1027: 2496:Letter from Fitch to Storrs, January 25, 1844 2341: 2229: 2179:, pp. 52–53 (he accepts the traditional view) 2058: 2043: 1985: 1213:is able to destroy both soul and body in hell 504:'s doctrine of conscious continuation of the 287:William Temple, 98th Archbishop of Canterbury 4142:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses 4096:Evangelicals and the Annihilation of Hell – 3782: 2956: 2394:Decreation: The Last Things of All Creatures 1904: 1902: 347:Annihilationists base their belief on their 3924: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 538:of the mid-19th century. These include the 409: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3833:, chapter 11 "Purgatory, Paradise, Hell"; 3756:"Lamentations 3:31–33 NIV – Bible Gateway" 3456:"WDTPRS: Thursday in the 1st Week of Lent" 3000:Essentials: A Liberal-Evangelical Dialogue 2799:Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology 2487:". HarvestHerald.com. Retrieved June 2010. 2417:United States Catholic Conference (2000). 2075:Essentials: A Liberal–Evangelical Dialogue 1908: 988: 798:Essentials: A Liberal–Evangelical Dialogue 738:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference 732:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference 655:, formerly belonged to the conditionalist 544:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference 3453: 2952: 2950: 2645:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1992 2391: 1999: 1899: 1537:Learn how and when to remove this message 872:. It was described as "the best book" by 175:Learn how and when to remove this message 110:Learn how and when to remove this message 3690: 3525: 3216:I Believe in the Second Coming of Christ 2880:below for an expanded biblical defense. 2693: 2319:A Catholic Reading Guide to Universalism 2248: 2197: 2061:"History of Hell: Hell before Augustine" 3853: 3715: 3615: 3138:Facing Hell: An Autobiography 1913–1996 2853: 2841: 2654: 2585:The Conditionalist Faith of our Fathers 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2027: 2025: 838:Facing Hell: An Autobiography 1913–1996 680:The Conditionalist Faith of our Fathers 230:Annihilationism is directly related to 4129: 3973:A Journal from the Radical Reformation 3721: 3571: 3261:An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages 2947: 2881: 2867: 2727:Hell: Eternal Torment or Annihilation? 2444: 1933: 1931: 3652: 3534:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. 3151:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell 3125:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell 2963:Evangelical Annihilationism in Review 2824: 2293:"John Wesley, Sermon 128: FREE GRACE" 2252:Against Heresies: Book II, Chapter 34 2037:The Condionalist Faith of our Fathers 834:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell 4104:by Alan W. Gomes. (Note the article 4058:Exploring evangelical conditionalism 3770:"1 Timothy 4:10 NIV – Bible Gateway" 2614:disagrees with the inclusion of the 2499: 2366: 2316: 2276:Pinnock, "Fire then Nothing", p. 40. 2140:The Revelation of St John the Divine 2022: 1937: 1909:McLaughlin, Corey J. (23 May 2017). 1709: 1475:adding citations to reliable sources 1446: 921:Wenham's 1973 book being the first. 466: 150:move details into the article's body 121: 59: 18: 3818:Evangelism Through the Local Church 2664:Andrews University Seminary Studies 2625:Andrews University Seminary Studies 2610:Andrews University Seminary Studies 2285:This comment was made in regard to 1928: 1892:Bible Student and Religious Outlook 850:The Elements of New Testament Greek 723:The Seventh-day Adventist Church's 387: 13: 3891:Edward Fudge and Robert Peterson, 3876: 3722:Fisher, David A. (December 2011). 3554:Chapter 6, "Hell: Not Endless" in 3454:Zuhlsdorf, Fr. John (2011-03-17). 3374:The Doctrine of Endless Punishment 3101:. London: InterVarsity Press, 1974 2901: 2716:69:8 (August 1996), pp. 15, 17–18. 2410: 14: 4163: 4044: 3299:"Conclusions and Recommendations" 3265:The Revelation of the Seven Seals 3153:, p190,191; as quoted by Phillips 2882:Hudson, Charles Frederic (1860). 2868:Hudson, Charles Frederic (1857). 2432:Towards the conversion of England 1938:Dear, Joseph (30 December 2015). 1300: 1037:or lake of fire) to refer to the 1022: 523:Towards the conversion of England 34:This article has multiple issues. 2708:Annihilation or endless torment? 2419:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2342:von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1988). 1825: 1451: 1425:First Epistle to the Corinthians 1279:20 (8%) to "separation from God" 1247:"For the wages of sin is death." 959:Catechism of the Catholic Church 848:. (Wenham is best known for his 763: 530:Millerite and Adventist movement 475:Catechism of the Catholic Church 126: 64: 23: 4117:Undying Worm, Unquenchable Fire 3854:Ortlund, Gavin (16 June 2017). 3847: 3823: 3810: 3776: 3762: 3748: 3646: 3634: 3616:Ortlund, Gavin (16 June 2017). 3609: 3565: 3548: 3507: 3484: 3472: 3447: 3434: 3425: 3412: 3399: 3383: 3351: 3330: 3287: 3270: 3254: 3242: 3225: 3204: 3195: 3183: 3166:. Houston: Providential, 1982. 3156: 3143: 3130: 3117: 3104: 3091: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3005: 2993: 2931: 2895: 2818: 2807: 2791: 2782: 2762: 2719: 2660:"The History of Conditionalism" 2648: 2635: 2577: 2564: 2551: 2519: 2490: 2463: 2438: 2425: 2385: 2360: 2335: 2310: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2242: 2223: 2209: 2191: 2182: 2169: 2145: 2132: 2129:Welwyn: Nisbet, 1964, pp. 206f. 2119: 2116:London: Nisbet, 1933, pp. 257f. 2106: 2103:London: Macmillan, 1924, p. 209 2093: 2090:Oxford: Mowbray, 1916, pp. 91f. 2080: 2073:Edwards, D. L. & Stott, J. 2067: 1462:needs additional citations for 748:Other supporters have included 199:) is the belief that after the 42:or discuss these issues on the 4152:Seventh-day Adventist theology 3920:Advocates of Annihilationism: 3881:Various doctrines about hell: 2969:. Vol. 6. pp. 37–51. 2013: 1971: 1957: 1940:"A PRIMER ON REVELATION 20:10" 1883: 1086: 491: 455:Additionally, at least one of 1: 3702:www.theologicalstudies.org.uk 3526:Crockett, William V. (1992). 3407:John Stott: A Global Ministry 3366:Evangelical Movement of Wales 3249:John Stott: A Global Ministry 3013:John Stott: A Global Ministry 2938:John Stott: A Global Ministry 2890:charles frederic hudson debt. 2605:The History of Conditionalism 2421:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2371:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2321:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2059:Glenn Peoples (26 May 2013). 1877: 1862:Ultimate fate of the universe 975:qui sine te esse non possumus 844:, where he was influenced by 328:churches. Additionally, some 238:is not immortal unless given 4025:. P&R Publishing, 1995; 3988:Directions: Is Hell Forever? 3979:Critics of Annihilationism: 2833:edward white life in christ. 2738:Immortality Or Resurrection? 2516:. Scarecrow, 2005, pp. 68–69 1687: 1442: 1237:"They will be punished with 634:Seventh-day Adventist Church 628:Seventh-day Adventist Church 540:Seventh-day Adventist Church 265:and was defended by several 7: 3996:42:11 (October 5, 1998), p? 3965:Criswell Theological Review 3301:. In Hilborn, David (ed.). 3177:. Fudge is a member of the 2803:Commentary Reference Series 2396:. Baylor University Press. 1818: 1225:but may have eternal life." 1028:Interpretation of scripture 716:, best known for his study 686:. It has been described by 516:has had a following in the 90:the claims made and adding 10: 4168: 2854:Petavel, Emmanuel (1889). 2845:The Problem of Immortality 2842:Petavel, Emmanuel (1892). 2088:The Religion of the Church 1007:or on an idyllic Earth or 992: 382: 4119:" by Robert A. Peterson. 4108:Edward Fudge is from the 3941:: Biblical Perspectives. 3939:Berrien Springs, Michigan 3595:10.1163/27725472-07301004 3572:Bowles, Ralph G. (2000). 3140:. Paternoster Press: 1998 2599:. One pair of reviews is 2201:Epistle to the Magnesians 1965:"In Defense of the Faith" 1873:" in a Christian context) 882:McMaster Divinity College 864:was published in 1982 by 743: 4123:44:12 (October 23, 2000) 3084:Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, 2862:Emmanuel Pétavel-Olliff. 2572:Man's Nature and Destiny 2392:Griffiths, Paul (2014). 1867:Universal reconciliation 1737:Steven Anderson (pastor) 1273:26 (10%) to "burning up" 995:Christian conditionalism 814:Philip Hughes published 783:evangelical Christianity 410:Church Fathers and later 234:, the idea that a human 232:Christian conditionalism 4086:Hell – Eternity of Hell 3885:William Crockett, ed., 3396:. Banner of Truth, 1989 3173:March 25, 2010, at the 2788:1 John 4:8; 1 John 4:16 2544:series; republished as 2445:Storrs, George (1842). 1915:ADVENT CHRISTIAN VOICES 1664:John G. Stackhouse, Jr. 1572:Philip Edgecumbe Hughes 1270:10 texts (4%) "Gehenna" 989:Conditional immortality 842:University of Cambridge 758:Emmanuel Petavel-Olliff 750:Charles Frederic Hudson 702:, originally sponsored 682:(2 vols, 1965–1966) by 478:, 2nd Edition, states: 414:Christian writers from 365:intertestamental period 275:University of Cambridge 4147:Bible Student movement 3975:2:1 (Fall 1992), p4–21 3967:4:2 (1990), p243–259. 3789:. InterVarsity Press. 3678:Cite journal requires 3653:Sotak, Max H. (1996). 3420:The Fire That Consumes 3380:. As cited by Phillips 3231:Basil F. C. Atkinson, 2919:Cite journal requires 2825:White, Edward (1878). 2725:Samuele Bacchiocchi, " 2114:Doctrines of the Creed 1074:) or being destroyed ( 1058: 1017:universal resurrection 954: 862:The Fire that Consumes 859: 718:From Sabbath to Sunday 708:The Fire that Consumes 699:Present Truth Magazine 675:produced later books. 617:Second Advent Watchman 599:" resulted. Followers 489: 450: 314:Seventh-day Adventists 248:Seventh-day Adventists 4091:Catholic Encyclopedia 3582:Evangelical Quarterly 3378:Banner of Truth Trust 3263:(1965), pp. 133–135; 2742:Biblical Perspectives 2656:Vaucher, Alfred-Félix 2546:Is the Soul Immortal? 2525:Roswell F. Cottrell, 2451:www.harvestherald.com 2367:Wild, Robert (2016). 2317:Wild, Robert (2015). 1047: 946: 854: 836:. He later published 662:Articles appeared in 480: 445: 4021:Robert A. Peterson, 3926:Bacchiocchi, Samuele 3860:The Gospel Coalition 3844:; as cited elsewhere 3622:The Gospel Coalition 3295:Evangelical Alliance 3222:, p. 137 footnote 5. 3201:As cited by Phillips 3192:, p. 137 footnote 5. 2942:Timothy Dudley-Smith 2850:petavel immortality. 2706:Brian P. Phillips, " 2601:Alfred-Félix Vaucher 2233:Dialogue with Trypho 2157:www.anglicannews.org 1993:"Signs of the Times" 1654:Charles Taze Russell 1587:Basil F. C. Atkinson 1471:improve this article 1429:Lamentations 3:31–33 1288:15 (6%) to "anguish" 1133:Hebrews 10:26-27 NLT 904:Evangelical Alliance 886:Life and Immortality 775:evangelical Anglican 664:the primary magazine 657:Christian Connection 597:Great Disappointment 371:which originated in 4070:Shows how Biblical 4003:. Zondervan, 2004; 3560:The Goodness of God 3442:The Problem of Pain 3099:The Goodness of God 2770:Fundamental Beliefs 2230:St. Justin Martyr. 1841:Christian mortalism 1592:Ian Howard Marshall 1257:Revelation 20:14-15 1239:eternal destruction 1235:2 Thessalonians 1:9 1195:or Hell comes from) 1105:Philippians 3:18-19 941:The Problem of Pain 826:The Goodness of God 770:Protestant theology 714:Samuele Bacchiocchi 558:, the followers of 552:Jehovah's Witnesses 441:Against the Heathen 425:Ignatius of Antioch 342:Doctrine Commission 256:Jehovah's Witnesses 4121:Christianity Today 4106:incorrectly states 4056:RethinkingHell.com 3993:Christianity Today 3887:Four Views on Hell 3840:2008-03-04 at the 3556:The Enigma of Evil 3530:Four Views on Hell 3376:, was reissued by 3343:2011-01-16 at the 3303:The Nature of Hell 3220:Four Views on Hell 3212:Christianity Today 3190:Four Views on Hell 3179:Churches of Christ 3112:The Enigma of Evil 2876:See Hudson's book 2775:2006-03-10 at the 2732:2015-02-16 at the 2643:Four Views on Hell 2542:J. N. Loughborough 2483:2010-10-09 at the 2346:. Ignatius Press. 2177:Four Views on Hell 2127:The End is Not Yet 1847:Oblivion (eternal) 1767:William Lane Craig 1295:chiastic structure 876:, a decade later. 870:Churches of Christ 830:The Enigma of Evil 562:, and the various 536:Millerite movement 518:Anglican Communion 295:Ulrich Ernst Simon 291:Oliver Chase Quick 75:possibly contains 4039:978-0-87552-372-9 4017:978-0-310-24041-9 3948:978-1-930987-12-8 3912:978-90-04-11262-9 3831:Surprised by Hope 3796:978-0-8308-1285-1 3312:978-0-9532992-2-5 3162:Edward W. Fudge, 2860:. C. H. Woodman. 2758:978-1-930987-12-8 2531:Review and Herald 2527:Review and Herald 1792:John F. MacArthur 1710:Critics/opponents 1659:Herbert Armstrong 1547: 1546: 1539: 1521: 1486:"Annihilationism" 1175:2 Chronicles 28:3 935:The Great Divorce 736:According to the 560:Herbert Armstrong 498:Church of England 467:Roman Catholicism 361:God as too loving 338:Church of England 263:Christian history 187:In Christianity, 185: 184: 177: 167: 166: 146:length guidelines 120: 119: 112: 77:original research 57: 4159: 4068:Jewish not Greek 3960: 3936: 3916: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704:. pp. 47–54 3694: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3650: 3644: 3641:Millard Erickson 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3533: 3523: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3362:The Wrath of God 3355: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3315:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3168:Author's webpage 3160: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2902:Howell, Greg A. 2899: 2893: 2892: 2888:. J. P. Jewett. 2875: 2864: 2852: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2801:(2000) from the 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2766: 2760: 2723: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2678:. Archived from 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2557:D. M. Canright, 2555: 2549: 2538:Man Not Immortal 2523: 2517: 2510: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2295:. 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T. Wright, 3822: 3809: 3795: 3775: 3761: 3747: 3736:on May 8, 2013 3714: 3689: 3680:|journal= 3645: 3633: 3608: 3564: 3547: 3540: 3515: 3506: 3483: 3471: 3446: 3433: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3382: 3370:W. G. T. Shedd 3350: 3329: 3311: 3286: 3269: 3253: 3241: 3224: 3203: 3194: 3182: 3155: 3142: 3129: 3116: 3103: 3090: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3051:, pp. 315–316. 3041: 3039:, pp. 316–318. 3029: 3017: 3004: 2992: 2946: 2930: 2921:|journal= 2894: 2817: 2806: 2790: 2781: 2761: 2718: 2692: 2647: 2634: 2593:article series 2576: 2563: 2550: 2518: 2498: 2489: 2471:Lest We Forget 2462: 2437: 2424: 2409: 2402: 2384: 2377: 2359: 2352: 2334: 2327: 2309: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2249:St. Irenaeus. 2241: 2222: 2208: 2198:St. Ignatius. 2190: 2181: 2168: 2144: 2138:Caird, G. B., 2131: 2118: 2112:Quick, O. 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Lewis, 3437: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3319:on 2012-02-22 3318: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3283:0-7151-3778-6 3280: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3136:John Wenham, 3133: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3110:John Wenham, 3107: 3100: 3097:John Wenham, 3094: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2988: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2913: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750:1-930987-12-9 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682:on 2011-07-21 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2570:Uriah Smith, 2567: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2435:imagination." 2433: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2403:9781481302296 2399: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2378:9781498297271 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2353:9780898702071 2349: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2328:9781498223188 2324: 2320: 2313: 2299:on 2000-11-15 2298: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2016: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1802:C. J. Mahaney 1800: 1798: 1797:Mark Driscoll 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Albert Mohler 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669:Joel B. Green 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619:Clark Pinnock 1617: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608:Glenn Peoples 1607: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:Roger Forster 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1567:Michael Green 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1527:November 2021 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: – 1487: 1483: 1482:Find sources: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1460:This section 1458: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1387: 1386:Matthew 25:41 1384: 1381: 1380:Matthew 22:13 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368:Matthew 11:24 1366: 1363: 1362:Matthew 10:15 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344:Jeremiah 25:9 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209:Matthew 10:28 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189:Jeremiah 19:5 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169:Ezekiel 18:20 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099:Hebrews 10:39 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076:Matthew 10:28 1073: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1055:Luke 12:47–48 1051: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1009:World to Come 1006: 1002: 996: 986: 984: 978: 976: 971: 970: 965: 961: 960: 953: 951: 945: 943: 942: 937: 936: 931: 927: 922: 919: 914: 912: 908: 905: 899: 897: 892: 889: 887: 883: 879: 878:John Gerstner 875: 874:Clark Pinnock 871: 867: 863: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824:'s 1974 book 823: 819: 817: 812: 808: 806: 805:David Edwards 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 764:1900s onwards 761: 759: 755: 751: 741: 739: 729: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 709: 705: 701: 700: 695: 691: 689: 688:Clark Pinnock 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 665: 660: 658: 654: 651:, along with 650: 646: 642: 640: 635: 625: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:Advent Herald 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 586:Charles Fitch 583: 579: 575: 574:George Storrs 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 527: 525: 524: 519: 515: 512:at a literal 511: 507: 506:immortal soul 503: 499: 496:Although the 488: 484: 479: 477: 476: 464: 462: 458: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:Justin Martyr 426: 421: 417: 407: 403: 401: 400:New Testament 396: 395:Old Testament 380: 378: 374: 370: 369:immortal soul 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:fallen angels 206: 202: 201:Last Judgment 198: 194: 193:extinctionism 190: 179: 176: 161: 151: 147: 141: 139: 133: 124: 123: 114: 111: 103: 93: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 4120: 4089: 4072:hermeneutics 4022: 4000: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3930: 3919: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3863:. 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Wright 1691: 1639:Homer Hailey 1624:Edward Fudge 1533: 1524: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1481: 1469:Please help 1464:verification 1461: 1421: 1417: 1396:Mark 9:46–48 1374:Matthew 18:8 1356:Matthew 8:12 1332:Isaiah 66:24 1326:Isaiah 33:14 1304: 1291: 1262: 1238: 1222: 1212: 1202: 1151:Genesis 3:19 1126: 1080:omnipresence 1069: 1065: 1059: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1013: 998: 979: 974: 967: 957: 955: 949: 947: 939: 933: 923: 915: 906: 900: 893: 890: 885: 866:Edward Fudge 861: 860: 855: 849: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 815: 813: 809: 797: 787: 767: 754:Edward White 747: 735: 722: 717: 712: 707: 704:Edward Fudge 697: 692: 684:Le Roy Froom 679: 677: 661: 653:Joseph Bates 643: 631: 620: 616: 612: 608: 590: 581: 572: 533: 521: 510:judgment day 495: 485: 481: 473: 470: 454: 451: 446: 440: 413: 404: 391: 357:early church 346: 324:and various 303: 297:(1964), and 283:Charles Gore 260: 252:lake of fire 240:eternal life 229: 225:universalist 196: 192: 188: 186: 171: 155: 138:lead section 136: 106: 97: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 3358:Eryl Davies 2983:|work= 2670:: 193–200. 2591:. 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