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the time who challenged aspects of life: from her progressive divorce, which she initiated, to her religious beliefs, which set her apart in
England as a devout Protestant woman. Her ability to avoid indictment in 1545 points to what Paula McQuade calls Askew's "real brilliance", showing "her being familiar enough with English law to attempt to use the system to her benefit". While her Examinations are a rare record of her experiences as a woman in Tudor England, they also show her position as an educated woman. Not only was she able to write of her experiences, she was also able to correspond with learned men of the time, such as
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379:. Askew then climbed onto the rack, and her wrists and ankles were fastened. Again, she was asked for names, but she would say nothing. The wheel of the rack was turned, pulling Askew along the device and lifting her so that she was held taut about 5 inches above its bed and slowly stretched. In her own account written from prison, Askew said she fainted from pain and was lowered and revived. This procedure was repeated twice.
423:, Nicholas Belenian and John Adams. She was carried to execution in a chair wearing just her shirt, as she could not walk and every movement caused her severe pain. She was dragged from the chair to the stake and fastened upright to the stake by a chain around her middle. Foxe reports that of the four martyrs burned together that day at three stakes, at least some had gunpowder tied around their bodies to speed up death.
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289:, viewed "plain speaking" with suspicion, a tactic used by the devil to spread heresy: "and where planes may deceive, he make then his pretence to speak plainly and professes simplicities". The inquisitors saw in Anne a particularly threatening example of such plain speaking, her agile answers demonstrating a mastery of scriptural language that rivalled the inquisitors' own. Under questioning from the bishop
214:– required a halt to religious reform. The traditionalist party pursued tactics tried out three years previously with the arrests of minor evangelicals in the hope that they would implicate those who were more highly placed. In this case measures were taken that were "legally bizarre and clearly desperate". The people rounded up were in many cases strongly linked to
122:'s co-accused. Anne Askew was the fourth of five children by Sir William Askew and Elizabeth Wrotessley. Her brothers were Francis and Edward, and her sisters were Martha and Jane. She also had two stepbrothers, Christopher and Thomas, by her father's second wife Elizabeth Hutton. The Askews were related to
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she answered, "If the host should fall and a beast did eat it beast ... receive God or no?" She often played upon traditional gender roles to mock her questioners telling them "it is agaynst saynt Paules lernynge, that being a woman, should interpret the scriptures, specially where so many wise men
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chronicle her persecution and offer a unique look into 16th-century femininity, religion, and faith. Her writing is unusual because it deviates completely from what is expected from "Tudor women or, more specifically, Tudor women martyrs". It depicts her confrontations with male authority figures of
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mounted the pulpit and began to preach to them. Askew listened attentively throughout his discourse. When he spoke anything she considered to be the truth, she audibly expressed agreement; but when he said anything contrary to what she believed scripture stated, she exclaimed: "There he misseth, and
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Her answers infuriated the inquisitors, who found they were not able to force from her the answers they wanted to hear. Faced with Bonner's deepening rage, she repeated only that she believed "as the scripture doth teach", making it clear that she would not accept non-scriptural authorities over her
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In March 1545, Kyme had Askew arrested. She was brought back to
Lincolnshire, where he ordered that she stay. She escaped and returned to London to continue preaching. In early 1546, she was arrested again but then released. In May 1546, she was arrested for the third time, and tortured in the Tower
367:(the king's principal secretary). They threatened her with execution, but she still refused to confess or to name fellow Protestants. She was then ordered to be tortured. Her torturers did so, probably motivated by the desire for Askew to admit that Queen Catherine was also a practising Protestant.
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of 1563, which proclaimed her as a
Protestant martyr. Both of these publications surround Askew's writing with partisan commentary. Analysis has suggested that Bale added and deleted parts of Askew's text to position her as a "weak vessel of the Lord", rather than an independent woman and scholar.
293:, who commanded her repeatedly to "utter al thynges that burdened conscience," she answered in unembellished language blended with Scriptural teachings: "God hath given me the gifts of knowledge, but not of utterance. And Salomon sayth, that a woman of few words, is a gift of God (Sirach 26:14)."
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When Askew was writing her accounts of her arrests and trial, she used strategies other men, such as John
Lascalles, were using at the time. She remained silent and did not give up her allies. Although other men were doing this at the same time, Askew was highly criticized for doing so and was
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Wriothesley and Rich set to work themselves. They turned the handles so hard that Anne was drawn apart, her shoulders and hips were pulled from their sockets and her elbows and knees were dislocated. Askew's cries could be heard in the garden next to the White Tower where the
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Anne Askew's father, Sir
William Askew, had arranged that his eldest daughter, Martha, be married to Thomas Kyme. When Martha died, Sir William decided that in order to save money he would have Anne, who was 15 years old at the time, take Martha's place and marry Thomas.
153:, and neither he nor Anne's brother, Francis, approved of the need Anne felt to spread her Protestant religion. Anne had two children with Kyme before he threw her out for being Protestant. It is alleged that Anne was seeking to divorce Kyme, so this did not upset her.
1247:. Vol. III. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
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1236:. Vol. II. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
1225:. Vol. I. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
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While Bale is criticised and Foxe is often commended for doing a better job with capturing her narrative, it is important to point out the accuracy issues of the two texts principally responsible for Askew's legacy.
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According to her own account and that of gaolers within the Tower, she was tortured only once. She was taken from her cell, at about ten o'clock in the morning, to the lower room of the White Tower. She was shown the
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are imperfect and were altered by John Bale and John Foxe, but read as they were originally intended, Anne Askew's writing is an important autobiographical account of 16th century religious turmoil.
352:. He ordered that she be imprisoned for 12 days. During this time she refused to make any sort of confession. Her cousin Brittany was finally allowed to visit her after the 12 days to pay her bail.
387:, refused to carry on torturing her, left the tower, and sought a meeting with the king at his earliest convenience to explain his position and also to seek his pardon, which the king granted.
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163:, and studied the Bible. During her marriage to Thomas Kyme, Anne took his last name. After their divorce, she reverted to her maiden name. While in London, she continued as a
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portrayed as a weak woman. Bale also saw this as a chance to add his thoughts and comments to her published writing to make it more legitimate in the eyes of the people.
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348:. Askew stood trial before the "quest", which was an official heresy hearing commission. She was then cross examined by the chancellor of the Bishop of London,
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and asked if she would name those who believed as she did. Askew declined to name anyone at all, so she was asked to remove all her clothing except her
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1633:
1179:
Freeman, Thomas S.; Wall, Sarah E. (Winter 2001). "Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The
Account of Anne Askew in Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs'".
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Anne Askew underwent two "examinations" before her execution. On 10 March 1545 the aldermen of London ordered for her to be detained under the
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On 19 June 1546 Askew was again imprisoned and then subjected to a two-day-long cross examination, led by
Chancellor Sir Thomas Wriothesley,
2005:
176:
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395:'s wife and daughter were walking. Askew gave no names and her ordeal ended when the Lieutenant ordered her to be returned to her cell.
187:, but Askew refused to renounce her beliefs. On 18 June 1546, she was convicted of heresy, and was condemned to be burned at the stake.
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194:. Due to the torture she had endured, she had to be carried to the stake on a chair. She was burned to death along with three others:
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2015:
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Foxe removed Bale's notes to Askew's text, but then added his own along with uncited new information and edits to the language.
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In the last year of Henry VIII's reign, Askew was caught up in a court struggle between religious traditionalists and reformers.
1098:(Drama, History), Alicia Vikander, Junia Rees, Ruby Bentall, MBK Productions, FilmNation Entertainment, Brouhaha Entertainment
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own engagement with the
Scriptures – which she quotes from directly – "That God dwelleth not in temples made with hands" (
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320:. Asked if she acted with the Holy Spirit inside her, she answered "if I had not, I was but a reprobate or cast awaye."
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47:(1521 – 16 July 1546), was an English writer, poet, and Protestant preacher who was condemned as a
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were especially feared because they claimed the authority of the Holy Spirit and rejected other laws (like the
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513:, lately martyred in Smythfelde, by the wycked Synagoge of Antichrist, with the Elucydacyon of Johan Bale
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The traditionalist party included Thomas
Wriothesley and Richard Rich (who racked Askew in the Tower),
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1904:
305:: "I answered, that I would not throw pearls among swine, for acorns were good enough" (Matthew 7:6).
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After being thrown out by Kyme, Askew moved to London. There she met other
Protestants, including the
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and close friends, who were suspected of having harboured Protestant beliefs. These ladies included
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506:, latelye martyred in Smythfelde, by the Romysh popes vpholders, with the Elucydacyon of Johan Bale
301:). When Christopher Dare asked for her interpretation of this saying she mocked them, invoking the
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Askew wrote a first-person account of her ordeal and her beliefs, which was published first as
226:(who was brought in to put pressure on Askew to recant) was acting as a curate for Cranmer at
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Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 210. The Martyrdom of John Lacels, John Adams, and Nicholas Belenian
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966:"Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxes "Book of Martyrs"*"
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was telling the king that diplomacy – the prospect of an alliance with the Roman Catholic
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175:. She was ordered to name like-minded women but refused. The torturers, Lord Chancellor
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Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature and Culture
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687:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 762–763.
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Prior to their death, the prisoners were offered one last chance at pardon.
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Of particular interest to the questioners was Anne's relationship with the
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The lattre examinacyon of the worthye servaunt of God mastres Anne Askewe
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Hickerson, Megan L. (April 2006) . "'Ways of Lying': Anne Askew and the
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The First Examinacyon of the worthye servaunt of god Mastres Anne Askewe
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Woodcut of the burning of Anne Askew, for heresy, at Smithfield in 1546
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which declared the establishment of a "kingdom of a thousand years").
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The prevailing religious culture of Anne's time, summed up by bishop
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of London, the only woman to have been tortured there, aside from
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Passages in the Life of the Faire Gospeller, Mistress Anne Askew
1271:. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 190–192.
1171:
The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition
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A Tudor tapestry: Men, Women and Society in Reformation England
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Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 164-165.
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who were also arrested for heresy. As stated above, Askew's
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was a false idea. Her pronouncements caused controversy in
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Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr
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1127:. Women Writers in English 1350–1850. New York; Oxford:
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are the only women on record known to have been both
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People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
1174:. Vol. V. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside.
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Anne askew, intituled, I am a vvoman, poor and blind
230:. Others in Cranmer's circle who were arrested were
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throughout her life. Her reading convinced her that
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The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'
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1578:Anne Askew – Illustrated story on History's Heroes
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964:Freeman, Thomas S.; Wall, Sarah Elizabeth (2001).
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1241:Fuller, Thomas (1840). Nuttall, Austin P. (ed.).
2046:Converts to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism
1987:
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737:. Oxford University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii.
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1121:Askew, Anne (1996). Beilin, Elaine V. (ed.).
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114:. Her father was a gentleman in the court of
1565:Representative Poetry Online – Anne Askew's
1508:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
476:Anne Askew's autobiographical and published
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1230:Fuller, Thomas; Nuttall, Austin P. (1840).
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1447:. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). London:
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1505:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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941:Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 209. Anne Askew
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562:. Her execution takes place off-screen.
190:On 16 July 1546, Askew was martyred in
1988:
1502:(2004). "Askew, Anne (c. 1521–1546)".
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1472:Vol. 2. St Omer: François Bellet.
1244:The History of the Worthies of England
1233:The History of the Worthies of England
1222:The History of the Worthies of England
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1392:Loewenstein, David (30 August 2013).
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1168:(1838). Cattley, Stephen Reed (ed.).
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118:, as well as a juror in the trial of
16:English Protestant martyr (1521–1546)
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78:to compose in the English language.
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2006:16th-century English women writers
1583:Spartacus Educational – Anne Askew
552:In the 2023 historical drama film
534:Representations in popular culture
149:. Her husband, Thomas Kyme, was a
14:
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2086:Executed people from Lincolnshire
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545:Anne was played by Welsh actress
419:, aged 25, on 16 July 1546, with
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2076:Prisoners in the Tower of London
2051:People executed under Henry VIII
1655:Theological writers and scholars
1604:
1294:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00414.x
1268:Dictionary of National Biography
2071:16th-century Protestant martyrs
2016:16th-century English memoirists
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94:Anne Askew was born in 1521 in
1939:Significant for another reason
1844:Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter
1768:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
1124:The Examinations of Anne Askew
1092:AĂŻnouz, Karim (14 June 2024),
734:The Examinations of Anne Askew
691:
1:
1413:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996).
1219:; Nuttall, Austin P. (1840).
1113:
1068:"List of The Tudors episodes"
1910:Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna
1895:Anna Maria of the Palatinate
1588:Works by or about Anne Askew
1522:UK public library membership
1371:Divorced, Beheaded, Survived
582:
431:speaketh without the book."
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359:(The Bishop of Winchester),
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1603:(public domain audiobooks)
1441:Merle D'Aubigné, Jean Henri
566:
10:
2122:
2106:English Anabaptist martyrs
2101:People executed by burning
2036:People executed for heresy
2011:16th-century English poets
1445:The Reformation in England
1337:The Queen's Friend: A Play
509:1547 - John Bale (Hrsg.):
502:1546 - John Bale (Hrsg.):
308:When questioned about the
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877:, pp. liv, 127, 187.
669:Pollard, Albert Frederick
539:In the television series
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2091:British women memoirists
2021:16th-century Anabaptists
1925:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1697:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1692:Catherine Vasa of Sweden
1644:women in the Reformation
1642:16th-century Protestant
1466:Parsons, Robert (1604).
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332:Arrest and interrogation
273:and the Queen's sister,
220:Archbishop of Canterbury
2096:Executed English people
2061:English torture victims
2041:Executed British people
1951:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
1905:Inger Ottesdotter Rømer
1804:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
1129:Oxford University Press
1019:Freeman & Wall 2001
697:Wilson, Derek. (1973).
684:Encyclopædia Britannica
385:Lieutenant of the Tower
90:Martyrdom of Anne Askew
2066:Executed English women
1758:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
1417:Thomas Cranmer: A Life
1339:(DVD). Moscow, Idaho:
976:(4–Part1): 1165–1196.
558:Anne was portrayed by
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1920:Marguerite de Navarre
1859:Elisabeth Wandscherer
1743:Katharina von Zimmern
1733:Ursula of Munsterberg
1484:. London: Pan Books.
1449:Banner of Truth Trust
1423:Yale University Press
1181:Renaissance Quarterly
1146:Fedele, Gene (2003).
970:Renaissance Quarterly
524:1866 - Anne Manning.
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340:Torture of Anne Askew
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100:Lincolnshire, England
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1930:Barbara von Wertheim
1809:Anneke Esaiasdochter
1738:Charlotte of Bourbon
1514:10.1093/ref:odnb/798
1373:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1318:Blackwell Publishing
1282:Gender & History
608:Merle D'Aubigné 1994
259:Katherine Willoughby
55:of England. She and
51:during the reign of
2056:English women poets
2031:English Anabaptists
1777:Reformation martyrs
1662:Argula von Grumbach
1597:Works by Anne Askew
1258:"Askew, Anne"
1187:(4(1)): 1165–1196.
1021:, pp. 1165–96.
731:Anne Askew (1996).
721:, pp. 252–253.
674:"Askew, Anne"
598:, pp. xv, 190.
381:Sir Anthony Knyvett
303:Sermon on the Mount
128:Pilgrimage of Grace
35:(sometimes spelled
1890:Elisabeth of Hesse
1869:Katarzyna Weiglowa
1789:MarĂa de BohĂłrquez
1728:Katharina von Bora
1707:Elisabeth Cruciger
1682:Elizabeth Melville
1535:Secretaries of God
454:Acts and Monuments
417:Smithfield, London
413:burnt at the stake
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177:Thomas Wriothesley
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137:Anne was a devout
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1839:Ursula van Beckum
1677:Magdalena Heymair
1549:978-0-85991-524-3
1520:(Subscription or
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1458:978-0-85151-487-1
1432:978-0-300-07448-2
1405:978-0-19-150488-4
1384:978-0-201-40823-2
1350:978-1-59128-218-1
1327:978-1-4051-3463-7
1157:978-0-88270-934-5
1138:978-0-19-510849-1
1057:, pp. 50–65.
1045:, pp. 56–58.
744:978-0-19-510849-1
326:MĂĽnster rebellion
267:Joan Champernowne
255:ladies-in-waiting
212:Emperor Charles V
104:Sir William Askew
25:1560 portrait by
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1961:Catherine Tishem
1956:Catharina Herman
1946:Amalia of Cleves
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441:The Examinations
357:Stephen Gardiner
346:Six Articles Act
287:Stephen Gardiner
224:Nicholas Shaxton
208:Stephen Gardiner
181:Sir Richard Rich
43:), married name
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1966:Idelette Calvin
1934:
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1900:Jeanne d'Albret
1873:
1814:Aefgen Listincx
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1753:Cecily Bodenham
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1253:Gairdner, James
1193:10.2307/1261970
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1148:Heroes of Faith
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763:MacCulloch 1996
761:
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638:
634:, p. xvii.
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547:Emma Stansfield
536:
499:
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447:, and later in
437:
411:Anne Askew was
401:
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283:
204:
173:Margaret Cheyne
116:King Henry VIII
84:
65:Tower of London
57:Margaret Cheyne
17:
12:
11:
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2018:
2013:
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1968:
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1958:
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1748:Marie Dentière
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1687:Katharina Zell
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1559:External links
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1389:
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1367:Lindsey, Karen
1363:
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1217:Fuller, Thomas
1213:
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1074:, 1 April 2024
1059:
1055:Hickerson 2006
1047:
1043:Hickerson 2006
1035:
1031:Hickerson 2006
1023:
1011:
956:
954:, p. 550.
944:
930:
914:
903:
901:, p. 192.
891:
879:
867:
851:
849:, p. 127.
839:
824:
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800:
788:
771:
750:
743:
723:
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690:
679:Chisholm, Hugh
655:
636:
624:
622:, p. 339.
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483:John Lascelles
473:
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428:Bishop Shaxton
421:John Lascelles
400:
397:
333:
330:
282:
281:Plain speaking
279:
263:Anne Calthorpe
251:Catherine Parr
236:Richard Turner
232:Rowland Taylor
216:Thomas Cranmer
203:
200:
126:, who led the
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
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1538:. Cambridge:
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1421:. New Haven:
1419:
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1375:Da Capo Press
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1039:
1033:, p. 53.
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983:
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860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
829:
822:, p. 89.
821:
816:
810:, p. 94.
809:
804:
798:, p. 87.
797:
792:
786:, p. 86.
785:
780:
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768:
764:
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746:
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736:
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707:0-8229-3242-3
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651:Gairdner 1885
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365:William Paget
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350:Edmund Bonner
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291:Edmund Bonner
288:
278:
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272:
271:Lady Hertford
268:
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247:Thomas Howard
244:
243:Edmund Bonner
239:
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196:John Lassells
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42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
19:
1829:Alice Benden
1794:Alice Driver
1783:
1566:
1540:D. S. Brewer
1534:
1503:
1481:
1468:
1444:
1416:
1394:
1370:
1336:
1313:
1288:(1): 50–65.
1285:
1281:
1278:Examinations
1277:
1266:
1243:
1232:
1221:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1147:
1123:
1102:18 September
1100:, retrieved
1094:
1087:
1078:18 September
1076:, retrieved
1071:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
973:
969:
959:
947:
917:
906:
894:
882:
870:
854:
842:
815:
803:
791:
733:
726:
714:
698:
693:
682:
627:
615:
603:
596:Lindsey 1995
591:
574:
560:Erin Doherty
553:
540:
526:
518:
510:
503:
491:Examinations
490:
487:Edward Crome
478:Examinations
477:
475:
471:Examinations
470:
464:
460:
452:
440:
438:
425:
410:
389:
369:
354:
343:
315:
307:
295:
284:
253:through her
240:
205:
189:
169:
155:
136:
132:
96:South Kelsey
93:
76:female poets
73:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
18:
2001:1546 deaths
1996:1521 births
1885:Anne Boleyn
1878:Benefactors
1849:Weyn Ockers
1799:Joan Bocher
1721:Former nuns
1530:Watt, Diane
1500:Watt, Diane
1341:Canon Press
952:Foxe V 1838
922:Beilin 1996
899:Beilin 1996
887:Beilin 1996
875:Beilin 1996
859:Beilin 1996
847:Beilin 1996
765:, pp.
719:Porter 2011
632:Beilin 1996
361:John Dudley
322:Anabaptists
318:Holy Spirit
183:, used the
161:Joan Bocher
124:Robert Aske
120:Anne Boleyn
27:Hans Eworth
1990:Categories
1864:Joan Waste
1784:Anne Askew
1672:Anne Locke
1667:Anne Bacon
1524:required.)
1310:Ives, Eric
1166:Foxe, John
1114:References
924:, p.
861:, p.
575:The Tudors
542:The Tudors
393:Lieutenant
363:, and Sir
299:Acts 17:24
158:Anabaptist
139:Protestant
53:Henry VIII
33:Anne Askew
1359:814419948
1209:192997178
1095:Firebrand
1072:Knowledge
1006:192997178
990:0034-4338
835:Watt 2004
620:Ives 2005
583:Footnotes
555:Firebrand
449:John Foxe
445:John Bale
399:Execution
310:Eucharist
275:Anne Parr
112:Berkshire
82:Biography
45:Anne Kyme
1971:Rose Lok
1601:LibriVox
1532:(1997).
1480:(2011).
1443:(1994).
1369:(1995).
1312:(2005).
1302:59154806
1255:(1885).
671:(1911).
577:episodes
573:List of
567:See also
485:and Dr.
228:Hadleigh
165:preacher
151:Catholic
61:tortured
37:Ayscough
1590:at the
1265:(ed.).
1201:1261970
998:1261970
767:352–354
681:(ed.).
516:1670 -
383:, then
313:were."
147:Lincoln
108:Reading
63:in the
49:heretic
1546:
1518:
1488:
1455:
1429:
1402:
1381:
1357:
1347:
1324:
1300:
1207:
1199:
1154:
1135:
1004:
996:
988:
741:
705:
435:Legacy
1298:S2CID
1261:. In
1205:S2CID
1197:JSTOR
1002:S2CID
994:JSTOR
677:. In
497:Works
377:shift
41:Ascue
1544:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1355:OCLC
1345:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1104:2024
1080:2024
986:ISSN
739:ISBN
703:ISBN
373:rack
245:and
234:and
185:rack
179:and
67:and
1599:at
1510:doi
1290:doi
1280:".
1189:doi
978:doi
926:191
863:130
451:'s
443:by
415:at
102:to
39:or
1992::
1542:.
1451:.
1425:.
1377:.
1353:.
1343:.
1320:.
1316:.
1296:.
1286:18
1284:.
1203:.
1195:.
1185:54
1183:.
1131:.
1070:,
1000:.
992:.
984:.
974:54
972:.
968:.
933:^
827:^
774:^
753:^
658:^
639:^
277:.
269:,
265:,
261:,
238:.
218:,
167:.
130:.
110:,
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1552:.
1516:.
1512::
1494:.
1461:.
1435:.
1408:.
1387:.
1361:.
1330:.
1304:.
1292::
1211:.
1191::
1160:.
1141:.
1008:.
980::
928:.
889:.
865:.
837:.
769:.
747:.
709:.
653:.
610:.
549:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
