Khmer architecture

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them susceptible to the ravages of time and leaving no trace of their existence in the present day. The enduring remnants of this era are the brick or stone temples, such as those found in the Angkor complex, which stand as the sole vestiges of what was once expansive wooden settlements and palaces. However, a meticulous 13th-century account by a Chinese emissary to Angkor provides a detailed description of the palace, depicting it as an assemblage of imposing structures crowned with lead-tiled roofs. Intricately carved bas reliefs at Bayon and Banteay Chhmar portray various wooden buildings featuring triangular pediments and roofs, identified as representative of the royal halls within Angkorian palaces. As the Khmer people gradually embraced Buddhism, a discernible transition from stone temples to wooden architecture occurred. This shift marked the adoption of wooden structures as the new norm in Khmer architecture, supplanting the erstwhile prominence of stone temples in earlier periods.

1058: 1974: 813:. Decorations were usually carved into a stucco applied to the brick, rather than into the brick itself. This was because bricks were a softer material, and did not lend themselves to sculpting, as opposed to stones of different kinds such as the Sandstones or the Granites. However, the tenets of the Sacred Architecture as enunciated in the Vedas and the Shastras, require no adhesives to be used while building blocks are assembled one over the other to create the Temples, as such bricks have been used only in relatively smaller temples such as Lolei and The Preah Ko. Besides, strength of bricks is much lesser as compared to the stones (mentioned here-in) and the former degrade with age. 2203: 2128: 1046: 3001: 2059: 1017: 433: 1280: 3077: 31: 894: 1767: 2989: 778: 2675: 2283: 2600: 1782: 461: 2718: 2534: 401:

distinct style is particularly evident in artistic depictions of divine and royal figures with facial features representative of the local Khmer population, including rounder faces, broader brows, and other physical characteristics. In any study of Angkorian architecture, the emphasis is necessarily on religious architecture, since all the remaining Angkorian buildings are religious in nature. During the period of Angkor, only temples and other religious buildings were constructed of stone.

1467: 879: 2956: 2780: 4252: 2649: 419: 864: 3065: 3039: 1811:. The use of corbelling prevented the Angkorian engineers from constructing large openings or spaces in buildings roofed with stone, and made such buildings particularly prone to collapse once they were no longer maintained. These difficulties did not, of course, exist for buildings constructed with stone walls surmounted by a light wooden roof. The problem of preventing the collapse of corbelled structures at Angkor remains a serious one for modern conservation. 1715: 5179: 2105: 287: 5189: 2935: 447: 2923: 2394: 1443: 1196: 923: 3027: 1839: 475: 63: 1483: 2968: 2690:. The composition of such lintels characteristically consists in a dominant image at the center of a rectangle, from which issue swirling elements that reach to the far ends of the rectangle. These swirling elements may take shape as either vinelike vegetation or as the bodies of nāgas. Some such nāgas are depicted wearing crowns, and others are depicted serving as mounts for human riders. 1008:, the mythical home of the gods. Enclosures are the spaces between these walls, and between the innermost wall and the temple itself. By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards. The walls defining the enclosures of Khmer temples are frequently lined by galleries, while passage through the walls is by way of gopuras located at the cardinal points. 2082:, producing an angle of ascent somewhere between 45 and 70 degrees. The reasons for this peculiarity appear to be both religious and monumental. From the religious perspective, a steep stairway can be interpreted as a "stairway to heaven", the realm of the gods. "From the monumental point of view", according to Angkor-scholar 2413:. In Khmer temple architecture, the kala serves as a common decorative element on lintels, tympana and walls, where it is depicted as a monstrous head with a large upper jaw lined by large carnivorous teeth, but with no lower jaw. Some kalas are shown disgorging vine-like plants, and some serve as the base for other figures. 857:

Laterite was more commonly used in the Khmer provinces than at Angkor itself. Because the water table in this entire region is well high, Laterite has been used in the underlying layers of Angkor Wat and other temples (especially the larger ones), because it can absorb water and help towards better stability of the Temple.

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completion. The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house.

2163:. Other stories in the Mahabharata detail the exploits of individual apsaras, who were often used by the gods as agents to persuade or seduce mythological demons, heroes and ascetics. The widespread use of apsaras as a motif for decorating the walls and pillars of temples and other religious buildings, however, was a 966:). Since the temple was not considered a place of worship for use by the population at large, but rather a home for the deity, the sanctuary needed only to be large enough to hold the statue or linga; it was never more than a few metres across. Its importance was instead conveyed by the height of the tower ( 1864:

The styles employed by Angkorean artists in the decoration of lintels evolved over time, as a result, the study of lintels has proven a useful guide to the dating of temples. Some scholars have endeavored to develop a periodization of lintel styles. The most beautiful Angkorean lintels are thought to

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Structures conventionally known as "libraries" are a common feature of the Khmer temple architecture, but their true purpose remains unknown. Most likely they functioned broadly as religious shrines rather than strictly as repositories of manuscripts. Freestanding buildings, they were normally placed

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A gallery is a passageway running along the wall of an enclosure or along the axis of a temple, often open to one or both sides. Historically, the form of the gallery evolved during the 10th century from the increasingly long hallways which had earlier been used to surround the central sanctuary of a

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typically are raised on stilts as much as three meters for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house. The steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of

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is a mythical sea monster with the body of a serpent, the trunk of an elephant, and a head that can have features reminiscent of a lion, a crocodile, or a dragon. In Khmer temple architecture, the motif of the makara is generally part of a decorative carving on a lintel, tympanum, or wall. Often the

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of Angkor, however, he had no religious status, and served only as a decorative motif in architecture. Indra is associated with the East; since Angkorian temples typically open to the East, his image is sometimes encountered on lintels and pediments facing that direction. Typically, he is mounted on

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are human or demonic temple guardians, generally armed with lances and clubs. They are presented either as a stone statues or as relief carvings in the walls of temples and other buildings, generally close to entrances or passageways. Their function is to protect the temples. Dvarapalas may be seen,

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are individual figures, groups of figures, or entire scenes cut into stone walls, not as drawings but as sculpted images projecting from a background. Sculpture in bas-relief is distinguished from sculpture in haut-relief, in that the latter projects farther from the background, in some cases almost

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During the Angkor era, the architectural landscape consisted predominantly of temples constructed from durable materials such as brick, sandstone, and laterite. In stark contrast, the royal residences of the Khmer courts were predominantly crafted from wood and other perishable materials, rendering

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In free-standing nāga sculptures, such as in nāga bridges and balustrades, Garuda is often depicted in relief against the fan of nāga heads. The relationship between Garuda and the nāga heads is ambiguous in these sculptures: it may be one of cooperation, or it may again be one of domination of the

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as it developed its own special characteristics, some of which were created independently and others of which were incorporated from neighboring cultural traditions, resulting in a new artistic style in Asian architecture unique to the Angkorian tradition. The development of Khmer architecture as a

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in order to construct rooms, passageways and openings in buildings. A corbel arch is constructed by adding layers of stones to the walls on either side of an opening, with each successive layer projecting further towards the centre than the one supporting it from below, until the two sides meet in

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Non-religious buildings such as dwellings were constructed of perishable materials such as wood, and so have not survived. The religious architecture of Angkor has characteristic structures, elements, and motifs, which are identified in the glossary below. Since a number of different architectural

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Angkorian builders used laterite, a clay that is soft when taken from the ground but that hardens when exposed to the sun, for foundations and other hidden parts of buildings. Because the surface of laterite is uneven, it was not suitable for decorative carvings, unless first dressed with stucco.

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The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its

677:, who visited Angkor toward the end of the 13th century. Its unique relief carvings have a naive dynamic quality that contrast with the rigidity of the figures typical of some other periods. As of 2008, Baphuon is under restoration and cannot currently be appreciated in its full magnificence. 644:

Style (967–1000): Banteay Srei is the only major Angkorian temple constructed not by a monarch, but by a courtier. It is known for its small scale and the extreme refinement of its decorative carvings, including several famous narrative bas-reliefs dealing with scenes from Indian

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style (825–875): continuation of pre-Angkorean style but it was a period of innovation and borrowing such as from Cham temples. Tower is mainly square and relatively high as well as brick with laterite walls and stone door surrounds but square and octagonal colonettes begin to

1138:. It is a rectangular building elongated along the temple's east axis and divided into four courtyards by galleries. Formerly it had a roof made of perishable materials; now only the stone walls remain. The pillars of the galleries are decorated with carved designs of dancing 2017:

style: less ornate than those of Banteay Srei. Central kala with triangular tongue, its hands holding the garland which is bent at the center. Kala sometimes surmounted by a divinity. Loops of garland on either side divided by flora stalk and pendant. Vigorous treatment of

1091:, passage through the enclosure walls surrounding a temple compound is frequently accomplished by means of an impressive gopura, rather than just an aperture in the wall or a doorway. Enclosures surrounding a temple are often constructed with a gopura at each of the four 3106:

Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian town and villages typically are built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood.

2421:. Such skulls tended to lose their lower jaws when the ligaments holding them together dried out. Thus, the kalas of Angkor may represent the Khmer civilization's adoption into its decorative iconography of elements derived from long forgotten primitive antecedents. 1299:. Enclosures represented the mountain chains surrounding Mount Meru, while a moat represented the ocean. The temple itself took shape as a pyramid of several levels, and the home of the gods was represented by the elevated sanctuary at the center of the temple. 2167:

innovation. In modern descriptions of Angkorian temples, the term "apsara" is sometimes used to refer not only to dancers but also to other minor female deities, though minor female deities who are depicted standing rather than dancing are more commonly called

1322:, going into architectural details such as the gateways and stairs to the upper terraces, strongly suggests that Borobudur might have served as the prototype of Bakong. There must have been exchanges of travelers, if not mission, between Khmer kingdom and the 405:

styles succeeded one another during the Angkorean period, not all of these features were equally in evidence throughout the period. Indeed, scholars have referred to the presence or absence of such features as one source of evidence for dating the remains.

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style: some of the most beautiful of all Khmer lintels, rich, will-carved and imaginative. Kala in center, issuing garland on either side. Distinct loops of vegetation curl down from garland. Outward-facing makaras sometimes appear at the ends. Vishnu on

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style: most figures disappear, usually only a kala at the bottom of the lintel surmounted by small figure. Mainly Buddhist motifs. In the middle of the period the garland is cut into four parts, while later a series of whorls of foliage replace the four

1376:, was embodied in a linga... housed in the central sanctuary which served as a temple-mausoleum for the ruler after his death...these central temples also contained shrines dedicated to the royal ancestors and thus became centres of ancestor worship". 2671:, represent an important motif in Khmer architecture as well as in free-standing sculpture. They are frequently depicted as having multiple heads, always uneven in number, arranged in a fan. Each head has a flared hood, in the manner of a cobra. 2557:, certain lingas were erected as symbols of the king himself, and were housed in royal temples in order to express the king's consubstantiality with Siva. The lingas that survive from the Angkorean period are generally made of polished stone. 2416:

Scholars have speculated that the origin of the kala as a decorative element in Khmer temple architecture may be found in an earlier period when the skulls of human victims were incorporated into buildings as a kind of protective magic or

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The nuclear family, in rural Cambodia, typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo.

598:, who built his capital of Yasodharapura around it. Located on a hill (phnom), it is currently one of the most endangered of the monuments, having become a favorite perch for tourists eager to witness a glorious sundown at Angkor. 1945:

style: high quality carving. Arches replaced by a garland of vegetation (like a wreath) more or less segmented. Medallions disappear, central one sometimes replaced by a knot of leaves. Leafy pendants spray out above and below

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style: continuation of Sambor Prei Kuk but makaras disappear, being replaced by incurving ends and figures. Arches more rectilinear. Large figures sometimes at each end. A variation is a central scene below the arch, usually

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Scholars have worked to develop a periodization of Angkorean architectural styles. The following periods and styles may be distinguished. Each is named for a particular temple regarded as paradigmatic for the style.

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Angkorean shrines frequently opened in only one direction, typically to the east. The other three sides featured fake or blind doors to maintain symmetry. Blind windows were often used along otherwise blank walls.

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were taken to exhibit this arrangement, and Khmer temples were arranged accordingly in order to convey a symbolic identification with the sacred mountain. The five brick towers of the 10th-century temple known as

722:. Thereafter, he began a massive program of monumental construction, paradigmatic for which was the state temple called the Bayon. The king's other foundations participated in the style of the Bayon, and included 1191:

expressed his admiration for these rest houses when he visited Angkor in 1296 CE. Another theory is that the House of Fire had a religious function as the repository the sacred flame used in sacred ceremonies.

844:. Since its obtainment was considerably more expensive than that of brick, sandstone only gradually came into use, and at first was used for particular elements such as door frames. The 10th-century temple of 5154: 534:

style (635–700): structures reveal masterpieces of sculpture but examples are scarce. Colonettes are larger than those of previous styles. Buildings were more heavily decorated but had general decline in

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is a mythical animal with the body of a lion and the head of an elephant. At Angkor, it is portrayed as a guardian of temples and as a mount for some warriors. The gajasimha may be found at

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Narrative bas-reliefs are bas-reliefs depicting stories from mythology or history. Until about the 11th century, the Angkorian Khmer confined their narrative bas-reliefs to the space on the

2339:. In this context, Garuda symbolizes the military power of the Khmer kings and their victories over their enemies. Not coincidentally, the city of Preah Khan was built on the site of King 1758:

above doorways or windows. Depending on the period, they were round, rectangular, or octagonal in shape. Colonnettes were often circled with molded rings and decorated with carved leaves.

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makara is depicted with some other creature, such as a lion or serpent, emerging from its gaping maw. The makara is a central motif in the design of the famously beautiful lintels of the

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If the wall is constructed with an accompanying gallery, the gallery is sometimes connected to the arms of the gopura. Many Angkorian gopuras have a tower at the centre of the cross. The

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style: centered, framed and linked by garlands. A second type is a narrative scene filled with figures. When nagas appear, they curls are tight and prominent. Dress mirrors that of

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supporting a superstructure, as in the bas relief at Angkor Wat that depicts heaven and hell. Garudas and stylized mythological lions are the most common atlas figures at Angkor.

5118: 3291: 1431:, the external gallery wall is covered with some 12,000 or 13,000 square meters of such scenes, some of them historical, some mythological. Similarly, the outer gallery at the 5063: 4983: 1004:

Khmer temples were typically enclosed by a concentric series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle; this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding

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gods associated with the four cardinal directions, with the identity of the god depicted on a given lintel or pediment depending on the direction faced by that element.

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To the Angkorian Khmer, nāgas were symbols of water and figured in the myths of origin for the Khmer people, who were said to be descended from the union of an Indian

2309:. Depictions of Garuda at Angkor number in the thousands, and though Indian in inspiration exhibit a style that is uniquely Khmer. They may be classified as follows: 878: 774:

and wood as their materials. The ruins that remain are of brick, sandstone and laterite, the wood elements having been lost to decay and other destructive processes.

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The reachisey is another mythical animal, similar to the gajasimha, with the head of a lion, a short elephantine trunk, and the scaly body of a dragon. It occurs at

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style: center occupied by a prominent scene, taking up almost the entire height of the lintel. Usually no lower border. Dress of figures shows a curved line to the

4873: 688:, is the greatest of the Angkorian temples and defines what has come to be known as the classical style of Angkorian architecture. Other temples in this style are 2321:, bearing the god on his shoulders, and simultaneously fighting against the god's enemies. Numerous such images of Garuda may be observed in the outer gallery of 510:. This earliest extant architecture consists of relatively small cells made from prefabricated megalithic construction parts, which probably date at least to the 2840:, though they also fashioned anthropomorphic statues of the god. Anthropomorphic representations are also found in Angkorian bas reliefs. A famous tympanum from 2553:

and of creative power. As a religious symbol, the function of the linga is primarily that of worship and ritual, and only secondarily that of decoration. In the

2441:, are common in the relief carvings decorating Angkorian temples, and unknown in Angkorian sculpture in the round. The literary sources for these scenes are the 745:

Style (1243–1431): following the period of frantic construction under Jayavarman VII, Angkorian architecture entered the period of its decline. The 13th century

5003: 2816:, for example, are arranged in the shape of a quincunx. The quincunx also appears elsewhere in designs of the Angkorian period, as in the riverbed carvings of 2697:

and a serpent princess from Cambodia. Nāgas were also characters in other well-known legends and stories depicted in Khmer art, such as the churning of the

2086:, "the advantage is clear – the square of the base not having to spread in surface area, the entire building rises to its zenith with a particular thrust". 1823:

is a horizontal beam connecting two vertical columns between which runs a door or passageway. Because the Angkorean Khmer lacked the ability to construct a

738:. Though grandiose in plan and elaborately decorated, the temples exhibit a hurriedness of construction that contrasts with the perfection of Angkor Wat. 655:

temples, first use of galleries. Cruciform gopuras. Octagonal colonettes. Restrained decorative carving. A few temples that were built in this style are

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is a spatial arrangement of five elements, with four elements placed as the corners of a square and the fifth placed in the center. The five peaks of

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The dominant scheme for the construction of state temples in the Angkorian period was that of the Temple Mountain, an architectural representation of

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as he sat in meditation, was a favorite motif for Cambodian Buddhist sculptors from the 11th century. This statue is dated between 1150 and 1175 CE.

970:) rising above it, by its location at the centre of the temple, and by the greater decoration on its walls. Symbolically, the sanctuary represented 594:

Style (889–923): Bakheng was the first temple mountain constructed in the area of Angkor proper north of Siem Reap. It was the state temple of King

2856:, Shiva is depicted as a bearded ascetic. His attributes include the mystical eye in the middle of his forehead, the trident, and the rosary. His 1942: 828:. A Cham story tells of the time that the two countries settled an armed conflict by means of a tower-building contest proposed by the Cham King 538: 2151:, divine nymphs or celestial dancing girls, are characters from Indian mythology. Their origin is explained in the story of the churning of the 2011:

style: increase in complexity and detail. Garland sometimes makes pronounced loop on either side with kala at top of each loop. Central figure.

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contains extensive bas-reliefs documenting the everyday life of the medieval Khmer as well as historical events from the reign of King

1233:, respectively. It is not clear whether the significance of these reservoirs was religious, agricultural, or a combination of the two. 934:

The central sanctuary of an Angkorian temple was home to the temple's primary deity, the one to whom the site was dedicated: typically

863: 832:. While the Khmer built a standard brick tower, Po Klaung Garai directed his people to build an impressive replica of paper and wood. 5233: 4110: 541:

style (700–800): temples with more decorative rings on colonettes which remain cylindrical. Brick constructions were being continued.

5068: 4334: 1330:. Transmitting to Cambodia not only ideas, but also technical and architectural details of Borobudur, including arched gateways in 273: 2179:, but are most common in the foundations of the 12th century. Depictions of true (dancing) apsaras are found, for example, in the 588:. The temples of the Preah Ko style are known for their small brick towers and for the great beauty and delicacy of their lintels. 5093: 2409:

The kala is a ferocious monster symbolic of time in its all-devouring aspect and associated with the destructive side of the god

4231: 2751:, the nāga-shaped balustrades are supported not by simple posts but by stone statues of gigantic warriors. These giants are the 3287:"Earliest Khmer Stone Architecture and its Origin: A Case Study of Megalithic Remains and Spirit Belief at the Site of Vat Phu" 2335:

Garuda is depicted in the pose of a victor, often dominating a nāga, as in the gigantic relief sculptures on the outer wall of

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Earliest Khmer Stone Architecture and its Origin: A Case Study of Megalithic Remains and Spirit Belief at the Site of Vat Phu.

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This scene from the outer gallery at the Bayon shows Chinese expats negotiating with Khmer merchants at an Angkorean market.

4820: 4282: 4272: 1160:, is the name given to a type of building found only in temples constructed during the reign of late 12th-century monarch 820:

was also the home to numerous brick temples that are similar in style to those of Angkor. The most extensive ruins are at

4319: 4186: 1928:. Small figure on each makara. A variation is with figures replacing the makaras and a scene with figures below the arch. 1314:, popularly identified as temple mountain of early Khmer temple architecture. The striking similarity of the Bakong and 5223: 4773: 4506: 4501: 4226: 4123: 3578: 2928:

Triangular gabled roof depicted on a Bayon's bas relief still used in today Khmer architecture for palaces and pagodas.

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style: tendency to copy earlier style, especially Preah Ko and Bakheng. Central figures. Re-appearance of lower border.

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By the 12th century, however, the Angkorian artists were covering entire walls with narrative scenes in bas-relief. At

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style: the central kala surmounted by divinity, usually riding a steed or a Vishnu scene, typically from the life of

310: 2471:. In Angkorian depictions, Krishna is shown effortlessly stepping on and pushing down his opponent's multiple heads. 2892:, the 12th-century temple that was originally dedicated to Vishnu. Bas reliefs depict Vishna battling with against 2180: 1408:

above doorways. The most famous early narrative bas-reliefs are those on the tympana at the 10th-century temple of

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Scholars theorize that the House of Fire functioned as a "rest house with fire" for travellers. An inscription at

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The following is a listing of the motifs illustrated in some of the more famous Angkorian narrative bas-reliefs:

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A Hall of Dancers is the structure of a type found in certain late 12th-century temples constructed under King

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include anthropomorphic representations of the god himself, as well as representations of his incarnations or

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style: continuation of Preah Ko but less fanciful and tiny figures disappear. Loop of vegetation below the

369: 303: 247: 71: 1057: 4953: 4948: 4843: 4737: 4614: 4402: 4302: 4179: 2640:, carvings of makaras disgorging other monsters may be observed on many of the corners of the buildings. 120: 105: 1973: 5073: 4963: 4943: 4863: 4853: 4432: 4324: 4287: 528:. Temples of Sambor Prei Kuk were built in rounded, plain colonettes with capitals that include a bulb. 211: 176: 2747:

In some Angkorian nāga-bridges, as for example those located at the entrances to 12th century city of

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is a divine being that is part man and part bird. He is the lord of birds, the mythological enemy of

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is a roughly triangular structure above a lintel. A tympanum is the decorated surface of a pediment.

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The periodization of Angkorean architecture presented here is based on that of Freeman and Jacques,

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depicting the churning of the Ocean of Milk. The largest population of devatas (around 2,000) is at

5053: 5008: 4988: 4978: 4878: 4835: 4813: 4619: 4599: 4552: 4468: 4380: 4096: 2616: 2202: 1921: 1881: 996:

is the tall finger-like spire, usually richly carved, common to much Khmer religious architecture.

263: 4080: 3163: 2028:. Loops of garland no longer cut. Another type is a scene with many figures and little vegetation. 365:

from approximately the later half of the 8th century CE to the first half of the 15th century CE.

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The earliest Angkorian temples were made mainly of brick. Good examples are the temple towers of

616:, scale of buildings diminishes toward center. Brick still main material but sandstone also used. 185: 3926: 1095:. In plan, gopuras are usually cross-shaped and elongated along the axis of the enclosure wall. 1033:

in the first half of the 12th century, additional half galleries on one side were introduced to

5123: 5058: 5023: 4958: 4938: 4928: 4888: 4868: 4722: 4712: 4422: 4417: 4375: 4251: 3116: 3000: 1045: 927: 396:). Evolved from Indian influences, Khmer architecture became clearly distinct from that of the 216: 206: 3509: 3196: 5213: 5164: 5083: 5043: 5018: 4998: 4933: 4908: 4898: 4883: 4629: 4594: 4557: 4521: 4392: 4365: 4260: 1842: 1601: 1525: 1099: 115: 2485:

Krishna is frequently depicted killing or subduing various demons, including his evil uncle

2453:. The following are some of the most important Angkorian depictions of the life of Krishna: 4968: 4923: 4918: 4707: 4604: 4577: 4567: 4412: 4348: 4329: 4204: 2329: 1924:

with tapering bodies. Four arches joined by three medallions, the central once carved with

993: 987: 887:, a temple built in the 10th century, was constructed more or less entirely from sandstone. 608:, capital of Khmer empire was removed from Angkor region through the north which is called 397: 196: 125: 4075:. Phnom Penh: Department of Media and Communication, Royal University of Phnom Penh, 2012. 2058: 1016: 8: 5133: 4806: 4766: 4747: 4644: 4584: 4516: 4446: 4360: 4199: 4131: 1279: 670: 238: 110: 80: 3950:

Stark, Miriam; Carter, Alison; Piphal, Heng; Rachna, Chhay; Evans, Damian (2018-01-01),

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In some scenes, Krishna is depicted in his role as charioteer, advisor and protector of

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with one hand in order to provide the cowherds with shelter from the deluge caused by

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is the first Angkorian temple to be constructed more or less entirely from Sandstone.

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Colonnettes were narrow decorative columns that served as supports for the beams and

1176:. A House of Fire has thick walls, a tower at the west end and south-facing windows. 1142:; hence scholars have suggested that the hall itself may have been used for dancing. 777: 432: 233: 223: 201: 191: 181: 140: 135: 38:

is the masterpiece of Angkorian architecture. Constructed under the direction of the

2988: 2836:. In general, the Angkorian Khmer represented and worshipped Shiva in the form of a 2599: 4043:. 1944. A translation from the original French into English is available online at 3296: 2904:. Vishnu's attributes include the discus, the conch shell, the baton, and the orb. 2893: 2756: 2722: 2668: 2571:

On the surface of some lingas is engraved the face of Siva. Such lingas are called

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style (610–650): Sambor Prei Kuk, also known as Isanapura, was the capital of the

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Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010).

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from 10th century Angkor has a square base, an octagonal middle, and a round tip.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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A double-tiered roof of Khmer wooden architecture as depicted at Bayon temple.

2844:

depicts Shiva sitting on Mount Kailasa with his consort, while the demon king

1873: 1267:. Scholars have speculated that the Jayataka represents the Himalayan lake of 1213:

in pairs on either side of the entrance to an enclosure, opening to the west.

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Latest research reveals that the Khmer already erected stone buildings in the

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or elixir of immortality. The story of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk or

2187:, in the pillars that line the passageways through the outer gallery of the 821: 684:

Style (1080–1175): Angkor Wat, the temple and perhaps the mausoleum of King

4159: 3083: 2973: 2955: 2861: 2841: 2779: 2637: 2621: 2554: 2517: 2402: 2264: 2260: 2244: 2236: 2211: 2164: 2118: 2008: 1884:, as well as various forms of vegetation. Also frequently depicted are the 1850: 1719: 1691: 1674: 1495: 1466: 1451: 1409: 1394: 1252:

is an 11th-century temple standing at the center of the West Baray and the

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The only stone used by Angkorian builders was sandstone, obtained from the

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As part of a narrative bas relief, Garuda is shown as the battle steed of

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is the Jayataka, in the middle of which stands the 12th-century temple of

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freed the country of Angkor from occupation by an invasionary force from

674: 660: 638:. Their common style is named after the state temple mountain of Pre Rup. 635: 268: 3927:"LIDAR Scans Reveal Hidden Megacity Around Cambodia's Angkor Wat Temple" 3064: 3038: 1714: 1372:, "A temple was built for the worship of the ruler, whose essence, if a 749:

is known for its dynamic relief sculptures of demon kings, dancers, and

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Some lingas are segmented into three parts: a square base symbolic of

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A type of traditional Khmer roofing concept known as somnong muk dach

2706: 2701:, the legend of the Leper King as depicted in the bas-reliefs of the 2652: 2446: 2256: 2223: 2063: 1824: 1808: 1583: 1323: 1315: 1264: 1226: 1107: 767: 693: 573: 4088: 4066:

Images of the Gods: Khmer Mythology in Cambodia, Laos & Thailand

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releasing the rains in an attempt to extinguish the fire created by

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was apparently the temple that most impressed the Chinese traveller

568:

located in the area of Angkor; its ruins are in the area now called

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The lingas of the Angkorian period are of several different types.

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is a 10th-century temple standing at the center of the East Baray.

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guide book by Micheal Freeman and Claude Jacques, pp. 32–34, 2003

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Numerous bas reliefs in various temples show Krishna subduing the

2457:

A series of bas reliefs at the 11th-century temple pyramid called

1838: 714:

Style (1181–1243): in the final quarter of the 12th century, King

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bas-reliefs on the walls of the outer and inner galleries at the

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as well as scenes from the great works of Indian literature, the

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temple. The deity was represented by a statue (or in the case of

825: 666: 652: 648: 627: 619: 613: 609: 601: 62: 4044: 3514:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 244. 3316:

guide book, by Michael Freeman and Claude Jacques, p. 30, 2003.

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serves as the base for a deity at the 10th-century Hindu temple

2302: 1986: 1482: 750: 669:

Style (1050–1080): Baphuon, the massive temple mountain of King

487:

Many temples had been built before Cambodia became the powerful

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Influence of Indian Hindu temple architecture on Southeast Asia

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is part of a decorative lintel from the end of the 9th century.

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form tight circular coils. Garland begins to dip in the center.

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appear on this pillar at the 12th-century Buddhist temple the

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Bana. In battle, Krishna is shown riding on the shoulders of

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the middle. The corbel arch is structurally weaker than the

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preferred to work in bas-relief, while their neighbors the

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Nāga bridges are causeways or true bridges lined by stone

2516:. A well-known bas relief from the 10th-century temple of 2474:

Also common is the depiction of Krishna as he lifts Mount

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Some lingas are implanted in a flat square base called a

872:, completed in 879 CE, was a temple made mainly of brick. 27:

Architecture built by the Khmers during the Angkor period

3549:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2763:

in order to the churn the Ocean of Milk in quest of the

1065:

toward the end of the 12th century, such as this one at

1049:

A gopura leads into the 12th-century temple compound at

572:

some fifteen kilometers southeast of the modern city of

3953:

The Angkorian City: From Hariharalaya to Yashodharapura

3949: 1872:

Common motifs in the decoration of lintels include the

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tells of 121 such rest houses lining the highways into

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Khmer wooden architecture as depicted at Bayon temple.

1827:, they constructed their passageways using lintels or 926:

The central prang of Angkor Wat temple symbolizes the

2994:

A wooden spire structure as depicted at Bayon temple.

2603:

The corner of a lintel on one of the brick towers at

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depicts scenes of the birth and childhood of Krishna.

2074:

are notoriously steep. Frequently, the length of the

4085:

In: JoGA 2022: 2–137, Journal of Global Archaeology.

1287:

is the earliest surviving Temple Mountain at Angkor.

517:

There are three pre-Angkorean architectural styles:

499:

kingdom, the predecessor state of the Khmer empire.

2732:on a bridge leading into the 12th century city of 2549:is a phallic post or cylinder symbolic of the god 2489:. An extensive bas relief in the outer gallery of 2286:In this 9th century lintel, now on display at the 1726:, above which is a tympanum with a scene from the 506:period, which they used for the worship of mighty 1814: 1571:bas-reliefs on the walls of the outer gallery at 372:, particularly in sculpture, had an influence on 5205: 3588: 3586: 3082:Typical double-tiered roof used in contemporary 2377:and holds his trusty weapon, the thunderbolt or 2199:, where they appear individually and in groups. 1960:, including the kala and outward-facing makaras. 1306:, a five-level pyramid dedicated in 881 by King 1020:A cruciform gallery separates the courtyards at 3508:David G. Marr, Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). 1892:, the god of the sky, is associated with East; 2274:in the epic bas reliefs of the outer gallery. 1907: 1722:is flanked by colonettes. Above the door is a 1236:The two largest reservoirs at Angkor were the 4814: 4104: 3583: 3144:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 2896:opponents, or riding on the shoulders of his 2368:the sky-god reigned supreme. In the medieval 2062:The stairs leading to the inner enclosure at 1952:style: great diversity, with influences from 781:Wooden structure depicted in a bas relief in 311: 3188: 1896:, the god of judgment and Hell, with South; 4006:. Hanoi: Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient, 1943. 3511:Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries 2686:Nāgas are frequently depicted in Angkorian 1271:, known for its miraculous healing powers. 1106:are often decorated, and guardian figures ( 1069:, are adorned with gigantic stone faces of 626:, the Angkorian Khmer built the temples of 370:architecture of the Indian rock-cut temples 4821: 4807: 4111: 4097: 3973: 3971: 3969: 2582:, an octagonal middle section symbolic of 2250: 604:Style (921–944): during the reign of King 495:. At that time, Cambodia was known as the 318: 304: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3630: 3628: 3253: 1977:Rich-carved decoration of Preah Ko lintel 1509:, and the intervention of the human hero 491:which dominated a large part of mainland 4828: 3247: 3201:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. 2940:Wat Botum Watey Reacheveraram pagoda in 2888:. Depictions of Vishnu are prominent at 2778: 2716: 2673: 2647: 2598: 2532: 2392: 2281: 2201: 2057: 1972: 1837: 1734: 1713: 1481: 1465: 1441: 1393:detaching itself from it. The Angkorian 1310:. The structure of Bakong took shape of 1302:The first great temple mountain was the 1278: 1194: 1056: 1044: 1015: 921: 776: 612:. The architectural style of temples in 29: 3966: 3647:See, for example, Freeman and Jacques, 3547:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 3156: 2611:that in turn disgorges another monster. 2520:depicts the Krishna and Arjuna helping 1900:, the god of the ocean, with West; and 353:), is the architecture produced by the 14: 5206: 4024:Freeman, Michael and Jacques, Claude. 4009:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). 3757: 3625: 3563: 3535: 2907: 2175:Apsaras and devatas are ubiquitous at 1802:Angkorian engineers tended to use the 1538:shaking Mount Kailasa, upon which sit 1229:, generally created by excavation and 1061:Many of the gopuras constructed under 4802: 4118: 4092: 3541: 3284: 1474:is the subject of this bas-relief at 1337:Other Khmer temple mountains include 4054:. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. 2771:has its source in Indian mythology. 2607:shows a man riding on the back of a 2263:and at the temples belonging to the 2094: 1772:Corbelled arch at the south gate of 917: 4061:. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 2006. 3054: 2848:shakes the mountain from below. At 1566:'s attempt to extinguish the flames 1555:as the latter sits on Mount Kailasa 1203:open to both the East and the West. 576:. The earliest surviving temple of 24: 4052:Art & Architecture of Cambodia 4011:Angkor, Eighth Wonder of the World 3986:Research completed December 1987. 3980:. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Housing". 3943: 3924: 3573:. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., 3496:Art & Architecture of Cambodia 2493:depicts Krishna's battle with the 2191:, and in the famous bas-relief of 1558:the burning of Khandava Forest by 1274: 1113: 564:was the first capital city of the 25: 5245: 4041:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 4013:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 3913:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 3675:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 2900:or mount, the gigantic eagle-man 2795:, is carved into the riverbed at 1869:style from the late 9th century. 1684:scenes from the everyday life of 1593:the court and procession of King 1248:. The East Baray is now dry. The 1216: 5234:Archaeological sites in Cambodia 5187: 5178: 5177: 4673:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 4250: 3075: 3063: 3037: 3025: 2999: 2987: 2966: 2954: 2933: 2921: 2126: 2103: 2042:in bas-reliefs. No empty spaces. 1780: 1765: 1673:battles on land and sea between 1654:the story of the monkey princes 1145: 892: 877: 862: 473: 459: 445: 431: 417: 408: 376:and was widely adopted into the 285: 61: 4170:French protectorate of Cambodia 3996: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3866: 3853: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3788: 3775: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3693: 3680: 3667: 3654: 3641: 3612: 3599: 3545:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 3501: 3488: 3475: 3462: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3176:from the original on 2022-10-09 2360:In the ancient religion of the 1853:; the motif on the pediment is 1501:the duel of the monkey princes 5145:British Indian Ocean Territory 4227:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 4222:People's Republic of Kampuchea 4028:. Bangkok: River Books, 1999. 3345: 3332: 3319: 3307: 3278: 2712: 2586:, and a round tip symbolic of 2343:'s victory over invaders from 2294:bears Vishnu on his shoulders. 1815:Lintel, pediment, and tympanum 1494:bas-reliefs in the tympana at 13: 1: 4068:. Bangkok: River Books, 2005. 3874:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3783:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3739:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3726:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3636:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3620:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3607:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3594:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3571:Early Mainland Southeast Asia 3405:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3392:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3292:Journal of Global Archaeology 3149: 2872:Angkorian representations of 2524:to burn down Khandava forest. 1904:, god of wealth, with North. 1797: 1743: 1623:Churning of the Ocean of Milk 1401:were partial to haut-relief. 1384: 1037:the structure of the temple. 1029:temple. During the period of 912: 4073:The Architecture of Cambodia 4004:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3887:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3431:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3379:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 2385:are not depicted at Angkor. 2218: 1696:the legend of the Leper King 1199:Unusually, the libraries at 1087:is an entrance building. At 999: 974:, the legendary home of the 835: 757: 622:Style (944–968): under King 580:is Preah Ko; the others are 7: 3110: 2774: 2501:, the traditional mount of 2117:(right) grace the walls at 1597:, the builder of Angkor Wat 1379: 851: 816:Angkor's neighbor state of 34:The 12th-century temple of 10: 5250: 3983:Cambodia: A Country Study. 3164:"Advisory body evaluation" 2912: 2424: 2373:the three-headed elephant 2305:, and the battle steed of 1747: 1295:, the home of the gods in 1259:The baray associated with 1244:located on either side of 1207: 1149: 1076: 1011: 985: 907:, was built with laterite. 5224:Hindu temple architecture 5173: 5132: 5092: 4834: 4760: 4643: 4543: 4534: 4454: 4445: 4356: 4347: 4268: 4259: 4248: 4130: 3978:Federal Research Division 2867: 2594: 2277: 2089: 2053: 1040: 747:Terrace of the Leper King 350: 338: 5219:Architecture in Cambodia 4894:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4273:Administrative divisions 4217:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4050:Jessup, Helen Ibbitson. 3254:Nietupski, Paul (2019). 3010:Walled Compound Entrance 2823: 2528: 2429:Scenes from the life of 2355: 1618:and the tortures of Hell 1412:, depicting scenes from 1187:. The Chinese traveller 981: 788: 762:Angkorian builders used 5155:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3900:The Monuments of Angkor 3483:The Monuments of Angkor 3285:Gabel, Joachim (2022). 2759:who used the nāga king 2643: 2568:, symbolic of the womb. 2388: 2251:Gajasimha and Reachisey 1690:civil strife among the 1513:on behalf of the latter 1357:, and most notably the 4507:Special Economic Zones 4502:Science and technology 3117:New Khmer Architecture 2800: 2737: 2683: 2667:Mythical serpents, or 2664: 2612: 2542: 2406: 2295: 2215: 2067: 1999:tucked in below waist. 1978: 1861: 1731: 1487: 1479: 1463: 1288: 1204: 1074: 1054: 1025: 931: 785: 651:Style (968–1010): the 343:Angkorian architecture 55: 4059:Champa:Ancient Towers 3686:Freeman and Jacques, 3660:Freeman and Jacques, 3468:Freeman and Jacques, 3455:Freeman and Jacques, 3442:Freeman and Jacques, 3416:Freeman and Jacques, 3364:Freeman and Jacques, 3351:Freeman and Jacques, 3338:Freeman and Jacques, 3044:Wat Kandal pagoda in 2860:or mount is the bull 2782: 2720: 2677: 2651: 2602: 2536: 2396: 2285: 2205: 2061: 1976: 1920:style: inward-facing 1841: 1787:Corbelled hallway at 1735:Blind door and window 1717: 1647:the conflict between 1602:Battle of Kurukshetra 1526:Battle of Kurukshetra 1485: 1469: 1445: 1282: 1198: 1060: 1048: 1019: 962:, most commonly by a 925: 780: 351:ស្ថាបត្យកម្មសម័យអង្គរ 33: 5069:United Arab Emirates 4829:Architecture of Asia 4335:World Heritage Sites 4205:Democratic Kampuchea 3925:Ronson, Jacqueline. 3260:ASIANetwork Exchange 2328:Garuda serves as an 2078:exceeds that of the 1670:(late 12th century) 988:Prang (architecture) 398:Indian sub-continent 274:World Heritage Sites 5096:limited recognition 4625:Social organization 4175:Japanese occupation 3569:Higham, C. (2014). 2908:Wooden architecture 2705:, and the story of 1718:This blind door at 1575:(mid-12th century) 1551:firing an arrow at 899:Prasat Prang Ku in 671:Udayadityavarman II 292:Cambodia portal 81:Culture of Cambodia 4512:Telecommunications 4210:Cambodian genocide 4165:Post-Angkor period 4064:Roveda, Vittorio. 4045:theangkorguide.com 3956:, pp. 158–177 3861:Images of the Gods 3848:Images of the Gods 3835:Images of the Gods 3822:Images of the Gods 3809:Images of the Gods 3796:Images of the Gods 3770:Images of the Gods 3752:Images of the Gods 3713:Images of the Gods 3301:10.34780/8a3v-k1ib 2801: 2738: 2684: 2678:This multi-headed 2665: 2659:king who shielded 2624:group of temples: 2613: 2543: 2512:, the hero of the 2407: 2296: 2216: 2068: 1979: 1862: 1732: 1705:groups of dancing 1651:and the asura Bana 1488: 1480: 1464: 1446:A bas-relief in a 1289: 1205: 1156:House of Fire, or 1075: 1055: 1026: 932: 809:, and Chóp Mạt in 786: 331:Khmer architecture 56: 46:, Angkor Wat is a 5201: 5200: 5138:other territories 4796: 4795: 4756: 4755: 4590:Human trafficking 4530: 4529: 4489:Natural resources 4441: 4440: 4428:Political parties 4371:Foreign relations 4343: 4342: 4232:State of Cambodia 4039:Glaize, Maurice. 3556:978-0-8248-0368-1 3208:978-0-470-64580-2 3133:Indian influence: 3122:Rural Khmer house 2832:are dedicated to 2787:in the form of a 2744:shaped as nāgas. 2095:Apsara and devata 1637:a battle between 1627:a battle between 954:in the case of a 942:in the case of a 918:Central sanctuary 560:style (877–886): 512:second century BC 341:), also known as 339:ស្ថាបត្យកម្មខ្មែរ 328: 327: 16:(Redirected from 5241: 5229:Buddhist temples 5191: 5181: 5180: 5150:Christmas Island 4836:Sovereign states 4823: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4776: 4769: 4541: 4540: 4497: 4479:Economic history 4452: 4451: 4354: 4353: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4190: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4078:Gabel, Joachim. 4002:Coedès, George. 3990: 3975: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3581: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3079: 3067: 3055:Ordinary housing 3041: 3029: 3003: 2991: 2970: 2958: 2937: 2925: 2828:Most temples at 2451:Bhagavata Purana 2227:for example, at 2210:stands guard at 2130: 2107: 1865:be those of the 1784: 1769: 1614:the judgment of 896: 881: 866: 508:tutelary spirits 477: 463: 449: 435: 421: 392:temples (of the 380:architecture of 352: 340: 320: 313: 306: 290: 289: 288: 250: 83: 65: 58: 57: 21: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5169: 5137: 5128: 5109:Northern Cyprus 5095: 5088: 4830: 4827: 4797: 4792: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4752: 4738:Public holidays 4639: 4615:Sex trafficking 4526: 4495: 4437: 4403:Law enforcement 4339: 4320:Protected areas 4255: 4246: 4242:Modern Cambodia 4188: 4126: 4117: 4057:Ngô Vǎn Doanh, 3999: 3994: 3993: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3459:, pp. 161, 188. 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3198:Frommer's India 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3127:Khmer sculpture 3113: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2915: 2910: 2870: 2826: 2791:, set inside a 2777: 2769:samudra manthan 2715: 2646: 2597: 2537:This segmented 2531: 2427: 2391: 2358: 2351:nāga by Garuda. 2280: 2253: 2221: 2181:Hall of Dancers 2159:, found in the 2157:samudra manthan 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2108: 2097: 2092: 2056: 1918:Sambor Prei Kuk 1914: 1817: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1752: 1746: 1737: 1699:the worship of 1641:and a force of 1498:(10th century) 1414:Hindu mythology 1387: 1382: 1312:stepped pyramid 1277: 1275:Temple mountain 1219: 1210: 1154: 1148: 1116: 1114:Hall of Dancers 1093:cardinal points 1081: 1071:Avalokiteshvara 1043: 1014: 1002: 990: 984: 920: 915: 908: 897: 888: 882: 873: 867: 854: 842:Kulen mountains 838: 830:Po Klaung Garai 791: 760: 696:in the area of 522:Sambor Prei Kuk 485: 484: 483: 482: 481: 478: 469: 468: 467: 464: 455: 454: 453: 450: 441: 440: 439: 436: 427: 426: 425: 424:Sambor Prei Kuk 422: 411: 324: 286: 284: 248: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5247: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4522:Transportation 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4433:Prime Minister 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4288:Climate change 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4197: 4195:Khmer Republic 4192: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4071:Sthapatyakam. 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4037: 4026:Ancient Angkor 4022: 4007: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3965: 3942: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3865: 3852: 3839: 3826: 3813: 3800: 3787: 3774: 3756: 3754:, pp. 211–212. 3743: 3730: 3717: 3704: 3700:Ancient Angkor 3692: 3688:Ancient Angkor 3679: 3666: 3662:Ancient Angkor 3653: 3649:Ancient Angkor 3640: 3624: 3611: 3598: 3582: 3579:978-6167339443 3562: 3555: 3534: 3520: 3500: 3487: 3474: 3470:Ancient Angkor 3461: 3457:Ancient Angkor 3448: 3444:Ancient Angkor 3435: 3422: 3418:Ancient Angkor 3409: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3366:Ancient Angkor 3357: 3353:Ancient Angkor 3344: 3340:Ancient Angkor 3331: 3327:Ancient Angkor 3318: 3314:Ancient Angkor 3306: 3277: 3246: 3221: 3207: 3187: 3169:. UNESCO.org. 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3099:woven bamboo. 3081: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3043: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2869: 2866: 2825: 2822: 2776: 2773: 2714: 2711: 2645: 2642: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2576: 2569: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2506: 2483: 2472: 2462: 2426: 2423: 2390: 2387: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2341:Jayavarman VII 2333: 2326: 2279: 2276: 2252: 2249: 2220: 2217: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2084:Maurice Glaize 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2029: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1980: 1961: 1947: 1940: 1929: 1913: 1908:List of Khmer 1906: 1816: 1813: 1799: 1796: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1748:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1652: 1645: 1635: 1625: 1619: 1612: 1598: 1595:Suryavarman II 1591: 1578:the Battle of 1569: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1546: 1528: 1514: 1470:The Battle of 1437:Jayavarman VII 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1370:Charles Higham 1276: 1273: 1218: 1217:Srah and baray 1215: 1209: 1206: 1174:Banteay Chhmar 1162:Jayavarman VII 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1136:Banteay Chhmar 1120:Jayavarman VII 1115: 1112: 1077:Main article: 1063:Jayavarman VII 1042: 1039: 1013: 1010: 1001: 998: 986:Main article: 983: 980: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 909: 898: 891: 889: 883: 876: 874: 868: 861: 853: 850: 837: 834: 790: 787: 759: 756: 755: 754: 739: 716:Jayavarman VII 709: 686:Suryavarman II 678: 664: 646: 639: 624:Rajendravarman 617: 599: 589: 555: 543: 542: 536: 529: 526:Chenla Kingdom 493:Southeast Asia 479: 472: 471: 470: 465: 458: 457: 456: 451: 444: 443: 442: 437: 430: 429: 428: 423: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 410: 407: 374:Southeast Asia 361:period of the 326: 325: 323: 322: 315: 308: 300: 297: 296: 295: 294: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 253: 252: 244: 243: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 199: 194: 189: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 151: 150: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 76: 75: 67: 66: 44:Suryavarman II 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5246: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:South Ossetia 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Ornamentation 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682:royal cuisine 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Ethnic groups 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4293:Deforestation 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4187:Sihanouk era 4185: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Early history 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4034:0-8348-0426-3 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3715:, pp. 200 ff. 3714: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543:Cœdès, George 3538: 3523: 3521:9971-988-39-9 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3433:, pp. 197 ff. 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3085: 3078: 3066: 3047: 3040: 3028: 3019: 3009: 3008:Silver Pagoda 3002: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2957: 2943: 2936: 2924: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880:, especially 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Ocean of Milk 2696: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433:, a hero and 2432: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2161:Vishnu Purana 2158: 2154: 2153:Ocean of Milk 2150: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2113:(left) and a 2112: 2106: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066:are daunting. 2065: 2060: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943:Kompong Preah 1941: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1368:According to 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:Phnom Bakheng 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Indravarman I 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1281: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1146:House of Fire 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1007: 997: 995: 989: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 924: 906: 902: 895: 890: 886: 880: 875: 871: 865: 860: 859: 858: 849: 847: 843: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 784: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 752: 748: 744: 740: 737: 736:Banteay Chmar 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Banteay Samre 687: 683: 680:Classical or 679: 676: 672: 668: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 643: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618: 615: 611: 607: 606:Jayavarman IV 603: 600: 597: 593: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556: 552: 549: 548: 547: 540: 539:Kompong Preah 537: 533: 530: 527: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 513: 509: 505: 504:protohistoric 500: 498: 494: 490: 476: 462: 448: 434: 420: 409:Periodization 406: 402: 399: 395: 394:Greater India 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 348: 344: 336: 332: 321: 316: 314: 309: 307: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 283: 282: 281: 280: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 251: 246: 245: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 187: 186:Royal cuisine 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 148: 147: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 101:Ethnic groups 99: 97: 94: 93: 92: 91: 87: 86: 82: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 32: 19: 5214:Khmer Empire 5134:Dependencies 5064:Turkmenistan 5029:Saudi Arabia 4653:Architecture 4652: 4620:Social class 4600:Prostitution 4553:Demographics 4469:Child labour 4381:Human rights 4180:Puppet state 4160:Khmer Empire 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4040: 4025: 4010: 4003: 3997:Bibliography 3987: 3982: 3958:, retrieved 3952: 3945: 3934:. Retrieved 3930: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3811:, pp. 76 ff. 3808: 3807:See Roveda, 3803: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3724:See Glaize, 3720: 3712: 3711:See Roveda. 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3682: 3674: 3669: 3664:, pp. 32–33. 3661: 3656: 3651:, pp. 32–35. 3648: 3643: 3635: 3619: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3593: 3570: 3565: 3546: 3537: 3527:23 September 3525:. Retrieved 3510: 3503: 3498:, pp. 73 ff. 3495: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3394:, pp. 26 ff. 3391: 3390:See Glaize, 3386: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3329:, pp. 30–31. 3326: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3290: 3280: 3268:. Retrieved 3263: 3259: 3249: 3237:. Retrieved 3233: 3224: 3212:. Retrieved 3197: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3158: 3132: 3131: 3105: 3101: 3096:Khmer houses 3092: 3086:architecture 3016: 2871: 2842:Banteay Srei 2827: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2746: 2739: 2726: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2666: 2656: 2638:Banteay Srei 2614: 2608: 2559: 2555:Khmer empire 2544: 2538: 2518:Banteay Srei 2428: 2415: 2408: 2403:Banteay Srei 2398: 2359: 2297: 2291: 2288:Musée Guimet 2269: 2261:Banteay Srei 2254: 2245:Banteay Kdei 2237:Banteay Srei 2222: 2212:Banteay Kdei 2207: 2174: 2147: 2134: 2119:Banteay Kdei 2114: 2110: 2069: 2009:Banteay Srei 1871: 1863: 1851:Banteay Srei 1818: 1801: 1753: 1738: 1720:Banteay Srei 1582:between the 1516:the duel of 1496:Banteay Srei 1489: 1452:Banteay Srei 1426: 1410:Banteay Srei 1403: 1388: 1367: 1336: 1301: 1290: 1258: 1235: 1220: 1211: 1178: 1157: 1155: 1132:Banteay Kdei 1117: 1097: 1082: 1027: 1003: 991: 967: 933: 855: 839: 815: 807:Hariharalaya 792: 761: 642:Banteay Srei 578:Hariharalaya 566:Khmer empire 562:Hariharalaya 544: 516: 501: 489:Khmer Empire 486: 452:Banteay Srei 403: 367: 363:Khmer Empire 342: 330: 329: 264:Coat of arms 162:Architecture 161: 5193:Asia portal 5094:States with 5014:Philippines 4954:South Korea 4949:North Korea 4844:Afghanistan 4718:Mat weaving 4713:Manuscripts 4459:Agriculture 4150:Nokor Phnom 3239:16 February 2976:-style roof 2749:Angkor Thom 2742:balustrades 2734:Angkor Thom 2713:Nāga Bridge 2573:mukhalingas 2514:Mahabharata 2443:Mahabharata 2437:of the god 2419:apotropaism 2383:Mahabharata 2018:vegetation. 1932:Prei Khmeng 1804:corbel arch 1774:Angkor Thom 1728:Mahabharata 1472:Kurukshetra 1422:Mahabharata 1390:Bas-reliefs 1355:Phimeanakas 1246:Angkor Thom 1189:Zhou Daguan 1067:Angkor Thom 952:bodhisattva 732:Angkor Thom 675:Zhou Daguan 661:Phimeanakas 636:Phimeanakas 532:Prei Khmeng 357:during the 5208:Categories 5074:Uzbekistan 5049:Tajikistan 4964:Kyrgyzstan 4944:Kazakhstan 4864:Bangladesh 4854:Azerbaijan 4708:Literature 4496:(currency) 4423:Parliament 4376:Government 4298:Ecoregions 4019:B0085RYW0O 3960:2020-06-10 3936:2020-06-10 3266:(1): 33–74 3234:UNESCO.org 3214:7 February 3180:23 October 3150:References 3046:Battambang 2942:Phnom Penh 2890:Angkor Wat 2850:Angkor Wat 2818:Kbal Spean 2814:East Mebon 2809:Mount Meru 2797:Kbal Spean 2491:Angkor Wat 2476:Govardhana 2449:, and the 2337:Preah Khan 2323:Angkor Wat 2272:Angkor Wat 2241:Preah Khan 2224:Dvarapalas 2197:Angkor Wat 2193:Angkor Wat 2185:Preah Khan 2070:Angkorean 2049:divisions. 2032:Angkor Wat 1939:Reclining. 1829:corbelling 1798:Corbelling 1750:Colonnette 1744:Colonnette 1590:or monkeys 1573:Angkor Wat 1522:Duryodhana 1476:Angkor Wat 1429:Angkor Wat 1385:Bas-relief 1332:corbelling 1324:Sailendras 1293:Mount Meru 1269:Anavatapta 1261:Preah Khan 1254:East Mebon 1250:West Mebon 1242:East Baray 1238:West Baray 1231:embankment 1227:reservoirs 1221:Srahs and 1201:Angkor Wat 1181:Preah Khan 1166:Preah Khan 1158:Dharmasala 1152:Dharmasala 1128:Preah Khan 1108:dvarapalas 1031:Angkor Wat 1022:Angkor Wat 1006:Mount Meru 972:Mount Meru 928:mount Meru 913:Structures 728:Preah Khan 704:in modern 682:Angkor Wat 645:mythology. 632:East Mebon 596:Yasovarman 535:standards. 378:Indianised 217:Television 207:Newspapers 197:Literature 36:Angkor Wat 5160:Hong Kong 5114:Palestine 5039:Sri Lanka 5034:Singapore 4914:Indonesia 4698:Jewellery 4693:Epigraphy 4630:Squatting 4595:Languages 4558:Education 4393:Judiciary 4366:Elections 4313:Tonlé Sap 4261:Geography 4200:Civil War 4189:(1953–70) 3798:, p. 209. 3772:, p. 177. 3472:, p. 178. 3420:, p. 172. 2725:hold the 2707:Mucalinda 2653:Mucalinda 2447:Harivamsa 2257:gajasimha 2219:Dvarapala 2208:dvarapala 2064:Ankor Wat 1825:true arch 1809:true arch 1584:Rakshasas 1316:Borobudur 1265:Neak Pean 1104:pediments 1000:Enclosure 836:Sandstone 768:sandstone 758:Materials 694:Thommanon 574:Siem Reap 466:Thommanon 384:(Khmer), 382:Cambodian 229:Sculpture 116:Languages 18:Angkorian 5183:Category 5104:Abkhazia 5054:Thailand 5009:Pakistan 4989:Mongolia 4984:Maldives 4979:Malaysia 4879:Cambodia 4783:Category 4703:Keyboard 4668:Clothing 4605:Religion 4578:HIV/AIDS 4568:Gambling 4413:Monarchy 4408:Military 4349:Politics 4330:Wildlife 4140:Timeline 4124:articles 4120:Cambodia 3915:, p. 43. 3911:Glaize, 3898:Glaize, 3889:, p. 60. 3885:Coedès, 3876:, p. 16. 3872:Glaize, 3863:, p. 91. 3859:Roveda, 3850:, p. 80. 3846:Roveda, 3833:Rovedo, 3824:, p. 76. 3820:Roveda, 3794:Roveda, 3785:, p. 39. 3781:Glaize, 3768:Roveda, 3750:Roveda, 3741:, p. 37. 3737:Glaize, 3728:, p. 37. 3690:, p. 20. 3677:, p. 40. 3673:Glaize, 3638:, p. 32. 3634:Glaize, 3622:, p. 38. 3618:Glaize, 3609:, p. 40. 3605:Glaize, 3596:, p. 36. 3592:Glaize, 3494:Jessup, 3485:, p. 24. 3481:Glaize, 3446:, p. 30. 3429:Coedès, 3407:, p. 27. 3403:Glaize, 3381:, p. 91. 3377:Coedès, 3368:, p. 29. 3355:, p. 26. 3342:, p. 27. 3270:29 March 3230:"Angkor" 3171:Archived 3111:See also 2805:quincunx 2789:quincunx 2775:Quincunx 2626:Preah Ko 2375:Airavata 2370:Hinduism 2229:Preah Ko 1964:Preah Ko 1946:garland. 1880:and the 1867:Preah Ko 1858:Nataraja 1847:pediment 1833:pediment 1789:Ta Prohm 1610:Kauravas 1606:Pandavas 1604:between 1586:and the 1542:and his 1532:Rakshasa 1448:tympanum 1420:and the 1418:Ramayana 1380:Elements 1334:method. 1297:Hinduism 1240:and the 1170:Ta Prohm 1124:Ta Prohm 1051:Ta Prohm 1035:buttress 956:Buddhist 946:temple, 905:Thailand 870:Preah Ko 852:Laterite 811:Tay Ninh 795:Preah Ko 772:laterite 724:Ta Prohm 706:Thailand 558:Preah Ko 390:Javanese 386:Annamese 177:Clothing 167:Ceramics 126:Religion 121:Holidays 106:Folklore 72:a series 70:Part of 52:Buddhist 5079:Vietnam 4994:Myanmar 4974:Lebanon 4904:Georgia 4859:Bahrain 4849:Armenia 4767:Outline 4748:Theatre 4678:Cuisine 4645:Culture 4585:Hunting 4536:Society 4517:Tourism 4464:Banking 4447:Economy 4361:Cabinet 4303:Islands 4278:Borders 4132:History 3931:Inverse 3902:, p. 1. 3837:, p. 79 2913:Palaces 2886:Krishna 2878:Avatars 2695:Brahman 2688:lintels 2459:Baphuon 2431:Krishna 2425:Krishna 2319:Krishna 2267:group. 2170:devatas 2149:Apsaras 2135:apsaras 2111:Apsaras 2040:apsaras 2036:devatas 2026:Krishna 2022:Baphuon 2015:Khleang 2003:Pre Rup 1993:Koh Ker 1983:Bakheng 1971:common. 1922:makaras 1756:lintels 1707:apsaras 1660:Sugriva 1649:Krishna 1588:vanaras 1524:at the 1507:Sugriva 1406:tympana 1374:Saivite 1351:Koh Ker 1343:Pre Rup 1339:Baphuon 1208:Library 1140:apsaras 1100:lintels 1079:Gopuram 1012:Gallery 901:Sisaket 826:Vietnam 667:Baphuon 653:Khleang 649:Khleang 628:Pre Rup 620:Pre Rup 614:Koh Ker 610:Koh Ker 602:Koh Ker 592:Bakheng 554:appear. 438:Pre Rup 249:Symbols 239:Theatre 182:Cuisine 111:History 88:Society 54:temple. 5124:Taiwan 5059:Turkey 5024:Russia 4959:Kuwait 4939:Jordan 4929:Israel 4889:Cyprus 4874:Brunei 4869:Bhutan 4788:Portal 4663:Cinema 4573:Health 4484:Mining 4474:Energy 4325:Rivers 4283:Cities 4155:Chenla 4122: 4032: 4017: 3577: 3553: 3518: 3205: 2902:Garuda 2898:vahana 2874:Vishnu 2868:Vishnu 2858:vahana 2846:Ravana 2838:lingam 2830:Angkor 2765:amrita 2761:Vasuki 2757:asuras 2730:Vasuki 2723:Asuras 2721:Stone 2661:Buddha 2655:, the 2632:, and 2630:Bakong 2622:Roluos 2617:makara 2609:makara 2605:Bakong 2595:Makara 2584:Vishnu 2580:Brahma 2510:Arjuna 2503:Vishnu 2499:Garuda 2469:Kaliya 2445:, the 2439:Vishnu 2435:Avatar 2345:Champa 2315:Vishnu 2307:Vishnu 2299:Garuda 2292:Garuda 2278:Garuda 2265:Roluos 2177:Angkor 2115:devata 2090:Motifs 2072:stairs 2054:Stairs 1997:sampot 1969:Garuda 1954:Champa 1937:Vishnu 1912:styles 1910:lintel 1902:Kubera 1898:Varuna 1882:makara 1876:, the 1843:Lintel 1821:lintel 1724:lintel 1686:Angkor 1681:troops 1643:asuras 1639:Vishnu 1633:asuras 1544:shakti 1536:Ravana 1454:shows 1363:Angkor 1353:, the 1347:Ta Keo 1304:Bakong 1285:Bakong 1223:barays 1185:Angkor 1089:Angkor 1085:gopura 1041:Gopura 978:gods. 968:prasat 948:Buddha 940:Vishnu 885:Ta Keo 846:Ta Keo 822:Mỹ Sơn 818:Champa 803:Bakong 734:, and 720:Champa 702:Phimai 700:, and 698:Angkor 657:Ta Keo 582:Bakong 570:Roluos 497:Chenla 359:Angkor 355:Khmers 269:Anthem 234:Sports 172:Cinema 149:Topics 131:Script 96:Khmers 74:on the 5165:Macau 5084:Yemen 5044:Syria 5019:Qatar 4999:Nepal 4934:Japan 4909:India 4899:Egypt 4884:China 4774:Index 4743:Sport 4728:Music 4723:Media 4688:Dance 4635:Youth 4610:Women 4548:Crime 4494:Riel 4418:Motto 4308:Lakes 4237:UNTAC 3174:(PDF) 3167:(PDF) 3084:Khmer 2974:Khmer 2894:asura 2862:Nandi 2854:Bayon 2834:Shiva 2824:Shiva 2785:linga 2753:devas 2703:Bayon 2669:nāgas 2636:. At 2634:Lolei 2588:Shiva 2551:Shiva 2547:linga 2539:linga 2529:Linga 2495:asura 2487:Kamsa 2480:Indra 2379:vajra 2366:Indra 2362:Vedas 2356:Indra 2330:atlas 2303:nāgas 2233:Lolei 2206:This 2189:Bayon 2165:Khmer 2155:, or 2139:Bayon 2080:tread 2076:riser 2046:Bayon 1950:Kulen 1926:Indra 1890:Indra 1886:Hindu 1855:Shiva 1701:Shiva 1692:Khmer 1675:Khmer 1668:Bayon 1629:devas 1580:Lanka 1564:Indra 1553:Shiva 1540:Shiva 1534:king 1518:Bhima 1456:Indra 1433:Bayon 1395:Khmer 1225:were 994:prang 982:Prang 976:Hindu 964:linga 960:Shiva 950:or a 944:Hindu 936:Shiva 799:Lolei 789:Brick 783:Bayon 764:brick 751:nāgas 743:Bayon 741:Post 712:Bayon 586:Lolei 551:Kulen 480:Bayon 347:Khmer 335:Khmer 224:Music 212:Radio 202:Media 192:Dance 141:Youth 136:Women 48:Hindu 42:king 40:Khmer 5004:Oman 4969:Laos 4924:Iraq 4919:Iran 4386:LGBT 4030:ISBN 4015:ASIN 3575:ISBN 3551:ISBN 3529:2016 3516:ISBN 3272:2022 3241:2022 3216:2013 3203:ISBN 3182:2012 3006:The 2884:and 2882:Rama 2852:and 2793:yoni 2755:and 2727:nāga 2680:nāga 2657:nāga 2644:Nāga 2566:yoni 2545:The 2522:Agni 2466:nāga 2411:Siva 2399:kala 2389:Kala 2255:The 2243:and 2133:Two 2038:and 1987:naga 1958:Java 1956:and 1894:Yama 1878:nāga 1874:kala 1845:and 1831:. 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