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requires a space for the reflex mirror, imposing a limit on the use of wide-angle lenses of symmetric designs. The retrofocus lens addressed this situation by increasing the distance between the rear element and the focal plane, thus making wider-angle lenses usable while retaining normal viewing and
238:
2 which afforded a distance between the rear element and the film plane approximately 10% greater than the focal length. Joseph Ball showed how a beam-splitting apparatus could be fitted in the space gained. Also, wide-angle lenses for narrow-gauge movie cameras had to be of this type because of the
211:
of the lens – possibly to a figure greater than the focal length – in order to allow for additional optical or mechanical parts to fit behind the lens. The negative front group also serves to increase peripheral illumination; some symmetric wide-angle lenses require a radially-graduated
1012:
247:
focusing. Unless the reflex mirror were locked in the "up" position, blacking out the viewfinder, the rearmost element(s) of a non-retrofocus (symmetric wide-angle) lens would interfere with the movement of the mirror as it flipped up and down during exposure.
1209:, Harry Zollner & Rudolf Solisch, "Photographisches Objektiv mit einem sammelnden Systemteil und einem in verhaeltnismaessig grossem Abstand davor liegenden zerstreuenden Meniskus", issued 29 November 1956, assigned to Jenoptik AG
271:
On 13 August 1949 Harry Zöllner and Rudolf
Solisch completed the computation of the first version of the Zeiss Jena Flektogon 35 mm f/2.8. This lens was presented at the Leipzig Spring Fair from 5 to 12 March 1950 and serial production started in July 1950.
1130:, Albrecht Wilhelm Tronnier, "Photographic objective of the modified triplet type and a meniscus shaped negative member axially separated therefrom", published May 22, 1956, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1400:
At , various companies had been competing to develop wide-angle lenses having a reversed telephoto type (a large diameter concave (negative) lens is arranged in front of an ordinary lens) for SLR cameras with the release of a
641:
592:
1231:, Harry Zöllner & Rudolf Solisch, "Photographic objective comprising a rear collective part and front dispersive meniscus part", published May 28, 1957, assigned to Jenoptik AG
330:
1405:™ 35mm by Angenieux (France) as the start. However, satisfactory optical performance could not seem to be obtained without changing the lens construction of known reversed telephoto type including the
268:-derived four-element/three-group lens. However, the spacing between the first element and the following lens was relatively small and so the back focus was approximately equal to the focal length.
314:
618:
478:
405:
544:
1307:, Rudolf Solisch, "Asymmetrical photographic or cinematographic objective with large angle of view", published March 24, 1959, assigned to ISCO Optische Werke GmbH
428:
380:
1367:, Wolf Dannberg & Eberhard Dietzsch, "Improvements in or relating to wide-angle lenses", published December 23, 1964, assigned to Carl Zeiss Jena VEB
1409:
when the focal length was shortened to 28mm. Thus, Mr. WAKIMOTO, Zenji found a new reversed telephoto type as a result of trial and error. This is the NIKKOR-H Auto 2.8cm f/3.5
1531:
1501:
519:
451:
196:. This is for practical, not optical reasons, because it allows telephoto lenses to be made shorter and less cumbersome. The first practical telephoto lens was developed by
569:
494:
357:
227:
unit behind the lens required significant space, so that a long back focal distance was essential. Horace Lee patented an inverted telephoto lens design in 1930 with an
1250:, Gunter Klemt, "Wide-angle photographic and cinematographic objective", published February 25, 1958, assigned to Scheider Co. Optische Werke
1326:, Helmut Eismann & Gunther Lange, "Asymmetrical photographic objective", published June 12, 1962, assigned to Carl Zeiss AG
749:
Angénieux were not content to rest on their laurels, continuing to develop the inverted telephoto scheme by shortening the focal length from 35 mm
1561:
1051:, Rudolf Kingslake & Paul W. Stevens, "Wide-angle lenses", published February 8, 1944, assigned to Eastman Kodak Co.
1168:, Johann Lautenbacher, "High-speed wide-angle photographic objective", published May 9, 1961, assigned to Enna Werk Optik Apelt
54:
184:
lens configuration combines positive and negative lens groups with the negative at the rear, serving to magnify the image, which reduces the
1450:
1089:, Pierre Angénieux, "Wide-angle photographic objective lens assembly", issued 18 August 1953, assigned to Pierre Angénieux
1068:
1548:
1187:, Ludwig Bertele, "Wide angle photographic objective comprising three air spaced components", published December 4, 1956
1478:, Michael Michaelovitch Roosinov, "Wide angle orthoscopic anastigmatic photographic objective", issued July 25, 1950
207:
The inverted telephoto configuration does the reverse, employing one or more negative lens groups at the front to increase the
782:, 1958). These used multiple negative meniscus elements in the front group, a trend that would continue with the Zeiss (Jena)
722:
in 1952. In 1955, Harry Zöllner and Rudolf
Solisch applied for a similar patent on an inverted telephoto lens design, branded
953:
1288:, Fritz Determann, "Photographic objective", published March 3, 1960, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1269:, Franz Schlegel, "Fotografisches Objektiv", published October 10, 1957, assigned to Rodenstock Optik G
1029:, Joseph A Ball, "Optical apparatus", issued 14 June 1932, assigned to Technicolor Motion Picture Corp.
1582:
811:, are sometimes described as a mirrored pair of inverted telephoto objectives, as first presented by Roosinov in 1946.
793:
design of 1963, with three negative meniscus elements and an angle of view expanded to 94° from 62° (with the original
926:
870:
76:
47:
988:, Horace William Lee, "Improvements in lenses for photography and the like", assigned to Kapella Ltd.
821:
suggested using an air space in the negative group to control this distortion. By removing the constraint for
1565:
1108:, Pierre Angénieux, "Wide-angle photographic objective lens assembly", published August 18, 1953
1345:, Pierre Angénieux, "Objectif photographique du type grand-angulaire", published April 12, 1960
197:
691:
lens line inspired other manufacturers to produce similar wide-angle lenses of this type for almost every
910:
854:
698:
Similar lenses with prominent object-facing meniscus lenses were patented a few years after the original
805:
The highly symmetric super-wide angle lenses developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including the
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1285:
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1247:
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1184:
1165:
1146:
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can be considered a subset of the inverted telephoto lens design, with strong negative front elements.
275:
Pierre Angénieux applied for a patent in 1950. In the original patent, he presented two lenses with an
1475:
1364:
243:
37:
41:
33:
525:
1149:, Pierre Angénieux, "Wide-angle photographic objective", published December 14, 1954
164:
synonymous with this type of lens. The Angénieux retrofocus for still cameras was introduced in
822:
58:
1010:, Horace William Lee, "Lens", issued 17 April 1934, assigned to Kapella Ltd.
814:
1552:
683:
lens (early 1960s); note large front element, characteristic of inverted telephoto designs
8:
1384:
666:
500:
208:
185:
915:
859:
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for its line of inverted telephoto wide-angles, and the name has become synonymous as a
169:
115:
321:
1421:
922:
866:
826:
731:
302:
149:
1385:"NIKKOR - The Thousand and One Nights No. 12: NIKKOR-H Auto 2.8cm F3.5 (March 1960)"
1527:
1497:
906:
850:
719:
348:
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is common with inverted telephoto designs because they are so highly asymmetric.
714:
of 1952. Carl Zeiss
Oberkochen also created an inverted telephoto design branded
153:
1086:
1026:
1007:
469:
1206:
985:
550:
386:
262:, which featured a negative meniscus element facing the object, followed by a
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695:
SLR, helping to make it the definitive camera type of the late 20th century.
276:
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224:
216:
200:
in the early 1800s, with the eponymous Barlow lens referring to the negative
96:
737:
830:
193:
692:
280:
220:
189:
954:
From the series of articles on lens names: Distagon, Biogon and
Hologon
818:
647:
598:
279:
of 65°, approximately equal to the view of a f=35 mm lens on the
829:, the illumination of the field can be made more even; the resulting
181:
201:
212:
filter or other means to make the exposure even across the frame.
215:
The inverted telephoto design was first employed in the 1930s by
160:
configuration. The popularity of this lens design made the name
1047:
807:
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for still cameras; the first example had a maximum aperture of
264:
188:
of the lens (the distance between the back of the lens and the
165:
1474:
1363:
670:
1322:
1227:
1205:
730:, which uses a single negative meniscus element ahead of a
661:, 1963) by Dannberg & Dietzsch, from GB Patent 978797A
1126:
710:
lens with a single negative meniscus for the Voigtländer
488:
by Zöllner & Solisch (1955), from US Patent 2,793,565
612:, 1958) by Eismann & Lange, from US Patent 3,038,380
290:
2.5, while the second example had a maximum aperture of
1532:"The Reversed Telephoto Objective: A Tutorial Paper"
1502:"The Reversed Telephoto Objective: A Tutorial Paper"
951:
258:
and Paul
Stevens filed for a patent in 1941 for the
1164:
1006:
914:
858:
1526:
1496:
445:, 1953) by Lautenbacher, from US Patent 2,983,191
1574:
1341:
1145:
1104:
1085:
702:patent. For example, Albrecht Tronnier used the
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1284:
921:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 141–152.
865:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 131–140.
297:2.2. The Angénieux corporation coined the name
1492:
1490:
1303:
1265:
1183:
984:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
563:, 1956) by Determann, from US Patent 2,927,506
309:Inverted telephoto wide-angle lens development
239:shutter mechanism that had to fit in between.
1376:
1223:
1221:
1025:
538:, 1955) by Schlegel, from DE Patent 1,017,382
399:, 1952) by Tronnier, from US Patent 2,746,351
324:(1930), GB 355,452 and US 1,955,590
175:
1382:
1359:
1357:
1246:
1122:
1120:
586:, 1956) by Solisch, from US Patent 2,878,724
1487:
1201:
1199:
1043:
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1002:
1000:
886:
320:Taylor-Hobson 'inverted telephoto' lens by
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1316:
1278:
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980:
978:
843:
513:, 1955) by Klemt, from US Patent 2,824,495
204:inserted between the eye and a telescope.
95:
1468:
1354:
1297:
1259:
1177:
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1117:
905:
849:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1562:"Retrofocus Design Problems: A Synopsis"
1196:
1038:
997:
736:
665:
975:
947:
945:
351:& Stevens, from US Patent 2,341,385
16:Wide-angle lens for photographic camera
1575:
1546:
1422:"P. Angénieux lenses for 35mm cameras"
1066:
952:Nasse, Dr. Hubert H. (December 2011).
800:
1549:"An introduction to Angenieux lenses"
1429:Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library
635:, 1958), from French Patent 1,214,945
942:
18:
13:
917:A History of the Photographic Lens
861:A History of the Photographic Lens
14:
1594:
422:, 1952), from US Patent 2,696,758
374:, 1950), from US Patent 2,649,022
250:
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23:
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1098:
911:"10. Reversed Telephoto Lenses"
231:of 50° and maximum aperture of
192:) to a figure shorter than the
1079:
1060:
1019:
1:
836:
825:and deliberately introducing
223:"3-strip" cameras since the
7:
10:
1599:
472:, from US Patent 2,772,601
305:for similar lens designs.
176:Inverted telephoto concept
1583:Photographic lens designs
986:GB Application 355452
718:(5.6/60 mm) for the
244:single-lens reflex camera
130:
122:
111:
103:
94:
242:In still photography, a
32:This article includes a
1389:Nikon Imaging – History
963:(Report). Carl Zeiss AG
61:more precise citations.
1343:FR Patent 1214945A
1324:US Patent 3038380A
1305:US Patent 2878724A
1286:US Patent 2927506A
1267:DE Patent 1017382B
1248:US Patent 2824495A
1229:US Patent 2793565A
1185:US Patent 2772601A
1166:US Patent 2983191A
1147:US Patent 2696758A
1128:US Patent 2746351A
1106:US Patent 2649022A
1067:Kröger, Marco (2024).
1049:US Patent 2746351A
823:rectilinear projection
746:
684:
126:6 elements in 5 groups
1476:US patent 2516724
1451:"Retrofocus and zoom"
1365:GB Patent 978797A
855:"9. Telephoto Lenses"
815:Pincushion distortion
760:(1950) to 28 mm
740:
669:
1536:Journal of the SMPTE
1506:Journal of the SMPTE
1087:US Grant 2649022
1027:US Grant 1862950
1008:US Grant 1955590
156:design that uses an
147:Angénieux retrofocus
90:Angénieux retrofocus
1455:Swiss Camera Museum
1207:DE Grant 953471
801:Further development
209:back focal distance
186:back focal distance
91:
1383:Ohshita, Kouichi.
1069:"Flektogon 2,8/35"
756:with the original
747:
685:
158:inverted telephoto
104:Introduced in
89:
34:list of references
1528:Kingslake, Rudolf
1498:Kingslake, Rudolf
907:Kingslake, Rudolf
851:Kingslake, Rudolf
827:barrel distortion
732:Double-Gauss lens
303:generic trademark
150:photographic lens
143:
142:
87:
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79:
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1564:. Archived from
1560:Bruce Sirovich.
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1551:. Archived from
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1568:on 2013-01-03.
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758:Retrofocus R-1
687:The Angénieux
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282:
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277:angle of view
273:
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248:
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230:
229:angle of view
226:
225:beam splitter
222:
218:
217:Taylor-Hobson
213:
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205:
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195:
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173:
171:
167:
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133:
129:
125:
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117:
114:
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107:1950 (stills)
106:
102:
98:
93:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1566:the original
1553:the original
1547:Paul Gates.
1539:
1535:
1521:Bibliography
1509:
1505:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1337:
1318:
1299:
1280:
1261:
1242:
1179:
1160:
1141:
1100:
1081:
1073:Zeissikonveb
1072:
1062:
1021:
965:. Retrieved
960:
934:20 September
932:. Retrieved
916:
878:20 September
876:. Retrieved
860:
845:
813:
806:
804:
794:
783:
775:(24 mm
772:
768:
757:
748:
742:
723:
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711:
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703:
699:
697:
688:
686:
673:
654:(20 mm
651:
628:(24 mm
625:
605:(35 mm
602:
579:(24 mm
576:
556:(35 mm
553:
531:(35 mm
528:
506:(28 mm
503:
485:
461:(35 mm
458:
438:(35 mm
435:
415:(28 mm
412:
392:(35 mm
389:
367:(35 mm
364:
340:(35 mm
337:
298:
274:
270:
263:
259:
254:
241:
214:
206:
198:Peter Barlow
194:focal length
179:
161:
157:
146:
144:
123:Construction
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
967:15 November
786:20 mm
771:(1952) and
551:Voigtländer
484:Zeiss Jena
468:, 1954) by
387:Voigtländer
347:, 1941) by
281:35mm format
221:Technicolor
190:image plane
168:in 1950 by
59:introducing
1542:: 203–207.
1512:: 203–207.
1407:Retrofocus
1403:Retrofocus
837:References
700:Retrofocus
689:Retrofocus
648:Carl Zeiss
624:Angénieux
599:Carl Zeiss
526:Rodenstock
411:Angénieux
363:Angénieux
338:WA Ektanar
299:Retrofocus
260:WA Ektanar
162:retrofocus
67:March 2013
961:Lenspire
784:Flektogon
767:with the
743:Flektogon
724:Flektogon
706:-derived
652:Flektogon
577:Westrogon
501:Schneider
486:Flektogon
349:Kingslake
182:telephoto
1577:Category
1460:29 March
1435:15 March
1394:15 March
909:(1989).
853:(1989).
716:Distagon
712:Skoparon
676:f=2.8cm
674:Nikkor-H
603:Distagon
554:Skoparet
504:Curtagon
459:Travegon
457:Schacht
436:Lithagon
390:Skoparon
322:H.W. Lee
202:achromat
131:Aperture
650:(Jena)
529:Eurygon
470:Bertele
55:improve
1482:
1371:
1349:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1273:
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1191:
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1112:
1093:
1055:
1033:
1014:
992:
925:
869:
808:Biogon
726:, for
708:Skopar
704:Tessar
336:Kodak
265:Tessar
166:France
118:(1950)
112:Author
1425:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
671:Nikon
575:ISCO
434:Enna
152:is a
40:, or
1462:2023
1437:2023
1396:2023
969:2018
936:2024
923:ISBN
880:2024
867:ISBN
780:/3.5
773:R-61
765:/3.5
754:/2.5
745:4/20
693:35mm
681:/3.5
633:/3.5
561:/3.4
466:/2.5
443:/2.5
420:/3.5
397:/3.5
372:/2.5
345:/3.5
180:The
145:The
138:/2.5
819:Lee
797:).
1579::
1540:75
1538:.
1534:.
1510:75
1508:.
1504:.
1489:^
1453:.
1427:.
1398:.
1387:.
1356:^
1220:^
1198:^
1119:^
1071:.
1040:^
999:^
977:^
959:.
944:^
913:.
888:^
857:.
791:/4
734:.
659:/4
610:/4
584:/4
536:/4
511:/4
172:.
44:,
36:,
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789:f
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295:/
293:f
288:/
286:f
236:/
234:f
136:f
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
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