493:("Collection of Oddities"), the use of long swords in those fencing schools. Most fencers of the 18th century viewed longsword fencing as a curious thing, and it was probably only taught in the few remaining fencing schools of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter and in some stage fencing schools. There is an illustration of a fencing school from 1726, where *Fechtfedern* (two-handed training swords) are being used and Huten of Liechtenauer's school of fencing are recognizable. This portrayal is compatible with the contemporary sources which refer to longsword fencing in the existing fencing schools of the 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire. Author and historian Joseph Ott notices that the longsword survived the rapier in the fencing schools of the Marksbrüder in the 18th century. The rapier was replaced by the smaller
609:. Johann Georg Pascha, a passionate fencer, was one of the most popular and prominent bayonet fencing masters of the time (though no bayonet fencing book of his seemingly has survived, his books about shooting however still exist). Pascha himself seemingly based large parts of his own combat system on existing fencing schools (his book about Kampfringen makes direct references to Liechtenauer's fencing style). The earliest surviving fencing manual about bayonet fencing is most likely Pierre Francois Giffart 's "L' Art Militaire Françoise Pour L'Infanterie" (1697), while written in French, was from a German author. Giffart directly references "thrusting with a longsword" and compares his own bayonet fencing system with "the handling of a large sword" (" épée-grande").
628:'s "All-in Fighting" still makes references to the older bayonet fencing systems and ignores the 19th century systems which used saber-based guards, attacks and parries. Especially noteworthy is the bayonet fencing system of American soldier John Styers, which uses the same basics as Liechtenauer's system and - like Fairbairn's system - completely ignores the 19th century schools in favor of a more traditional method of bayonet fencing. Like Liechtenauer's system, Styers' method doesn't have parries, but uses bladework to focus the enemy weapon away from its original target and provide openings for the fencer to attack. The similarities were so obvious that historian Hortst Ueberhorst referenced them in his publication about physical exercises.
97:
854:
on
Lichtenauers principles, which was considered to be the most effective and efficient school of fencing. There is evidence that, in the second half of the 16th century, at least a handful of German long sword fencers (Marksbrüder) traveled to England and gave fencing lessons. Frederic Hervey said that "the Imperial German fencers came to Britain to teach their Anglo-Saxon brethren the old and knightly art of fencing". However, it can be assumed that few fencers in Britain received such training. One source mentions a "nobleman named Alberth", from Britain, who was experienced in the German school of longsword fencing, and who was also trained in a Spanish school of swordsmanship, either an early rapier-fencing school of
1721:
469:, from 1664 (another edition was published in 1708), that "a big sword is very dangerous in our times because it is more difficult to around with clothing than a smaller thrusting sword, which can easily be worn." He also writes that "it is possible to kill a man who is armed with a gun in a short range, when he stands close to you with the help of the rapier, because of the highly effective thrusting techniques will save your life, rather than with the slower cutting of a bigger sword or a sabre. You may even be able to kill him, before he can take his gun out of its halter, before he can make the first shot".
613:
techniques from
Liechtenauer's tradition. German schools of bayonet fencing later became more prominent throughout Europe and even influenced both French as well as Anglo-Saxon bayonet fencing systems. Julius Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg argues that German bayonet fencing has its roots both in "wrestling as well as the traditional fencing school" (he most likely references Liechtenauer's school of fencing, which was considered to be the indigenous school of fencing of Germany at the time).
864:
his mother's fatherland. When they were finished with the swordplay, he (Louis XIV) clapped loudly and asked for more (stage fights and friendly bouts)" (Note: Anne of
Austria, the mother of Louis, was a Spanish princess from the Holy Roman Empire, given that the Liechtenauer tradition was both the most widely practiced and officially recognised form of fencing in the Holy Roman Empire, it is very likely that these fencers were practitioners of the Liechtenauer tradition).
1775:
4295:
4371:
4315:
1686:
in the medieval and early modern period. Fencing master
Joachim Meyer later added Italian-inspired footwork to his style of longsword fencing in the late 16th century (techniques such as the "Ausfall", the lunge, which was seemingly unknown or unused in contemporary German swordsmanship of the time. Paulus Hector Mair makes no mention of it in his Fechtbuch which is also from the 16th century. Mair was a contemporary of Mayer).
40:
664:, i.e. the early modern rapier systems, as opposed to the generic systems of "combat" or "fighting" of the late medieval period, developed in close contact with each other, which led to the separate but closely related rapier styles of Italy, Spain, and later France, all of which were also well received in Germany. For example: Paulus Hector Mair describes a Spanish style of rapier fencing in his book on fencing.
4305:
4062:
1107:
596:, where some of the old terminologies (for example: swords are divided into parts called "Stärke" and "Schwäche", the term "Anhauen" and the saying "in die Schranken weisen" are directly descended from the medieval German fencing terminology of the Liechtenauer canon) and traditions (such as the unbroken line of German Fencing masters which reaches back to the medieval period) are still active.
486:
still in use, although it is highly likely that most 18th century fencers were not at all familiar with longsword fencing and would likely not have known how to handle these weapons, which indicates that these pictures show lines of the
Liechtenauer tradition that are referred in literature (and did continue to exist at least until the end of the 18th century / the early 19th century).
1088:
1747:, the longsword and dagger (possibly of special make optimized for piercing the openings in armour); but the techniques were entirely different. Attacking an opponent in plate armour is carried out in two ways: percussive force or penetration at joints or unprotected areas. Penetration was extremely unlikely even with thrusting attacks. Percussion was realized with the
581:. Fabricius was later captured by American troops, it is unclear whether or not he continued his reconstruction efforts after the war, although there is evidence that his interest in the subject never faded. The last references and active lines of these techniques in classical German stage fencing vanished almost entirely with the
3615:Ökonomisch-technologische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- und Landwirthschaft, und der Kunst-Geschichte: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Welcher die Artikel Transport bis Trieb enthält : Nebst zwei Kupfertafeln und dem Portrait des Prinzen Albert, Gemahl der Königin Victoria, von England. 187
551:, a British fencer of the 19th century who was interested into the reconstruction of old fencing systems. Hutton could have met some living longsword fencers and interviewed them. He could have preserved at least a part of their knowledge, if he had been to Germany and met the last living Marksbrüder members.
3469:
Aber man wird noch manchen
Leichmeister finden, der da spricht, das er selber eine neue Kunst gefunden hat und meinen das Ihr glaubt, dass sich die Kunst des Fechtens von Tag zu Tag verbessern würde. Aber ich würde gerne einen sehen, der ein Gefecht oder einen Hau erdenkt den es nicht in Lichtenauers
1685:
The Fechtbücher themselves rarely if ever mention complex footwork, which caused a debate among historians whether or not there was complex footwork in
Liechtenauer's system. However, the fencing master Hugo Wittenwiler strongly implies that "fancy footwork" was seen as impractical and even dangerous
863:
was entertained by longsword fencers at a party (the sources specifically mention the swords as "alte, zweihändige
Schlachtenschwerter", in English: "old, two handed battle swords"). One German source states: "the young prince (Louis XIV) was very excited by the stage fencing provided by fencers from
858:
or a surviving
Spanish Medieval school of fencing). Although the German school of fencing was mostly distributed in the Holy Roman Empire, there are hints of practitioners even in Greece, Spain and Scandinavia. The German fencing master Konrad Ditzefeldberg stated in the late 16th century: "the noble
853:
In spite of the surging popularity of the
Italian and Spanish rapier, elements of the German tradition survived well into the 17th century. Even in 1614, many fencing masters based their fighting styles on the tradition. An example is would-be master Joachim Meyer, who based his early rapier fencing
612:
The 17th century military expert Johann Jacob von Wallhausen describes that longsword fencing was in large parts used as a basis for both fencing with the pike as well as bayonet fencing and the soldier and experienced shootist D.M.B.G.L compares close combat with the bayonet directly with halfsword
472:
L'Ange also writes, "you can hide your rapier well under your mantle and thus avoid any provocation in public. A long sword may cause problems and excite enemies". But L'Ange also pays tribute to the Marksbrüder and states, "their art is truly a knightly science, it must be preserved for the coming,
1494:
In the Fool's Guard, the point of the sword is lowered to the ground, appearing to "foolishly" expose the upper parts of the body and inviting an attack. Although the Fool's Guard exposes the upper openings, it does provide excellent protection to the lower openings. From the Fool's Guard an attack
636:
The geographical origin of the tradition of Liechtenauer is difficult to establish. There are several places called "Lichtenau" in Germany, and Ms. 3227a states explicitly that Johannes Liechtenauer traveled widely to learn from as many masters as possible. Of course, it is to be assumed that there
485:
There are paintings from the middle of the 18th century that show practitioners still using long swords in the fencing schools of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter. It cannot be verified if these depictions are anachronistic or they show techniques and practices of the original Liechtenauer tradition
339:
In 1514, Emperor Maximilian L. gave special privileges to both the Marksbrüder and much later to the Federfechter, and propagated the fencing style of Liechtenauer in the entire Holy Roman Empire (it became de facto the dominant martial arts within the Holy Roman Empire, despite the fact that there
1422:
A vertical descending hew that ends in the guard Alber. This hew is dealt to the opponent's upper openings, most often to the opponent's head, where the hair parts (hence the name of the hew). Through the principle of überlauffen, "overrunning" or "overreaching", a Scheitelhau is used to break the
616:
Despite the German fencing school's decline since the 16th century, its basics, techniques, movements and tactics remained powerful and influential in bayonet fencing as well as pike and polearm combat and was spread slowly across many different European countries. The Hews "Pflug", "Langort" and
461:
make references in their works to the excessive number of deaths among the member of the traditional fencing guilds and the massive destruction of the regions in which they were active (this also explains why most of the surviving schools and lines were active in the eastern part of the Holy Roman
1480:
a position with the sword held to either side of the body with the pommel near the back hip, with the point aiming at the opponent's chest or face. Some historical manuals state that when this guard is held on the right side of the body that the short edge should be facing up and when held on the
543:
The last known source who mentions living members of the Marksbrüder is the "Jagd-Zeitung" ("Hunting Newspapers") part 9 from 1866. The author Jos Baader, mentions living veterans of the old fencing schools who were still alive but very old (he mentions a gentleman who is in his late 80s, but was
505:
mentioned the existence of both the Brotherhood of St. Mark and the Federfechter as well as the existence of "Klopffechter" (artistic and stage fencers who used blunt weapons) as late as 1735. He further stated that there were alive in 1817 at least a handful of skilled people who knew how to use
1324:
Called "five hews" in 3227a, later "hidden hews," and in late manuals "master hews", these likely originated as secret surprise attacks in Liechtenauer's system, but with the success of Liechtenauer's school, they may have become common knowledge. All five are attacks from the first phase of the
588:
After the war, Germans started to vastly prefer modern American stage fencing (which was a mix between 19th century saber fencing and some East Asian martial arts techniques), probably due to the popularity of Hollywood movies in Germany after the second world war. Classical German stage fencing
554:
Some aspects and basics—such as the Huten, the basic four guards of the Liechtenauer traditions, and some terminology (terms such as "Schrankhut" and "Langort" can still be found in rare German stage fencing literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries), as well as the four basic cuts and the
3387:
Fixed Bayonets: A Complete System of Fence for the British Magazine Rifle, Explaining the Use of Point, Edges, and Butt, Both in Offence and Defence; Comprising Also a Glossary of English, French, and Italian Terms Common to the Art of Fencing, with a Bibliographical List of Works Affecting the
528:
The German historian Alfred Schaer presented evidence that longsword fencing was referenced in descriptions and even portrayed on images of the Marksbrüder and the Federfechter as long as these institutions existed. He makes the argument that longsword fencing was such an integral part of the
934:
are introduced by some general principles (foll. 13–17). The anonymous author explicitly states that Liechtenauer had cast his teaching in opaque verses intended to hide their meaning from the uninitiated. He stressed that there is "only a single art of the sword" which had been the same for
521:
The collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1806, and the wars and battles of the period destroyed several of the remaining old fencing schools and led to the death of many active fencers. It is possible that the Napoleonic wars brought an end to most of the remaining lines of the Liechtenauer
1640:: "tugging", a technique used in a strong bind between blades in which a combatant goes weak in the bind so as to disengage his blade from the bind and stabs or hews to the other side of the other combatant's blade. This technique is based upon the concept of using weakness against strength.
2502:
Sechs Fechtschulen (d. i. Schau- und Preisfechten) der Marxbrüder und Federfechter aus den Jahren 1573 bis 1614; Nürnberger Fechtschulreime v. J. 1579 und Rösener's Gedicht: Ehrentitel und Lobspruch der Fechtkunst v. J. 1589: Eine Vorarbeit zu einer Geschichte der Marxbrüder und
2005:
Sechs Fechtschulen (d. i. Schau- und Preisfechten) der Marxbrüder und Federfechter aus den Jahren 1573 bis 1614; Nürnberger Fechtschulreime v. J. 1579 und Rösener's Gedicht: Ehrentitel und Lobspruch der Fechtkunst v. J. 1589: Eine Vorarbeit zu einer Geschichte der Marxbrüder und
506:"battle swords" ("Schlachtschwerter", another name for either longswords or Zweihänder). Büsching goes on to say that the art was dying out very slowly, mostly due to the fact that there were fewer living fencers who were trained by the few remaining Marxbrüder und Federfechter.
448:
fencing was gradually discontinued at noble fencing schools, including most universities, at the time. The rapier had an advantage in that it could be worn well with the clothing of that time period when longswords were typically seen as too large to be worn fashionably.
1195:) relate to the amount of force that is applied in a bind, or contact, of the swords. Here, neither is better than the other, but one needs to counter the opponent's action with a complementary reaction; strength is countered with weakness, and weakness with strength.
517:
Some historians assume that it was the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire which directly led to the end and eventual extinction of its unique fencing culture, because the downfall of the Empire did also destroy much of its oldest institutions and practices.
2213:
950:
the difficulty of explaining techniques in words and the importance of direct instruction and intensive training, offering the aphorism that "exercise is better than art, because exercise without art is useful, but art without exercise is useless"
3507:
3253:"'L' Art Militaire Françoise Pour l'Infanterie : Contenant l'exercice et le maniement des armes, tant des Officiers, que des Soldats, réprésenté par des Figures en taille-douce déssinées d'après Nature ...' - Digitalisat | MDZ"
1362:
A vertical hew from above that reaches across the direct line to the opponent, traveling left from a right position and vice versa. Krumphau is almost always accompanied with a wide diagonal sideways step. The Krumphau breaks the guard
473:
yet unborn generations!". However, some civilian fencers still practiced the German school instead of the rapier-fencing of the noble elite. The last known practitioner by name was Theodori Verolini in 1679, when he published his book
514:, holy Roman Emperor who enjoyed the presentation very much. Strangely enough, the public demonstrations of these fencing styles seem to end very abruptly, despite the big popularity they had among both noblemen and common citizens.
576:
Wilhelm Fabricius (1894–1989), a silviculture scientist and passionate admirer of historical martial arts and fencing even wanted to reconstruct German medieval fencing on the basis of traditional stage fencing and the Fechtbuch of
509:
The last of public displays of longsword fencing was on 5 November 1741, the author clearly mentions the use of "Schlachtenschwerter" ("battle swords"). The most prominent guest of one of the last of these displays was the young
3472:"But you will still find some "sporting" master, who says, that he himself has created a new art of fencing. But I want to see one of these men, who has created a technique, that is not included in master Lichtenauers art"
604:
Bayonets (daggers or short swords which were mounted on the barrels of the muskets) were first introduced in either France or Germany in the 16th century and became commonly used in the 17th century (especially during the
497:
during the late 17th century and the foil became a fashionable training weapon in the 18th century, however both fencing with the longsword and the Dusack was till being taught in the fencing schools of the Marksbrüder.
304:
The history of the German school of fencing in the tradition of Liechtenauer spans roughly 250 years, or 8–10 generations of masters (depending on the dating of Liechtenauer) from 1350 to 1600. The earliest source, Ms.
3296:"Militia Discipline. The words of command, and directions for exercising the musket, bayonet and carthridge: And the exercise for the soldiers of the militia horse ... By W. B. Gent. (Will. Breton.) the second edition"
1763:, most armoured fights were concluded by wrestling moves, with one combatant falling to the ground. Lying on the ground, he could then be easily killed with a stab into his visor or another opening of the armour.
1622:: "over-running" or "overrunning", the act of countering a hew or thrust made from below with an attack from above; a slight step backward usually accompanies the attack, the higher blow out-ranging the lower one.
2702:
Abhandlung von den Thurnieren, besonders denen Deutschen: Nebst einem Vorschlage, diese festlichen Aufzüge und Uebungen zum Gebrauch der Reuterey zu erneuern, und der heutigen Kriegsverfassung gemäß einzurichten
2455:
539:
mentioned the death of an unnamed, 76-year-old (born in 1786) former member of the Marksbrüder, who having fenced longsword in his teenage years in the early 1800s, was possibly the last living practitioner.
1676:: "Winding", the combatant moves the strong side of his blade to the weak side of the opponent's blade to gain leverage while keeping his point online with the opponent's opening. There are eight variations.
2684:
Handbuch der gesetze und verordnungen welche für die polizei-verwaltung im österreichischen kaiserstaate von 1740–1852 erschienen sind: Mit einem nachtrage enthaltend die verordnunen von 1853 bis ende juni
2834:
1502:: Liechtenauer is emphatic that the above four guards are sufficient, and all guards taught by other masters may be derived from them. Later masters introduce richer terminology for variant guards:
3649:
Anfangsgründe der Fechtkunst: nebst einer Vorrede in welcher eine kurze Geschichte der Fechtkunst vorgetragen und von dem Nutzen derselben wie auch von den Vorzügen dieser Anweisung gehandelt wird
1936:(the term describes the change from a combat system into a martial sport) as a mitigation of the fight sequences first appeared in the late 18th century, when fencing, mostly took place with the
1349:) another oberhau, the impact and binding of the blades will result in the hew ending in a lower hanging at the center of the body. This strike is normally thrown to the opponent's upper opening.
1153:
vor noch swach stark Indes / an den selben woertern leit alle kunst / meister lichtnawers / Und sint dy gruntfeste und der / kern alles fechtens czu fusse ader czu rosse / blos ader in harnuesche
2209:
2105:
2094:
1199:
means "meanwhile" or "interim", referring to the time it takes for the opponent to complete an action. At the instant of contact with the opponent's blade, an experienced fencer uses "feeling" (
589:
became more and more rare and its practitioners started to die out. As of 2018, almost all of the practitioners of this classical style of stage fencing either have died or would be very old.
525:
Another source mentions living longsword fencers who were alive in 1819, but who were "without any fencing schools" (a reference to the decline of both the Federfechter and the Marksbrüder).
641:
of their details. What is now known as the "German school" comprises those traditions which were put on paper in the late medieval period, and this tradition of compiling written manuals or
1163:('meanwhile'), on these five words hinges the entire art of master Lichtenauer, and they are the foundation and the core of all combat, on foot or on horseback, unarmoured or armoured."
3282:"Speculum militare. Oder ... Schauplatz des Deutschen und Niederländischen Kriegs-Exercitien zu Tusz ... In hundert Kupferstucken erklahret und ans licht gebracht durch D. M. B. G. L"
555:
thrusts from all guards of medieval German longsword fencing—survived in some classic German stage fencing schools ("Bühnenfechtkunst") at least until the middle of the 20th century.
1616:: "after-traveling", the act of attacking an opponent after he has pulled back to attack, or an attack after the opponent has missed, or an attack following the opponent's action.
1380:
A high horizontal hew, with the short (backhand) edge when thrown from the right side and with the long edge when thrown from the left side. The Zwerchau breaks the guard vom Tag.
3115:
1078:"Young knight, learn to love God and revere noble ladies, so that your honour grows. Practice knighthood and learn the art that dignifies you, and brings you honour in wars."
2147:
364:. In the 16th century, the tradition became more a sporting exercise than a system of combat for duelling or the battlefield. Early 16th-century masters include Hans Wurm,
309:
of 1389, mentions a number of masters who are considered peers of Liechtenauer: Hanko Döbringer, Andres Jud, Jost von der Nyssen, and Niklaus Preuss. Martin Hundsfeld and
1578:: "long point", the sword point is extended straight out at the opponent. Many of the cuts pass through this transitional guard, and it is the natural ending of a thrust.
529:
tradition of these imperial institutions that they stubbornly clinged to it, even centuries after longsword fencing had lost its relevancy for battles or judicial duels.
2344:
859:
art of Liechtenauer may be at home in the (Holy Roman) Empire, but everywhere in Christendom you can find adherents and adepts of the art!". In 1646, the young prince
617:"Schlüssel" seem to have been considered the best guards and there were still references to their roots in older, medieval fencing styles as late as the 19th century.
3309:
2452:
2131:
1634:: "changing-through", name for various techniques of escaping a bind by sliding the sword's point out from underneath the blade and then stabbing to another opening.
1315:, "slicing off": Slicing attacks made with the edge of the sword by placing the edge against the body of the opponent and then pushing or pulling the blade along it.
1183:, one responds to the decisions made by his opponent. Under Liechtenauer's system, a combatant must always strive to be in control of the engagement—that is, in the
2927:
Ritterliche Waffenspiele, Schwert- und Stock-fechten, Bogenschiessen, Armbrustschiessen, Bau von Übungswaffen. Mit 66 abbildungen nach Zeichnungen des Verfassers
297:, which was written around 1300. The next documents date from approximately a century later, when records of the tradition attributed to the 14th-century master
3168:
2846:
1259:(close measure) the attacker and his opponent are so close that they are able to reach the other person with their hands. Most of the wrestling-techniques (
3372:"Die Bajonetfechtkunst oder Lehre des Verhaltens mit dem Infanterie-Gewehre als Angriffs- und Vertheidigungs-Waffe / Herausgegeben von Eduard von Selmnitz"
340:
were other martial art schools active in the Empire at the time). The Emperor also granted students the right to bear arms and allowed them to have duels.
2393:
1881:
as "fencing" in a pre-16th century context is an anachronism; the English verb "to fence" in the sense of "fighting with swords" arises in the 1590s, in
1446:
a basic position with the sword held either on the right shoulder or above the head. The blade can be held vertically or at roughly 45-degrees. The word
1587:
Other terms in Liechtenauer's system (most of them referring to positions or actions applicable in mid-combat, when the blades are in contact) include:
558:
The close relationship between longsword fencers of the Liechtenauer tradition and stage fencers can be traced back at least until the medieval period.
532:
The last practitioners of longsword fencing may have ceased activity with the dissolution of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter by the early 19th century.
3698:
1203:) to immediately sense his opponent's pressure in order to know whether he should be "weak" or "strong" against him. He then either attacks on the
383:
of Vienna"), which is one of the earliest printed fencing manuals. Comparisons with descriptions in other manuscripts from the period (such as the
3005:
Ritterliche Waffenspiele: Schwert- u. Stockfechten, Bogenschießen, Armbrustschießen, Bau von Übungswaffen ; Mit 66 Abb. nach Zeichn. d. Verf
1074:
Jung Ritter lere / got lip haben frawen io ere / So wechst dein ere / Uebe ritterschaft und lere / kunst dy dich zyret und in krigen sere hofiret
624:'s bayonet system - or smallsword fencing), there remained an influence of older, pike and longsword-based methods well into the 20th century.
1709:: this step begins by moving forward, making a tilt, moving slight backward movement and then attacking with the strong side of the other foot.
1693:: moving the rear foot in front while following with the behind one, all while transferring weight and stability from one foot to the other.
248:. The earliest surviving treatise on Liechtenauer's system is a manuscript dated to possibly the late 14th, or early 15th century, known as
2436:
420:
falls into this late period. The final phase of the tradition stretches from the late 16th to the early 17th century, with masters such as
2796:
1753:("murder strike"), an attack with the hilt when holding the sword at the blade, and then penetration into openings of the armour with the
1570:: "crown", the sword hilt is held out about head height with the point up. Kron is used at the bind and is usually a prelude to grappling.
403:
and others). A later manuscript, dated 1564 and attributed to Lienhart Sollinger, cites Pauernfeindt and is largely identical in content.
4025:
3822:
2779:
1409:
with the short edge. The Schielhau breaks both the Pflug and Langen Ort guards and can be used to counter-hew against a powerful Oberhau.
1397:
guard that ends in an upper hanger on the opposite side and usually targets the head or the right shoulder. It is basically a twist from
2763:
2409:
1986:
1207:
or remains in the bind until his opponent acts, depending on what he feels is right. When his opponent starts to act, the fencer acts
252:. More manuscripts survive from the 15th century, and during the 16th century the system was also presented in print, most notably by
4846:
4841:
3129:
2003:
876:. He used this weapon to exemplify several overarching martial principles that also apply to other disciplines within the tradition.
458:
267:
fencing by the early 17th century. Practitioners of the German school persisted at least until the end of the 18th century, though.
2032:
2019:
2356:
1495:
or displacement can be made with the false edge of the sword, or the hilt of the sword can be quickly raised into a hanging parry.
2295:
2283:
2271:
2380:
2128:
569:
to conserve classical German stage fencing and to teach specifically longsword fencing techniques to young boys who were in the
4790:
3402:
3484:
2241:
3945:
3901:
3885:
3832:
3802:
3452:
3412:
3267:"Künstliche Picquen Handlung. Darinnen schrifftlich und mit Figuren dieses ... Exercitium angewiesen und gelehret wirdt, etc"
3099:
3072:
3045:
2948:
2924:
2890:
2483:
3473:
4733:
1056:
A characteristic, introductory verse of Liechtenauer's – often repeated in later manuscripts – echoes classic 14th century
1942:
313:
were probably active in the early 15th century, but there is a scarcity of historical sources until the mid-15th century.
3727:
A Zornhau may be thrown from another guard, such as Ochs, but in doing so the person will move through the vom Tag guard.
734:
3035:
1272:
Liechtenauer and other German masters describe three basic methods of attack with the sword. They are sometimes called
17:
2340:
2308:
502:
4587:
3995:
3931:
3916:
3875:
3865:
3847:
3816:
3385:
2872:
4443:
3768:
3165:
3064:
Das SS-Helferinnenkorps: Ausbildung, Einsatz und Entnazifizierung der weiblichen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS 1942–1949
2420:
1467:
a position with the sword held to either side of the head, with the point (as a horn) aiming at the opponent's face.
1230:
Some of the later practitioners of the German school of fencing, such as Theodori Verolini, started to use the term
4360:
3550:
2148:
Location, Location, Location: What to keep in mind when choosing a place to fight | The Secret History of the Sword
1788:
1701:: a quick movement with the forward foot while the backfoot stabilizes the fast momentum by being focused sideways.
444:, and the German tradition becoming regarded as old-fashioned and unrefined among the nobility during the Baroque.
271:
3715:
4531:
620:
While there were other bayonet fencing systems (some which were based on saber fencing - like in the case of Sir
437:
2254:
1600:: "mutating", change of attack method, changing a displaced hew into a thrust, or a displaced thrust into a hew.
4629:
4467:
4351:
4076:
2391:
2184:
2989:
972:
The text goes on to present the core principles of successful swordsmanship in eight rhyming couplets (17v):
511:
4831:
3695:
3523:
Ein russischer Staatsmann: Des Grafen Jakob Johann Sievers Denkwürdigkeiten zur Geschichte Rußlands, Band 1
999:
3581:
Geschichte der Schiffahrt und Seemacht Gross-Britanniens von den frühesten Zeiten an bis auf das Jahr 1779
3209:
Die Kreussler'sche Stossfechtschule : Mit 120 nach des Natur gez. Abbildungen u. dem Porträt des Verf
2229:
4836:
4826:
4081:
2940:
Ein Kampf für das Recht der Musen: Leben und Werk von Karl Christian Müller alias Teut Ansolt (1900–1975)
1646:: "running-through", a technique by which one combatant "runs through" his opponent's attack to initiate
244:
Most authors of writings on the system are, or claim to be, in the tradition of the 14th-century master
3442:
2518:
453:
also led to a massive decline of both fencing schools and practitioners in the Holy Roman Empire. Both
3428:
3252:
2116:
1720:
592:
Today, the only surviving part of the medieval German school of fencing can be found in modern German
4856:
4821:
1793:
650:
410:, at preserving and reconstructing the teachings of the past century appeared. The foundation of the
317:
3528:
A Russian statesman: The Count Jakob Johann Sievers's Memorabilia on the History of Russia, Volume 1
2808:
179:("fencing books") written at the time. The geographical center of this tradition was in what is now
4609:
4308:
1798:
1481:
left side of the body the short edge should be facing down with the thumb on the flat of the blade.
1247:(middle measure) the attacker has to make one footstep to reach the other combatant with the blade.
846:
Karl Ludwig Blum mentioned that there were traveling masters, who gave lectures to noblemen in the
724:
293:
3675:
4492:
4127:
2665:
700:
333:
3647:
3495:
2433:
1147:
At the center of the art is an emphasis on swiftness, as well as on balance and good judgement:
536:
4851:
4189:
3632:
Versuch einer theoretischen Anweisung zur Fechtkunst im Hiebe: Mit 20 erläuternden Kupfertafeln
3089:
2837:[Baden 1939: The Gateway to the Destruction of Everyday life under National Socialism]
1607:
1345:
guard that ends in the Wechsel guard on the opposite side. When a Zornhau is used to displace (
3662:
3613:
2964:
2938:
2700:
2682:
2631:
768:
349:
4692:
4471:
4429:
3988:
3579:
3521:
3062:
2648:
2473:
2171:
1253:(near measure) the attacker can cut or thrust his enemy without having to make any footsteps.
1179:, one dictates his opponent's actions and thus is in control of the engagement, while in the
927:
855:
847:
692:
657:, who mentions a master of Swabia called Johannes "who was a student of Nicholai of Toblem."
638:
388:
298:
245:
111:
3630:
3341:
Kurtze iedoch deutliche Beschreibung des Pique-Spielens/ Wie auch des Trillens auf der Pique
1932:
could still be used for self-defense and never really became a fully combat sport. The term
1241:(wide measure) the attacker has to make two footsteps to reach his opponent with his weapon.
4741:
4407:
4234:
3795:
Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: Rediscovering The Western Combat Heritage
3557:
Information on fencing manuscripts and printed fencing books of the 16th and 17th centuries
3485:
http://www.lupi-venaritis.de/EuropKamfK/Dokumente/080317%20D%F6rbringer%20%DCbersetzung.pdf
3223:
3192:
2314:
Wöchentliche Nachrichten für Freunde der Geschichte, Kunst und Gelahrtheit des Mittelalters
625:
606:
450:
4329:
3552:
Aufschlüsse über Fechthandschriften und gedruckte Fechtbücher des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts
2083:
8:
4697:
4376:
4280:
4205:
4112:
4020:
3665:
Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Band 41 (1876)
3474:
http://www.lupi-venaritis.de/EuropKamfK/Dokumente/120105%20Lichtenauer%20Druckausgabe.pdf
2925:
http://mindhost.tumblr.com/post/141843140312/from-wiktenauer-the-exploits-of-19th-century
2912:
2072:
2030:
1855:
1780:
860:
738:
684:
667:
The 15th century Liechtenauerian tradition seems to have been geographically centered on
4174:
3153:
387:) confirm that this period was a transitional stage between the late medieval school of
4571:
4481:
4455:
4344:
4318:
4194:
4117:
4107:
4015:
3124:
2633:
Thassilo, Herzog von Bojarien: Ein vaterländisch-historisches Trauerspiel in 5 Aufzügen
1759:(short sword), which allowed stabbing with greater precision. From the evidence of the
1749:
821:
811:
661:
407:
392:
168:
123:
45:
3239:"Deutliche Beschreibung, von dem Exerciren in der Muszquet, in drey Theil abgetheilet"
4762:
4729:
4645:
4641:
4576:
4370:
4255:
4086:
3941:
3927:
3912:
3897:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3843:
3828:
3812:
3798:
3530:] (in German). Leipzig, Heidelberg: C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung. p. 38
3448:
3408:
3095:
3068:
3041:
2944:
2886:
2479:
2312:
1732:
1234:(measure) in the 17th century to explain the different ranges of the art of fencing.
801:
384:
316:
The mid-15th century saw the peak and decline of the "Society of Liechtenauer" under
160:
101:
96:
4224:
3355:
3339:
3323:
2548:
1835:"school of fencing" does not refer to the "German school" but to individual fencing
1610:" or "parrying" (upper/lower, left/right), to parry an attack with one's own weapon.
1035:
7. correct distance, concealing one's intentions, reason, anticipation and dexterity
780:
467:
Deutliche und gründliche Erklärung der adelichen und ritterlichen freyen Fecht-Kunst
4800:
4757:
4535:
4298:
4159:
4154:
3981:
2048:
1808:
654:
646:
593:
399:
as practiced in the late 16th century (as recorded in the later printed manuals by
180:
164:
138:
4507:
3186:
2500:
1136:) or "hidden hews" from which many masterful techniques arise, 12 "chief pieces" (
881:
719:). Masters or treatises of the period that can be located geographically include:
637:
were traditions of combat training throughout the medieval world, in spite of the
4795:
4747:
4737:
4725:
4614:
4546:
4518:
4412:
4250:
4229:
4219:
4179:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4102:
4051:
3964:
3960:(wiktenauer.com), a wiki dedicated to historical European martial arts in general
3757:
3702:
3596:
3371:
3295:
3281:
3266:
3238:
3207:
3172:
3166:
http://www.mittelalter-abc.de/gruppen-vereine/bund-deutscher-buehnenkampfmeister/
3019:
3003:
2716:
2602:
2459:
2453:
Marxbrüder und Federfechter « Stahl auf Stahl » Schwertkampf und Ringen
2440:
2397:
2217:
2036:
912:
908:
454:
441:
396:
353:
321:
220:
216:
127:
76:
72:
3741:
829:
365:
336:, which enjoyed a quasi-monopoly on teaching martial arts from 1487 until 1570.
4767:
4714:
4702:
4662:
4602:
4592:
4476:
4169:
4046:
1950:
1890:
1664:("overcut") such that the wrists of the opponent are sliced all the way around.
892:
751:
329:
232:
228:
207:. The German school of fencing focuses primarily on the use of the two-handed
119:
4815:
4650:
4597:
4551:
4487:
4337:
4270:
3677:
Churfürstlich-Pfalzbaierischer Hof- und Staatskalender: auf das Jahr ... 1802
2781:
Geschichte der Weltliteratur und des Theaters aller Zeiten und Völker, Band 2
2135:
1866:
1841:
1220:(with rough translation; they should each be explained in a separate section)
968:
the tactical importance of hiding the intended action from the opponent (16r)
872:
Master Johannes Liechtenauer based his system of fencing upon the use of the
835:
621:
578:
548:
547:
There were some living German longsword fencers alive during the lifetime of
489:
In 1726, Gottfried Rudolf Pommer auf Bugenhagen mentions, in his publication
421:
400:
357:
275:
253:
115:
3779:
3040:(in German). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1984.
2733:
2319:
Weekly news for friends of the history, art, and learning of the Middle Ages
1557:
The following are transitional stances that are not properly called guards:
291:
The first document of German heritage which shows fencing techniques is the
4666:
4541:
4497:
4438:
4275:
4184:
2990:
http://blogs.epb.uni-hamburg.de/kuk2012/files/2012/02/Coesfeld_3.Reich_.pdf
1740:
754:, in the 1440s to 1460s, was active throughout Southern Germany, including
742:
708:
696:
582:
570:
562:
412:
260:
172:
2159:
1874:
755:
377:
Ergründung der ritterlichen kunst des fechtens durch freyfechter czu Vienn
4681:
4671:
4619:
4260:
2768:(in German). Verlag und Druck von B. Leubner in Leipzig und Berlin. 1919.
2085:
Wiktenauer. Das Leben eines Söldners im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1618–1648)
1937:
1916:
1903:
The occasional spelling Paurñfeyndt is due to a misinterpretation of the
1886:
1882:
1803:
1755:
1628:: "off-setting", deflecting a thrust or hew at the same time as stabbing.
1099:
494:
380:
935:
centuries and which is the kernel and foundation of all arts of combat.
4707:
4402:
4265:
2400:. Geschichte des Fechtens in Deutschland Autor / Hrsg.: Dr. Ole Krönert
839:
794:
759:
325:
2835:"Baden 1939: Das Tor zur Zerstörung Der Alltag im Nationalsozialismus"
2721:(in German). Druck und Kommissionverlag F.A. Günther & Sohn. 1950.
2242:
1745 a Fechtschul of the Marxbrüder in Frankfurt « Hans Talhoffer
2150:. Fencingclassics.wordpress.com (2011-11-01). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
2107:
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, Erzähler und Schriftsteller
1862:
711:, which apparently originated in the southeastern part of the empire (
477:("The Artful Fencer"), which was based upon Joachim Meyers fechtbuch.
4772:
4655:
4502:
4417:
4214:
4041:
3938:
In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts
1760:
1647:
1122:
954:
the importance of footwork and stance (15v) and of correct distance (
939:
the principle of taking the shortest and most direct line of attack (
873:
815:
776:
772:
746:
728:
704:
680:
672:
445:
361:
208:
192:
188:
176:
68:
3205:
763:
675:, and influenced development in the adjacent territories, including
4676:
4582:
4433:
1057:
825:
274:
reconstruction since the late 19th century, when swordsmen such as
212:
184:
80:
3325:
Deutliche Beschreibung von dem Exerciren in der Musquete und Pique
2475:
Kulturgeschichte des Sports: Vom antiken Olympia bis zur Gegenwart
2296:
Geschichte des Kriegswesen von der Urzei bis zur Renaissance, 1880
1988:
Von unehrlichen Leuten: cultur-historische Studien und Geschichten
1309:, "stabbing": A thrusting attack made with the point of the sword.
1140:) that categorize the main components of the art, and five words (
741:
dialectal elements. By 1495, this manuscript had been acquired by
39:
4513:
4164:
4004:
2575:
1574:
904:
896:
805:
790:
688:
310:
224:
195:. During the period in which it was taught, it was known as the
3781:. Call to Arms: The German Longsword – An article by Bill Grandy
3037:
Das österreichische Theater in Krakau im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert
1025:
6. speed and courage paired with wariness, deceit and cleverness
1015:
Hewe stiche snete drücken / leger schütczen stöße fülen czücken
544:
once a practitioner of their specific longsword fencing style).
4720:
4688:
4567:
4524:
2189:
The Secret History of the Sword (Fencingclassics.wordpress.com)
1106:
1087:
1061:
885:
884:, and staff. Also part of the curriculum was fighting with the
880:(wrestling/grappling) was taught, as well as fighting with the
784:
716:
712:
676:
668:
433:
417:
264:
237:
84:
3770:. Higginssword.org. Kleine Kleine Toggenburger Chroniken, 1874
2129:
Deutliche Erklårung der Fechtkunst (Jean Daniel L'Ange)/Images
1283:, "hews": A hewing stroke with one of the edges of the sword.
1276:, "three wounders", with a deliberate pun on "three wonders."
1175:) correspond to offensive and defensive actions. While in the
941:
of das aller neheste vnd kors körtzste / slecht vnd gerade czu
779:
also was in Nuremberg in the late 15th to early 16th century.
462:
Empire or in regions that were far less affected by the war).
4752:
4624:
4149:
4061:
3091:
Die Bundeswehr: Eine politische Geschichte von 1955 bis heute
1904:
1528:
931:
695:. In the 16th century, there was an established tradition of
566:
306:
249:
211:; it also describes the use of many other weapons, including
3957:
2117:
Deutliche und gründliche Erklä – Titel – Digitale Sammlungen
1045:
8. training and confidence, speed, agility and good footwork
645:
of fighting systems appears to mostly have been confined to
4450:
4359:
3663:
http://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002645
1839:
held in the early modern period, equivalent to the English
1132:
The foundation of the system comprises five "master-hews" (
1019:
Winden vnd hengen / rücken striche sprönge greiffen ringen
903:
involved the sword: fencing with (single-handed) sword and
653:
document the German school, beginning with the writings of
3973:
3508:
DFG-Viewer > De arte athletica II – BSB Cod.icon. 393(2
1594:: "doubling", the immediate redoubling of a displaced hew.
1329:) and are long range, accompanied by triangular stepping.
1301:, "under hew": A stroke delivered from below the attacker.
992:
Gerader leip vnd gesvnder / eyn gancz vertik swert pesundr
2462:. Stahlaufstahl.de (2013-02-05). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
2119:. Digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
1289:, "over hew": A stroke delivered from above the attacker.
943:) disregarding flourishes or flashy parrying techniques (
3188:
Anweisung zum biebfechten mit graden und krummen klingen
3024:(in German). Friedrich Berlin Verlagsgesellschaft. 1970.
2232:. Thesis. Institut für Kunstgeschichte. uni-stuttgart.de
1427:
1218:
What follows is a list of technical terms of the system
1121:
The principal discipline is unarmoured fencing with the
1039:
Masse vörborgenheit / vernunft vorbetrachtunge fertikeit
707:. After 1570, there was a second influential guild, the
406:
In the mid 16th century, the first attempts, notably by
2162:. Wiktenauer.com (2013-02-02). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
1029:
Rascheit vnd kunheit / vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit
832:
was also in Augsburg, active during the 1540s to 1560s.
2943:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 429.
2913:
https://www.edoweb-rlp.de/resource/edoweb:4243521/data
1005:
Vor noch swach sterke / yndes das wort mete czu merken
793:, written in what is now Switzerland, most likely the
599:
480:
457:(a mercenary who fought in the Thirty Years' War) and
270:
Fencing with the German longsword has been a focus of
3154:
http://doczz.nl/doc/994840/stadtchronik-1950-bis-1964
2871:
Heydenreuter, Reinhard; Strobl, Birgit, eds. (2009).
1295:, "middle hew": A stroke delivered from side to side.
982:
Czu allem fechten / gehört dy hölfe gotes von rechte
565:, there was an interest among certain members of the
2744:] (in Czech). State Pedagogical Publishing House
2347:[On Fencing and Fencing Schools in Germany]
1984:
1770:
1713:
998:
3. the principles of offensive and defensive and of
733:
the oldest record of the Liechtenauerian tradition,
573:, under the name "Ritterspiele" ("Knightly Games").
375:
In 1516, Pauernfeindt published a treatise entitled
3742:
The Mastercuts – What They Are and What They Aren’t
2498:
2345:"Ueber Fechtspiele und Fechtschulen in Deutschland"
2244:. Talhoffer.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
2001:
1861:translates to the English etymological equivalent,
1049:
Vbunge vnd guter mut / motus gelenkheit schrete gut
2870:
2471:
1011:4.-5. a list of basic techniques (discussed below)
660:After the medieval period, emerging traditions of
427:
379:("Foundation of the knightly art of combat by the
332:, may have been involved with the founding of the
3870:vol. 2, Kriegshammer, Schild und Kolben, 2007. –
3601:(in German). Selbstverlag, Druck von C. Bellmann.
1341:A powerful diagonal hewing stroke dealt from the
649:. From about the same time, early records of the
259:The German tradition was largely eclipsed by the
4813:
3118:[Historical Calendar for the Year 2006]
1531:as a non-Liechtenauerian ward, identical to the
1144:) dealing with concepts of timing and leverage.
3894:Fighting Man's Guide to German Longsword Combat
3880:vol. 3: Scheibendolch und Stechschild, 2007. –
3840:Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Art of the Longsword
2212:. Phf.uni-rostock.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
2096:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen Werke
1405:with one step forward, striking simultaneously
440:became fashionable due to treatises by such as
3737:
3735:
3733:
3548:
3279:
175:periods. It is described in the contemporary
4345:
3989:
3652:(in German). bey Christian Friedrich Weygand.
3206:Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux (1849).
2832:
2650:Nachgelassene Schriften: Auswahl und Nachlese
2521:[Order of feather fencers in Prague]
2421:Die altdeutschen Fechter und Spielleute, 1901
465:Author Jean Daniel L'Ange writes in his book
3705:. Higginssword.org. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
1319:
197:
153:
3730:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3598:Die Fechtkunst im xv. und xvi. Jahrhunderte
3447:. Bartels & Wernitz. 13 February 1972.
2734:"Francouzská škola [French School]"
1656:: "pressing of hands", the execution of an
1393:A short edge (backhand) hew dealt from the
1215:before the opponent can finish his action.
965:, 14v, 16r-16v) with a fixed plan of attack
945:mit dem höbschen paryrn vnd weit vmefechten
4352:
4338:
3996:
3982:
3060:
2537:– via Ochs – Historische Kampfküste.
919:), the latter reserved only for nobility.
699:competitions. The dominant guild were the
286:
3744:by Bartholomew Walczak and Jacob Norwood.
3510:. Dfg-viewer.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
3116:"Historischer Kalender für das Jahr 2006"
3001:
2915:Geschichte der alterwürdigen Burg Waldeck
2784:(in German). Verlag von J. Neumann. 1896.
459:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
3924:Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship
3684:
3594:
3584:(in German). im Schwickertschen Verlage.
2699:Groeben, Georg Dietrich von der (1772).
2680:
2573:
2434:Geschichte deutschen Fechtkunst bis 1900
2339:
2307:
1719:
1263:) can only be used in the close measure.
1105:
1086:
961:the importance of taking the offensive (
4361:Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA)
3611:
3184:
2698:
2629:
1082:
14:
4814:
4791:Historical martial arts reconstruction
3809:The Longsword of Johannes Liechtenauer
3758:The Basic Guards of Medieval Longsword
3752:
3750:
3628:
3577:
3094:(in German). E.S. Mittler & Sohn.
3087:
2936:
2667:Ludwig Tieck's nachgelassene Schriften
2516:
2411:. Die Fechtunst – ein kurzer Überblick
2138:. Wiktenauer. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
2061:The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe
1159:"'Before', 'after', 'weak', 'strong',
535:On 16 April 1862, The Swiss newspaper
370:Paurnfeindt; Paurnfeyndt; Paurenfeyndt
159:) is a system of combat taught in the
4333:
3977:
3498:. Ejmas.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
3236:
3061:Mühlenberg, Jutta (18 October 2012).
2794:
2663:
2646:
1670:: "hanging" (upper/lower, left/right)
1428:Guards (also known as huten or leger)
343:
141:(indirectly) Bayonet fencing (partly)
4304:
3821:Knight, David James and Brian Hunt,
3645:
3629:Werner, Johann Adolf Ludwig (1824).
3519:
3175:Klassische, deutsche Bühnenfechtunst
3067:(in German). Hamburger Edition HIS.
2731:
2609:The Art of Staging Battles: Textbook
2600:
1915:. The modern form of the surname is
4026:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime
3860:vol. 1: Das Lange Schwert, 2006. –
3838:Lindholm, David & Peter Svard,
3747:
3559:] (in German). Berlin: Gaertner
3391:. William Clowes. 13 February 1890.
3280:D. M. B. G. L. (13 February 1680).
3237:Pasch, Johann Georg (14 May 1667).
2885:. Munich: Hanns Seidel Foundation.
2353:Ochs – historische Kampfkünste e.V.
2021:Kaiser, Fechtgilden und Privilegien
1885:, in reference specifically to the
1060:, addressing the student as "young
988:2. a healthy body and a good weapon
922:
703:which held their annual meeting in
600:Influence on modern bayonet fencing
481:Late survivals in the modern period
155:Deutsche Schule; Kunst des Fechtens
33:German school of historical fencing
24:
3965:Call to Arms: The German Longsword
3909:Fighting with the German Longsword
3407:. Andrews UK Limited. 6 May 2021.
3357:Vollständige Krieges-Kunst zu Fuße
2519:"Ordnung der Federfechter zu Prag"
2472:Wolfgang Behringer (9 July 2012).
2160:Theodori Verolini (wiktenauer.com)
2074:. Söldner im Dreißigjährigen Krieg
907:(or a large shield in the case of
348:Late 15th-century masters include
25:
4868:
3951:
3807:Heim, Hans & Alex Kiermayer,
2611:] (in German). Henschelverlag
2382:. Das Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit
2284:Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst
1911:as "ñ" and should be replaced by
1714:Armoured combat (Harnischfechten)
57:Historical German swordsmanship,
4847:History of the Holy Roman Empire
4842:Historical European martial arts
4369:
4313:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4060:
3857:– Mainz am Rhein. : Zabern
3773:
3762:
3088:Uzulis, André (1 January 2015).
2937:Mergen, Torsten (7 March 2012).
2309:Büsching, Johann Gustav Gottlieb
1789:Historical European Martial Arts
1773:
1743:made use of the same weapons as
1454:, is often translated as "roof".
1267:
958:, 15v) and speed of motion (16r)
899:. Two other disciplines besides
735:Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a
272:historical European martial arts
95:
38:
4314:
3721:
3708:
3668:
3656:
3639:
3622:
3605:
3588:
3571:
3542:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3478:
3461:
3435:
3421:
3395:
3378:
3364:
3348:
3332:
3316:
3302:
3288:
3273:
3259:
3245:
3230:
3216:
3199:
3178:
3159:
3147:
3108:
3081:
3054:
3028:
3012:
2995:
2983:
2957:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2864:
2826:
2788:
2772:
2756:
2725:
2709:
2692:
2674:
2657:
2640:
2623:
2594:
2567:
2541:
2510:
2492:
2465:
2446:
2426:
2414:
2403:
2385:
2374:
2333:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2247:
2235:
2222:
2203:
2185:"Fechtschule; Germany, 18th ct"
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2122:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2066:
1922:
428:Decline of the German tradition
368:, and Andre Pauernfeindt (also
278:first popularized the pursuit.
4077:Fencing at the Summer Olympics
3855:Mittelalterliche Kampfesweisen
3824:Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair
3646:Kahn, Anton Friedrich (1761).
3612:Krünitz, Johann Georg (1845).
3496:Journal of Western Martial Art
2053:
2042:
2024:
2013:
1995:
1978:
1897:
1848:
1825:
1547:: "unicorn", a variant of Ochs
1521:: "near guard" or "side guard"
867:
491:Sammlung von Merktwurdigkeiten
27:South German fencing tradition
13:
1:
3787:
3549:Wassmannsdorff, Karl (1888).
2805:Ochs – Historische Kampfküste
1985:Otto Adalbert Beneke (1857).
1972:
1582:
723:the oldest surviving manual,
44:page of Mscr. Dresd. C 93 by
4588:Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza
3718:. Geidelberg. uni-giessen.de
3444:Geschichte der Leibesübungen
2833:Wolkerstorfer, Otto (1999).
2551:[Historic Fencing].
2499:Karl Wassmannsdorff (1870).
2002:Karl Wassmannsdorff (1870).
1991:. Berthes, Besser und Waufe.
1660:("undercut") followed by an
1527:: "iron door", mentioned in
1211:(meanwhile) and regains the
930:'s teachings as recorded in
7:
4444:King René's Tournament Book
4082:World Fencing Championships
4003:
3191:. Friedrich Mauke. p.
3002:Fabricius, Wilhelm (1935).
2992:Kampfsport im Dritten Reich
2874:Bayrische Landesgeschichten
2845:(in German). Archived from
2807:(in German). Archived from
2681:Zaleisky, Adalbert (1853).
2478:. C.H. Beck. pp. 84–.
2355:(in German). Archived from
1945:[We Learn Fencing]
1766:
1680:
838:was active in the 1570s in
10:
4873:
3578:Hervey, Frederick (1779).
3520:Blum, Karl Ludwig (1857).
3156:Stadtchronik 1950 bis 1964
2604:Bühnenfechtkunst: Lehrbuch
2423:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23.
2298:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23.
2286:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23.
2274:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23.
2272:Der Rapier und das Florett
2228:Heidemarie Bodemer (2008)
727:of c. 1300, originates in
281:
4786:
4385:
4367:
4289:
4243:
4203:
4126:
4095:
4069:
4058:
4034:
4011:
3936:Tobler, Christian Henry,
3922:Tobler, Christian Henry,
3907:Tobler, Christian Henry,
3680:(in German). Franz. 1802.
3595:Hergsell, Gustav (1896).
2879:Bavarian regional stories
2718:Deutsches Bühnen-Jahrbuch
2439:24 September 2015 at the
1794:Italian school of fencing
1320:Master-Hews (Meisterhäue)
1098:, as shown on fol. 1r of
915:), and armored fighting (
828:was active in the 1540s.
651:Italian school of fencing
631:
133:
107:
90:
64:
53:
37:
3714:Nicholaes Detter (1887)
3429:"Cold Steel John Styers"
2630:Schlett, Joseph (1807).
2529:(in German). Vol. 9
2396:22 December 2017 at the
1818:
1799:English Longsword School
1225:
808:or surroundings, c.1510.
725:Royal Armouries Ms. I.33
294:Royal Armouries Ms. I.33
231:, as well as describing
149:German school of fencing
4493:Brotherhood of St. Mark
4377:The Martial Arts Portal
3797:, Paladin Press, 2008.
3344:. Fuhrman; Oelschlegel.
3224:"The Collector's Guild"
2670:(in German). Brockhaus.
2653:(in German). Brockhaus.
2341:Büsching, Johann Gustav
2210:Projekt Literaturkritik
2035:2 December 2017 at the
818:was active in the 1520s
701:Brotherhood of St. Mark
626:William Ewart Fairbairn
561:During the time of the
334:Brotherhood of St. Mark
287:Late medieval tradition
235:and unarmed grappling (
3853:Schulze, André (ed.),
3635:(in German). Hartmann.
3171:7 January 2018 at the
3128:. 2006. Archived from
2799:[Sword dance]
2795:Kiermayer, Alexander.
2664:Tieck, Ludwig (1855).
2647:Tieck, Ludwig (1855).
2549:"Historisches Fechten"
2443:. schwertkampf-ochs.de
1949:. 2012. Archived from
1736:
1118:
1103:
797:, shortly before 1500.
475:Der Kůnstliche Fechter
328:. Kal's contemporary,
198:
154:
4693:Russian fist fighting
4472:Johannes Liechtenauer
4096:Modern fencing topics
3008:(in German). Franckh.
2688:(in German). F. Manz.
2574:Bachmann, D. (2015).
2517:Baader, Jos. (1866).
2432:Alexander Kiermayer.
2174:. files.wordpress.com
2039:Die kleine Fechtfibel
1723:
1535:of the Italian school
1109:
1090:
928:Johannes Liechtenauer
856:La Verdadera Destreza
848:Grand Duchy of Moscow
783:compiled a manual on
737:, appears to exhibit
432:In the 17th century,
389:Johannes Liechtenauer
299:Johannes Liechtenauer
246:Johannes Liechtenauer
137:German stage fencing
112:Johannes Liechtenauer
4424:Early Post-Classical
4408:Ancient Greek boxing
3892:Thomas, Michael G.,
3701:8 April 2008 at the
3618:(in German). Krause.
2732:Plch, Pavel (1981).
2601:Koch, I. E. (1954).
2321:]. Breslau: Korn
1943:"Wir lernen Fechten"
1831:The historical term
1167:The terms "before" (
1083:Unarmoured longsword
537:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
108:Famous practitioners
4832:German martial arts
4698:bare-knuckle boxing
4630:Scottish broadsword
4462:Late Post-Classical
4281:Martial arts manual
4113:High school fencing
4021:Glossary of fencing
3374:. 13 February 2024.
3298:. 13 February 2024.
3269:. 13 February 2024.
2965:"Wilhelm Fabricius"
2458:24 May 2012 at the
1877:", but translating
1856:Early Modern German
1781:Martial arts portal
861:Louis XIV of France
769:Johannes Lecküchner
739:East Central German
639:absence of evidence
350:Johannes Lecküchner
223:(with or without a
34:
4837:German Renaissance
4827:Fencing in Germany
4572:Ridolfo Capo Ferro
4482:Paulus Hector Mair
4456:Le jeu de la hache
4391:
4118:Wheelchair fencing
4108:Collegiate fencing
4016:History of fencing
3212:. Friedrich Mauke.
3135:on 16 October 2015
3125:University of Bonn
2852:on 5 February 2018
2742:Historical fencing
2705:(in German). Korn.
2580:Kunst des Fechtens
2255:"Fechtschule 1726"
2216:2008-02-26 at the
1930:Kunst des Fechtens
1873:has come to mean "
1737:
1699:The gathering step
1119:
1104:
978:1. the help of God
822:Paulus Hector Mair
812:Christian Egenolph
408:Paulus Hector Mair
393:German Renaissance
344:German Renaissance
199:Kunst des Fechtens
169:German Renaissance
124:Paulus Hector Mair
59:Kunst des Fechtens
46:Paulus Hector Mair
32:
18:Andre Pauernfeindt
4809:
4808:
4781:
4780:
4646:Giuseppe Radaelli
4642:Classical fencing
4577:Francesco Alfieri
4327:
4326:
4256:Modern pentathlon
4087:Fencing World Cup
4070:Main competitions
3946:978-0-9825911-1-6
3902:978-1-906512-00-2
3886:978-3-8053-3750-2
3833:978-1-58160-644-7
3803:978-1-58160-668-3
3470:Kunst gegeben hat
3454:978-3-87039-081-5
3414:978-1-78151-974-5
3101:978-3-8132-1010-1
3074:978-3-86854-500-5
3047:978-3-7001-0667-8
2950:978-3-86234-943-2
2892:978-3-88795-360-7
2814:on 27 August 2016
2485:978-3-406-63206-8
2362:on 27 August 2016
2261:. 22 August 2022.
2191:. 22 January 2010
1956:on 13 August 2012
1733:Codex Wallerstein
1564:: "hanging point"
1553:: "barrier guard"
1500:Additional Guards
1441:: "from the Roof"
1401:to opposite side
1388:: "squinting-hew"
1261:Ringen am Schwert
1110:fol. 2r, showing
1054:
1053:
802:Cologne Fechtbuch
693:Swiss Confederacy
607:Thirty Years' War
501:German historian
451:Thirty Years' War
424:and Jakob Sutor.
385:Cologne Fechtbuch
301:begin to appear.
205:"Art of Fighting"
161:Holy Roman Empire
145:
144:
102:Holy Roman Empire
91:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
4864:
4857:Trials by combat
4822:Combat treatises
4801:Academic fencing
4536:Fiore dei Liberi
4451:Medieval buckler
4388:
4387:
4373:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4317:
4316:
4309:Commons category
4307:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4244:Related articles
4064:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3811:, Part I -DVD-,
3793:Clements, John.
3782:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3756:John Clements .
3754:
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3185:W. Roux (1840).
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2969:Kulturimpuls.org
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2765:Der Schauspieler
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2017:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1926:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1852:
1846:
1829:
1809:Academic fencing
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1707:The offline step
1691:The passing step
975:
974:
923:First principles
655:Fiore dei Liberi
647:Southern Germany
594:Academic fencing
583:second world war
318:Peter von Danzig
217:medieval daggers
201:
181:Southern Germany
157:
139:Academic fencing
100:
99:
42:
35:
31:
21:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4796:Trial by combat
4782:
4777:
4615:Domenico Angelo
4556:
4547:Achille Marozzo
4413:Greek wrestling
4381:
4363:
4358:
4328:
4323:
4285:
4251:List of fencers
4239:
4199:
4122:
4103:Olympic fencing
4091:
4065:
4056:
4030:
4007:
4002:
3971:
3967:(myarmoury.com)
3954:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3726:
3722:
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3703:Wayback Machine
3694:
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3404:All-in Fighting
3401:
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3396:
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3173:Wayback Machine
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2800:
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2757:
2747:
2745:
2738:Historický šerm
2730:
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2558:
2556:
2553:Die Freifechter
2547:
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2511:
2497:
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2460:Wayback Machine
2451:
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2441:Wayback Machine
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2398:Wayback Machine
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2218:Wayback Machine
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2037:Wayback Machine
2029:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1934:Versportlichung
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1821:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1739:Combat in full
1716:
1683:
1585:
1509:: "wrath guard"
1430:
1357:: "crooked-hew"
1322:
1270:
1245:Mittlere Mensur
1228:
1171:) and "after" (
1085:
1017:
925:
917:Harnischfechten
909:judicial combat
870:
634:
602:
503:Johann Büsching
483:
455:Peter Hagendorf
442:Salvator Fabris
436:fencing of the
430:
354:Hans von Speyer
346:
322:Sigmund Ringeck
289:
284:
134:Descendant arts
128:Sigmund Ringeck
94:
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4703:Jack Broughton
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4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:Stick fighting
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:Joseph Swetnam
4600:
4595:
4593:English school
4590:
4585:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4477:Hans Talhoffer
4474:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4386:
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4382:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4301:
4290:
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4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3958:The Wiktenauer
3953:
3952:External links
3950:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3920:
3905:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3851:
3836:
3819:
3805:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3761:
3746:
3729:
3720:
3707:
3683:
3667:
3655:
3638:
3621:
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3587:
3570:
3541:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3477:
3460:
3453:
3434:
3420:
3413:
3394:
3377:
3363:
3347:
3331:
3328:. Oelschlegel.
3315:
3310:"Werksansicht"
3301:
3287:
3272:
3258:
3244:
3229:
3215:
3198:
3177:
3158:
3146:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3073:
3053:
3046:
3027:
3011:
2994:
2982:
2956:
2949:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2891:
2863:
2843:Rollett Museum
2825:
2787:
2771:
2755:
2724:
2708:
2691:
2673:
2656:
2639:
2622:
2593:
2566:
2540:
2509:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2445:
2425:
2413:
2402:
2384:
2373:
2332:
2311:, ed. (1816).
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2246:
2234:
2221:
2202:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2134:2013-04-12 at
2121:
2109:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2059:Sydney Anglo,
2052:
2041:
2023:
2012:
1994:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1921:
1896:
1891:Art of Defence
1847:
1842:Prize Playings
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1765:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
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1665:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1533:porta di ferro
1522:
1516:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1469:
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1424:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:: "thwart-hew"
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1224:
1191:) and "weak" (
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
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1036:
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1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
995:
994:
989:
985:
984:
979:
970:
969:
966:
959:
952:
948:
924:
921:
893:roundel dagger
869:
866:
844:
843:
833:
819:
809:
798:
788:
781:Albrecht Dürer
775:in the 1460s;
771:was active in
766:
752:Hans Talhoffer
749:
731:
633:
630:
601:
598:
482:
479:
438:Italian school
429:
426:
345:
342:
330:Hans Talhoffer
288:
285:
283:
280:
261:Italian school
233:mounted combat
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
120:Hans Talhoffer
109:
105:
104:
92:
88:
87:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4869:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Swordsmanship
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
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4817:
4802:
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4792:
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4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Lucien Gaudin
4649:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:French school
4608:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:George Silver
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:Spada da lato
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Joachim Meyer
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
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4409:
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4372:
4366:
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4355:
4350:
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4336:
4335:
4332:
4320:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Swordsmanship
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
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4148:
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4141:
4138:
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4129:
4125:
4119:
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4109:
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4098:
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4043:
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4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:Bill Grandy,
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:1-891448-07-2
3929:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:1-891448-24-2
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:3-8053-3736-1
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:3-8053-3652-7
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:1-58160-410-6
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3817:1-891448-20-X
3814:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3021:Theater heute
3015:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2797:"Schwerttanz"
2791:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2506:. Karl Groos.
2505:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2136:archive.today
2133:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2063:, 2000, p 46.
2062:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2009:. Karl Groos.
2008:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:However, the
1925:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Modern German
1864:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:Durchwechseln
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:: "wrath-hew"
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1268:Basic attacks
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:hard and soft
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
937:
936:
933:
929:
920:
918:
914:
911:according to
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
862:
857:
851:
849:
841:
837:
836:Joachim Meyer
834:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
813:
810:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
629:
627:
623:
622:Alfred Hutton
618:
614:
610:
608:
597:
595:
590:
586:
584:
580:
579:Joachim Meyer
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
556:
552:
550:
549:Alfred Hutton
545:
541:
538:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
513:
507:
504:
499:
496:
492:
487:
478:
476:
470:
468:
463:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
422:Joachim Meyer
419:
415:
414:
409:
404:
402:
401:Joachim Meyer
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
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371:
367:
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359:
358:Peter Falkner
355:
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296:
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279:
277:
276:Alfred Hutton
273:
268:
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262:
257:
255:
254:Joachim Meyer
251:
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170:
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165:Late Medieval
162:
158:
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150:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Joachim Meyer
113:
110:
106:
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86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
54:Also known as
52:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4667:Quarterstaff
4562:Early Modern
4542:Dardi school
4498:Federfechter
4439:Bem cavalgar
4375:
4374:
4276:Dueling scar
4190:Displacement
4185:Prise de fer
3970:
3937:
3923:
3908:
3893:
3854:
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3808:
3794:
3775:
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3648:
3641:
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3607:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3573:
3563:24 September
3561:. Retrieved
3556:
3551:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3527:
3522:
3515:
3503:
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3480:
3468:
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3290:
3275:
3261:
3247:
3232:
3218:
3208:
3201:
3187:
3180:
3161:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3130:the original
3123:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3063:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3004:
2997:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2968:
2959:
2939:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2878:
2873:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2842:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2741:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2683:
2676:
2666:
2659:
2649:
2642:
2636:(in German).
2632:
2625:
2615:11 September
2613:. Retrieved
2608:
2603:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2552:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:Jagd-Zeitung
2526:
2512:
2503:Federfechter
2501:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2448:
2428:
2416:
2405:
2387:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2352:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2318:
2313:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2237:
2230:as Fechtbuch
2224:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2124:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2044:
2026:
2015:
2006:Federfechter
2004:
1997:
1987:
1980:
1958:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1933:
1929:
1924:
1913:Paurenfeyndt
1912:
1908:
1899:
1889:
1878:
1870:
1858:
1850:
1840:
1837:competitions
1836:
1832:
1827:
1812:
1754:
1748:
1745:Blossfechten
1744:
1741:plate armour
1738:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:Unterschnitt
1657:
1654:Händedrücken
1653:
1644:Durchlauffen
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1608:displacement
1603:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1544:
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1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1472:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1433:Basic Guards
1432:
1431:
1423:guard Alber.
1417:: "part-hew"
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1333:
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1306:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1239:Weite Mensur
1238:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:. "Strong" (
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:Blossfechten
1126:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1073:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1004:
991:
981:
971:
962:
955:
944:
940:
926:
916:
901:Blossfechten
900:
891:(mainly the
888:
877:
871:
852:
845:
830:Jörg Wilhalm
743:Nicolaus Pol
709:Federfechter
697:Federfechten
666:
659:
642:
635:
619:
615:
611:
603:
591:
587:
575:
571:Hitlerjugend
560:
557:
553:
546:
542:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
508:
500:
490:
488:
484:
474:
471:
466:
464:
431:
413:Federfechter
411:
405:
397:Federfechten
376:
374:
369:
366:Jörg Wilhalm
347:
338:
315:
303:
292:
290:
269:
258:
243:
236:
204:
196:
173:early modern
152:
148:
146:
58:
29:
4682:Jogo do Pau
4672:Singlestick
4620:Small sword
4261:Knife fight
4204:Equipment (
3467:GNM 3227a:
2971:(in German)
2582:(in German)
2555:(in German)
2195:20 December
1960:15 December
1938:small sword
1917:Bauernfeind
1907:indicating
1887:Elizabethan
1883:Shakespeare
1833:Fechtschule
1804:Kampfringen
1761:Fechtbücher
1756:Halbschwert
1750:Mordstreich
1735:(Plate 214)
1729:Mordstreich
1725:Halbschwert
1662:Oberschnitt
1415:Scheitelhau
1313:Abschneiden
1274:drei wunder
1257:Enge Mensur
1251:Nahe Mensur
1151:(fol. 20r)
1142:fünf Wörter
1138:hauptstücke
1134:Meisterhäue
1100:Cod. 44 A 8
1066:jung ritter
913:Swabian law
895:) and with
868:Disciplines
563:Third Reich
522:tradition.
416:in 1570 at
395:"sportive"
381:Freifechter
227:), and the
177:Fechtbücher
163:during the
4816:Categories
4742:Lancashire
4708:James Figg
4430:Tournament
4403:Pankration
4266:Half-sword
3788:Literature
3716:Ring Kunst
3139:8 February
2856:4 December
2818:4 December
2748:6 December
2586:8 February
2559:8 February
2533:6 December
2366:8 February
1973:References
1620:Überlaufen
1614:Nachreisen
1583:Techniques
1551:Schrankhut
1515:: "change"
1475:: "plough"
1072:(fol 18r)
840:Strasbourg
795:Toggenburg
787:in c.1505.
760:Emerkingen
691:, and the
512:Francis I.
495:smallsword
326:Paulus Kal
183:including
4753:Icelandic
4656:Aldo Nadi
4503:Longsword
4418:Gladiator
4215:Body cord
4132:Bladework
2975:23 August
2172:JPG image
1650:with him.
1648:grappling
1604:Versetzen
1592:Duplieren
1562:Hengetort
1539:Schlüssel
1525:Eisenport
1407:downwards
1386:Schielhau
1369:Zwerchhau
1347:Versetzen
1327:zufechten
1293:Mittelhau
1123:longsword
874:Longsword
850:in 1505.
816:Frankfurt
785:grappling
777:Hans Folz
773:Nuremberg
756:Königsegg
747:Innsbruck
729:Franconia
705:Frankfurt
681:Rhineland
673:Franconia
446:Longsword
362:Hans Folz
256:in 1570.
250:Ms. 3227a
209:longsword
203:, or the
193:Nuremberg
189:Frankfurt
85:grappling
69:Longsword
4763:Scottish
4734:Cumbrian
4689:Pugilism
4677:La canne
4583:Destreza
4470::
4434:Jousting
4299:Category
4206:glossary
4195:Priority
4128:Footwork
3940:(2010),
3926:(2001),
3699:Archived
3534:3 August
3169:Archived
2456:Archived
2437:Archived
2394:Archived
2343:(1817).
2214:Archived
2132:Archived
2033:Archived
1863:to fight
1767:See also
1727:against
1681:Footwork
1626:Absetzen
1598:Mutieren
1519:Nebenhut
1489:: "fool"
1439:vom Tach
1355:Krumphau
1299:Unterhau
1058:chivalry
897:polearms
826:Augsburg
685:Lowlands
643:epitomes
391:and the
213:polearms
185:Augsburg
81:polearms
4768:Serbian
4730:Cornish
4726:English
4532:Italian
4514:Dussack
4397:Ancient
4319:Outline
4165:Riposte
4035:Weapons
4005:Fencing
3696:Abnemen
3388:Bayonet
2050:Fechten
1879:fechten
1875:fencing
1871:fechten
1859:fechten
1731:in the
1575:Langort
1545:Einhorn
1541:: "key"
1513:Wechsel
1507:Zornhut
1399:vom Tag
1395:vom Tag
1373:Twerhau
1343:vom Tag
1334:Zornhau
1325:fight (
1307:Stechen
1287:Oberhau
1112:vom tag
963:vorslag
905:buckler
806:Cologne
791:Cgm 558
689:Bohemia
662:fencing
311:Ott Jud
282:History
225:buckler
221:messers
48:(1540s)
4721:Breton
4636:Modern
4581:
4568:Rapier
4538:
4525:Ringen
4523:
4519:Dagger
4512:
4508:Messer
4486:
4468:German
4175:Flèche
4160:Remise
4155:Attack
3944:
3930:
3919:(2004)
3915:
3904:(2008)
3900:
3884:
3874:
3864:
3850:(2003)
3846:
3835:(2008)
3831:
3815:
3801:
3451:
3411:
3098:
3071:
3044:
2947:
2898:14 May
2889:
2881:]
2576:"HEMA"
2482:
2325:24 May
2259:HROARR
1940:. See
1905:siglum
1813:Mensur
1674:Winden
1668:Hängen
1638:Zucken
1462:: "ox"
1232:Mensur
1201:fühlen
1102:(1452)
1062:knight
951:(15r).
886:dagger
882:messer
878:Ringen
764:Zürich
762:, and
717:Vienna
713:Prague
683:, the
679:, the
677:Alsace
669:Swabia
632:Spread
434:rapier
418:Vienna
360:, and
324:, and
265:rapier
238:ringen
191:, and
171:, and
77:dagger
73:messer
4773:Swiss
4758:Irish
4748:Greek
4738:Devon
4625:Sabre
4230:Forte
4220:Piste
4180:Flick
4150:Feint
4145:Lunge
4140:Parry
4052:Sabre
3555:[
3526:[
3133:(PDF)
3120:(PDF)
2883:(PDF)
2877:[
2850:(PDF)
2839:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2801:(PDF)
2740:[
2607:[
2523:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
2349:(PDF)
2317:[
1954:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1865:. In
1819:Notes
1529:3227a
1487:Alber
1473:Pflug
1450:, or
1371:, or
1363:Ochs.
1281:Hauen
1226:Range
1209:indes
1197:Indes
1193:swach
1189:stark
1161:Indes
1116:alber
1092:pflug
956:mosse
932:3227a
889:Degen
567:NSDAP
307:3227a
229:staff
65:Focus
4235:Grip
4225:Lamé
4170:Ward
4047:Foil
4042:Épée
3942:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3862:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3565:2022
3536:2017
3449:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3141:2024
3096:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3042:ISBN
2977:2023
2945:ISBN
2900:2024
2887:ISBN
2858:2023
2820:2023
2750:2023
2685:1854
2617:2019
2588:2018
2561:2018
2535:2023
2480:ISBN
2368:2018
2327:2019
2197:2017
1962:2017
1854:The
1568:Kron
1460:Ochs
1452:dach
1448:tach
1403:Ochs
1181:nach
1173:nach
1114:and
1096:ochs
1094:and
800:the
671:and
147:The
1811:or
1606:: "
1213:vor
1205:vor
1185:vor
1177:vor
1169:vor
1129:).
1068:):
1064:" (
824:of
814:of
804:of
745:of
372:).
263:of
241:).
4818::
4740:,
4736:,
4732:,
4691::
4665::
4644::
4570::
4534::
4432::
4130:/
3911:,
3896:,
3842:,
3827:,
3749:^
3732:^
3686:^
3193:42
3122:.
2967:.
2841:.
2803:.
2736:.
2578:.
2525:.
2351:.
2257:.
2187:.
1909:en
1869:,
1222::
947:).
758:,
715:,
687:,
585:.
356:,
352:,
320:,
219:,
215:,
187:,
167:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
4744:)
4728:(
4717::
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4346:t
4339:v
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3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3567:.
3538:.
3457:.
3431:.
3417:.
3360:.
3312:.
3284:.
3255:.
3241:.
3226:.
3195:.
3143:.
3104:.
3077:.
3050:.
2979:.
2953:.
2902:.
2860:.
2822:.
2752:.
2619:.
2590:.
2563:.
2488:.
2370:.
2329:.
2199:.
1964:.
1919:.
1894:.
1845:.
1125:(
842:.
151:(
20:)
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