707:) with Mbida as leader. On 23 June 1962, FNU published a manifesto, signed by Mbida, Okala, Eyidi and Matip, in which they affirm their refusal to join the single-party state. The signatories add that a single-party state inevitably leads to dictatorship. Consequently, they were arrested and imprisoned in North Cameroun. This incarceration resulted in a significant deterioration of Mbida's physical appearance: he fell ill and became nearly blind. Following his release from prison in 1965, he was placed under house arrest. In 1966 he obtained permission to seek treatment in France at des Quinze-Vingts Hospital. On returning to Cameroon two years later, he was again placed under house arrest, in Yaoundé, from 3 August 1968 to 30 May 1972.
367:) and parliamentary elections were scheduled. Candidates were authorised to present themselves in their own name. Mbida and his team (Cococam et affiliated memberships) stood for election. At ALCAM, they created the Parliamentary Group of Cameroonian Democrats composed of 21 members with Mbida as leader. Mbida set up the internal autonomy of the UN Trust Territory of the Cameroons under French administration. On 16 April 1957, the latter became an autonomous State. On 12 May 1957, by 56 votes against 10 votes and 4 abstentions, he was appointed first
591:"La situation empire d'heure en heure et les communiqués et télégrammes intempestifs de Mbida ont surexcité l'opinion à tel point qu'il était difficile à prévoir. (...) nous en sommes arrivés au point où les choses doivent êtres dites clairement, voire brutalement. Je n'ai jamais demandé à venir au Cameroun, vous m'y avez nommé parce que d'autres n'ont pas été agréées. (...) Chacun doit maintenant prendre ses responsabilités, j'ai pris les miennes. J'entends en assumer toutes les conséquences. (...)"
266:" Voter Matin Abega, André Fouda, Charles Awono-Onana, Benoît Bindzi, Marc Etende, Philippe Mbarga – c'est voter Aujoulat – c'est voter Roland Pré – c'est voter le BDC – L'intégration du Cameroun à la France, le retour à l'indigénat, l'augmentation des impôts. Martin Abega et André Fouda sont les candidats de l'Administration. Electeurs, Electrices, soyez attentifs, évitez toutes cette liste. Votez seulement la liste André-Marie Mbida – la liste du coq vigilant et courageux "
589:). "The situation became worse by the hour and the press releases and the untimely telegrams of Mbida have overexcited public opinion to such an extent that it was difficult to predict. (...) We got to the point where things must be said clearly, even sharply. I never asked coming to Cameroon, you have named me because others have not been approved. (...) Everyone must now take his responsibility, I took mine. I intend to assume all the consequences. (...)" (French:
667:, a political minimum platform for Cameroon. Mbida came back to Cameroon in 1960 and he regained in a very short time period a national political audience that thirteen months of exile in Conakry (Guinea) had somewhat withered. On 10 April 1960, he was elected as deputy in his district. He obtained 23,770 votes against 0. Following these elections, the audience and even the popularity of Mbida were well established in Cameroon with a predominance in the region of
521:. Mbida informed Ramadier that the French High Commissioner has no right to interfere in the internal affairs of the autonomous State of Cameroon and to talk about the independence of Cameroon. Ramadier retorted by saying that the independence does not fall within the competencies of government of Cameroon but of the High Commissioner of the French Republic in Cameroon. This was the beginning of hostility to the top of the State.
19:
225:
solutions for the little people and the oppressed. Economically, he proposes the increasing the price of key export commodities, cocoa and coffee, and the elimination of intermediaries that disadvantage the small-scale farmers. He still defends the officials, the autochthonous or traditional chiefs that he proposes to remunerate. He claims an evolving institutions.
644:). He succeeded in having Ramadier transferred to another post. He replaced by Ahmadou Ahidjo who became Cameroon's first président on, 5 May 1960. Ahidjo who was at the beginning his friend, wanted to integrate Mbida in his first government but Mbida disagreed with Ahidjo's extremely pro-French politics and he refused and went into exile in
324:), that is a former government agency of colonial-area France, which was established to finance and co-ordinate the provision of facilities for the French colonial territories. His election was confirmed on 14 February 1956 and he immediately joined the SFIO Socialist Group at the French National Assembly and worked alongside
387:
posters that they put and which were labelled "No dogs and no Blacks'’. Any settler accused of racism was immediately expelled by his order of
Cameroonian territory, once he was notified. Thus, in a few months of power, André-Marie Mbida expelled more French than what has been done in 50 years of independence.
200:
gained seat, then he became
Adviser of the Assembly of French Union on 16 October 1953. Moreover, one can read in the Abel Eyinga book "Elected in spite of himself, Mbida draws conclusions from the attitude of layman missionary by breaking definitively with him, with the organization Aujoulat oriented (French:
573:
morning. On 12 February 1958, at 06 PM, it is unanimously adopted the immediate recall of
Ramadier by the Cabinet of French Prime Minister. Mbida was informed of this good news as soon as he went out of his plane : the High Commissioner, Jean Ramadier, was summoned to Paris of extreme urgency, by
679:
After he denounced the continued presence of French troops and French military bases in
Cameroon while accusing the north of being dominated by the Lamibe in an obsolete feudalism, Ahidjo dismissed the Democrats from their ministerial duties. In the years 1961–1962, the wave of rallying, dissolutions
572:
asked him (via a letter signed by latters which he showed) not to yield to the injunctions of the Prime
Minister. Mbida decided to inform supervisors of the High Commissioner of the French Republic in Cameroon. He travelled by plane on the evening of 13 February and arrived Friday, 14 February in the
473:
Furthermore, according to the
Trusteeship Agreements for the Territory of the Cameroons under French administration of 13 December 1946, the French administration should have let floating the flag of the United Nations on the administration building in Cameroon. The French colonial administration did
437:
asked him to support the idea of granting, in a short term, a somewhat of independence (i.e. an incomplete independence or a puppet independence) of
Cameroon, he took deeply offence by saying : "(...) what does that mean a somewhat of independence ? either there is an independence or there
199:
and the
Steering Committee of Cameroonian Democratic Bloc to see Mbida run for the post of Adviser of the Assembly of French Union which is the true cause of the break between the main protagonists. Mbida did not agree with this directive of Louis-Paul Aujoulat and Bloc. Thus, he ran for election and
189:
According to an anonymous and unsigned note (the author of this epistle chose not to sign his name but offered his observation about
Ajoulat-Mbida affair) dated 17 May 1954, the break between the Bloc and Mbida would come from the fact that the chairman of Bloc, Louis-Paul Aujoulat was convinced that
382:
While in Paris in
September 1957, he presented Cameroon as a pilot State in Africa. Moreover, he justified the UN trust to French administration until the complete independence and a seat (of Cameroon) at the UN, then he announced that this development strengthens the Franco-Cameroonian friendship.
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let him know about his thoughts and in reaction to this, Mbida decided to leave the Cameroonian Democratic Bloc and create his own movement, the Coordinating Committee of Cameroon. However, Germain Tsala Mekongo, former comrade-in-arms of Mbida, believes that this break is due to the jealousy of the
584:
Jean Ramadier, refused to go to Paris and he sent several telegrams stating that the French government asked him to accomplish a mission in Cameroon. He said that it is neither the day nor the time to retreat from this position by making him wearing the hat. He says that he is ready to complete his
347:
NKU, le Tam-Tam in its edition of March 1956 to justify his membership to the SFIO Socialist Group by saying that he could not stand alone at the French National Assembly and that the group's policy SFIO seemed to be the lesser evil among all those existing at that moments at French Parliament. He
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He devoted himself to the cause of workers and peasants of Cameroon. In his region of origin, he promoted cultural values in the traditional movement named Anacsama. Known as a devout Catholic, very close ties continue to unite him with the Catholic hierarchy, nevertheless he became closer to the
394:
of Cameroon which was controlled by the French. As a former seminarian, he confronted the white priests on the Cameroonization the clergy. He therefore became the initiator of the movement promoting the designation of Cameroonian priests in parishes. This activism earned him the hatred of Bishop
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Mbida also confronted openly and directly the French, this greatly pleased the Cameroonian people. He has accordingly decided to end racial segregation that occurred in neighbourhoods where white men used to live and in their pubs. He ordered the settlers to remove from their pubs, all offensive
651:
On 16 September 1958, when he was passing through Paris, André-Marie Mbida pronounced himself in favour of the immediate independence. On 3 October 1958, his political party published a press release where it demanded "the immediate independence of Cameroon – the total amnesty – the lifting of
585:
mission, to fulfill his mandate, at all costs. One can read in his telegrams: "As I have indicated, the operation was conducted very quickly because Mbida at the head of the government became impossible. The opposition to his person and more even to his methods grew stronger every day" (French:
224:
on 2 January 1956 in the third electoral district of the UN Trust Territory of the Cameroons under French administration. Like socialists, he acts as an advocate of poor people, small-scale farmers, supports minorities and he includes short-term amelioratory measures and long-term structural
516:
On 10 February 1958, Jean Ramadier delivered a speech at the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon. In his speech, he stated that France is prepared to grant independence to Cameroon in the near future. The next day, on 11 February 1958, Mbida, who has previously refused the idea of somewhat of
421:
Mbida knew that Cameroon was a relatively young country with no infrastructure nor skilled political elite, and he proposed a project to train a qualified (efficient) elite in a period of ten years. French officials saw that Mbida was an intelligent politician and as he also wanted to end
555:
Pursuant to his mandate and powers conferred upon him, strictly speaking in the texts of the State of Cameroon, Mbida formed a new government and Ramadier refused to ratify the government reshuffle. In accordance with Article 19 of the Status of Cameroon on 16 April 1957, it was not the
469:
Nevertheless, the autonomous State of Cameroun under French mandate did not have right to choose an anthem, a motto or a flag that could be different from those in use in France. In addition, the status of 16 April 1957 on the autonomy of the State of Cameroon should have this right.
627:
to any Cameroonian deputy who is ganging up on Mbida. He instigated a vote of no confidence against the Mbida's government and wrote the speech of Ahmadou Ahidjo. When Mbida returned to Cameroon, he addressed by telegram his resignation to the President of the French Republic,
277:" Chers Electeurs et Electrices, si vous l'approuvez, si vous estimez que la troisième circonscription mérite d'être représentée à l'Assemblée Nationale par un natif et non-par un très nuisible intrus, votez tous, le 2 janviers 1956, pour André-Marie Mbida "
211:
then by the dissolution of Cameroonian nationalist movements and the incarceration of several nationalist militants, Mbida led an active campaign for the amnesty for political prisoners. He also builts on a small mimeographed bulletin, "NKU, Le Tam-Tam'’.
556:
responsibility of the high commissioner to appreciate, to evaluate, to express an opinion on the names of ministers selected by the Prime Minister or to refuse to ratify a government reshuffle. In addition, it may remove the Prime Minister from office.
474:
not respect this principle by floating only the French flag. This was not consistent with the trusteeship agreements which provided that in any such territory, only the administration was entrusted to the trustee State, in that case France and the UK.
264:), the tax increases. Martin Abega and André Fouda are the candidates of the administration. Voters, be careful, avoid all this list. Give one's vote only for the list of André-Marie Mbida – the list of the watchful and brave cock". (French:
508:. He arrived in Cameroon on 3 February 1958 without his family and only a small suitcase as a personal baggage. On 4 February, he informed Mbida that he had a solution to solve the problem of Cameroon : breaking the interest of the
640:. In his telegram, he wrote: "I decided not lend nor subject myself to these illegal manoeuvrings, and I present today my resignation at the High Commissioner as Prime Minister, Head of the Cameroonian government" (French:
116:
and owner of plantations (one of the most prosperous cocoa farmers in the Lekié division) and of Mbono Marie, former midwife at Mvog-Betsi an Ewondo clan in Yaoundé Mbankolo and moreover granddaughter of the powerful ruler,
512:
by applying its program without it. Mbida went indignant that French High Commissioner may have had such a thought. Ramadier decided acting and interfering in the internal politics of the autonomous State of Cameroon.
587:" Comme je vous l'ai indiqué, l'opération a été menée très rapidement parce que Mbida à la tête du gouvernement devenait impossible. L'opposition à sa personne et plus encore à ses méthodes se renforçait chaque jour"
251:
During the campaign trail, one can read on a leaflet distributed to voters : "Voting for Matin Abega, André Fouda, Charles Awono-Onana, Benoît Bindzi, Marc Etende, Philippe Mbarga – It's giving one's vote to
461:
On 24 October 1957, he introduced to the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon, a bill establishing an emblem of the State of Cameroon. On 26 October 1957, he filled the bill on the adoption of the national anthem
410:) with the election of the executive committee – the adoption of a political platform – a motto: "God – Patrie – Justice – Equality" – an emblem: "the watchful and brave cock’’ (used since his election to the
454:, he said that: "I was flatly opposed to these proposals, because I considered them illegal, and also because I saw in them as the beginnings of integration of Cameroon within the French Union" (French:
1239:
559:
The ministers who have resigned refused to leave their ministry and let pass of the new ministers. Mbida ask to that Ramadier to take the appropriate actions. Ramadier informed him that Ahmadou Ahidjo,
642:" J'ai donc décidé de ne pas me prêter ni soumettre plus longtemps à ces manœuvres illégales et je remets ce jour au haut commissaire ma démission de Premier ministre, Chef du gouvernement camerounais"
671:. Nevertheless, the final battle that he would deliver against the Ahidjo's Government, the battle against the single-party state, the one-party system, would sound the knell of his political life.
466:", the motto of Cameroon "Peace – Work – Fatherland" and National Day "on May 10, date of the first session of the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon" instead of 14 July, the national day of France.
45:, the first Head of State of French-speaking autonomous Cameroon from 12 May 1957 to 16 February 1958, and the first political prisoner of independent Cameroon from 29 June 1962 to 29 June 1965.
195:
other Cameroonian Democratic Bloc members who were excessively concerned about the growing influence of André-Marie Mbida within the Bloc. Abel Eyinga rather thinks that it is the opposition of
536:
of Ahmadou Ahidjo dissociated from Mbida and resigns from the government coalition. To this end, he published a press release. As soon as the press release issued, the parliamentary group of
442:). He was opposed to this French policy consisting of fudging commitments, he said: "for 51 years, you did train Cameroonian people, now you want to go : this is unacceptable" (French:
440:" (...) ça veut dire quoi, une certaine indépendance ? Soit c'est l'indépendance, soit ça ne l'est pas... Il ne saurait y avoir de semi-indépendance ou de semblant-indépendance (...) "
1224:
318:
dated 27 October 1947. In addition, he is designated to serve on the Supreme Labour Council and the Steering Committee of the Investment Fund for Economic and Social Development (French:
718:). Mbida nearly gave up politics. The last moments of his life were made especially difficult by loneliness. In his 63rd year he blindly removed to the realm of celestial rewards at the
244:). He still intends to encourage monogamy and for him, divorce is not an option for religious marriages. He proposes a "formal opposition to the divorce of religious marriages"(French:
93:
rural school in 1943. He was very intelligent so he completed his studies and at least graduated as a lawyer in 1945. After completing his training in Law, he worked at the treasury in
137:), Simon Pierre Omgba Mbida, Cameroonian diplomat, Alphonse Massi Mbida, Company Head in Ile de France, Paul Etoga Mbida, a mathematics and physics student who died in France in 1985.
518:
360:
352:
695:
during its first conference since their rehabilitation, André-Marie Mbida and other opposition leaders, i.e., Marcel Bebey Eyidi (General Secretary of the Labor Party of Cameroon),
65:
Simon Monbele Ongo Nanga chief of Ngo logou and Edinding who led a rebellion against the German invaders and Ngono Veronique . André Marie MBIDA went to the rural primary school of
371:, first head of government and the facto Head of State of French speaking Cameroon. This designation was very symbolic because he was the second African-born Prime Minister in
699:(General Secretary of the Socialist Party of Cameroon) and Théodore Mayi Matip (deputy and Caucus Chair of The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon), founded a joint committee
242:" Je défendrai toujours l'enseignement privé et soutiendrai toujours que l'administration du territoire prenne à sa charge le traitement du personnel de cet enseignement "
456:" J'avais refusé catégoriquement ces propositions, car je les jugeais illégales, et aussi parce que je voyais en elles, l'amorce d'une intégration dans l'Union française"
240:). He wrote: "I will defend private education and I shall always support that the territory administration covers the teaching personnel salaries of this one" (French:
616:), was all to his cause. Jean Ramadier exceeded its powers. Saturday, 15 February evening, Mbida resigned from the Socialist SFIO parliamentary group and came back to
1126:
1113:
182:), André-Marie Mbida was just the spokesperson of COCOCAM. Its founders would be Manga Mado Ngoa Constantine Ombgwa Onésimus, Master Joseph Ateba and Ateba Yené (
569:
1044:
348:
spoke rarely to the French National Assembly. He mainly took part in two major debates: the Loi Cadre in March 1956 and the status of Cameroon in March 1957.
540:
showed solidarity with the group of Cameroonian Union and also resigned from the Mdida's government coalition. The press in Cameroon has as a headline "the
271:
In his profession of faith to voters, Mbida wrote: "Dear voters, if you approve, if you feel that the third electoral district should be represented in the
290:
and was involved in several government departments from 1949 to 1955. Mbida became the first native Cameroonian to be elected Member of Parliament at the
1229:
597:
545:
155:), an active political French party in the UN Trust Territory of the Cameroons under French administration. He is a Cameroonian Democratic Bloc (French:
126:
62:
668:
54:
101:
till 1954. As business representative, his monthly income varies between approximately 500,000 CFA francs and 800,000 CFA francs, or even a million.
396:
549:
1214:
159:) militant, a party affiliated with the SFIO. In 1952, he was elected to the Territorial Assembly and after that he is appointed Adviser to the
257:
208:
561:
565:
1249:
1244:
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Also, he was confronted to turmoils, to a crisis of confidence due to difficulties in establishing a minimum of order in the department of
1254:
1219:
1184:
90:
340:(1956 Overseas Reform Act) on the autonomy of French colonial territories and the UN trust territories under French administration in
260:– It's voting for the Cameroonian Democratic Bloc – The incorporation of Cameroon into France, the return to the Indigenousness Code (
1144:
167:
925:
Abwa, Daniel (1993), André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique, p.87-88
916:
Abwa, Daniel (1993), André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique, p.86-87
306:
On 31 January 1956, Mbida was both appointed to the Law and Justice Commission and to the Commission of overseas territories of the
907:
Abwa, Daniel (1993), André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique, p.86
320:
1152:
66:
1075:
1052:
1029:
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89:. He was for a while tempted by the idea of becoming a priest, but after he left the Seminary, he became Head Teacher of the
174:). The reasons for his departure are interpreted differently, depending on whether one is in favour of André-Marie Mbida or
1234:
1209:
53:
Andre-Marie Mbida was born on 1 January 1917 in Edinding (Cameroon) and died 2 May 1980 in Paris (France). He hailed from
934:
Daniel Abwa André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique, p.89
797:
Daniel Abwa André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique, p.46
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Official Records of the United Nations Fourth Committee of the UN General Assembly, 13th session, 885th meeting, p. 605
719:
1098:
692:
509:
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Daniel Abwa André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique
236:). In addition, he defends Catholic values. Thus, he advocates the fight "against secularism in general" (French:
447:
711:
685:
653:
608:. The French press is boiling. Everywhere Mbida is said to be right. The French Right-wing and especially the
403:
130:
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who accompanied him, are received at the Ministry of Overseas France, at the Prime Ministry and then at the
552:, president of ALCAM and asked him to provide his efforts to convince Mbida to resign or to push out Mbida.
287:
444:" pendant 51 ans, vous n'avez pas formé de gens, à présent vous voulez vous en aller : pas question "
232:. He claims "a progressive advance from Cameroon to its autonomy, and later to its independence" (French:
609:
578:
275:
by a native, not by a very harmful intruders, all vote for André-Marie Mbida on January 2, 1956"(French:
272:
125:
along with his halfbrother Essono Ela. They had six children, four sons and two daughters, among them,
77:
from 1929 to 1935, where he became a mathematics and Latin teacher, and later on at the Major Seminary
73:
division) and was a brilliant student. He then continued his secondary education at the Minor Seminary
38:
1090:
1067:
1021:
1018:
André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique
998:
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from 1935 to 1943. While studying in the grand Seminaire he became a friend of the future presidents
660:
494:
307:
291:
221:
34:
737:
International Crisis Group, Cameroon: Fragile State ? Africa Report N°160 – 25 May 2010, p. 5
481:, while France still perform the essential of the repression to the rise of the anti-imperialism.
234:" un acheminement progressif du Cameroun vers son autonomie, et plus tard vers son indépendance "
86:
710:
Until his death André-Marie Mbida refused to subscribe to the idea of a single-state-party; the
979:
Zang Atangana J-M, Les Forces politiques du Cameroun réunifié, tome I, Paris, l'Harmattan, 1989
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700:
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is not ... It can not be a semi-independence or a semblance of independence (...)" (French:
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1199:
537:
399:, Bishop of Yaoundé. These actions greatly increased the popularity of André-Marie Mbida.
8:
601:
451:
311:
253:
196:
191:
175:
548:) show solidarity with the North's elected members'’. Also on 11 February, Ramadier met
166:
The following year he resigned from the Cameroonian Democratic Bloc then he founded the
1168:
532:. On the evening of 11 February 1958, dramatic turn of events, the parliamentary group
423:
372:
341:
42:
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1071:
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Cameroun, des années de braises aux leçons de l'histoire. Vers une dynamique nouvelle
533:
501:
463:
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With 15 members of his caucus, the Cameroonian democrats, he effectively created the
286:
and against 20,517 votes for Louis-Paul Aujoulat. The latter held the seat since the
664:
633:
478:
283:
637:
574:
329:
109:
On 14 August 1946, he married Marguerite Embolo, daughter of Assiguena Fabien, an
620:. His resignation from SFIO parliamentary group took effect on 20 February 1958.
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325:
207:
Following the bloody events of May 1955, repressed by the colonial administrator
33:, a nationalist, the first Cameroonian to be elected Member of Parliament at the
681:
529:
505:
497:
411:
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82:
446:). On 27 February 1959, André-Marie MBIDA confirmed these manoeuvrings at the
310:. He also belonged to the Commission mandated to reform the Title VIII of the
1193:
1041:
Je me souviens de Ruben: mon témoignage sur les maquis du Cameroun, 1953–1970
696:
541:
525:
490:
118:
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for a year in 1945, and then became a business representative in Yaoundé and
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113:
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Espoirs et désilluSions au Cameroun : D’Andre-Marie Mbida à Paul Biya
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independence (i.e. a pupped independence), raised his voice during the
30:
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78:
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Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
691:
In January 1962, following the Ahidjo's soldiers' dispersal of the
427:
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70:
1087:
André Fouda, itinéraire politique d'un bâtisseur : 1951–1980
714:
refused to merge with the Cameroon National Union (CNU) (French:
645:
596:
Throughout the day of Friday, 14 February, André-Marie Mbida and
122:
98:
145:
18:
29:(1 January 1917 – 2 May 1980) was a Cameroonian
1145:
The French National Assembly website : André-Marie MBIDA
779:
The French National Assembly website : André-Marie Mbida
282:
Mbida gained seat with 66,354 votes against 47,001 votes for
74:
877:
Abel Eyinga, Introduction a la politique camerounaise, p.141
246:
une " opposition formelle au divorce de mariages religieux "
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Abel Eyinga, Introduction a la politique camerounaise, p.96
493:
was in Paris, where he met with the Deputy Prime Minister,
152:
1161:
The official website of the Cameroonian Party of Democrats
1160:
220:
André-Marie Mbida stood for election to Parliament at the
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La Presse du Cameroun no 2478, Tuesday, 13 September 1958
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La Presse du Cameroun no 2340, Thursday, 14 February 1958
859:
La Presse du Cameroun no 2340, Thursday, 13 February 1958
1225:
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
952:
La Presse du Cameroun no 2344, Tuesday, 28 February 1940
656:, will demand even the independence for 1 January 1959.
623:
While Mbida was in Paris, Jean Ramadier donated 200,000
1064:
Cameroun, du protectorat vers la démocratie – 1884–1992
970:
La Presse du Cameroun no 2535, Thursday, 9 October 1958
301:
722:, where he had been admitted two short weeks earlier.
746:
H. Mono Ddjana," André-Marie Mbida ", op. cit., p.508
57:
region of Cameroon. He was born into the traditional
1153:
Histoire du Cameroun – Université de Laval (Canada)
484:
850:Enoh Meyomesse, La chute d'André-Marie Mbida, p.22
841:Enoh Meyomesse, La chute d'André-Marie Mbida, p.21
823:Enoh Meyomesse, La chute d'André-Marie Mbida, p.19
190:Mbida has been informing his political opponents.
215:
1191:
504:of the French Republic in Cameroon, he replaced
675:The final battle against the single-party state
788:Okala, " André-Marie Mbida (1917–1958) ", p.21
581:. Ramadier is expected Saturday, 15 February.
228:He demands a purge of managerial staff in the
170:(Coordinating Committee of Cameroon) (French:
885:
883:
811:Enoh Meyomesse, Um Nyobè le combat interrompu
146:Break with Aujoulat and foundation of COCOCAM
889:Enoh Meyomesse, La chute d'André-Marie Mbida
41:, the second African-born Prime Minister in
22:André-Marie MBIDA and first Cameroonian flag
294:by the College of personal Status (French:
172:Comité de Coordination du Cameroun, COCOCAM
121:.one of the founders of the actual Capital
48:
1230:Cameroonian Party of Democrats politicians
880:
1038:
357:Assemblée Territoriale du Cameroun, ATCAM
524:After leaving the Council of Ministers,
365:Assemblée Législative du Cameroun, ALCAM
17:
1084:
1061:
1215:People from Littoral Region (Cameroon)
1192:
680:and merging of other parties with the
408:Parti des Démocrates Camerounais (PDC)
135:Parti des Démocrates Camerounais (PDC)
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684:of Ahidjo considerably weakened the
636:and at Minister of Overseas France,
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602:Presidency of the Republic of France
302:Head of autonomous State of Cameroon
1250:Prisoners and detainees of Cameroon
1245:Cameroonian prisoners and detainees
140:
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1255:Cameroonian independence activists
1220:People of French Equatorial Africa
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688:in the National Assembly in 1962.
157:Bloc Démocratique Camerounais, BDC
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716:Union Nationale Camerounaise, UNC
652:French mandate'’. His party, the
238:" contre le laïcisme en général "
693:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
510:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
485:The coup d'état of Jean Ramadier
390:He also crossed swords with the
361:Legislative Assembly of Cameroon
353:Territorial Assembly of Cameroon
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686:Cameroonian Party of Democrats
654:Cameroonian Party of Democrats
404:Cameroonian Party of Democrats
216:Conquest of the Palais Bourbon
131:Cameroonian Party of Democrats
129:, the present Chairman of the
104:
1:
1110:Um Nyobè le combat interrompu
1062:Bouopda, Pierre Kamé (2008),
985:
898:La Presse du Cameroun no 2432
1123:La chute d'André-Marie Mbida
1039:Prévitali, Stéphane (1999),
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256:– It's giving one's vote to
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1210:Cameroonian Roman Catholics
993:Mbida, Louis-Tobie (2010),
610:Popular Republican Movement
579:Minister of Overseas France
296:Collège de statut personnel
178:. According to Ateba Yene (
61:as the son of a mixed race
10:
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720:Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
705:Front national Unifié, FNU
39:Prime Minister of Cameroon
377:Head of State of Cameroon
351:On 23 December 1956, the
1185:La politique au Cameroun
1121:Enoh, Meyomesse (2007),
1108:Enoh, Meyomesse (2009),
495:Minister of the Interior
430:began to criticise him.
308:French National Assembly
292:French National Assembly
273:French National Assembly
222:French National Assembly
151:French Socialist Party (
49:Early life and education
35:French National Assembly
1158:(in French and English)
1127:Les Editions du Kamerun
1114:Les Editions du Kamerun
1085:Enyegue, Serge (2008),
544:(with the exception of
500:. Jean Ramadier became
262:The Code de l'indigénat
1169:L’histoire du Cameroun
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1068:Éditions L'Harmattan
1045:Collection Tropiques
1022:Éditions L'Harmattan
999:Éditions L'Harmattan
538:Independent Peasants
519:Council of Ministers
288:Liberation of France
163:on 10 October 1953.
661:Félix-Roland Moumié
452:UN General Assembly
312:French Constitution
204:) also: "the BDC".
197:Louis-Paul Aujoulat
176:Louis-Paul Aujoulat
570:Ndjiné Talba Malla
433:Indeed, while the
426:, then the French
424:racial segregation
373:Sub-Saharan Africa
342:Sub-Saharan Africa
87:Barthélémy Boganda
43:Sub-Saharan Africa
24:
1077:978-2-296-05445-5
1054:978-2-86537-807-4
1031:978-2-7384-1593-6
1008:978-2-296-10466-2
598:Mathias Djoumessi
546:Mathias Djoumessi
534:Cameroonian Union
502:High Commissioner
464:The Rallying Song
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63:Traditional ruler
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506:Pierre Messmer
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412:Palais Bourbon
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1205:1980 deaths
1200:1917 births
1182:(in French)
1174:(in French)
1166:(in French)
1150:(in French)
1142:(in French)
566:Adama Haman
416:Abong-Mbang
105:Family life
59:aristocracy
1194:Categories
986:References
625:CFA francs
258:Roland Pré
209:Roland Pré
726:Footnotes
703:(French:
630:René Coty
612:(French:
606:René Coty
406:(French:
363:(French:
355:(French:
338:Loi Cadre
314:, on the
91:Balessing
31:statesman
542:Bamiléké
428:settlers
254:Aujoulat
192:Aujoulat
646:Conakry
618:Yaoundé
450:of the
168:COCOCAM
123:Yaounde
99:Ebolowa
95:Yaoundé
1097:
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577:, the
435:Elysée
184:father
79:Mvolyé
414:) at
321:FIDES
75:Akono
71:Lekié
1095:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1003:ISBN
663:and
568:and
332:and
153:SFIO
111:Eton
85:and
67:Efok
37:, a
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180:son
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