Lycia - Knowledge

2869:

the councillors, selected from among the best. Therefore, it seems that there might have been a revolutionary popular uprising which could have overturned the established order. The annexation of Lycia seems to fit the common reason for annexing Roman client states or allies in this period: the loss on stability due to internal strife or, in some cases, the weakening or end of a ruling dynasty. The restoration of ancestral law was probably linked to the Roman practice of respecting and guaranteeing the ancestral laws, customs and privileges of city-states or leagues of city-states it made alliance agreements with in the eastern Mediterranean. Lycia was annexed, but the Lycian League was retained as so were self-governance regarding most local matters according to local traditional laws and the League's authority over local courts. The treaty concluded by Caesar in 46 BC had already established a framework for the distinction of judicial areas under the competence of the Lycian League and those under the Roman praetor peregrino (chief justice for foreigners) and could be used to define the assignment of legal areas between the Roman provincial governor and the League. The Romans re-established stability in Lycia and retained friendly relations with the Lycians and Lycian rights to their traditional laws, customs and privileges.

2848:

of the Romans as is proper in all circumstances." The other articles stipulated: 2) Neutrality of each party to the other's enemy; 3) mutual help in case of an attack on either party; 4) anyone charged with import or export of contraband goods was to be charged by the highest official of the two parties; 5) Romans accused of a capital crime in Lycia were to be judged in Rome by her own laws and Lycians accused of these crimes were to be judged in Lycia by her own laws; 6) Romans in a dispute with Lycians were to be judged in Lycia according to her own laws, if Lycians were brought to court by Romans the case was to be heard by whatever official the disputants chose for the case to be dealt with justly; 7) No person was to be taken as a surety, Roman and Lycian war prisoners were to be returned to their own countries, captured horses, slaves or ships were to be restored; 8) named cities, ports and territories which were restored to the Lycians were to belong to them; 9) both parties agreed to abide by the terms of this oath and the treaty. Details could be amended if both parties agreed.

1426: 2374:. The two leaders marched inland and reached Pamphylia levying soldiers from local rulers. They then got to the territory of Cibyra, ruled by another tyrant called Moagetes. When Roman envoys went to the city he begged them not to ravage his lands as he was a friend of Rome and promised a paltry sum of money, fifteen talents. Moagetes sent his envoys to Manlius' camp. Polybius had Manlius say that he was the worst enemy of Rome and that he deserved punishment rather than friendship. Moagetes and his friends went to meet Manlius dressed in humble clothing, bewailing the weakness of his town and begging to accept the fifteen talents. Manlius was 'amazed at his impudence' and said that if he did not pay 500 talents, he would lay his lands to waste and sack the city. Moagetes successfully persuaded him to reduce the sum to 100 talents and promised an amount of grain, and Manlius moved on. Polybius described Moagetes as "cruel and treacherous man and worthy of more than a passing notice." 2169: 1482:" has come into use among English-speaking scholars, but that is not a native term. The Lycian inscriptions indicate the monarch was titled xñtawati, more phonetically khñtawati. The holders of this title can be traced in coin legends, having been given the right to coin. Lycia had a single monarch, who ruled the entire country from a palace at Xanthos. The monarchy was hereditary, hence the term "dynast." It was utilized by Persia as a means of transmitting Persian policy. It must have been they who put down local resistance and transported the prisoners to Persepolis, or ordered them transported. Some members of the dynasty were Iranian, but mainly it was native Lycian. If the survivors of 546 were in fact herdsmen (speculation), then all the Xanthian nobility had perished, and the Persians must have designated some other Lycian noble, whom they could trust. 938: 2808:

allow enemies of Rome to cross all territory over which they had authority so that they could bring war on Rome or her subjects and was not to give them aid; 2) Rome was not to allow enemies of the Lycians to pass through territory they controlled or had authority over so that they might bring war on the Lycian League or the people subject to them and was not to give them aid; 3) if anyone started a war against the Lycian people first, Rome was to come to her aid as soon as possible and if anyone started a war against Rome, the Lycian league was to aid Rome as soon as possible provided that this was allowed to Rome and the Lycian League in accordance with the agreements and oath; 4) Additions and subtractions to the agreements were possible if each side agreed though a joint decision.

846: 2189: 2145: 1640: 2205: 1699: 2900: 1874: 1820: 1847: 1790: 1932: 1901: 1668: 1058: 2004: 1763: 712: 1563: 2024: 1384: 95: 1338: 452: 819: 4545: 1205: 550: 4307: 2221: 5811: 988: 1375:

Harpagids, did live in Lycia and was of sufficient rank to marry the king's daughter. As to whether the Iranian family were related to any satrap, probably not. Herodotus said that Satrapy 1 (the satrapies were numbered) consisted of Ionia, Magnesia, Aeolia, Caria, Lycia, Milya, and Pamphylia, who together paid a tax of 400 silver talents. This satrapy was later broken up and recombined. Keen hypothesizes that since Caria had responsibility for the King's Highway through Lycia, Lycia and Caria were a satrapy.

1221: 2277: 911: 3011: 2696:

detestable in order that their tyrants might openly assert a legal right over them and reduce them to the status of slaves bought with money.. the senate gave them a letter to and to the Rhodians that ...it was not the pleasure of the senate that either the Lycians or any other men born free should be handed over as slaves to the Rhodians or any one else. The Lycians possessed the same rights under the suzerainty and protection of Rhodes that friendly states possessed under the suzerainty of Rome."

1588: 2744:. Tlos was near the pass that leads over into Cibyra. The names of the other cities has been identified by a study of the coins and mention in other texts. The coins recognize two districts, termed, for want of a better term, "monetary districts:" Masicytus and Cragus, both named after mountain ranges, in the shadow of which, presumably, the communities lived and conducted business. Where coinage before the Lycian League had often been stamped LY for Lycia, it was now stamped KP (kr) or MA. 696: 2836: 2824: 2812: 972: 831: 1286: 1615: 1357:, which gave a sequel, as it were, to the names on the obelisk. Studies of coin legends, initiated by Fellows, went on. Currently, most (but not all) of the Harpagid Theory has been rejected. The Achaemenids utilized no permanent satrapies; the political circumstances changed too often. The conqueror of new lands was seldom made their satrap; he went on to other conquests. It was not the Persian custom to grant hereditary satrapies; satrap was only a step in the 877: 2261: 1371:

latter's son, therefore, Kheziga, who was Kheriga's uncle, must have predeceased Kuprlli. Arppakhu is listed as regnant on two other inscriptions, but he did not succeed Kuprlli. He must therefore have married a daughter of Kuprlli, and have also predeceased the long-lived Kuprlli. The latter then was too old to reign de facto. On the contemporaneous deaths of both him and his son-in-law, Kheriga, named after his paternal grandfather, acquired the throne.

1310:

that might shed light on the repopulation of Xanthos, Keen interprets Herodotus' "those Lycians who now say that they are Xanthians" to mean that Xanthos was repopulated by other Lycians (and not by Iranians or other foreigners). Herodotus said nothing of the remainder of Lycia; presumably, that is true because they submitted without further incident. Lycia was well populated and flourished as a Persian satrapy; moreover, they spoke mainly Lycian.

2935: 1076: 896: 862: 1450: 222: 926: 202: 623:

indication of the former size of the river. Upstream from the reservoir the stream lies in an unaltered gorge, flowing from the slopes of Baydağlari. The ancient route to Antalya goes up the valley and over the cul-de-sac, as the coast itself is impassible except by boat. The valley was the seat of ancient Solymus, home of the Solymi.

2707:

League did not have freedom over matters of war and peace: "Formerly they deliberated about war and peace, and alliances, but this is not now permitted, as these things are under the control of the Romans. It is only done by their consent, or when it may be for their own advantage." However, they had the freedom to choose a

1049:

were verbose in stone, carving memorial, historical and governmental inscriptions. Not all of these can yet be entirely understood, due to remaining ignorance of the language. The term "dynastic period" is used. If the government was any sort of federal democracy, there is no evidence of it, as the term "dynastic" suggests.

2794:

When Rome got involved in the eastern Mediterranean the Lycians allied with Rome. An inscription found in Tyberissos provides the first record of such an alliance treaty (foedus). The dating is uncertain. It precedes the treaty of 46 BC (see below) and could go back to the second or first century BC.

1374:

Kuprlli was the first king recorded for certain (there was an earlier possible) in the coin legends. He reigned approximately 480–440. Harpagos was not related by blood. The conqueror, therefore, was not the founder of the line, which was not Harpagid. An Iranian family, however, producing some other

4723:

The Lycians were essentially Greeks so they were moved to Greece, leaving a small population of Turkish farmers to move in behind them. The Greek ghost town of Kaya in the hills behind Fethiye is the most dramatic reminder of this exodus, but derelict Greek houses can also be seen at Kalkan, Kas and

2847:

An inscription found on a statue-base found in Thespiae attests that in 46 BC Julius Caesar signed a treaty with the Lycian league. It had nine articles. The first article stipulated "Friendship, alliance and peace both by land and sea in perpetuity "Let the Lycians observe the power and preeminence

1309:

Herodotus also says or implies that 80 Xanthian families were away at the time, perhaps with the herd animals in alpine summer pastures (pure speculation), but helped repopulate the place. However, he reports, the Xanthians of his time were mainly descended from non-Xanthians. Looking for any nuance

1305:

Archaeological evidence indicates there was a major fire on the acropolis of Xanthos in the mid-6th century BC but, as Antony Keen points out, there is no way to connect that fire with the event presented by Herodotus. It might have been another fire. The Caunians, says Herodotus, followed a similar

581:

The next ridge to the east, Beydağlari, 'the Bey Mountains', peaks at Kizlarsevrisi, 3,086 m (10,125 ft), the highest point of the Teke Peninsula. It is most likely the ancient Masicytus range. Between Beydağlari and Akdağlari is an upland plateau, Elmali, where ancient Milyas was located.

622:

across a barrier beach into the Mediterranean. This configuration is entirely modern. Upstream the river is impounded behind Alakir Dam to form an urban-size reservoir. Below the reservoir a braided stream alternates with a single, small channel flowing through irrigated land. The wide bed gives an

585:

The Akçay, or 'White River', the ancient Aedesa, brought water from the slopes to the plain, where it pooled in two lakes below the town, Karagöl and Avlangöl. Currently the two lakes are dry, the waters being captured on an ongoing basis by irrigation systems for the trees. The Aedesa once drained

565:

The next ridge to the east is Akdağlari, 'the White Mountains', about 150 km (93 mi) long, with a high point at Uyluktepe, "Uyluk Peak", of 3,024 m (9,921 ft). This massif may have been ancient Mount Cragus. Along its western side flows Eşen Çayi, "the Esen River", anciently the

2868:

which has been dated to late 46/early 45 BC the Lycians, who described themselves as 'faithful allies’, praised Claudius for freeing them from disturbances, lawlessness and brigandage and for the restoration of the ancestral laws. It makes a reference to the transfer of power from the multitude to

2706:

Strabo wrote that there were twenty-three cities which came together for a general assembly and had a share in its votes "after choosing whatever city they approve of". The last statement is unclear. The largest cities had three votes, the medium-sized ones two, and the rest one. He noted that the

2702:

wrote that the Romans sent envoys to Rhodes to say that "the Lycians had not been handed over to Rhodes as a gift, but to be treated like friends and allies." The Rhodians claimed that king Eumenes of Pergamon had stirred up the Lycians against them. In 169 BC, during the Third Macedonian War, the

2695:

they had been in liberty in comparison. It was slavery, rather that just political oppression: "they, their wives and children were the victims of violence; their oppressors vented their rage on their persons and their backs, their good name was besmirched and dishonoured, their condition rendered

1277:

Valley an army of Xanthian Greeks sallied out to meet them, fighting determinedly, although vastly outnumbered. Driven into the citadel, they collected all their property, dependents and slaves into a central building, and burned them up. Then, after taking an oath not to surrender, they died to a

1173:

The Lukka lands were never a unified kingdom, instead having a decentralized political structure. Archaeological remains of the Lukka people are sparse. The Lukka people were famously fractious, with Hittite and Egyptian records describing them as raiders, rebels, and pirates. Lukka people fought

2125:

illustrated the images of various gods, the first portraiture of actual rulers appears with the coinage of Lycia in the late 5th century BC. No ruler had dared to illustrate his own portrait on coinage until that time. The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a

1048:

overran Lycia. Despite its resistance, because of which the population of Xanthos was decimated, Lycia became part of the Persian Empire. The first coins with Lycian letters on them appeared not long before 500 BC. Lycia prospered under a monarchy set up by the Persians. Subsequently, the Lycians

2807:

in Anatolia in the first century BC. The preamble stated: "There will be peace and loyal alliance between the People of the Romans and the cities of Lycia and the assembly of the Lycians by land and sea for all time.” There were four clauses which stipulated that: 1) the Lycian League was not to

1092:

was mainly inhabited by Dorians at the time. After the defeat of the Persians by the Greeks, Lycia became open to further Greek settlement. During this period, inscriptions in Lycian diminished, while those in Greek multiplied. Complete assimilation to Greek occurred sometime in the 4th century,

631:

There are at least 381 ancient settlements in the broader region of Lycia-Pamphylia, with the vast majority of these in Lycia. These are situated either along the coastal strip in the protecting coves or on the slopes and hills of the mountain ranges. They are often difficult to access, which in

1399:

policy toward Lycia was hands-off. There was not even a satrap stationed in the country. The reason for this tolerance after such a determined initial resistance is that the Iranians were utilizing another method of control: the placement of aristocratic Persian families in a region to exercise

1334:. Concluding that this person was the conqueror of Lycia in 546, Fellows conjectured that Harpagos had been made permanent satrap of Lycia for his services; moreover, the position was hereditary, creating a Harpagid Dynasty. This theory prevailed nearly without question for several generations. 1370:

The next logical possibility is that Kheriga's father, Arppakhu, was a descendant of the conqueror. In opposition, Keen reconstructs the dynastic sequence from coin inscriptions as follows. Kheriga had two grandfathers, Kuprlli and Kheriga. The younger Kheriga was the successor of Kuprlli. The

589:

The easternmost ridge extends along the east coast of the Teke Peninsula, and is called, generally, Tahtali Dağlari, "The Tahtali Mountains." The high point within them is Tahtali Dağ, elevation 2,366 m (7,762 ft), dubbed "Mount Olympus" in antiquity by the Greeks, remembering

1363:. And finally, a destitute mountain country would have been a poor reward for Cyrus' best general. The main evidence against the Harpagid Theory (as Keen calls it) is the reconstruction of the name of the Xanthian Obelisk's deceased as Lycian Kheriga, Greek Gergis ( 2678:

in Strabo's Greek transliterated, a "standing together") is first known from two inscriptions of the early 2nd century BC in which it honors two citizens. Bryce hypothesizes that it was formed as an agent to convince Rome to rescind the annexation of Lycia to

2168: 1527:

created the kingship on reorganizing the satrapies in 525, and that on the intestate death of Kubernis in battle, the Persians chose another relative named Kheziga, who was the father of Kuprlli. The Lycian dynasty may therefore be summarized as follows:

1306:

example immediately after. If there was an attempt by any of the states of Lycia to join forces, as happened in Greece 50 years later, there is no record of it, suggesting that no central government existed. Each country awaited its own fate alone.

582:

The elevation of the town of Elmali, which means 'Apple Town,' from the density of fruit-bearing groves in the region, is 1,100 m (3,600 ft), which is the highest part of the valley below it. Fellows considered the valley to be central Lycia.

795:

in smaller mountain villages which are in the process of depopulation. Since it is mainly walked in March – June and Sept–Nov, it also has lengthened the tourism season. The Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry promotes the Lycian coast as part of the

2859:

wrote that Claudius ‘reduced the Lycians to servitude because they had revolted and slain some Romans and he incorporated them in the prefecture of Pamphylia." He also provided some details of the investigation of this affair conducted in the senate.

586:

the plain through a chasm to the east, but now flows entirely through pipelines covering the same route, but emptying into the water supplies of Arycanda and Arif. An effort has been made to restore some of the cedar forests cleared in antiquity.

2144: 574:. The Xanthos Valley was the country called Tŗmmis in dynastic Lycia, from which the people were the Termilae or Tremilae, or Kragos in the coin inscriptions of Greek Lycia: Kr or Ksan Kr. The name of western Lycia was given by 2665:

The Lycian league of independent city-states was the first such democratic union in history and the league remained strong in spite of the mountainous terrain, invasions of foreign powers and attempts of tyrants to take power.

811:

ruins, which date back to 3000 BCE, that are also popular among the tourists. The inhabitants are also known for their weavings called "Dastar", which Turkish Patent Institute granted a geographical indication status in 2019.

800:

or the Turquoise Coast, but the most important part of this is further west near Bodrum. This coast features rocky or sandy beaches at the bases of cliffs and settlements in protected coves that cater to the yachting industry.

3995:

The History of the Peloponnesian War: Translated from the Greek of Thucydides. To which are Annexed, Three Preliminary Discourses. I. On the Life of Thucydides. II. On His Qualifications as a Historian. III. A Survey of the

2703:

relationship between Rome and Rhodes became strained and the Roman senate issued a decree which gave the Carians and the Lycians their freedom. Polybius recorded a decree “freeing” the Carians and Lycians in 168–7 BC.

594:

in Greece. These mountains create a rugged coastline called by Fellows eastern Lycia. Much of it has been reserved as Olimpos Beydağlari Parki. Within the park on the slopes of Mount Olympus is a U-shaped outcrop,

5506: 1272:

Arriving at the southern coast of Anatolia in 546 BC, the army of Harpagus encountered no problem with the Carians and their immediate Greek neighbors and alien populations, who submitted peacefully. In the

2711:

as the head of the league and to designate general courts. He also noted "since they lived under such a good government, they remained ever free under the Romans, thus retaining their ancestral usages ."

1330:. Fellows could not read the Lycian inscription, except for one line identifying a person of illegible name, to whom the monument was erected, termed the son of Arppakhu in Lycian, equivalent to Greek 1131:

in 1923. The Turks had won wars against both Greece and Armenia in the preceding few years, settling the issue of whether the coast of Anatolia was going to be Greek or Turkish. The intent of the

1135:

was to define borders that would not leave substantial populations of one country in another. Some population transfers were enforced. Former Greek villages still stand as ghost towns in Lycia.

538:('the Dalaman River'), the ancient Indus, formed the traditional border between Caria and Lycia. The stream, 229 km (142 mi) long, enters the Mediterranean to the west of modern-day 7271: 7281: 2771:. According to Strabo, Cibyra had two votes, while the other three cities had one and the tetrarchy was ruled by a benign tyrant. When Murena ended the tyranny he included the cities of 807:

village is a popular touristic attraction among the tourists beyond the Lycian Way due to its historic architecture and narrow cobblestone streets. The village is also located near the

1981:, with the exception of Telmessos and Phaselis. In 429 BC, Athens sent an expedition against Lycia to try to force it to rejoin the League. This failed when Lycia's leader Gergis/ 1489:, which says "this monument has brought glory to the family (genos) of kaika," which has a letter missing. It is probably not *karikas, for Kherika, as the latter is translated in the 7276: 7266: 618:

between Baydağlari and Tahtalidağlari, the Alakir Çay ('Alakir River'), the ancient Limyra, flows to the south trickling from the broad valley under superhighway D400 near downtown

2996:. A small population of Turkish farmers moved into the region when the Lycian Greeks migrated. The region is now one of the key centres of domestic and foreign tourism in Turkey. 1037:

devised for the purpose from the Greek alphabet of Rhodes. However, the Luwian languages originated in Anatolia during the 2nd millennium BC. The country was known by the name of

2922:(the mainstay of the Byzantine navy from the mid-7th century until the early 8th century). After the Karabisianoi were disbanded (between c. 719/720 and c. 727) they became the 1097:

and his fellow Macedonians. There is no agreement yet on which inscription in the Lycian language is the very last, but nothing dated after the year 300 BC has yet been found.

2188: 1523:

There is a gap, however, between him and Kuprlli, who should have had a father named the same as his son, Kheziga. The name Kubernis does not appear again. Keen suggests that

2888:, see above) is refuted by the existence of legati Augusti pro praetore Lyciae (imperial provincial governors of Lycia with propraetorial rank). The adoptive son and heir of 6979: 845: 5853: 5517: 791:, follows part of the coast of the region. The establishment of the path was a private initiative by a British/Turkish woman called Kate Clow. It is intended to support 5497: 5493: 346:, it seceded and became independent (its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by 937: 1127:

All Greek-speaking enclaves in Anatolia were exchanged for Turkish speakers in Greece during the final settlement of the border with Greece at the beginning of the

744:

found the cities of Lycia "interesting more for their history than for their monuments, since they have retained none of their former splendor," many relics of the

5264: 5089:

D, Elton H (2022) Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity. PLoS ONE 17(6): e0270295.

804: 5520: 2691:

put Lycia under Rhodian control in 190 BC. He wrote that a Lycian embassy complained about the cruel tyranny of the Rhodians and that when they were under king

6229: 5491: 2204: 7231: 1265:

dynasty, resolved to complete the conquest of Anatolia as a prelude to operations further west, to be carried out by his successors. He assigned the task to

331:

The many cities in Lycia were wealthy as shown by their elaborate architecture starting at least from the 5th century BC and extending to the Roman period.

5408: 4297: 1269:, a Median general, who proceeded to subdue the various states of Anatolia, one by one, some by convincing them to submit, others through military action. 632:

ancient times was a defensive feature. The rugged coastline favored well-defended ports from which, in troubled times, Lycian pirate fleets sallied forth.

3130:, settled in Milyas among the Termilae. The name Lycia was adopted subsequently in honor of Lycus. (It had in fact been around much longer under the name 818: 3917:, p. xxvi. – Coin Series I of the British Museum, bearing the KUB, is dated by Hill to the window 520–480, somewhat less precisely than the 520–500. 6224: 3552: 3478: 1425: 1408:, mentions some redistributed prisoners of war, among whom were the Turmirla or Turmirliya, Lycian Trm̃mili, "Lycians." They lived during the reign of 1400:

putative home rule. There is some evidence that the Lycian population was not as docile as the Persian hand-off policy would suggest. A section of the

2755:(83–81 BC) in Anatolia deposed Moagetes, a tyrant of the tetrapolis (four towns) in the Cibyratis (northern Lycia). It had been formed by the city of 1512:, "Cybernis, son of Cosicas," where Cosicas is for Kheziga. Cybernis went to the bottom of the Straits of Salamis with the entire Lycian fleet in the 2036:

The Lycians once again fell under Persian domination, and by 412 BC, Lycia is documented as fighting on the winning side of Persia. The Persian

1520:. According to this theory, Cybernis was the KUB of the first coin legends, dated to the window, 520–500. The date would have been more towards 500. 2220: 1104:, which allowed the Lycians home rule under their own language, which at that point was Greek. Lycia continued to exist as a vassal state under the 7261: 5846: 5810: 5550: 4134:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

2301:

by 304 BC. In 301 BC Antigonus was killed by an alliance of the other successors of Alexander, and Lycia became a part of the kingdom of

1741:

Son-in-law of Kuprlli. The elderly Kuprlli, when he became incapacitated, remained nominal king, but real power rested with Arpakkhu as his regent.

1237:

Herodotus writes more credibly of contemporaneous events, especially where they concerned his native land. Asia Minor had been partly conquered by

464: 5516: 3249: 2988:. The abandoned Greek villages in the region are a striking reminder of this exodus. Abandoned Greek houses can still be seen in the region, and 1684: 4680: 2981: 4205:

The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century.

5472: 5257: 1493:

as Gergis. A more likely possibility is *kasikas for Kheziga, the same as Kheriga's uncle, the successor to Kuprlli, who predeceased him.

5839: 5511: 5429: 4451: 4437: 2748: 5438: 4409: 1124:; Turkish colonization of the area soon followed. Turkish and Greek settlements existed side-by-side, each speaking their own language. 7251: 5518: 5504: 5503: 5480: 5479: 2708: 384:

for 20 years, taking it back in 168 BC. In these latter stages of the Roman Republic, Lycia came to enjoy freedom as a Roman

5512: 5475: 5447: 5434: 3855:

The Lydian tombs at Pinara and Xanthos, on the south-coast of Asia Minor, were excavated like the early Indian rock-hewn chaitya-hall.

5453: 3087: 5500: 5477: 3302: 5465: 5458: 5454: 5401: 5157: 2029:

Reconstruction of the Nereid Monument, British Museum. This was a new "Greek Temple" type of tomb for Lycia, adopted circa 380 BC.

7236: 6986: 5250: 4173: 1770:

Fifth in succession, son of Arppakhu. Probably regent for Kuprlli in his last years, after his death Kheriga became king himself.

5515: 5514: 5510: 5459: 5445: 5440: 5432: 5431: 2884:. Cassius Dio's statement that Claudius incorporated Lycia into Phampylia (which he had as governed by a prefect, rather than a 7256: 2864:

wrote that Claudius "deprived the Lycians of their independence because of deadly intestine feuds." In an inscription found at

5498: 5492: 5487: 1508:, previously interpreted as "Cyberniscus, the son of Sicas," two non-Lycian names. A slight regrouping of the letters obtains 1170:

records. The toponyms Lukka and Lycia are believed to be cognate, as are the names of numerous Lukkan and Lycian settlements.

5513: 4579: 3636: 3586: 5144: 5098:

Lycian families in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. A regional study of inscriptions: towards a social and legal framework

5917:

established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

5543: 5462: 5205: 2355: 5507: 5505: 5444: 5394: 2683:. It is not known for certain whether it was formed before or after Lycia was removed from Rhodian control. According to 2126:

hero in a stereotypical undifferentiated manner, showing a bust or the full body, but never an actual portrait, on their

1958:

in the Eastern Mediterranean circa 478 BC. However, the Lycian were still on the Persian side during the expeditions of

607:

gas, naturally perpetually escaping from below through the rocks, feeds eternal flames. This is the location of ancient

6359: 5428: 4906: 4880: 3611: 1401: 5457: 5446: 6508: 5499: 5105: 4716: 4337: 4235: 4198: 4142: 4115: 4048: 4021: 3793: 3747: 3517: 3334:"Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity" 2985: 2962: 2688: 1639: 440: 5433: 2795:

The context in which this treaty was made in unknown. It could have been concluded during the expansionist moves by

7221: 570:, Lycian Arñna, originating in the Boncuk Mountains, flowing south, and transecting the several-mile-long beach at 5831: 5484: 1404:

called the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, regarding the redistribution of goods and services in the Persepolis

534:. This is a fairly low range peaking at about 2,340 m (7,680 ft). To the west of it the steep gorges of 94: 6933: 6184: 5536: 5439: 5213: 5035: 328:. At that time (546 BC) the Luwian speakers were displaced as Lycia received an influx of Persian speakers. 5468: 4282: 6252: 6176: 6165: 5494: 5478: 4955: 2079: 1485:

The first dynast is believed to be the person mentioned in the last line of the Greek epigram inscribed on the

5463: 5452: 5435: 3289:

Mountain and plain: from the Lycian coast to the Phrygian plateau in the late Roman and early Byzantine period

7226: 6319: 5953: 5467: 5437: 4947:

Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians & Their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 545 – 362 BC

3332:

Jacobson, Matthew J.; Pickett, Jordan; Gascoigne, Alison L.; Fleitmann, Dominik; Elton, Hugh (27 June 2022).

2803:(192–188 BC), or during or after this war. Alternatively, it could have been concluded in the context of the 1683:

During Kuprlli's long reign at least a dozen local Lycian rulers started to mint their own coins, among them

17: 5490: 2040:

were re-installed, but (as the coinage of the time attests) they allowed local dynasts the freedom to rule.

6756: 5862: 5755: 5508: 2290: 1954:(479 BC), the Lycians may have temporarily joined the Greek side during the counter-attacks of the Spartan 365:. Due to the influx of Greek speakers and the sparsity of the remaining Lycian speakers, Lycia was rapidly 5559: 5469: 5443: 5123: 3264: 2051:, at a time when Western Lycia was directly under Persian domination. Pericles took an active part in the 7286: 6239: 5633: 5488: 5485: 3199: 3099: 2227: 876: 355: 5509: 5464: 5448: 5436: 5430: 3257: 5740: 5470: 5077: 5001: 4965: 4926:– Covers the Lycians and where they lived, their history, language, culture, cults, and their language. 4465: 4423: 4383: 3171: 895: 777: 675: 397: 7241: 5502: 5495: 5476: 4526: 4482: 2058:

After Perikles, Persian rule was reestablished firmly in Lycia in 366 or 362 BC. Control was taken by

1675:

Kuprlli, son of Kheziga II, was fourth in succession. First monarch identifiable through coin legends.

999:

The Lydian inscription runs: “Payava, son of Ed, acquired in the sacred area of the acropolis(?) of

910: 6436: 6378: 6189: 5663: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5442: 2923: 2298: 2211: 2044: 1892: 1132: 5471: 1367:), a king reigning approximately 440–410 BC, over a century later than the conqueror of Lycia. 1033:

family. Lycian has been attested only between about 500 BC and no later than 300 BC, in a

830: 6776: 6761: 6585: 6314: 6261: 6257: 6219: 6151: 5972: 5800: 5790: 5673: 5638: 5618: 5598: 5486: 5483: 5481: 1698: 1278:

man fighting the Persians, foreshadowing and perhaps setting an example for Spartan conduct at the

5450: 5449: 5441: 2138:, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage. 7246: 6580: 6527: 6464: 6304: 6294: 6123: 6093: 5745: 5730: 5668: 5583: 5573: 5474: 4921: 4496: 4064: 3215: 3187: 2796: 2692: 2309: 1873: 1819: 1030: 861: 373: 5482: 1846: 1789: 526:. Furthest west of the four are Boncuk Dağlari, or 'the Boncuk Mountains', extending from about 6972: 6786: 6113: 5718: 5578: 5528: 5466: 5455: 4744: 2752: 1931: 1900: 1667: 428: 28: 5820:

Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until

5473: 4708: 4701: 4327: 4132: 4105: 4038: 4011: 3993: 3783: 3507: 3274: 1762: 522:

Four ridges extend from northeast to southwest, roughly, forming the western extremity of the

6801: 6570: 6383: 6309: 5902: 5613: 5501: 5489: 4940:– A presentation of the history of Lycia during the time of its minting coins, and the coins. 4252: 4225: 4088: 3981: 3737: 2791:

in 168 BC and remained so until becoming a Roman province in 43 AD under Claudius.

2052: 1909: 1279: 1057: 213:

in the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions, including Lycia, and their main settlements

4931: 2003: 1120:. After the fall of the Byzantines in the 15th century, Lycia fell under the control of the 403:

Despite home rule, Lycia was not a sovereign state and had not been since its defeat by the

6939: 6456: 6108: 5940: 5910: 5750: 5643: 3816: 3345: 3143:(grove, bright space)). Herodotus ends his tale with the observation that the Lycians were 2768: 2089:(late 4th century BC), whose name was Persian. Persia held Lycia until it was conquered by 1326:, and person responsible for the transportation of the Xanthian Marbles from Lycia to the 925: 784: 369:

under the Macedonians, and the Lycian language disappeared from inscriptions and coinage.

8: 6945: 6900: 6718: 6708: 6370: 6199: 6146: 6141: 5914: 5648: 5623: 5417: 4806: 4760: 3310: 2896:, died in Lycia in 4 AD after being wounded during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia. 2312:(ruled 285–246 BC), who supported the Limyrans of Lycia when they were threatened by the 2135: 2090: 1955: 1474:

For closer attention to their conquered, the Persian government preferred to establish a

1094: 1026: 792: 711: 510:

The name of the Teke Peninsula comes from the former name of Antalya Province, which was

504: 362: 278: 138: 5182: 3349: 2958: 2297:

fought amongst themselves over the succession. Lycia fell into the hands of the general

1908:

At first ruler of eastern Lycia from Limyra, then victor over Arttum̃para, rebel in the

542:. Upstream it is dammed in four places, after an origin in the vicinity of Sarikavak in 6796: 6771: 6678: 6653: 6542: 6426: 6276: 6088: 5885: 5735: 5693: 5688: 5496: 5165: 5052: 4283:"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I" 3376: 3333: 3095: 2881: 2840: 2800: 2363: 2351: 2336: 2313: 1562: 1501: 1497: 527: 392:

officially under the Lycian League in 168 BC. This native government was an early

4950:. Mnemosyne: bibliotheca classica Batavia. Supplementum. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill. 4090:

The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period

2103:

was appointed viceroy of Lycia and of the land adjacent to it as far as mount Taurus.

740: 342:

by the Greeks, it became intermittently a free agent. After a brief membership in the

7073: 6923: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6519: 6489: 6286: 6136: 6027: 6017: 5992: 5987: 5780: 5775: 5703: 5698: 5101: 5086: 5056: 4973: 4951: 4902: 4876: 4712: 4333: 4231: 4194: 4138: 4111: 4044: 4017: 3789: 3743: 3632: 3607: 3582: 3513: 3451: 3381: 3363: 3227: 3183: 3115: 2968:

During this period, Lycia hosted both Turkish and Greek communities. The substantial

2913: 2474: 2325: 1974: 1951: 1513: 1490: 1383: 1354: 1254: 1167: 1045: 468: 339: 321: 274: 262: 163: 4253:"The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism" 4013:

Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire

2178:, in Persian dress, receiving emissaries. Scene from the upper podium frieze of the 2023: 484: 451: 396:

with republican principles; these later came to the attention of the framers of the

286: 6859: 6854: 6811: 6766: 6673: 6418: 6408: 6398: 6346: 6083: 6075: 5861: 5708: 5678: 5178:

Fullscreen panoramas of the rock-cut tombs of the ancient Lycian necropolis at Myra

5044: 4264: 3371: 3353: 2954: 2899: 2804: 1486: 1323: 1179: 1163: 1113: 729: 554: 549: 523: 424: 420: 282: 254: 4629: 4587: 1962:

circa 470 BC, who finally persuaded the Lycian to join the Athenian alliance, the

1204: 557:(c. 400 BC), a funerary pillar for a sarcophagus that probably belonged to Dynast 7159: 7109: 7034: 6839: 6829: 6736: 6688: 6643: 6562: 6484: 6469: 6388: 6131: 6035: 6007: 5982: 5964: 5593: 5370: 5310: 5242: 4945: 4802: 4188: 3848: 3831: 3810: 3358: 3204: 3059: 3027: 2828: 2772: 2733: 2614: 2514: 2450: 2344: 2179: 2010: 1970:

relates that Kimon "persuaded those of Lycia and took them into his allegiance".

1364: 1319: 1258: 1238: 1155: 1034: 961: 957: 883: 797: 656: 575: 476: 472: 343: 317: 313: 298: 294: 232: 182: 167: 126: 2320:). The citizens of Limyra in return dedicated a monument to Ptolemy, called the 1337: 987: 7216: 7069: 7014: 6849: 6844: 6834: 6781: 6726: 6537: 6431: 6403: 6393: 6271: 6060: 6055: 6012: 6002: 5925:

and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

5683: 5603: 5143:

Walker, Christopher; Anderson, Thorne (Photographer) (September–October 2007).

5090: 3779: 3221: 3010: 2725: 2470: 2410: 1587: 1440: 1432: 1405: 1359: 1349:, a solid sandstone pillar with the sarcophagus of Kybernis on top (c. 480 BC). 1327: 1220: 1121: 1101: 978: 753: 749: 640: 608: 571: 432: 377: 306: 240: 147: 130: 108: 5074:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C

2918:

During the Byzantine period Lycia and Pamphylia came under the command of the

2122: 671:

were sometimes listed by Classical authors as Carian and sometimes as Lycian.

491:

Province. In ancient times the surrounding districts were, from west to east,

7210: 7114: 6731: 6683: 6648: 6638: 6547: 6247: 6050: 6045: 5997: 5977: 5906: 5890: 5628: 5608: 5588: 5228: 5215: 4977: 3367: 3209: 2945:

Lycia was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire and eventually became part of

2835: 2823: 2811: 2776: 2524: 2067: 1978: 1963: 1938:(480–440 BC) ruled at the time of the Athenian alliance. Head of Karneios or 1298: 1227: 591: 535: 511: 366: 302: 4661:

Syme R., Pamphylia from Augustus to Vespasian, ibid., XXX, 1937, pp. 227–231

4563: 3170:, the Lycian contingent was said to have been led by two esteemed warriors: 695: 7124: 6929: 6746: 6741: 6693: 6479: 6446: 6441: 6266: 6040: 5918: 5653: 5069: 5023: 4600:– Note that the given date is mistaken. It should be 46 BC instead of 46 AD 3544: 3385: 2919: 2893: 2760: 2544: 2359: 2276: 1475: 1456: 1109: 1105: 971: 944: 824:

Telmessos rock tomb. The sign on site says the tombs date from about 400 BC

412: 385: 335: 4268: 1044:

At about 535 BC, before the first appearance of attested Lycian, the

7164: 7099: 6952: 6824: 6791: 6703: 6658: 6532: 6474: 5795: 5724: 5658: 5355: 5019: 5007: 3775: 3151: 3144: 2950: 2856: 2624: 2494: 2381: 1647:

Third in succession, unknown relative (possibly son of Kheziga I ?).

1614: 1396: 1285: 1149: 270: 3425: 1003:(a Lycian ruler), when Lycia saw(?) S(??) . This tomb I made, a 10 year 596: 6819: 6663: 6065: 5894: 5821: 5295: 4993: 4776: 4040:

Cityscapes and Monuments of Western Asia Minor: Memories and Identities

3123: 2993: 2969: 2903:

Silver Drachm of Trajan from Lycia, 98–99 AD, minted during Roman rule.

2885: 2367: 2328:, centred on Egypt, and remained in their control through 200 BC. 2317: 2302: 2195: 2086: 2075: 1867: 1517: 1342: 1294: 1262: 1183: 788: 733: 615: 393: 210: 155: 5386: 5206:

Map of the Roman state according to the Compilation notitia dignitatum

3139: 2989: 2939: 1926: 423:, continuing to speak Greek even after being joined by communities of 7174: 7134: 6605: 6494: 6103: 6098: 5713: 5350: 4648:. İstanbul 2007; F. Onur, Two Procuratorian Inscriptions from Perge, 3399: 3019: 2934: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2644: 2564: 2260: 2071: 1943: 1838: 1242: 1088:

Lycia hosted a small enclave of Dorian Greeks for some centuries and

1000: 718: 664: 500: 389: 2976:

lived in Lycia until the 1920s, when they were forced to migrate to

1835:

Artembares (Iranian name, *Rtambura, self-identified as "the Mede.")

1388: 1353:

To the inscriptions of the Xanthian Obelisk were added those of the

7179: 7149: 7144: 7104: 6951: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 6698: 6668: 6590: 6299: 6214: 5922: 5330: 5290: 5274: 5191: 5048: 5030: 5015: 3179: 3111: 3083: 2889: 2852: 2699: 2654: 2594: 2584: 2504: 2371: 2332: 2294: 2100: 2059: 1967: 1603: 1524: 1409: 1346: 1331: 1290: 1266: 1250: 1117: 1075: 902: 808: 764:, an important center in Hellenic times of worship for the goddess 660: 408: 358: 347: 325: 266: 206: 112: 4899:

Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851

4160:

Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC – AD 600

1827:

Seventh in succession, son of Kheriga. The last known of the line.

1182:, and are listed among the groups known to modern scholars as the 7154: 7119: 7061: 7009: 6895: 6751: 6610: 6552: 6315:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

6209: 6204: 6194: 5770: 5365: 5360: 5325: 5315: 5305: 5062: 4789: 4780: 3331: 3155: 3041: 2721: 2604: 2534: 2461: 2400: 2175: 2159: 2093: 2037: 2014: 1982: 1973:

As the power of Athens weakened and Athens and Sparta fought the

1935: 1811: 1805: 1754: 1749: 1658: 1464: 1449: 1436: 1387:

Lycian dignitary in Achaemenid style, at the Karaburun tomb near

1274: 1018: 887: 773: 745: 636: 619: 604: 567: 558: 543: 539: 531: 496: 480: 463:

The borders of Lycia varied over time, but at its centre was the

456: 416: 404: 158: 143: 6964: 5558: 5173: 4580:"Roman-Lycian Friendship and Reciprocal Military Alliance 46 AD" 4564:

Derow, Peter; Christopher John Smith; Liv Mariah Yarrow (2012).

2843:

in Lycia, one of the oldest segmental arch bridges in the world.

2055:

against Achaemenid power, but lost his territory when defeated.

1194: 221: 7195: 7169: 7139: 7094: 7089: 7065: 7024: 6905: 5785: 5765: 5760: 5285: 5127: 4932:"Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia" 4670:

Mommsen, Theodore, A History of Rome Under the Emperors, p. 107

3150:

Lycia appears elsewhere in Greek myth, such as in the story of

3127: 3119: 3071: 3031: 3023: 3005: 2977: 2973: 2946: 2816: 2756: 2729: 2680: 2634: 2574: 2484: 2465: 2430: 2340: 2308:

Control then passed to the Ptolemaic Kingdom, centre on Egypt.

2267: 2251: 2155: 2151: 2127: 2048: 1977:(431–404 BC), the majority of Lycian cities defaulted from the 1781: 1479: 1460: 1211: 1175: 1128: 1089: 1022: 852: 769: 761: 757: 702: 648: 600: 488: 436: 381: 290: 201: 116: 5427: 3291:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 48–50. 1496:

Herodotus mentioned that the leader of the Lycian fleet under

917: 868: 7129: 6600: 6575: 5375: 5345: 5340: 5320: 5300: 5011: 4784: 3167: 3159: 3135: 3131: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3050: 3044: 3035: 2865: 2764: 2720:

Strabo wrote that according to a source the six largest were

2554: 2231: 2131: 2112: 2063: 1988: 1959: 1723:

Son of Kuprlli, first in line to succeed him, but died young.

1246: 1038: 776:, and nearby Xanthos, ancient capital of Lycia, constitute a 492: 351: 78: 72: 38: 7272:

States and territories disestablished in the 14th century BC

5082:– A description of the Egyptian evidence on the Sea Peoples. 3154:, who eventually succeeded to the throne of the Lycian king 7282:

States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC

7029: 7019: 4868: 3175: 3163: 3079: 3075: 2788: 2741: 2737: 2684: 2440: 2420: 2118: 1939: 1064: 837: 765: 748:

remain visible today. These relics include the distinctive

668: 652: 644: 514:, named from the Turkish tribe that settled in the region. 5909:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 3230:, Christian saint said to have been of the region of Lycia 2335:

control by 190 BC, when the Seleucids' defeat in the

2324:

circa 270 BC. By 240 BC Lycia was firmly part of the

2305:, who ruled until he was killed in battle in 281 BC. 760:

contains one of the best collections of Lycian artifacts.

411:

dissolved the league, and Lycia was incorporated into the

7277:

States and territories established in the 13th century BC

7267:

States and territories established in the 15th century BC

4618:

Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars; The Life of Claudius, 23.3

3224:, Christian saint said to have been born in Patara, Lycia 1854:

Ruler of western Lycia from Telmessos. Ousted by Perikle.

479:. Lycia comprised what is now the westernmost portion of 4694: 4692: 4690: 4107:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

659:(each entitled to three votes in the Lycian League) and 316:. Written records began to be inscribed in stone in the 4646:

Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae

3999:. Edward Earle T.H. Palmer, printer. 1818. p. 173. 3114:, into exile and they settled in Milyas. Subsequently, 2763:, Little Cibyra, of the coast, not too far from modern 1478:, setting up a monarchy under their control. The term " 4631:

Ancestral laws under the Roman rule: The case of Lycia

467:

of southwestern Turkey, which juts southward into the

6345: 5061:– Discusses Lukka's relations to other regions (like 4687: 3774: 2070:. Lycia was also ruled directly by the Carian dynast 1253:, who incorporated them and their lands into the new 4936:

A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum

4735:

Herod. vii. 77; Strab. xiv. p. 667; Plin. v. 25, 42.

4584:

Lycian Turkey - Discover the Beauty of Ancient Lycia

503:, all equally as ancient, and each speaking its own 4840:"Poem on the Battle of Kadesh" 305–313, Ramesses II 3452:"Der lykische Dynast Arttumbara und seine Anhänger" 1927:

Ally of Athens in the Delian League (c. 470–430 BC)

993:

The inscription on the front of the tomb of Payava.

354:, returned to the Persians, and finally fell under 5939: 5272: 4896: 4700: 3602:Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). 3158:(or Amphianax). Lycia was frequently mentioned by 3126:), who was driven into exile by his brother, King 3106:, who vied for the kingship of their native land, 2239: 1570:Initial Achaemenid control since circa 542/539 BC. 4855:"Plague Prayers of Mursilis" A1–11, b, Mursilis 4357:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Borders Press. p. 77. 4162:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. Plate 2.09. 3601: 1985:of Xanthos defeated Athenian General Melesander. 1226:Detail of the frescoe: Lycian warrior painted in 1100:Subsequently, the Lycians were vassalized by the 455:Partial reconstruction of the Nereid Monument at 320:after Lycia's involuntary incorporation into the 7208: 5174:"Virtual Tours / Myra, Mahmutlar, Lara (Turkey)" 4086: 4036: 2787:Lycia was granted autonomy as a protectorate of 427:speakers in the early 2nd millennium. After the 34:Ancient geopolitical region of Anatolia (Turkey) 4568:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 136. 3846: 3719: 3717: 5142: 4843:"Great Karnak Inscription" 572–592, Merneptah 4223: 3742:. University of California Press. p. 46. 3631:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82, 148–149. 3509:A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey 3309:. antalyaonline.net. 1996–2011. Archived from 3026:, and its original inhabitants, who spoke the 2799:, the Seleucid king, in Anatolia prior to the 2767:). It was in the Cibyratis region, in today's 2047:. He ruled 380–360 BC over eastern Lycia from 1435:, a Lykian aristocrat, about 375–360 BC, from 6980: 6932:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 5847: 5544: 5402: 5258: 4992:Barnett, R. D. (1975). "The Sea Peoples". In 4897:Auerbach, Jeffrey; Hoffenberg, Peter (2013). 4634:(PhD). Balliol College, University of Oxford. 4325: 3739:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia 3735: 3506:Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell G. (2003). 3286: 2982:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1195:Acquisition by Cyrus the Great (circa 540 BC) 55: 7232:Buildings and structures in Antalya Province 5145:"Splendid Ruins for an 'Excellent Republic'" 5121: 5091:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270295 4867: 4698: 4566:Imperialism, cultural politics, and polybius 4087:Houwink ten Cate, Philo Hendrik Jan (1961). 3808: 3714: 2134:coinage from circa 500 BC. From the time of 1108:until its final division after the death of 1041:then, and was sometimes under Hittite rule. 61: 6955:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 5095: 4970:Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis 4551: 4352: 4224:West, Shearer; Birmingham, Shearer (2004). 3651:Bryce 2005, p. 336; Yakubovich 2010, p. 134 3505: 3218:, 5th-century Christian saint born in Lycia 3110:. Minos drove Sarpedon and his people, the 3022:, the earliest known name for the area was 635:The principal cities of ancient Lycia were 297:. The region was known to history from the 248: 6987: 6973: 5854: 5840: 5551: 5537: 5409: 5395: 5265: 5251: 4915: 4396: 4372:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 179. 4193:. British Museum Publications. p. 2. 3426:"Üzümlü Villages - GoTürkiye Destinations" 3082:; his mother's name is variously given as 1989:Renewed Achaemenid control (c. 430–333 BC) 1093:after Lycia had come under the control of 1081:Drawing of the complete tomb relief, Myra. 981:as depicted on his tomb, with inscription. 5889:. Provincial administration reformed and 5162:Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces (ERP) 4938:. London: Trustees of the British Museum. 4477: 4475: 4186: 3865: 3863: 3683: 3681: 3375: 3357: 3247: 3134:, probably derived from the same root as 431:in the 15th century, Lycia was under the 5863:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 4703:Guide to Aegean and Mediterranean Turkey 4332:. Leuven University Press. p. 497. 3836:. Asiatic Society of Bombay. p. 61. 3833:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay 3581:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–82. 3512:. Oxford University Press. p. 485. 3248:Bernstein, Richard (19 September 2005). 3009: 2933: 2898: 2876:joined the Roman provinces of Lycia and 2834: 2822: 2810: 2158:on the obverse, and himself wearing the 1930: 1797:Sixth in succession, brother of Kheriga. 1622:Second in succession, son of the former. 1412:(522–486), the tablets dating from 509. 1382: 1336: 1284: 1017:The eponymous inhabitants of Lycia, the 548: 450: 220: 200: 7262:Tourist attractions in Antalya Province 5416: 4991: 4313: 4157: 4037:Mortensen, Eva; Poulsen, Birte (2017). 3973: 3971: 3565:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language 3287:Harrison, Martin; Young, Wendy (2001). 2214:, last king of Lycia. Circa 380–360 BC. 2099:During the Alexander the Great period, 1950:Following the Achaemenid defeat in the 1289:Probable depiction of the Lycian ruler 1210:Charioteers on a tomb at Kizilbel near 1178:, later fought for the Hittites in the 1112:at which point it became a part of the 14: 7209: 5085:Jacobson MJ, Pickett J, Gascoigne AL, 4964: 4862:Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4627: 4472: 4410:"Livy, The History of Rome, 41.6.8–12" 4326:Waelkens, Marc; Loots, Lieven (2000). 4303:from the original on 21 November 2018. 4103: 4009: 3860: 3829: 3788:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707. 3678: 3074:of the Solymi. He was a son of either 2965:, but in 1923 was assigned to Turkey. 2066:, who moved the satrap's residence to 1657: 1463:, Lycia, highly reminiscent of Indian 1378: 1313: 578:to it and points of Lycia west of it. 6968: 6885: 6884: 6344: 5938: 5874: 5835: 5532: 5390: 5246: 5185:. Alexander Peskov Photography. 2011. 5068: 5029: 4850:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4609:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 60.17.3–4 4367: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4130: 4082: 4080: 4078: 3626: 3576: 3250:"A Congress, Buried in Turkey's Sand" 2999: 2779:within the territory of the Lycians. 2751:, the Roman commander who fought the 1318:The Harpagid Theory was initiated by 738:Although the 2nd-century BC dialogue 517: 483:Province, the easternmost portion of 415:with provincial status. It became an 334:Lycia fought for the Persians in the 5560:Provinces of the early Roman Empire 4943: 4929: 4890: 4539: 4513: 4452:"Livy, The History of Rome, 44.15.1" 4438:"Livy, The History of Rome, 42.14.8" 4250: 4244: 4174:"Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6" 3977: 3968: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3881: 3869: 3812:History of Indian and Indonesian art 3762: 3723: 3699: 3687: 3660: 3532: 3493: 3270: 2085:Lycia was also ruled by men such as 1554:Pre-dynastic period (c.540–c.530 BC) 1516:, but he may be commemorated by the 1174:against the Hittites as part of the 5000:. Vol. II, part 2. Cambridge: 4996:; S. A. Cook; F. E. Adcock (eds.). 4901:. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 4848:Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. III. 4353:Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. (2003). 4158:Haywood, John; et al. (2002). 3830:Bombay, Asiatic Society of (1974). 3768: 2339:resulted in Lycia being awarded to 2043:The last known dynast of Lycia was 1921: 951: 530:, southwest to about Oren north of 361:upon the defeat of the Persians by 312:Lycia was populated by speakers of 187:Lycia, then Lycia with other states 24: 6995: 5183:"Virtual Tour—Demre. Myra (Lycia)" 5126:. lycianturkey.com. Archived from 5122:Satyurek, Patty; Satyurek, Kemal. 4985: 4834: 4466:"Polybius, The Histories, 30.5.12" 4210: 4124: 4075: 3449: 1899: 1872: 1845: 1818: 1788: 1761: 1697: 1666: 1638: 1613: 1586: 1561: 1402:Persepolis Administrative Archives 1249:. The latter were defeated by the 1189: 487:, and the southernmost portion of 407:. In 43 AD the Roman emperor 273:) to 546 BC. It bordered the 25: 7298: 7252:Praetorian prefecture of the East 6994: 5115: 3847:Joveau-Dubreuil, Gabriel (1976). 3090:"), Calchedonia, or Chalcea "the 3040:), or Milyans, also known by the 2759:, (Greater Cibyra, as opposed to 2689:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus 2316:(a Celtic tribe that had invaded 1063:Warrior in Lycian tomb relief at 1007:(project?), by means of Xanthian 680: 441:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 111:, Western Taurus Range, Southern 6295:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 5921:in c. 640–660, although in 5809: 5189: 5155: 4875:. University of Oklahoma Press. 4822:Herodotus, The Histories, 1.173. 4497:"Lycian League cities and coins" 4384:"Polybius, The histories, 21.34" 4093:. Brill Archive. pp. 12–13. 3809:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972). 3785:A Global History of Architecture 3782:; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). 3736:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). 3629:The Trojans and their Neighbours 3579:The Trojans and their Neighbours 2907: 2377: 2275: 2259: 2219: 2203: 2187: 2167: 2143: 2022: 2002: 1448: 1424: 1219: 1203: 1074: 1056: 1021:, spoke Lycian, a member of the 986: 970: 936: 924: 909: 894: 875: 860: 844: 829: 817: 710: 694: 93: 5905:established after the death of 5036:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5002:Cambridge University Pressbarne 4873:Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1-5 4816: 4796: 4770: 4753: 4738: 4729: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4638: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4572: 4557: 4533: 4519: 4507: 4489: 4458: 4444: 4430: 4424:"Polybius, The Histories, 25.3" 4416: 4402: 4390: 4376: 4361: 4346: 4319: 4275: 4180: 4166: 4151: 4097: 4057: 4030: 4003: 3986: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3893:Herodotus, The Histories, 7.98. 3887: 3875: 3840: 3823: 3802: 3756: 3729: 3705: 3693: 3666: 3654: 3645: 3620: 3595: 3570: 3557: 3538: 3526: 3499: 3487: 2782: 2282:Ptolemaion sculpture of a lady. 2240:Hellenistic period (333–168 BC) 2107:Dynastic portraiture on coinage 99:Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan 7237:Historical regions of Anatolia 6253:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 6177:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 4355:Collins Atlas of World History 3711:Herodotus, The Histories, 3.90 3471: 3443: 3418: 3392: 3325: 3295: 3280: 3241: 2957:according to the terms of the 2929: 2715: 2080:Xanthos trilingual inscription 1734:(Arppakhu: regent for Kuprlli) 400:, influencing their thoughts. 269:from 15–14th centuries BC (as 13: 1: 7257:Geography of Antalya Province 6320:Tripolitania (Roman province) 5898: 4998:The Cambridge Ancient History 4930:Hill, George Francis (1897). 4916:Bryce, T.; Zahle, J. (1986). 3234: 2986:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 2350:In 181 BC, at the end of the 2331:It had apparently come under 2150:Coin of the dynast of Lycia, 2009:Illustration of the original 1996:Stand-alone Temple-like tombs 1143: 626: 471:, bounded on the west by the 293:as well some inland parts of 4527:"Strabo Geographia, 13.4.17" 4483:"Strabo, Geographia, 14.3.3" 4251:Root, Margaret Cool (1989). 4190:Ancient Greek Portrait Coins 4110:. Eisenbrauns. p. 673. 4043:. Oxbow Books. p. 273. 4010:Tuplin, Christopher (2007). 3359:10.1371/journal.pone.0270295 3045: 2953:, Lycia was assigned to the 2669: 2291:death of Alexander the Great 1716:(Kheziga III: heir-apparent) 787:long-distance footpath, the 752:in the sides of cliffs. The 446: 429:fall of the Byzantine Empire 79: 7: 6928: Re-established after 6240:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 5875: 5096:Kılıç Aslan, Selen (2023). 5065:) and where they inhabited. 5033:(1993). "Lukka Revisited". 5006:– Refers to many different 4920:. Vol. 1. Copenhagen: 4860:Ancient Near Eastern Texts. 4368:Black, Jeremy, ed. (2000). 3549:The Kingdom of the Hittites 3200:Ancient regions of Anatolia 3193: 3070:was the ancestral hero and 2228:Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon 2162:on the reverse. 410–390 BC. 2117:Although many of the first 1537:Lycian "Kings" (at Xanthos) 435:, and was inherited by the 338:, but on the defeat of the 249: 10: 7303: 5078:Princeton University Press 4829: 4257:Revue des Études Anciennes 4230:. OUP Oxford. p. 68. 4137:. Routledge. p. 419. 3055:), Solymi, and Solymians. 3051: 3036: 3014:Lycia coin, c. 520–470 BC. 3003: 2911: 2391: 2110: 1661:(ΚΟ𐊓, pronounced "coupe") 1147: 1138: 955: 778:UNESCO World Heritage Site 727: 688:Rock-cut Temple-like tombs 676:List of Lycian place names 673: 398:United States Constitution 88:Ancient Region of Anatolia 73: 62: 36: 26: 7188: 7082: 7053: 7043: 7002: 6918: 6901:Quaestura exercitus (536) 6891: 6880: 6810: 6717: 6629: 6561: 6518: 6507: 6455: 6417: 6369: 6358: 6354: 6340: 6285: 6238: 6175: 6164: 6122: 6074: 6026: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5934: 5881: 5870: 5818: 5807: 5569: 5424: 5281: 5100:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 4972:. London: J. Van Voorst. 4944:Keen, Antony G. (1998) . 3404:World Heritage – The List 3098:had (at least) two sons, 2924:Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots 2234:, end of 5th century BC. 2194:Portrait of Lycian ruler 2091:Alexander III (the Great) 1682: 1654: 1545: 1533: 1282:a few generations later. 1133:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 901:Ancient Greek theater at 701:Lycian rock cut tombs of 475:, and on the east by the 244: 199: 191: 181: 173: 154: 136: 122: 104: 92: 87: 48: 6777:Palaestina III Salutaris 5973:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 5599:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 4296:(2): 20. February 2012. 4016:. ISD LLC. p. 150. 3303:"Tahtali Dagi (2366 m.)" 3086:, Caldene ("daughter of 2963:occupied for a few years 2938:Abandoned Greek city of 2096:during 334–333 BC. 1158:, Lycia was part of the 851:Ogival rock-cut tomb at 459:in Lycia, c. 390–380 BC. 37:Not to be confused with 7222:Ancient Greek geography 6944: Placed under the 6305:Mauretania Caesariensis 6124:Diocese of the Britains 5746:Mauretania Caesariensis 5018:. Also tells about the 5010:and their contact with 4922:Museum Tusculanum Press 4858:Pritchard, J. B. 1969. 4644:Şahin, S. and M. Adak, 4628:Kantor, Georgy (2006). 4187:Carradice, Ian (1978). 4104:Briant, Pierre (2002). 3702:, pp. 78, 116–117. 3567:, Leiden: Brill, p. 134 3563:Ilya Yakubovich (2010) 3216:Gerasimus of the Jordan 2797:Antiochus III the Great 2693:Antiochus III the Great 2310:Ptolemy II Philadelphos 2062:, the satrap of nearby 1881:Ruler in eastern Lycia. 1731:Harpagus (Iranian name) 867:Ancient Lycian tomb in 768:and her twin children, 388:. The Romans validated 374:Antiochus III the Great 6787:Phoenice II Libanensis 6490:Macedonia II Salutaris 5903:praetorian prefectures 5865:(4th–7th centuries AD) 5719:Hispania Tarraconensis 5273:Historical regions of 5192:"Lycian Way guidebook" 4846:Breasted, J. H. 1906. 4745:Stephanus of Byzantium 4501:www.AsiaMinorCoins.com 4397:Bryce & Zahle 1986 4131:Bryce, Trevor (2009). 4069:www.AsiaMinorCoins.com 3853:. Akshara. p. 4. 3675:, Book I, Section 176. 3627:Bryce, Trevor (2005). 3577:Bryce, Trevor (2005). 3015: 2942: 2904: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2753:Second Mithridatic War 2749:Lucius Licinius Murena 2366:. He was supported by 1947: 1946:. KO-𐊓-P(ΛΛE) around. 1904: 1877: 1850: 1823: 1793: 1766: 1702: 1671: 1643: 1618: 1591: 1566: 1392: 1350: 1302: 931:Lycian tomb in Fethiye 562: 460: 258: 225: 214: 56: 29:Lycia (disambiguation) 6509:Praetorian prefecture 6384:Noricum mediterraneum 6360:Praetorian prefecture 6310:Mauretania Sitifensis 6205:Picenum Suburbicarium 6166:Praetorian prefecture 5954:Praetorian prefecture 5901: 293. Permanent 4869:Ovidius Naso, Publius 4699:Darke, Diana (1986). 4269:10.3406/rea.1989.4361 3606:. Brill. p. 99. 3430:goturkiyevillages.com 3013: 2937: 2902: 2880:into the province of 2872:In 74 AD the emperor 2851:In 43 AD the emperor 2838: 2826: 2815:The Roman theater in 2814: 2362:(189 BC) against the 2358:decided to fight the 2053:Revolt of the Satraps 1934: 1910:Revolt of the Satraps 1903: 1889:Pericles (Greek name) 1876: 1849: 1822: 1792: 1765: 1701: 1670: 1642: 1617: 1590: 1565: 1386: 1340: 1288: 1280:Battle of Thermopylae 1029:, a subfamily of the 674:Further information: 552: 454: 277:in what is today the 224: 204: 7227:Late Roman provinces 7189:Associated locations 6940:Diocese of Illyricum 6934:Prefecture of Africa 6689:Galatia II Salutaris 6457:Diocese of Macedonia 6347:Eastern Roman Empire 6109:Mauretania Tingitana 5941:Western Roman Empire 5751:Mauretania Tingitana 5644:Corsica and Sardinia 5584:Africa proconsularis 5168:on 26 February 2012. 5022:during the reign of 4590:on 24 September 2015 3260:on 5 September 2012. 2387:τὸ Λυκιακοῦ σύστημα 2356:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 1322:, discoverer of the 1176:Assuwa confederation 27:For other uses, see 6946:Quaestura exercitus 6719:Diocese of the East 6709:Pontus Polemoniacus 6371:Diocese of Pannonia 6200:Lucania et Bruttium 6147:Maxima Caesariensis 6142:Flavia Caesariensis 5649:Crete and Cyrenaica 5624:Bithynia and Pontus 5418:History of Anatolia 5225: / 5004:. pp. 362–366. 4807:Rufinus of Aquileia 4761:Etymologicum Magnum 4707:. M. Haag. p. 4370:World History Atlas 3953:, pp. 113–114. 3350:2022PLoSO..1770295J 2769:Turkish Lake Region 2674:The Lycian League ( 2388: 2198:(ruled 390–370 BC). 2136:Alexander the Great 1912:, last Lycian king. 1540:Local Lycian rulers 1504:of 480 BC was 1459:) rock-cut tomb at 1391:, Lycia, c. 475 BC. 1379:The Lycian monarchy 1314:The Harpagid theory 1095:Alexander the Great 1027:Anatolian languages 793:sustainable tourism 419:of the Eastern, or 363:Alexander the Great 205:Location of Lycia. 7287:Lycia et Pamphylia 6797:Syria II Salutaris 6654:Armenian Satrapies 6427:Dacia Mediterranea 6349:(395–c. 640) 6277:Venetia et Histria 6185:Apulia et Calabria 5886:Notitia Dignitatum 5736:Lycia et Pamphylia 5714:Hispania Lusitania 5694:Gallia Narbonensis 5689:Gallia Lugdunensis 5149:Saudi Aramco World 5130:on 4 February 2012 4681:"Treaty of Sevres" 3780:Jarzombek, Mark M. 3776:Ching, Francis D.K 3604:The Ahhiyawa Texts 3468:94/1 (2012) 18-44. 3254:The New York Times 3016: 3000:In Greek mythology 2943: 2905: 2882:Lycia et Pamphylia 2845: 2841:Bridge near Limyra 2833: 2821: 2801:Roman-Seleucid War 2382: 2352:Roman-Seleucid War 2337:Battle of Magnesia 2078:, as shown in the 1975:Peloponnesian wars 1948: 1905: 1878: 1851: 1824: 1794: 1767: 1703: 1672: 1644: 1619: 1595:First of the line. 1592: 1567: 1502:Second Persian War 1397:Achaemenid Persian 1393: 1351: 1303: 1214:, Lycia, c. 525 BC 836:Rock-cut tombs in 563: 528:Altinyayla, Burdur 518:Physical geography 505:Anatolian language 461: 226: 215: 174:Roman protectorate 7204: 7203: 6962: 6961: 6924:Septem Provinciae 6914: 6913: 6886:Other territories 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6659:Armenia III (536) 6631:Diocese of Pontus 6621:Phrygia Salutaris 6616:Phrygia Pacatiana 6520:Diocese of Thrace 6503: 6502: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6287:Diocese of Africa 6160: 6159: 6028:Diocese of Vienne 6018:Maxima Sequanorum 5930: 5929: 5829: 5828: 5781:Pannonia Superior 5776:Pannonia Inferior 5704:Germania Superior 5699:Germania Inferior 5563: 5526: 5525: 5384: 5383: 5229:36.733°N 29.900°E 4891:Secondary sources 4764:, 721. 43, under 4683:. 10 August 2015. 3638:978-0-415-34959-8 3588:978-0-415-34959-8 3454:. Akademie Verlag 3450:Schürr, Diether. 3313:on 25 August 2012 3228:Saint Christopher 2914:Cibyrrhaeot Theme 2663: 2662: 2326:Ptolemaic Kingdom 1952:Greco-Persian War 1919: 1918: 1514:Battle of Salamis 1491:Letoon trilingual 1355:Letoon trilingual 1261:, founder of the 1067:, 4th century BC. 1046:Achaemenid Empire 717:Rock-cut tomb at 663:. Cities such as 469:Mediterranean Sea 340:Achaemenid Empire 322:Achaemenid Empire 275:Mediterranean Sea 263:historical region 219: 218: 192:Byzantine eparchy 16:(Redirected from 7294: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6966: 6965: 6938: Later the 6922: Later the 6882: 6881: 6860:Thebais Inferior 6855:Thebais Superior 6812:Diocese of Egypt 6802:Theodorias (528) 6664:Armenia IV (536) 6516: 6515: 6419:Diocese of Dacia 6409:Valeria ripensis 6367: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6225:Tuscia et Umbria 6173: 6172: 6076:Diocese of Spain 5961: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5900: 5883:As found in the 5872: 5871: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5813: 5709:Hispania Baetica 5679:Gallia Aquitania 5561: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5186: 5177: 5169: 5164:. Archived from 5152: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5111: 5081: 5060: 5005: 4981: 4961: 4939: 4925: 4912: 4886: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4800: 4794: 4774: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4706: 4696: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4652:5 (2008), 53–66. 4642: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4586:. Archived from 4576: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4552:Barraclough 2003 4549: 4543: 4542:, p. xxiii. 4537: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4073: 4072: 4065:"Lycian Dynasts" 4061: 4055: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3850:Vedic antiquites 3844: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3400:"Xanthos-Letoon" 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3361: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3256:. Archived from 3245: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3039: 3038: 2959:Treaty of Sèvres 2955:kingdom of Italy 2805:Mithridatic Wars 2676:Lykiakon systema 2389: 2347:in 188 BC. 2293:in 323 BC, 2279: 2263: 2223: 2207: 2191: 2171: 2147: 2026: 2006: 1922:Classical period 1531: 1530: 1506:Kuberniskos Sika 1487:Xanthian Obelisk 1455:Ogival (pointed 1452: 1428: 1324:Xanthian Obelisk 1223: 1207: 1180:Battle of Kadesh 1168:ancient Egyptian 1129:Turkish Republic 1114:Byzantine Empire 1078: 1060: 990: 974: 952:Ancient language 940: 928: 913: 898: 879: 864: 855:, 4th century BC 848: 833: 821: 730:Tombs at Xanthos 714: 698: 555:Xanthian Obelisk 524:Taurus Mountains 437:Turkish Republic 425:Turkish language 421:Byzantine Empire 252: 246: 97: 82: 76: 75: 65: 64: 59: 46: 45: 21: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7184: 7078: 7049: 7039: 6998: 6993: 6963: 6958: 6910: 6887: 6864: 6840:Augustamnica II 6806: 6713: 6625: 6563:Diocese of Asia 6557: 6510: 6499: 6485:Macedonia Prima 6451: 6413: 6389:Noricum ripense 6361: 6350: 6324: 6281: 6234: 6167: 6156: 6118: 6070: 6036:Alpes Maritimae 6022: 6008:Lugdunensis III 5965:Diocese of Gaul 5955: 5944: 5943:(395–476) 5926: 5893:established by 5877: 5866: 5860: 5830: 5825: 5814: 5805: 5766:Moesia Superior 5761:Moesia Inferior 5594:Alpes Maritimae 5565: 5557: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5420: 5415: 5385: 5380: 5277: 5271: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5196: 5194: 5181: 5172: 5156:Foss, Pedar W. 5133: 5131: 5124:"Lycian Turkey" 5118: 5108: 4988: 4986:Further reading 4958: 4909: 4893: 4883: 4837: 4835:Primary sources 4832: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4803:Clement of Rome 4801: 4797: 4775: 4771: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4719: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4643: 4639: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4516:, p. xxii. 4512: 4508: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4329:Sagalassos Five 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4222: 4211: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4085: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4008: 4004: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480:The Payava Tomb 3477: 3476: 3472: 3457: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3344:(6): e0270295. 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3307:Antalya Website 3301: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3205:Lycian peasants 3196: 3060:Greek mythology 3028:Milyan language 3008: 3002: 2932: 2916: 2910: 2855:annexed Lycia. 2827:Roman baths in 2785: 2718: 2672: 2469: 2386: 2380: 2345:Peace of Apamea 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2242: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2208: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2180:Nereid Monument 2172: 2163: 2148: 2115: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2013:, tomb of King 2011:Nereid Monument 2007: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1929: 1924: 1510:kubernis kosika 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1381: 1365:Nereid Monument 1320:Charles Fellows 1316: 1259:Cyrus the Great 1239:Iranian peoples 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1197: 1192: 1190:Dynastic period 1156:Late Bronze Age 1152: 1146: 1141: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1035:unique alphabet 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011:s.” 375–360 BC. 996: 995: 994: 991: 983: 982: 975: 964: 962:Lycian language 958:Luwian language 956:Main articles: 954: 947: 943:Lycian tomb in 941: 932: 929: 920: 916:Lycian tomb in 914: 905: 899: 890: 884:Tomb of Amyntas 880: 871: 865: 856: 849: 840: 834: 825: 822: 798:Turkish Riviera 783:Turkey's first 736: 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 715: 707: 706: 699: 690: 689: 683: 678: 629: 576:Charles Fellows 520: 477:Gulf of Antalya 473:Gulf of Fethiye 449: 376:in 188 BC, the 344:Athenian Empire 318:Lycian language 314:Luwic languages 299:Late Bronze Age 295:Burdur Province 235:: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 100: 71: 60: 54: 50: 42: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Rock-cut tombs 7244: 7242:Muğla Province 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6936: 6926: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6850:Libya Inferior 6847: 6845:Libya Superior 6842: 6837: 6835:Augustamnica I 6832: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Lycaonia (370) 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Dacia Ripensis 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6364: 6352: 6351: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6094:Carthaginensis 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6061:Novempopulania 6058: 6056:Narbonensis II 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6013:Lugdunensis IV 6010: 6005: 6003:Lugdunensis II 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5958: 5946: 5945: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Gallia Belgica 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:Arabia Petraea 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5234:36.733; 29.900 5209: 5208: 5203: 5187: 5179: 5176:. EDS Systems. 5170: 5153: 5140: 5117: 5116:External links 5114: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5083: 5066: 5049:10.1086/373535 5043:(2): 121–130. 5027: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4966:Spratt, Thomas 4962: 4956: 4941: 4927: 4913: 4908:978-1409480082 4907: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882:978-0806128948 4881: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4815: 4795: 4769: 4752: 4737: 4728: 4717: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4637: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4571: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4518: 4506: 4488: 4471: 4457: 4443: 4429: 4415: 4401: 4399:, p. 102. 4389: 4375: 4360: 4345: 4338: 4318: 4306: 4274: 4243: 4236: 4209: 4199: 4179: 4165: 4150: 4143: 4123: 4116: 4096: 4074: 4056: 4049: 4029: 4022: 4002: 3985: 3967: 3965:, p. 117. 3955: 3943: 3941:, p. 224. 3931: 3929:, p. 221. 3919: 3907: 3895: 3886: 3874: 3859: 3839: 3822: 3801: 3794: 3767: 3755: 3748: 3728: 3713: 3704: 3692: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3619: 3613:978-1589832688 3612: 3594: 3587: 3569: 3556: 3537: 3525: 3518: 3498: 3486: 3470: 3442: 3417: 3391: 3324: 3294: 3279: 3263: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3222:Saint Nicholas 3219: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3162:as an ally of 3094:". Meanwhile, 3004:Main article: 3001: 2998: 2984:following the 2931: 2928: 2912:Main article: 2909: 2906: 2784: 2781: 2717: 2714: 2671: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2379: 2376: 2370:, the king of 2281: 2274: 2273: 2266:Ptolemaion in 2265: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2142: 2109: 2108: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808:(Iranian name) 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1457:barrel-vaulted 1454: 1447: 1446: 1441:British Museum 1433:tomb of Payava 1430: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1406:palace economy 1380: 1377: 1360:cursus honorum 1328:British Museum 1315: 1312: 1293:(520–480 BC), 1255:Persian Empire 1225: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1122:Ottoman Empire 1102:Roman Republic 1080: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1025:branch of the 998: 997: 992: 985: 984: 976: 969: 968: 967: 966: 965: 953: 950: 949: 948: 942: 935: 933: 930: 923: 921: 915: 908: 906: 900: 893: 891: 881: 874: 872: 866: 859: 857: 850: 843: 841: 835: 828: 826: 823: 816: 754:British Museum 750:rock-cut tombs 716: 709: 708: 700: 693: 692: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 682: 681:Modern Tourism 679: 628: 625: 609:Mount Chimaera 519: 516: 485:Muğla Province 465:Teke peninsula 448: 445: 433:Ottoman Empire 380:gave Lycia to 378:Roman Republic 307:Hittite Empire 217: 216: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 183:Roman province 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 161: 152: 151: 141: 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 109:Teke Peninsula 106: 102: 101: 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7299: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083:Votes: ? 7081: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060:Sympolity of 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6996:Lycian League 6990: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6883: 6879: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:Palaestina II 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Cappadocia II 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Armenia Maior 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Alpes Cottiae 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6114:Tarraconensis 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Narbonensis I 6049: 6047: 6046:Aquitanica II 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Lugdunensis I 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907:Constantine I 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5812: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Alpes Cottiae 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5207: 5204: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5107:9789004548411 5103: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5076:. Princeton: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4819: 4812: 4811:Recognitiones 4808: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4718:9780902743342 4714: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4339:9789058670793 4335: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4237:9780192842589 4233: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4200:9780714108490 4196: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4144:9781134159079 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4117:9781575061207 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4050:9781785708398 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4023:9781910589465 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3905:, p. 89. 3904: 3899: 3890: 3884:, p. 81. 3883: 3878: 3872:, p. 87. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3797: 3795:9781118981603 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3765:, p. 86. 3764: 3759: 3751: 3749:9780520247314 3745: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726:, p. 84. 3725: 3720: 3718: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3690:, p. 76. 3689: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3669: 3663:, p. 73. 3662: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3535:, p. 49. 3534: 3529: 3521: 3519:9780199881451 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3496:, p. 11. 3495: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3453: 3446: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3210:Lycian script 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166:. In Homer's 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018:According to 3012: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972:community of 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2908:Byzantine era 2901: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Cibyra Megale 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687:, the consul 2686: 2682: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2460:Sympolity of 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2384:LYCIAN LEAGUE 2378:Lycian League 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354:, the consul 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2278: 2269: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Halicarnassus 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979:Delian League 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964:Delian League 1961: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708:c.450–430/20 1707: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1299:Archaic Greek 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1229: 1228:Archaic Greek 1222: 1213: 1206: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1077: 1066: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Indo-European 1028: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1006: 1002: 989: 980: 973: 963: 959: 946: 939: 934: 927: 922: 919: 912: 907: 904: 897: 892: 889: 885: 878: 873: 870: 863: 858: 854: 847: 842: 839: 832: 827: 820: 815: 814: 813: 810: 806: 802: 799: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742: 735: 731: 720: 713: 704: 697: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 624: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 603:, from which 602: 598: 593: 592:Mount Olympus 587: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 560: 556: 551: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 515: 513: 512:Teke Province 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 458: 453: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 372:On defeating 370: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 303:ancient Egypt 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 242: 238: 234: 230: 223: 212: 208: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 177:Lycian League 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142: 140: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 96: 91: 86: 81: 69: 58: 53: 47: 44: 40: 30: 19: 18:Ancient Lycia 6906:Spania (552) 6767:Palaestina I 6747:Euphratensis 6694:Helenopontus 6674:Cappadocia I 6595: 6581:Hellespontus 6480:Epirus Vetus 6447:Praevalitana 6362:of Illyricum 6152:Valentia (?) 6137:Britannia II 6041:Aquitanica I 5919:theme system 5884: 5723: 5335: 5210: 5195:. Retrieved 5190:Clow, Kate. 5166:the original 5161: 5148: 5132:. Retrieved 5128:the original 5097: 5073: 5040: 5034: 5024:Ramesses III 4997: 4969: 4946: 4935: 4917: 4898: 4872: 4859: 4847: 4818: 4810: 4798: 4788: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4702: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4592:. Retrieved 4588:the original 4583: 4574: 4565: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4521: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4460: 4446: 4432: 4418: 4404: 4392: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4328: 4321: 4314:Haywood 2002 4309: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4226: 4204: 4189: 4182: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4133: 4126: 4106: 4099: 4089: 4068: 4059: 4039: 4032: 4012: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3889: 3877: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3832: 3825: 3811: 3804: 3784: 3770: 3758: 3738: 3731: 3707: 3695: 3672: 3668: 3656: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3548: 3545:Trevor Bryce 3540: 3528: 3508: 3501: 3489: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3456:. Retrieved 3445: 3433:. Retrieved 3429: 3420: 3408:. Retrieved 3403: 3394: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3311:the original 3306: 3297: 3288: 3282: 3266: 3258:the original 3253: 3243: 3149: 3138: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3017: 2967: 2944: 2920:Karabisianoi 2917: 2894:Gaius Caesar 2871: 2850: 2846: 2793: 2786: 2783:Roman period 2761:Cibyra Mikra 2746: 2719: 2705: 2698: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2383: 2360:Galatian War 2349: 2330: 2321: 2307: 2295:his generals 2288: 2270:, c. 270 BC. 2247: 2182:, c. 380 BC. 2116: 2098: 2084: 2057: 2042: 2035: 1972: 1949: 1884:c.390–c.370 1857:c.380–c.360 1830:c.390–c.380 1800:c.410–c.390 1773:c.440-c.410 1694:Teththiweibi 1685:Teththiweibi 1573:c.540–c.530 1522: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1484: 1476:client state 1473: 1418:Ogival tombs 1394: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1352: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1271: 1245:, later the 1241:, first the 1236: 1172: 1159: 1153: 1126: 1110:Theodosius I 1106:Roman Empire 1099: 1087: 1043: 1016: 1008: 1004: 945:Kastellorizo 803: 782: 739: 737: 634: 630: 614:Through the 613: 588: 584: 580: 564: 536:Dalaman Çayi 521: 509: 462: 413:Roman Empire 402: 386:protectorate 371: 336:Persian Wars 333: 330: 311: 236: 228: 227: 67: 63:𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 51: 43: 7165:Rhodiapolis 7100:Antiphellus 6953:Justinian I 6825:Aegyptus II 6757:Mesopotamia 6704:Paphlagonia 6533:Haemimontus 6511:of the East 6475:Epirus Nova 6399:Pannonia II 6132:Britannia I 5993:Germania II 5824:'s reforms. 5756:Mesopotamia 5356:Paphlagonia 5232: / 5134:14 February 5020:Philistines 5008:sea peoples 4918:The Lycians 4554:, p. . 4316:, p. . 4290:The Celator 4227:Portraiture 3435:7 September 3188:Hippolochus 3152:Bellerophon 3145:matrilineal 3030:, were the 2992:is a Greek 2951:World War I 2930:Turkish era 2857:Cassius Dio 2716:Composition 2625:Rhodiapolis 2495:Antiphellus 2160:Persian cap 1942:-Ammon and 1839:Arttum̃para 1162:known from 1160:Lukka lands 1154:During the 1150:Lukka lands 977:The Lycian 805:Yeşilüzümlü 301:records of 137:Successive 7211:Categories 6930:reconquest 6820:Aegyptus I 6782:Phoenice I 6737:Cilicia II 6644:Armenia II 6394:Pannonia I 6066:Viennensis 5988:Germania I 5983:Belgica II 5923:Asia Minor 5895:Diocletian 5822:Diocletian 5634:Cappadocia 5296:Cappadocia 4994:J. B. Bury 4957:9004109560 4777:Antimachus 3980:, p. 3815:. p. 3410:13 October 3273:, p. 3235:References 3124:Pandion II 2994:ghost town 2980:after the 2886:propraetor 2839:The Roman 2368:Attalus II 2322:Ptolemaion 2318:Asia Minor 2303:Lysimachus 2289:After the 2248:Ptolemaion 2196:Mithrapata 2111:See also: 2094:of Macedon 2087:Mithrapata 2076:Hecatomnus 1868:Mithrapata 1862:Mithrapata 1744:fl. c.450 1678:480–c.440 1650:fl. c.500 1635:Kheziga II 1625:c.520–480 1534:Greek Name 1518:Harpy Tomb 1343:Harpy Tomb 1295:Harpy Tomb 1263:Achaemenid 1184:Sea People 1144:Bronze Age 789:Lycian Way 734:Lycian Way 728:See also: 627:Demography 616:cul-de-sac 553:Inscribed 546:Province. 394:federation 367:Hellenized 356:Macedonian 211:Asia Minor 156:Achaemenid 7175:Telmessus 7135:Idebessos 7074:Apollonia 6732:Cilicia I 6684:Galatia I 6639:Armenia I 6606:Pamphylia 6538:Moesia II 6495:Thessalia 6272:Raetia II 6104:Lusitania 6099:Gallaecia 6089:Balearica 5978:Belgica I 5741:Macedonia 5629:Britannia 5351:Pamphylia 5087:Fleitmann 5070:Drews, R. 5057:222441745 5031:Bryce, T. 4978:582161294 4540:Hill 1897 4514:Hill 1897 4263:: 43–50. 3978:Keen 1998 3963:Keen 1998 3951:Keen 1998 3939:Keen 1998 3927:Keen 1998 3915:Hill 1897 3903:Keen 1998 3882:Keen 1998 3870:Keen 1998 3763:Keen 1998 3724:Keen 1998 3700:Keen 1998 3688:Keen 1998 3673:Histories 3661:Keen 1998 3533:Keen 1998 3494:Keen 1998 3368:1932-6203 3271:Keen 1998 3020:Herodotus 2970:Christian 2878:Pamphylia 2874:Vespasian 2862:Suetonius 2747:In 81 BC 2670:Formation 2645:Telmessus 2565:Idebessos 2475:Apollonia 2364:Galatians 2314:Galatians 2299:Antigonus 2123:Antiquity 2074:, son of 2072:Pixodarus 1956:Pausanias 1944:Triskeles 1581:Kheziga I 1243:Scythians 785:waymarked 719:Telmessus 665:Telmessos 501:Pamphylia 447:Geography 390:home rule 279:provinces 150:(Gelemiş) 123:Languages 7180:Trebenna 7150:Phaselis 7145:Oenoanda 7105:Arycanda 7054:Votes: 1 7044:Votes: 2 7003:Votes: 3 6699:Honorias 6669:Bithynia 6442:Moesia I 6437:Dardania 6379:Dalmatia 6300:Byzacena 6267:Raetia I 6215:Sardinia 6190:Campania 6168:of Italy 5891:dioceses 5664:Dalmatia 5579:Aegyptus 5562:(117 AD) 5331:Lycaonia 5291:Bithynia 5275:Anatolia 5072:(1995). 5016:Anatolia 4968:(1847). 4871:(1997). 4813:, 10. 21 4793:, 5. 283 4747:, s. v. 4298:Archived 3406:. UNESCO 3386:35759500 3338:PLOS ONE 3317:21 March 3194:See also 3186:(son of 3180:Laodamia 3174:(son of 3172:Sarpedon 3122:(son of 3112:Termilae 3100:Sarpedon 3084:Chaldene 2949:. After 2890:Augustus 2853:Claudius 2709:Lyciarch 2700:Polybius 2655:Trebenna 2595:Phaselis 2585:Oenoanda 2505:Arycanda 2372:Pergamon 2333:Seleucid 2212:Perikles 2210:Coin of 2101:Nearchus 2060:Mausolus 2045:Perikles 1968:Diodorus 1726:† c.460 1604:Kubernis 1549:Date BC 1525:Darius I 1410:Darius I 1347:Kybernis 1332:Harpagos 1291:Kybernis 1267:Harpagus 1251:Persians 1118:Arcadius 903:Oinoanda 809:Cadyanda 661:Phaselis 599:, above 597:Yanartaş 409:Claudius 359:hegemony 348:Mausolus 326:Iron Age 305:and the 267:Anatolia 261:) was a 207:Anatolia 146:(Kınık) 139:capitals 113:Anatolia 105:Location 7160:Podalia 7155:Phellus 7120:Cyaneae 7110:Balbura 7062:Aperlae 7035:Olympos 7010:Xanthos 6896:Taurica 6830:Arcadia 6792:Syria I 6762:Osroene 6752:Isauria 6611:Pisidia 6586:Islands 6553:Thracia 6548:Scythia 6543:Rhodope 6262:Aemilia 6258:Liguria 6230:Valeria 6220:Sicilia 6210:Samnium 6195:Corsica 6084:Baetica 5956:of Gaul 5911:Ravenna 5876:History 5801:Thracia 5791:Sicilia 5771:Noricum 5674:Galatia 5639:Cilicia 5619:Assyria 5609:Armenia 5366:Pisidia 5361:Phrygia 5326:Isauria 5316:Galatia 5306:Cilicia 5220:29°54′E 5217:36°44′N 5158:"Lycia" 5063:Miletus 4830:Sources 4790:Odyssey 4781:scholia 4766:Solymoi 4749:Pisidia 4650:Gephyra 4594:12 July 3996:History 3547:(2005) 3458:7 April 3377:9236232 3346:Bibcode 3184:Glaucus 3156:Iobates 3088:Pisidus 3068:Solymos 3064:Solymus 3052:Σόλυμοι 3046:Sólymoi 3042:exonyms 2940:Kayaköy 2829:Olympos 2773:Balbura 2734:Olympos 2722:Xanthos 2615:Podalia 2605:Phellus 2535:Cyaneae 2515:Balbura 2462:Aperlae 2451:Olympos 2401:Xanthos 2343:in the 2176:Arbinas 2174:Dynast 2154:, with 2038:satraps 2015:Arbinas 1983:Kheriga 1936:Kuprlli 1893:Perikle 1812:Erbbina 1806:Arbinas 1755:Kheriga 1713:Kosikas 1659:Kuprlli 1630:Kosikas 1578:Kosikas 1543:Coinage 1500:in the 1467:arches. 1465:Chaitya 1437:Xanthos 1275:Xanthos 1164:Hittite 1139:History 1019:Lycians 888:Fethiye 774:Artemis 746:Lycians 657:Olympos 637:Xanthos 620:Kumluca 605:methane 568:Xanthos 559:Kheriga 544:Denizli 540:Dalaman 532:Fethiye 497:Pisidia 481:Antalya 457:Xanthos 439:on the 417:eparchy 405:Carians 324:in the 283:Antalya 255:Turkish 237:Trm̃mis 164:Cilicia 159:satrapy 144:Xanthos 68:Trm̃mis 7196:Letoon 7170:Sidyma 7140:Limyra 7095:Amelas 7090:Amelas 7072:, and 7070:Isinda 7066:Simena 7025:Pinara 7015:Patara 6948:in 536 6742:Cyprus 6727:Arabia 6528:Europa 6465:Achaea 5915:Africa 5786:Raetia 5731:Iudaea 5725:Italia 5669:Epirus 5654:Cyprus 5574:Achaia 5371:Pontus 5286:Aeolis 5104: 5055: 4976: 4954: 4905: 4879: 4724:Demre. 4715: 4336: 4234: 4197: 4141: 4114: 4047: 4020: 3792: 3746: 3635: 3610: 3585: 3516: 3384: 3374: 3366: 3214:Saint 3182:) and 3128:Aegeus 3120:Athens 3096:Europa 3072:eponym 3037:Μιλύαι 3032:Milyae 3024:Milyas 3006:Milyas 2978:Greece 2974:Greeks 2947:Turkey 2817:Pinara 2740:, and 2730:Pinara 2726:Patara 2681:Rhodes 2635:Sidyma 2575:Limyra 2485:Amelas 2471:Isinda 2466:Simena 2431:Pinara 2411:Patara 2395:Votes 2341:Rhodes 2268:Limyra 2252:Lymira 2156:Athena 2152:Kherei 2128:Sigloi 2049:Limyra 1915:c.360 1782:Kherei 1750:Gergis 1598:c.525 1546:Status 1498:Xerxes 1480:dynast 1461:Pinara 1389:Elmalı 1301:style. 1230:style. 1212:Elmali 1116:under 1090:Rhodes 1023:Luwian 979:Payava 853:Pinara 770:Apollo 762:Letoon 758:London 741:Erōtes 703:Dalyan 649:Pinara 641:Patara 601:Cirali 572:Patara 499:, and 489:Burdur 382:Rhodes 291:Turkey 233:Lycian 166:& 148:Patara 127:Lycian 117:Turkey 7217:Lycia 7130:Gagae 7115:Bubon 6601:Lydia 6596:Lycia 6576:Caria 6470:Creta 6404:Savia 5796:Syria 5659:Dacia 5376:Troad 5346:Mysia 5341:Lydia 5336:Lycia 5321:Ionia 5311:Doris 5301:Caria 5197:3 May 5053:S2CID 5012:Egypt 4785:Homer 4301:(PDF) 4286:(PDF) 3553:p. 54 3168:Iliad 3160:Homer 3140:lucus 3136:Latin 3132:Lukka 3116:Lycus 3108:Crete 3104:Minos 3092:nymph 2866:Perge 2777:Bubon 2555:Gagae 2525:Bubon 2232:Sidon 2132:Daric 2119:coins 2113:Coins 2064:Caria 1960:Kimon 1345:" of 1341:The " 1247:Medes 1039:Lukka 1009:ahama 493:Caria 352:Caria 287:Muğla 271:Lukka 259:Likya 250:Lykia 245:Λυκία 241:Greek 229:Lycia 195:Lykia 168:Lydia 131:Greek 80:Lykia 74:Λυκία 57:Likya 52:Lukka 49:Lycia 39:Lydia 7125:Dias 7030:Tlos 7020:Myra 6571:Asia 5913:and 5614:Asia 5199:2017 5136:2012 5102:ISBN 5014:and 4974:OCLC 4952:ISBN 4903:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4713:ISBN 4596:2016 4334:ISBN 4232:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4112:ISBN 4045:ISBN 4018:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3744:ISBN 3633:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3583:ISBN 3514:ISBN 3466:Klio 3460:2021 3437:2024 3412:2010 3382:PMID 3364:ISSN 3319:2012 3178:and 3176:Zeus 3164:Troy 3102:and 3080:Ares 3076:Zeus 2990:Kaya 2961:and 2789:Rome 2775:and 2765:Side 2742:Tlos 2738:Myra 2685:Livy 2545:Dias 2441:Tlos 2421:Myra 2392:City 2130:and 1940:Zeus 1431:The 1395:The 1166:and 1065:Myra 960:and 882:The 838:Myra 772:and 766:Leto 732:and 669:Krya 667:and 655:and 653:Tlos 645:Myra 285:and 6260:et 5045:doi 4805:in 4783:on 4779:in 4709:160 4265:doi 3982:97– 3372:PMC 3354:doi 3275:130 3190:). 3118:of 3078:or 3066:or 3058:In 2250:in 2230:", 2121:in 1608:KUB 1005:iti 1001:Ara 918:Kaş 886:in 869:Kaş 756:in 350:of 289:in 281:of 265:in 7213:: 7068:, 7064:, 5899:c. 5897:, 5160:. 5147:. 5051:. 5041:51 5039:. 4934:. 4809:, 4787:, 4721:. 4711:. 4689:^ 4582:. 4499:. 4474:^ 4294:26 4292:. 4288:. 4261:91 4259:. 4255:. 4212:^ 4203:. 4077:^ 4067:. 3970:^ 3862:^ 3817:12 3778:; 3716:^ 3680:^ 3551:, 3464:= 3428:. 3402:. 3380:. 3370:. 3362:. 3352:. 3342:17 3340:. 3336:. 3305:. 3252:. 3147:. 3062:, 2926:. 2892:, 2736:, 2732:, 2728:, 2724:, 2659:? 2649:? 2639:? 2629:? 2619:? 2609:? 2599:? 2589:? 2579:? 2569:? 2559:? 2549:? 2539:? 2529:? 2519:? 2509:? 2499:? 2489:? 2479:1 2473:, 2468:, 2464:, 2455:3 2445:3 2435:3 2425:3 2415:3 2405:3 2082:. 1966:: 1439:, 1297:. 1257:. 1186:. 780:. 651:, 647:, 643:, 639:, 611:. 507:. 495:, 443:. 309:. 257:: 253:; 247:, 243:: 239:; 129:, 115:, 7048:- 6988:e 6981:t 6974:v 5855:e 5848:t 5841:v 5552:e 5545:t 5538:v 5410:e 5403:t 5396:v 5266:e 5259:t 5252:v 5201:. 5151:. 5138:. 5110:. 5080:. 5059:. 5047:: 5026:. 4980:. 4960:. 4924:. 4911:. 4885:. 4598:. 4529:. 4503:. 4485:. 4468:. 4454:. 4440:. 4426:. 4412:. 4386:. 4342:. 4271:. 4267:: 4240:. 4176:. 4147:. 4120:. 4071:. 4053:. 4026:. 3819:. 3798:. 3752:. 3641:. 3616:. 3591:. 3522:. 3483:. 3462:. 3439:. 3414:. 3388:. 3356:: 3348:: 3321:. 3277:. 3049:( 3034:( 2831:. 2819:. 2226:" 2017:. 1778:? 1687:: 1655:? 1443:. 721:. 705:. 561:. 231:( 209:/ 83:) 77:( 70:) 66:( 41:. 31:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index