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2917:. Archaeological survey of India. pp. 47-48 In the Earliest Period, I, the defenses consisted of a mud wall with a burnt brick revetment on the exterior, the latter being available to a height of 42 ft. 5 in. and comprising one hundred and fifty-four courses of bricks (pl. LX). The first thirty courses from the bottom showed a batter of about 15 deg from the vertical and the upper courses 40 deg, the bricks being laid throughout in the English bond. Up to the first thirty courses, the revetment was also covered by a 2- to 1/2-in. thick mud plaster. At a height of about 6 ft. from the bottom, there were a number of holes, perhaps weep-holes, situated 6 ft. apart from each other. On the bases of the associated pottery, coins and terracottas the beginnings of the different periods of the defenses maybe dated as follows, Period I, 700 B.C, Period II, 500 B.C, Period III, 300 B.C, Period IV, 50 B.C, and Period V, A. D. 150.
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house. The houses were usually provided with bathing platform which were connected to the public drain through in house drain. Latrines were generally simple commode had a small drain leading outside to a second sump pot. The latrines and bathing platforms were located in a room attached to the outer wall. Kitchen were open air situated in a courtyard as well as closed rooms, hearths oval, circular and rectangular in shape were also used in the house, keyhole ovens with central pillars were used for roasting meat or baking breads.
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to line the drains of the city. Planned settlements from an early
Harappan era with structures parallel to the streets which run perpendicular to each other with public drainage system has been uncovered at the site of Rakhigarhi, one of the biggest urbanized areas of the Indus valley civilization dating back to 4000–3200 BCE. Even earlier phase dated 4400–4200 BCE has marked the appearance of wedge-shaped mud bricks with rectangular houses.
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186:
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1825:. The four-centered pointed arch was used to span narrow passageways and segmental arch for wider areas. The superstructure of the central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. The entire galleries and superstructure were found collapsed under 5 cm thick layer of ash which indicates destruction of the palace through conflagration.
97:, essentially beginning around 250 BCE, is therefore especially important, as much of it clearly adapts forms from contemporary constructed buildings of which no examples remain. There are also a number of important sites where the floor-plan has survived to be excavated, but the upper parts of structures have vanished.
2282:
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period has been discovered from the ruins of
Kausambi. The dressed stones of the palace were set in fine lime and coated with a thick layer of plaster, the entire architecture resembled a fortress with its own walls and towers. The palace had few rooms, each room was provided with three shelves and a
220:
from the early or proto-Harappan period already shows an urban development with fortification, grid layout of the city and drain system. The settlement consisted of a fortified city mostly made of mud-brick architecture but characterized by an appearance of fired bricks around 3000 BCE which was used
2631:
culture in the
Ghaggar-Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain were small farming villages. However, "several dozen" PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns, the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with
2403:
Archaeological evidences indicate that wedge-shaped bricks and construction of wells in the Indus valley civilization, and although no true arches have been discovered as of yet, these bricks would have been suitable in the construction of true arches. The earliest arch appeared in South Asia as a
889:
reads: "Everywhere King
Piyadasi (Ashoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted." Indian art and culture has absorbed extraneous impacts by varying degrees
1816:
revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE; and built-in six phases. The last phase dated to 1st – 2nd century CE, featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. There was a central hall in the central
1871:
An oblong-shaped stadium dating form the same era consisted of an arena which was enclosed on all four sides by flight of steps, with each step measuring two feet wide, and a pavilion which was situated on the west end. At the top of the arena, there was an eleven feet wide platform. The area of
1993:
Hindu temple architecture in the Indian subcontinent continued to develop in North India and South India. Nagara style developed in North India where a Hindu temple incorporated
Shikhara as its predominant architectural element whereas in southern India Vimana was used instead. The Hindu temple
370:
The domestic houses were made of bricks and usually flat roofed, the wooden doors were provided with hangings and a lock at the bottom. The houses were single or double storied. The windows were provided with lattice shutters for airflow and privacy and ledge to stop rainwater from entering the
1848:
type domical crowing structure has been noted in the palatial architecture of
Kausambi dated to 1st-2nd century CE. The central hall was thought to be topped by a dome but analysis of the bricks indicate Shikara type structure was used instead. Evidence also indicates Shikhara was also used in
2363:
arches" found in ancient rock-cut architecture, and agreed to be copied from versions in wood which have all perished. These often terminate a whole ceiling with a semi-circular top; wooden roofs made in this way can be seen in carved depictions of cities and palaces. A number of small early
1817:
block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The entire structure was constructed using bricks and stones and two layers of lime were plastered on it. The palace had a vast network of underground chambers also called
1828:
Rulers would often use their palaces to symbolize their majesty and greatness. Aligning with the belief at the time the monarch had the divine right to rule. This idea is captured in the expression "the king becomes not only exempt from punishment but also the lord of the law"
716:
respectively, were built from the time of the Buddha, in the 6th or 5th centuries BCE. The initial
Jivakarama monastery was formed of two long parallel and oblong halls, large dormitories where the monks could eat and sleep, in conformity with the original regulations of the
429:
central hall with steps leading to the tower. The architecture was constructed in three phases and is dated from 8th century BCE to 2nd century BCE. Discovery of this stone palace discredits the theory of foreign influence behind the rise of Indian stone architecture during
903:(c. 321–185 BCE). Architectural creations of the Mauryan period, such as the city of Pataliputra, the Pillars of Ashoka, are outstanding in their achievements, and often compare favourably with the rest of the world at that time. Commenting on Mauryan sculpture,
555:(600 BCE–320 BCE), walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors and made intense use of wooden architecture, are important features of the architecture during this period. The reliefs of
233:
cultures outside India sun-dried mud bricks were the dominant building material, the Indus Valley civilization preferred to use fired "terracotta" brick instead. A prominent feature of
Harappan architecture was also the first use anywhere in the world of
238:
in building with bricks. This type of bonding utilized alternate headers and stretchers which is a stronger method of construction. Clay was usually used as cementing material but where better strength was needed, such as for the drains, lime and
2487:
630:. Although the reliefs of Sanchi are dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, portraying scene taking place during the time of the Buddha, four centuries before, they are considered an important indication of building traditions in these early times.
2400:, at first believed that – due to the total absence of arches in Hindu temples – they were alien to Indian architecture, but several pre-Islamic examples bear testimony to their existence, as explained by him in the following manner:
89:
was predominant, and religious and secular building styles had taken on forms, with great regional variation, which they largely retain even after some forceful changes brought about by the arrival of first Islam, and then
Europeans.
1578:
temple built of timber on top of a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52x14x3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. A freestanding apsidal temple remains to this day, although in a modified form, in the
1335:
2092:
2062:
449:
1538:
812:. This cross-fertilization between different art streams converging on the subcontinent produced new forms that, while retaining the essence of the past, succeeded in integrating selected elements of the new influences.
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116:
is considered as the beginning of the classical period of Indian architecture. Nagara and
Dravidian architectural styles developed in the early medieval period with the rise of Hindu revivalism and predominant role of
948:
1503:
907:
once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".
1609:
1127:, thus shifting the cave-building effort to western India: an enormous effort at creating religious caves (usually Buddhist or Jain) continued there until the 2nd century CE, culminating with the
2149:
1522:
1922:
which are located in a dense jungle in North Bengal near Indo-Bhutan border. A prominent feature of its fortification walls are two parabolic arches. Many fortified cities like Nalrajar Garh,
327:
1277:
1292:
509:
dating back to 6th-century BCE. Buddhist scripture attributes this very old monastic site to the time of the Buddha which has been backed by archaeology, founded by a banker named Ghosita.
2111:
1194:
440:
A technique of architecture applied here was using dressed stones as facing for a wall made of rubble core, this represents the apogee of Indian architecture in this ancient period.
2172:
2294:
1213:
1761:, dating to the early Gupta period (5th century CE). It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. From an architectural perspective, this is a
1692:
is one of the earliest examples of Truncated Pyramidal temples with niches containing Buddha images. The structure is crowned by the shape of an hemispherical stupa topped by
1315:
2521:
838:
throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas. According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the
2266:
2131:
1631:
469:
2505:
1868:
in the 2nd century AD. The theater has a small quadrangular open area enclosed on all four sides by stepped stands which are made of bricks and cladded with limestone.
596:
1459:
538:
2543:
2445:
1994:
architecture was characterized by the use of stone as the dominant building material compared to the earlier period in which the burnt bricks were used instead.
93:
Much early Indian architecture was in wood, which has almost always decayed or burnt, or brick, which has often been taken away for re-use. The large amount of
4098:
3193:"The rubble-built building complex of Jivakamravana at Rajgir probably represents one of the earliest monasteries of India dating from the Buddha's time." in
2023:
842:), and erected 84.000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as
522:
1491:
721:, without any private cells. Other halls were then constructed, mostly long, oblong building as well, which remind of the construction of several of the
1141:
3437:
Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000
1160:
1401:
Temples—built on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were initially constructed using brick and timber. Some temples of timber with
2558:
2200:
2736:
2600:
1964:
and the expulsion of monks. He reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.
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2632:
wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after 600 BCE in the more fully urban
1593:
3694:
2384:
projection from a wall, that bears only its own weight. In this form, it became a very common and important decorative motif on Hindu temples.
4034:
2892:. Anthem Press. pp. 67 According to GR Sharma's monograph, rampart was built and provided with brick revetment between 1025 and 955 BC.
705:
2795:
581:
2468:
1429:
surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall. It was built during the time of Ashoka, and near it were found two of Ashoka's
1362:
976:
681:
for meditation, starting a tradition of using caves, natural or man-made, as religious retreats, that would last for over a millennium.
251:
was used for waterproofing. The bricks were produced in a standardized ratio of 4:2:1, found throughout the Indus Valley civilization.
749:, a dome-shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.
2043:
964:
1475:
3449:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York
2227:
3743:
481:
1918:
Nalrajar Garh fortification wall ruins dating back to 5th-century CE. are probably the only standing fortification ruins from
354:
3941:
3105:
3081:
3045:
2832:
914:
885:("Vajrasana"). He is also said to have established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire by 230 BCE. One of the
394:, defensive wall is characterised by mud based core having stone revetments with rectangular bastion dated c. 2400–1800 BCE,
108:. The urbanization in the Gangetic plains began as early as 1200 BC with the emergence of fortified cities and appearance of
3983:
1179:
808:. Remains of monumental stone architecture can be seen through numerous artifacts recovered from Pataliputra, such as the
414:
With the appearance of towns in the middle Gangatic basin in the sixth century BCE, a second urbanization began in India.
4408:
4197:
3709:
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1707:
temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. This design was very influential in the development of later
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A strongly probable shrine from Upper Paleolithic period dated (9000–8000 BCE) dedicated to worshipping of Goddess (
2380:
is an example. The arch shape survived into constructed Indian architecture, not as an opening in a wall but as a
1152:
3198:
Researches in Indian archaeology, art, architecture, culture and religion: Vijayakanta Mishra commemoration volume
1956:, over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. The Chinese pilgrim
333:
The dock, with a canal opening to allow water to flow into the river, thereby maintaining a stable water level,
4564:
4543:
4500:
4190:
4061:
3638:. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 9. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 31.
3500:
Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries
2397:
1809:
1567:
1170:
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City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate
2574:
Evidence indicates that the construction of fortification walls at Delhi applied nearly the same principle at
4479:
4350:
2010:
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112:. The Mahajanapada period was characterized by Indian coins and use of stone in the Indian architecture. The
2848:
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which used corbel arch to construct drains and have been evidenced at Mohenjo daro, Harappa, and Dholavira.
776:
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2014:
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653:(c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), Buddhist monks were also in the habit of using natural caves, such as the
4474:
4454:
3339:
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1247:(125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at
1104:
c. 250 BCE. These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard
1821:
by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of
379:
After the collapse of the mature Harappan urban period, some cities still remained urban and inhabited.
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dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by
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were dug into the hard rock and polished to a mirror effect c. 250 BCE, date of the inscriptions of
1185:
266:
At Dholavira, possible funerary architecture was found surrounding a dried up lake and consists of
244:
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Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times
1243:
Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at
823:
665:. Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death, and where the
4123:
288:
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in present-day Haryana has also yielded an Apsidal plan which has been interpreted as a temple.
4530:
4520:
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4084:
Summaries of Five Seasons of Research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan) 1986-1990
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2006:
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arena was 309 X 259 feet and 15 feet deep. The entire construction was done using burnt brick.
1769:
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1268:
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are some of the non Harappan chalcolithic urban developments that took place in India as well.
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J.M. Kenoyer (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" in
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An Indian palace depiction in Mahabodhi railing, showing vaulted underground chambers called
1354:
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2002:
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as was the tradition during pre-Islamic Rajput periods. Excavation of Lal Kot beneath the
1780:, constructed during the reign of Gupta Empire, also features flat roofed square sanctum.
815:
8:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4365:
4318:
2300:
2084:
809:
781:
270:, sometimes resembling hemispherical domes, constructed using mud bricks or stone slabs.
74:
4151:
Dubey, Lal Mani (1978). "Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture".
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1973:
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revealed ruins which was constructed using similar method as in the post-Islamic and
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2191:
1622:: an early Buddhist apsidal temple, in front of which was later added a Hindu square
1615:
1580:
1430:
1342:
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began to develop, starting with the already highly sophisticated and state-sponsored
955:
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701:
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82:
78:
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Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type, as the
1286:, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE
1018:
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2478:
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Indian architecture has utilized mix of false and true arches in its architecture.
1937:
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1067:
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870:
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Chakrabartia, Dilip K (1976). "Rājagriha: An early historic site in East India".
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793:
654:
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Unfinished Alai Minar's rubble core; the unfinished tower lacks sandstone facing.
300:
1892:
3084:, Maha-Parinibbana Sutta, Last Days of the Buddha, Buddhist Publication Society
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Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India
2849:"7 Kenoyer 2015 Indus civilization.pdf: ANTHRO100: General Anthropology (002)"
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rock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished to a mirror-like finish.
571:(6th century BCE). Archaeologically, this period corresponds in part to the
455:
Dressed stone masonry on rubble wall technique applied to Shingardar Stupa,
4274:
4020:
Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya
2417:
2102:
2030:
1986:
1919:
1801:
1746:
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1708:
1509:
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403:
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1960:, writing in 630 CE, explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of
4413:
4247:
4242:
3477:"DEVELOPMENT TYPES OF BUDDHIST TEMPLES: CENTRAL ASIA AND XINJIANG UIGHUR"
3252:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Upto 8th Century A.D.
2716:
Shaffer, Jim (1993). "Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond". In
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2535:
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674:
42:
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57:
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3812:"EARLY FORTIFICATION: AIHOLE, BADAMI, PATTADAKAL, MAHAKUTA AND ALAMPUR"
3353:"THE COLOSSAL STŪPA AT NANDANGARH, ITS RECONSTRUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE"
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Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function
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period from 5th century BC. Arch fragment discovered by archaeologist
31:
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Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)
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564:
177:
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1227:
Buddhist cave monument built under the Vakatakas, c. 5th century CE.
850:, where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly
390:
defense architecture, stone and mud brick residential structures of
4289:
2575:
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inscribed on it, or 1st - 2nd century CE when it first appeared in
2356:
2210:
1961:
1957:
1845:
1765:
1730:
1719:
1700:
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1060:
958:– 4th–3rd century BC stage 1 cruciform, 1 BC stage 3 colossal stupa
863:
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have revealed fortifications from the end of second millennium BC.
399:
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260:
170:
141:
86:
3428:
Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 149- –150
2101:
is an 8th/9th century Hindu Temple built by the Pratihara emperor
1667:
409:
2682:"Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?".
2429:
2413:
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This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the
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3635:
Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75
3288:
Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 140–174
2595:
Fortification of pre-Islamic Lal Kot and Agra Fort of Mughal era
3864:
The Spread of Buddhism by Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher
3852:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks by Jason Neelis
2780:
Excavation at Rakhigarhi [1997-98], [1999-2000]
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1933:
1927:
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c. 250 BCE, also a circular structure, in order to protect the
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1260:
1120:
1101:
1029:
1010:
1007:
895:
843:
831:
718:
709:
670:
658:
650:
627:
619:
610:
587:
568:
556:
501:
Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi dating back to 6th-century BCE
444:
Kausambi palace architecture technique applied in later periods
430:
334:
319:
240:
16:
Architecture of India from the Bronze Age to the 9th century CE
3152:
Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 97–99
3060:
3985:
Across the Pacific: From Ancient Asia to Precolombian America
3906:"Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar"
3004:, R. Thapar (ed.), pp. 21–49. New Delhi, National Book Trust.
2493:
2321:
2312:
2141:
1513:
1426:
1302:
1238:
1097:
1006:, dated to approximately 250 BCE, displaying the first known
746:
662:
185:
3668:. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India. pp. 50–52.
2974:. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 50–52.
2932:. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 33–35.
2873:
Menon, Kasturi Gupta, ed. (2003). "Excavation at Balathal".
3800:. Calcutta: Archaeological survey of India. pp. 45–46.
3553:
Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 147
2369:
2355:
The oldest arches surviving in Indian architecture are the
2325:
2159:
1704:
1166:
1952:
in the 6th century CE. During the rule of the Hunnic king
696:
monastery. Oblong communal hall (remains), 6th century BCE
243:
mortar was preferred instead. In architecture such as the
792:
The next wave of building, appears with the start of the
559:, dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, show cities such as
2735:
Kenoyer, J.M; Clark, J.D; Pal, J.N; Sharma, G.R (1983).
2303:
is a medieval artificial water tank commissioned during
1574:, which is also dated to the 3rd century BCE. It was an
982:
Temple depicted on Soghaura copper plate 3rd century BCE
195:
with square bastions and fort walls surrounding the city
3037:
World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction
2564:
Teli ka Mandir gate with multifoil arch, 8th century CE
1948:
This period ends with the destructive invasions of the
1562:
Another early free-standing temple in India, this time
626:-decorated doors, are also described in the reliefs of
618:
Various types of individual housing of the time of the
2890:
Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study
2552:
gate with particular Rajput style arch, 8th century CE
804:
was an urban marvel described by the Greek ambassador
752:
2734:
1405:
may have preceded them, but none remain to this day.
1329:
built from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE.
1119:, it is thought that many Buddhists relocated to the
622:(c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), resembling huts with
224:
144:) made of stone has been discovered at Baghor in the
4062:"METALS AND METALLURGY IN THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION"
2260:, it was the most impregnable fort he had ever seen.
4008:
Rowland, 44-45, 64-65, 113, 218-219; Harle, 48, 175
3613:
3611:
1930:owing to trade activities with southeastern China.
1497:
Chaitya Cave plan and elevation, Tulja Lena, 50 BCE
4138:The Calcutta Review Vol.10, No.1-3(april-june)1924
3225:The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven
3093:
1967:
1528:Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE,
1115:and the subsequent persecutions of Buddhism under
1111:Probably owing to the 2nd century BCE fall of the
202:
3484:Archi-Cultural Interactions Through the Silk Road
1832:A palace architecture has also been uncovered at
567:as splendid walled cities during the time of the
4556:
3608:
3596:Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, pp. 238–248
3195:Mishra, Phanikanta; Mishra, Vijayakanta (1995).
2609:used the same technique for fortification walls.
1640:apsidal temple, also later converted to Hinduism
1469:, c. 250 BCE. A stupa was located in the center.
757:
745:Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist
528:Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of
410:Second Urbanization period (1025 BCE – 320 BCE)
216:has been dated back to 2600 BCE, excavation at
3443:
3328:The Early History of India by Vincent A. Smith
2783:. Archaeological survey of India. p. 129.
1943:
1703:stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the
1696:, forming a logical elongation of the temple.
1645:
1394:Gumbatona Vihara, Gandhara, 1st-2nd century CE
1368:Geometrical decorations, Dhamekh Stupa, 500 CE
487:Stone facing of Qutub Minar on its rubble core
4198:
3029:
3027:
2824:The Lost River: On the Trail of the Sarasvatī
2166:: the four main spiritual centers of Hinduism
1544:Karttikeya Shrine with antelope in a coin of
3929:
3618:2500 Years of Buddhism by P.V. Bapat, p. 283
3194:
3120:
2515:, 4th–5th century CE (heavily reconstructed)
382:
163:Planning of Indus Valley civilization cities
129:
3605:Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, p. 234
3386:Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri
3087:
3033:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2943:Bates, Crispin; Mio, Minoru (22 May 2015).
2887:
2364:constructed temples have such roofs, using
1914:Nalrajar fortification wall, 5th century CE
1677:: a stepped pyramid with round stupa on top
1516:depicted in a coin from the 1st century BCE
4205:
4191:
4153:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4017:
3923:
3768:
3741:
3693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3628:
3248:
3024:
1714:
899:, and temples were constructed during the
741:are some of the earliest surviving stupas.
532:c. 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi
4212:
4096:
3875:
3873:
2288:Hira Gate at Dabhoi Fort, 12th century CE
1381:Domed Buddhist temple, 1st-2nd century CE
633:
4081:
4059:
4032:
3827:
3678:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3549:
3547:
3474:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3300:
3282:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3017:Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu)
2978:
2942:
2440:Variety of Arches in Pre Islamic periods
2335:
2311:
1981:
1909:
1787:
1783:
1718:
1408:
1349:, with a Buddha statue at the entrance,
814:
775:
732:
688:
677:). The Buddha himself had also used the
496:
492:
365:
3431:
3291:
3221:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3061:Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire (1914).
2737:"An upper Paleolithic shrine in India?"
2715:
2499:, 6th–7th century CE, Late-Gupta period
2320:, a complex of 7th and 8th century CE,
2140:Central shrine, dedicated to the deity
1864:constructed a stadium and a theater at
1808:Archaeological excavation conducted by
374:
207:
4557:
3870:
3846:
3724:
3707:
3249:Handa, O. C.; Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1994).
2820:
2793:
2675:
1856:
1749:later also built Buddhist stand-alone
1373:
890:and is much richer for this exposure.
4186:
4150:
4097:Kenoyer, J.M.; Miller, Heather M..L.
4086:. Prehistory Press. pp. 185–262.
4033:Robinson, Andrew (15 November 2015).
3981:
3772:Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre
3583:
3544:
3496:
3454:
3417:
3269:
3187:
3141:
3013:
2872:
2709:
1940:era date back to the 6th century CE.
1753:(following the great cave temples of
1204:, built in the 2nd century CE by the
881:, including masterpieces such as the
796:(320 BCE–550 CE) and the rise of the
4069:Indian Journal of History of Science
4060:Tripathi, Vibha (27 February 2018).
3821:
3798:Indian archaeology: A review 1966-67
3795:
3666:Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62
3663:
3503:. Abhinav Publications. p. 39.
3155:
2972:Indian Archaeology: A Review 1961-62
2930:Indian Archaeology: A Review 1960-61
2915:Indian archaeology a review: 1957-58
2797:Prehistory and Harappan Civilization
1898:Entrance to the Badami Northern Fort
970:Plan of the 80-columns pillared hall
834:(rule: 273–232 BCE) established the
155:
81:to around 800 CE. By this endpoint
3742:Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987).
3648:
3100:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66.
1232:
920:Mauryan polished stone pillar from
788:site of Pataliputra, c. 4th–3rd BCE
753:Classical period (320 BCE – 550 CE)
700:The first monasteries, such as the
254:
13:
4022:. London: W. H. Allen. p. 85.
3936:. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 31.
3881:"Group of Monuments at Pattadakal"
3657:
3562:
3556:
3523:
3380:
3310:, Oxford University Press, p. 12,
3201:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 178.
3166:
2969:
2927:
2912:
2569:
2404:barrel vault in the Late Harappan
2256:in the 12th century; according to
1661:The Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE
1557:
225:English Bond and building material
104:, the first cities emerged in the
14:
4581:
2348:Corbel arches in India date from
1077:
644:
3297:Piercey & Scarborough (2008)
3275:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008),
2776:
2599:
2557:
2542:
2520:
2504:
2486:
2467:
2444:
2416:. True arch in India dates from
2343:
2293:
2281:
2265:
2245:
2226:
2199:
2171:
2148:
2130:
2110:
2091:
2061:
2042:
2022:
1905:
1891:
1879:
1666:
1654:
1630:
1608:
1592:
1537:
1521:
1502:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1387:
1361:
1334:
1314:
1305:. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE,
1291:
1276:
1212:
1193:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1059:
1043:
1017:
991:
975:
963:
947:
928:
913:
595:
590:, old city walls 6th century BCE
580:
537:
521:
512:
480:
468:
448:
353:
341:
326:
311:
299:
287:
275:
184:
169:
56:
30:
4366:Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam
4144:
4130:
4110:
4090:
4075:
4053:
4026:
4011:
4002:
3975:
3950:
3898:
3858:
3804:
3789:
3762:
3735:
3718:
3711:Nagarjunakonda A Cultural Study
3701:
3683:. New Delhi. pp. 75–76–52.
3672:
3642:
3622:
3599:
3517:
3490:
3468:
3465:Le Huu Phuoc, 2009, pp. 233–237
3392:
3350:
3344:
3332:
3321:
3255:Indus Publishing. p. 162.
3242:
3215:
3114:
3075:
3054:
3007:
2994:
2963:
2936:
2921:
2906:
2881:
2866:
2841:
2720:; Srinivasan, Doris M. (eds.).
2392:The 19th-century archaeologist
1968:Early Middle Ages (550–1200 CE)
1024:The quasi-perfect walls of the
203:Period (5th–2nd Millennium BCE)
4544:Category:Architecture in India
4018:Cunningham, Alexander (1892).
3400:"Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi"
2814:
2787:
2770:
2728:
2694:
2650:
2621:
2398:Archaeological Survey of India
1810:Archaeological Survey of India
1603:, dated to the 3rd century BCE
1267:(1st century BCE/CE) and then
1171:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
893:Fortified cities with stūpas,
869:Ashoka also built the initial
684:
417:Archaeological excavations at
360:Archaeological feature, Lothal
348:Bathroom structure from Lothal
124:
1:
4036:The Indus: Lost Civilizations
3714:. Concept Publishing Company.
3651:Age Of The Nandas And Mauryas
3222:Tadgell, Christopher (2015).
3135:10.1080/00438243.1976.9979639
2643:
2412:in 1940 during excavation at
2011:Western Chalukya architecture
1849:crowing architecture such as
1599:Illustration of Temple 40 at
1481:Relief of a circular temple,
1298:East Gateway and Railings of
1066:Barrel apsidal vault plan of
758:Monumental stone architecture
424:A stone palace predating the
3962:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3958:"Great Living Chola Temples"
3910:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3885:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3404:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3173:. Grafikol. pp. 48–49.
2888:Schlingloff, Dieter (2014).
2875:Indian Archaeology: A Review
2706:(Routledge, 2008), pp. 12–13
2662:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2634:Northern Black Polished Ware
2368:construction, as well as an
2190:was completed in 1010 CE by
2123:Badami Chalukya architecture
2015:Badami Chalukya Architecture
1804:; Shunga period, 2nd–1st BCE
1755:Indian rock-cut architecture
1741:(Temple 17) (5th century CE)
1123:under the protection of the
1084:Indian rock-cut architecture
954:Cruciform star-shaped stupa
573:Northern Black Polished Ware
212:Although the urban phase of
121:in the Indian Subcontinent.
110:Northern Black Polished Ware
95:Indian rock-cut architecture
7:
4082:Kenoyer, J.M; Dales, G. F.
3708:Murthy, K. Krishna (1977).
3306:See Stanley Finger (2001),
3097:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
3094:Kailash Chand Jain (1991).
3064:The Buddha and His Religion
3034:Paul Gwynne (30 May 2017).
1989:, Gujarat, 11th century CE.
1944:End of the Classical period
1886:Entrance to the Badami Fort
1839:
1646:Truncated pyramidal temples
1153:Gopachal rock cut monuments
24:Ancient Indian architecture
10:
4586:
3830:Handbuch der Orientalistik
3828:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
3769:Varadpande, M. L. (1981).
3228:. Routledge. p. 498.
2316:View of the main group at
1971:
1236:
1100:, personally dedicated by
1081:
998:The famous carved door of
761:
637:
133:
85:had greatly declined, and
4539:
4493:
4427:
4220:
3982:Lemoy, Christian (2011).
3745:History of Indian Theatre
3569:. Grafikol. p. 237.
3530:. Grafikol. p. 238.
3040:. Wiley. pp. 51–52.
3002:the Making of ‘the Aryan’
2756:10.1017/S0003598X00055253
2690:: 1282–1283. 6 June 2008.
2432:palace architecture from
2350:Indus Valley civilisation
2070:Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
1999:Architecture of Karnataka
1978:Hindu temple architecture
1453:had found enlightenment.
1345:, depicting of the Great
1263:for the elevation of the
728:
613:Stupa 1, Northern Gateway
505:Ghoshitaram monastery in
383:Non-Harappan architecture
130:Baghor Paleolithic shrine
119:Hindu temple architecture
106:Indus Valley civilization
3796:M. N, Deshpande (1975).
3775:. Abhinav Publications.
3748:. Abhinav Publications.
3475:Nakamura, Yuuka (2016).
2614:
2252:Devagiri fort, built by
2074:Khajuraho Temple Complex
2035:temples in Mahabalipuram
1997:Regional styles include
1757:), such as Temple 17 at
1566:in shape, appears to be
1465:Remains of the circular
1186:Chitharal Jain Monuments
1147:58.4 feet (17.8 m)
2827:. Penguin Books India.
2821:Danino, Michel (2010).
2387:
1936:or Pulakeshi fort from
1715:Square prostyle temples
1271:(1st–2nd century CE).
1259:(125–60 BCE), again at
1200:Gautamiputra vihara at
649:During the time of the
148:in the Indian state of
3725:Sharma, G. R. (1977).
3679:Majumdar, RC. (1977).
3563:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
3524:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
3368:Cite journal requires
3338:Annual report 1906–07
3167:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
2703:The City in South Asia
2534:, 7th–9th century CE,
2332:
2117:Galaganatha Temple at
2080:style architecture, a
2007:Dravidian architecture
1990:
1915:
1844:The early evidence of
1805:
1742:
1425:, formed of a central
936:Lion Capital of Ashoka
827:
800:. The capital city of
789:
742:
697:
667:first Buddhist council
634:Religious architecture
502:
229:While in contemporary
4565:Architecture in India
4214:Architecture of India
3930:K. D. Bajpai (2006).
3630:Cunningham, Alexander
3566:Buddhist Architecture
3527:Buddhist Architecture
3170:Buddhist Architecture
3014:Brown, Percy (1959).
2336:Ancient Indian arches
2315:
2184:Brihadeeswarar Temple
1985:
1913:
1791:
1784:Palatial architecture
1722:
1409:Circular dome temples
1355:Andhra Pradesh, India
1237:Further information:
1090:rock-cut architecture
1088:Around the same time
1050:Gothic vault plan of
818:
779:
762:Further information:
736:
692:
640:Buddhist architecture
638:Further information:
551:From the time of the
500:
493:Ghositarama monastery
366:Domestic architecture
318:Drainage system from
4140:. 1924. p. 140.
3933:History of Gopāchala
3497:Hardy, Adam (1995).
3067:. Trübner. pp.
2946:Cities in South Asia
2794:Pruthi, Raj (2004).
2481:, 1st–2nd century CE
2462:, 7th–9th century CE
2394:Alexander Cunningham
2328:temples in northern
2003:Kalinga architecture
784:, discovered at the
463:, 1st-2nd century CE
375:Late Harappan period
208:Early Harappan phase
3988:. Christian Lemoy.
2511:Semicircular arch,
2235:Jain Temple complex
2085:World Heritage Site
1857:Theater and stadium
1733:Buddhist temple of
1374:Stand-alone temples
1321:The Great Stupa at
830:The Indian emperor
810:Pataliputra capital
782:Pataliputra capital
669:was held after the
75:Indian architecture
4039:. Reaktion Books.
2970:A., Ghosh (1964).
2928:A., Ghosh (1961).
2800:. APH Publishing.
2627:Most sites of the
2424:from an arch with
2406:Cemetery H culture
2333:
2301:Sahasralinga Talav
2138:Martand Sun Temple
2119:Pattadakal complex
2051:Nalanda Mahavihara
1991:
1974:Hindu architecture
1928:Northeastern India
1916:
1806:
1796:, as described by
1743:
1206:Satavahana dynasty
1169:cave monastery in
956:Lauriya Nandangarh
828:
790:
743:
698:
503:
259:The excavation at
47:Maharashtra, India
4570:Indian inventions
4552:
4551:
4122:. 1923. pp.
3943:978-81-263-1155-2
3664:Gosh, A. (1964).
3123:World Archaeology
3107:978-81-208-0805-8
3047:978-1-118-97228-1
2834:978-0-14-306864-8
2777:Nath, Amarendra.
2629:Painted Grey Ware
2513:Bhitargaon temple
2418:pre Mauryan Nanda
2374:Trivikrama Temple
2276:, 12th century CE
2215:Chaulukya dynasty
2192:Raja Raja Chola I
2121:is an example of
1851:Bhitargaon temple
1616:Trivikrama Temple
1581:Trivikrama Temple
1431:Minor Rock Edicts
1343:Amaravati Marbles
1284:Sanchi Stupa No.2
1245:Sanchi Stupa No.2
1188:, 1st century BCE
1173:(2nd century BCE)
1117:Pushyamitra Sunga
1070:, 3rd century BCE
836:Pillars of Ashoka
768:Pillars of Ashoka
702:Jivakarama vihara
694:Jivakarama vihara
657:, southwest from
294:Stepped reservoir
191:Fortification of
156:Bronze age period
83:Buddhism in India
79:Indian Bronze Age
4577:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2707:
2700:James Heitzman,
2698:
2692:
2691:
2684:Science Magazine
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2637:
2625:
2603:
2561:
2546:
2524:
2508:
2497:Mahabodhi temple
2490:
2479:Mahabodhi temple
2471:
2460:Punjab, Pakistan
2448:
2378:Ter, Maharashtra
2297:
2285:
2269:
2249:
2230:
2203:
2175:
2156:Jagannath Temple
2152:
2134:
2114:
2095:
2065:
2046:
2026:
1895:
1883:
1686:Mahabodhi Temple
1675:Mahabodhi Temple
1670:
1658:
1634:
1612:
1596:
1585:Ter, Maharashtra
1552:, 2nd century CE
1541:
1525:
1506:
1494:
1478:
1462:
1449:under which the
1439:Mahabodhi Temple
1391:
1365:
1338:
1318:
1295:
1280:
1233:Decorated stupas
1216:
1202:Pandavleni Caves
1197:
1182:
1163:
1144:
1133:Pandavleni Caves
1068:Lomas Rishi Cave
1063:
1047:
1021:
995:
979:
967:
951:
932:
917:
887:edicts of Ashoka
871:Mahabodhi Temple
794:Classical period
599:
584:
541:
525:
484:
472:
452:
357:
345:
330:
315:
303:
291:
279:
255:Larger buildings
188:
173:
77:ranges from the
60:
41:in the Buddhist
34:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4535:
4489:
4423:
4346:Badami Chalukya
4216:
4211:
4181:
4180:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4080:
4076:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3719:
3706:
3702:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3662:
3658:
3647:
3643:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3584:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3082:Digha Nikaya 16
3080:
3076:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3032:
3025:
3020:. pp. 3–5.
3012:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2853:canvas.wisc.edu
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2463:
2456:Kafirkot temple
2449:
2390:
2346:
2338:
2308:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2250:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2213:, built by the
2204:
2195:
2176:
2167:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2115:
2106:
2096:
2087:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2027:
1980:
1972:Main articles:
1970:
1946:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1859:
1842:
1786:
1717:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1560:
1558:Apsidal temples
1553:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1437:also built the
1411:
1403:wattle-and-daub
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1347:Amaravati Stupa
1339:
1330:
1319:
1310:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1217:
1208:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1054:3rd century BCE
1048:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1014:
1013:
996:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
952:
943:
933:
924:
918:
840:Ramagrama stupa
774:
760:
755:
731:
687:
655:Saptaparni Cave
647:
642:
636:
614:
600:
591:
585:
549:
548:
547:
546:
545:
542:
534:
533:
526:
515:
495:
488:
485:
476:
473:
464:
453:
412:
385:
377:
368:
361:
358:
349:
346:
337:
331:
322:
316:
307:
304:
295:
292:
283:
282:Dholavira ruins
280:
257:
227:
210:
205:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
189:
181:
180:
174:
165:
164:
158:
138:
132:
127:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
61:
52:
51:
50:
35:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4583:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:Indo-Saracenic
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4336:Hindu-southern
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4270:Hindu-northern
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4228:Ancient Indian
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4143:
4129:
4109:
4106:. p. 124.
4089:
4074:
4052:
4045:
4025:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3974:
3949:
3942:
3922:
3897:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3838:
3820:
3803:
3788:
3781:
3761:
3754:
3734:
3728:Kusana studies
3717:
3700:
3671:
3656:
3653:. p. 339.
3649:Shastri, K.A.
3641:
3621:
3607:
3598:
3582:
3575:
3555:
3543:
3536:
3516:
3509:
3489:
3467:
3453:
3442:
3430:
3416:
3391:
3379:
3370:|journal=
3351:Sen, Joyanto.
3343:
3331:
3320:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3268:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3207:
3186:
3179:
3154:
3140:
3129:(3): 261–268.
3113:
3106:
3086:
3074:
3053:
3046:
3023:
3006:
2993:
2991:Chandra (2008)
2977:
2962:
2955:
2935:
2920:
2913:Sharma, G. R.
2905:
2899:978-1783083497
2898:
2880:
2865:
2840:
2833:
2813:
2806:
2786:
2769:
2750:(220): 88–94.
2727:
2718:Spodek, Howard
2708:
2693:
2674:
2658:"Ellora Caves"
2648:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2588:Mughal Periods
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2550:Teli ka Mandir
2548:
2541:
2539:
2528:Multifoil arch
2526:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2475:Parabolic arch
2473:
2466:
2464:
2452:Multifoil arch
2450:
2443:
2441:
2422:K. P. Jayaswal
2396:, head of the
2389:
2386:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2310:
2309:
2307:(Solanki) rule
2299:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2254:Yadava dynasty
2251:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2099:Teli ka Mandir
2097:
2090:
2088:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2021:
1969:
1966:
1945:
1942:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1866:Nagarjunakonda
1858:
1855:
1841:
1838:
1834:Nagarjunakonda
1785:
1782:
1774:Pataini temple
1737:appearance at
1716:
1713:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1410:
1407:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1139:
1125:Andhra dynasty
1113:Mauryan Empire
1082:Main article:
1079:
1078:Rock-cut caves
1076:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1052:Sitamarhi Cave
1049:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1016:
1015:
997:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
981:
974:
972:
969:
962:
960:
953:
946:
944:
934:
927:
925:
919:
912:
883:Diamond throne
798:Mauryan Empire
772:Mauryan polish
759:
756:
754:
751:
730:
727:
686:
683:
679:Indrasala Cave
646:
645:Buddhist caves
643:
635:
632:
616:
615:
601:
594:
592:
586:
579:
543:
536:
535:
527:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
514:
511:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
479:
477:
474:
467:
465:
454:
447:
445:
411:
408:
384:
381:
376:
373:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
352:
350:
347:
340:
338:
332:
325:
323:
317:
310:
308:
305:
298:
296:
293:
286:
284:
281:
274:
256:
253:
226:
223:
209:
206:
204:
201:
190:
183:
182:
175:
168:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
157:
154:
150:Madhya Pradesh
146:Sidhi district
134:Main article:
131:
128:
126:
123:
114:Mauryan period
62:
55:
54:
53:
36:
29:
28:
27:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4582:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Uttar Pradesh
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:: 1000–1006.
4158:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4046:9781780235417
4042:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3997:
3995:9781599425825
3991:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3839:9789004135956
3835:
3831:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3782:9788170171478
3778:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3755:9788170172215
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3681:Ancient India
3675:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3576:9780984404308
3572:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3537:9780984404308
3533:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3510:9788170173120
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3362:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3316:0-19-514694-8
3313:
3309:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3262:9788185182995
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3235:9781136753831
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3208:9788185067803
3204:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3182:
3180:9780984404308
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2956:9781317565130
2952:
2949:. Routledge.
2948:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2807:9788176485814
2803:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2663:
2659:
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2624:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:Fortification
2560:
2555:
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2533:
2529:
2523:
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2507:
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2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2344:Corbel arches
2341:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:, located in
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:The ruins of
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:The rock-cut
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:had risen in
1925:
1921:
1912:
1906:Fortification
1894:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1776:located near
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1709:Hindu temples
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:
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1611:
1606:
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1595:
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1589:
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1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1551:
1550:Punjab region
1547:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1512:dedicated to
1511:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:Bairat Temple
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Bairat Temple
1406:
1404:
1390:
1364:
1359:
1356:
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1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
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1203:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Rishabhanatha
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Barabar caves
1091:
1085:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1026:Barabar Caves
1020:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:Barabar Caves
1002:, one of the
1001:
994:
978:
973:
966:
961:
957:
950:
945:
941:
937:
931:
926:
923:
916:
911:
910:
909:
906:
905:John Marshall
902:
901:Maurya empire
898:
897:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
821:
820:Ashoka pillar
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
750:
748:
740:
735:
726:
724:
723:Barabar caves
720:
715:
711:
708:monastery in
707:
703:
695:
691:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
641:
631:
629:
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621:
612:
608:
604:
598:
593:
589:
583:
578:
577:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Mahajanapadas
540:
531:
524:
513:Mahajanapadas
510:
508:
499:
483:
478:
471:
466:
462:
458:
451:
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264:
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250:
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242:
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222:
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194:
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179:
172:
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147:
143:
137:
122:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4380:Indo-Islamic
4371:Vijayanagara
4285:Māru-Gurjara
4227:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4137:
4132:
4118:
4112:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4077:
4068:
4055:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3984:
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:
3952:
3932:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3860:
3848:
3829:
3823:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3771:
3764:
3744:
3737:
3727:
3720:
3710:
3703:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3601:
3565:
3558:
3526:
3519:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3470:
3445:
3433:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:
3394:
3382:
3361:cite journal
3346:
3334:
3323:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3251:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3197:
3189:
3169:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3096:
3089:
3077:
3063:
3056:
3036:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2971:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2823:
2816:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2721:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2623:
2573:
2536:Hindu Shahis
2494:Pointed arch
2402:
2391:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2178:The granite
2103:Mihira Bhoja
2037:, 700–728 CE
2031:Shore Temple
1996:
1992:
1987:Navghan Kuvo
1947:
1932:
1920:Gupta period
1917:
1870:
1860:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1807:
1802:Arthashastra
1793:
1772:appearance.
1747:Gupta Empire
1744:
1725:Gupta period
1698:
1683:
1561:
1510:Hindu temple
1485:, c. 100 BCE
1412:
1400:
1325:. Decorated
1242:
1221:Ajanta Caves
1110:
1087:
894:
892:
868:
860:Dharmarajika
829:
791:
786:Bulandi Bagh
744:
699:
648:
617:
550:
504:
439:
423:
416:
413:
404:Bara culture
386:
378:
369:
265:
258:
236:English bond
228:
211:
139:
136:Baghor stone
99:
92:
72:
65:Hindu temple
18:
4501:Bhubaneswar
4475:Uttarakhand
4455:Maharashtra
3388:p. 231
2667:28 February
2584:Purana Qila
2382:blind niche
2258:Ibn Batutta
2207:Rani ki vav
1950:Alchon Huns
1862:Satavahanas
1251:(115 BCE),
1129:Karla Caves
1000:Lomas Rishi
922:Pataliputra
877:around the
806:Megasthenes
802:Pataliputra
764:Pataliputra
706:Ghositarama
685:Monasteries
675:paranirvana
125:Prehistoric
49:, c. 120 CE
43:Karla Caves
4559:Categories
4470:Tamil Nadu
4402:Qutb Shahi
4314:Hemadpanti
4071:: 279–295.
2877:: 145–153.
2644:References
2372:plan; the
2318:Pattadakal
2272:Jaisalmer
1954:Mihirakula
1768:temple of
1763:tetrastyle
1728:tetrastyle
1530:Ghantasala
1447:Bodhi tree
1351:Amaravathi
1255:(60 BCE),
942:, 250 BCE.
879:Bodhi tree
737:Stupas at
561:Kushinagar
530:Kushinagar
392:Ahar Banas
306:North Gate
245:Great Bath
231:Bronze Age
218:Kalibangan
193:Kalibangan
176:Layout of
102:Bronze Age
37:The Great
4516:Hyderabad
4485:Telangana
4465:Rajasthan
4445:Karnataka
4341:Dravidian
4165:2249-1937
3832:. BRILL.
3689:cite book
2858:22 August
2764:163969200
2744:Antiquity
2607:Agra Fort
2580:Agra Fort
2436:period.
2366:corbelled
2330:Karnataka
2305:Chaulukya
2188:Thanjavur
2164:Char Dham
2162:, one of
1924:Bhitagarh
1823:true arch
1812:(ASI) at
1798:Kautiliya
1778:Unchehara
1770:Classical
1735:Classical
1690:Bodh Gaya
1568:Temple 40
1443:Bodh Gaya
1423:Rajasthan
1309:: 75 BCE.
1269:Amaravati
1253:Bodh Gaya
875:Bodh Gaya
856:Amaravati
826:, 250 BCE
575:culture.
565:Rajagriha
178:Dholavira
63:Rock-cut
4428:By state
4351:Chalukya
4329:Rock-cut
4324:Nilachal
4290:Shikhara
4265:Harappan
4255:Buddhist
4173:44139449
3967:12 March
3915:23 March
3890:23 March
3866:p. 60 sq
3632:(1879).
3409:23 March
2636:culture.
2576:Red Fort
2430:Kausambi
2357:gavaksha
2233:Wall of
2211:stepwell
2078:shikhara
1962:Buddhism
1958:Xuanzang
1938:Chalukya
1846:Shikhara
1840:Shikhara
1814:Kausambi
1766:prostyle
1731:prostyle
1701:aniconic
1638:Chejarla
1546:Yaudheya
1341:Slab of
1225:rock-cut
864:Gandhara
848:Kesariya
824:Vaishali
739:Piprahwa
714:Kausambi
607:Sravasti
603:Jetavana
461:Gandhara
437:period.
419:Kausambi
388:Balathal
261:Banawali
87:Hinduism
73:Ancient
4526:Lucknow
4506:Chennai
4494:By city
4440:Gujarat
4361:Kadamba
4356:Hoysala
4305:Sekhari
4295:Bhumija
4280:Kalinga
3439:p. 15ff
2434:Kushana
2414:Harappa
2370:apsidal
2361:chaitya
2274:Chhatri
2239:Deogarh
2076:in the
2072:at the
2055:Nalanda
2033:of the
1819:Suranga
1794:suranga
1751:temples
1694:finials
1624:mandapa
1576:apsidal
1564:apsidal
1483:Bharhut
1327:toranas
1307:toranas
1300:Bharhut
1265:toranas
1257:Mathura
1249:Bharhut
1223:are 30
1131:or the
1106:granite
1011:reliefs
940:Sarnath
896:viharas
852:Bharhut
624:chaitya
507:Kosambi
435:mauryan
431:Ashokan
426:Mauryan
396:Sanghol
249:bitumen
214:Harappa
100:In the
39:Chaitya
4531:Mumbai
4521:Jaipur
4460:Odisha
4450:Kerala
4435:Bengal
4397:Sharqi
4390:Akbari
4385:Mughal
4319:Meitei
4300:Latina
4275:Nagara
4238:Bengal
4171:
4163:
4043:
3992:
3940:
3854:p. 168
3836:
3779:
3752:
3573:
3534:
3507:
3314:
3277:Pagoda
3259:
3232:
3205:
3177:
3104:
3044:
2953:
2896:
2831:
2804:
2762:
2426:Brahmi
2082:UNESCO
2013:, and
1934:Badami
1759:Sanchi
1739:Sanchi
1705:iconic
1601:Sanchi
1572:Sanchi
1451:Buddha
1435:Ashoka
1419:Bairat
1323:Sanchi
1261:Sanchi
1121:Deccan
1102:Ashoka
1030:Ashoka
1008:Maurya
844:Sanchi
832:Ashoka
770:, and
729:Stupas
719:samgha
710:Rajgir
673:died (
671:Buddha
659:Rajgir
651:Buddha
628:Sanchi
620:Buddha
611:Sanchi
588:Rajgir
569:Buddha
557:Sanchi
335:Lothal
320:Lothal
268:tumuli
241:gypsum
142:Shakti
4511:Delhi
4260:Dzong
4248:Ratna
4243:Chala
4233:Assam
4221:Types
4169:JSTOR
4104:(PDF)
4065:(PDF)
3815:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3341:p. 89
3071:–377.
2760:S2CID
2740:(PDF)
2615:Notes
2322:Hindu
2219:Patan
2209:is a
2180:tower
2142:Surya
1532:Stupa
1514:Shiva
1427:stupa
1303:Stupa
1239:Stupa
1098:Bihar
938:from
747:stupa
663:Bihar
400:Rupar
4419:Sikh
4414:Jain
4161:ISSN
4041:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3969:2019
3938:ISBN
3917:2019
3892:2019
3834:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3695:link
3571:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3411:2019
3374:help
3312:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3102:ISBN
3042:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2860:2020
2829:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2748:LVII
2669:2019
2578:and
2410:Vats
2388:Arch
2359:or "
2326:Jain
2324:and
2160:Puri
2068:The
1976:and
1745:The
1684:The
1673:The
1219:The
1167:Jain
780:The
712:and
704:and
457:Swat
398:and
3131:doi
3069:376
2752:doi
2688:320
2532:Amb
2530:at
2376:at
2237:at
2186:in
2182:of
2158:at
2053:at
1800:in
1688:in
1620:Ter
1618:at
1583:in
1570:at
1441:in
1417:in
1096:in
873:in
862:in
858:or
846:or
822:at
605:of
563:or
433:or
402:of
4561::
4167:.
4157:39
4155:.
4124:86
4067:.
3960:.
3908:.
3883:.
3872:^
3691:}}
3687:{{
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3402:.
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3026:^
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2477:,
2458:,
2454:,
2017:.
2009:,
2005:,
2001:,
1853:.
1836:.
1723:A
1711:.
1587:.
1548:,
1433:.
1421:,
1353:,
1151:,
1135:.
866:.
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725:.
661:,
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4049:.
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3919:.
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3731:.
3697:)
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3376:)
3372:(
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3318:.
3279:.
3265:.
3238:.
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3183:.
3137:.
3133::
3127:7
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3050:.
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2902:.
2862:.
2837:.
2810:.
2766:.
2754::
2724:.
2671:.
2221:.
2194:.
2125:.
2105:.
1032:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
