Hindu Shahis - Knowledge

1957: 1703: 2255:, Jailam and Takeshar. Anandapala, then Governor of Punjab and son of Jayapala, was ordered to intercept Bharat's forces and in the ensuing battle, Bharat was imprisoned and Lahore annexed; however the nobility of Lahore pleaded on behalf of their old King, who was reinstated as a feudatory after payment of tributes. About a year hence, Bharat's son Chandrak deposed him on the grounds of waging an ill-thought-out campaign against the Shahis, and became the new feudatory. For reasons which are not clear, c. 998-999 (eight years after the usurpation), Jayapala declared war against Lahore on the pretext of protecting his suzerain Bharat and dispatched Anandapala. Chandrak was ambushed and kidnapped around the battleground of Samutla, and Lahore was annexed by the Shahis. Rahman speculates that the Shahis were trying to balance their losses to the Ghaznavids using any pretext. 2088: 3239:, and his Vazir was Kallar, a Brahman. The latter had been fortunate, in so far as he had found by accident hidden treasures, which gave him much influence and power. In consequence, the last king of this Tibetan house, after it had held the royal power for so long a period, let it by degrees slip from his hands. Besides, Lagatarman had bad manners and a worse behaviour, on account of which people complained of him greatly to the Vazir. Now the Vazir put him in chains and imprisoned him for corruption, but then he himself found ruling sweet, his riches enabled him to carry out his plans, and so he occupied the royal throne. After him ruled the Brahman kings Samand (Samanta), Kamalu, Bhim (Bhima), Jaipal ( 1509: 1694: 3040: 2217:, son of Sabuktigin and a battle commander, wished to inflict a decisive defeat, but had to concede when Jayapala threatened to incinerate all valuables. A war indemnity of one million Shahi dirhams and fifty war elephants was agreed upon and some frontier forts were ceded to the Ghaznavids. Accordingly, Jaypala made his way back with Ghaznavid commanders who were to take charge of the ceded forts, while some of his relatives and officials were left with Sabuktigin as hostages. Once Jayapala reached his own territories, he called off the treaty and threw the commanders into prison, hoping to force Sabuktigin into exchanging hostages. 3056: 340: 2297: 1412: 59: 3028: 1268: 2829:) and they took positions at the eastern bank but failed to execute the task. Subsequently, Trilochanapala planned to move away, probably to join Vidyadhara's forces for the main faceoff, but a swift charge by Mahmud's troops inflicted yet another resounding defeat. Bulandshahr was sacked and two of his wives and daughters imprisoned. He tried to enter into a peace-treaty but in vain, causing him to flee to Vidyadhara. It is not known whether he made it to the camp but Vidyadhara is noted to have deserted his posts by then. 2976: 2759: 1246: 1104: 2778:, commanded by Tunga. The face-off happened in the middle of the following year. Bhimapala initially went about exploiting the local topography of a narrow mountain-pass in his favor, and launched stinging guerrilla attacks on Mahmud's troops—to the extent of being referred to by Uth'bi as "Bhima, the Fearless", until he got confident of his numerical superiority and switched to open-warfare; in the mayhem that followed this tactical blunder, the Shahis were routed and Bhima had to flee. 2801:. But the fatal encounter with Mahmud ensured that Trilochanapala had nowhere but the Siwaliks to retreat into and compelled him to enter into a peace treaty, even offering his son to be married to the daughter of Chandar. The offer was accepted but Bhima was imprisoned when he went to bring the bride home and Chandar asked for reparations. This brought an end to Trilochanapala's imperial ambitions in the Lower Himalayas for the time being though stray conflicts continued. 3014: 2317: 2990: 66: 347: 418: 588: 474: 436: 400: 365: 570: 552: 3002: 2842: 2790:. An initial round of success against a Ghaznavid reconnaissance party contributed to Tunga's pride and he then mounted a disastrous maneuver without consulting experienced Shahi generals, ensuring another crippling defeat coupled with a total loss of territory, west of Tausi. Rahman noted this campaign to be the death-blow for the Hindu Shahis — "it was no longer a question of whether but a question of when" the Shahis would perish. 2718:, the ruler of Multan. He declined the request and even went to the extent of stationing troops on the banks of Indus to prevent Mahmud's crossing, an enraged Mahmud waged a cataclysmic war upon the Shahis and compelled Anandapala to escape to Kashmir before eventually finishing his original objective of conquering Multan. All these territories of "Hind" were left under the governorship of a certain Sukhapala, a neo-convert. 1969: 1734: 1529: 1432: 1119: 1759: 1974: 1739: 1572: 1438: 1125: 2004: 1989: 1979: 1781: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1554: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1479: 1464: 1449: 1444: 1136: 1131: 1984: 1549: 1459: 1454: 1141: 454: 1176:, a British orientalist in 1822. Coins exhibit progressive debasement with time, with a regular decrease of silver content, allowing for the sequencing of the coinage. Early issues do not mention personal names but only generic titles, thereby not matching with the names found from literature. The characteristic motif of a horseman on the reverse with a bull on the obverse goes back to the 1327:. However this goes against Masudi's statement, as well as against Kalhana, whose contemporaneous Kshatriyas staked descent from the Hindu Shahis. Rahman speculates that either their Brahmin affiliation was a late rumor floated to justify their original usurpation of the throne, or they were fallen Brahmins, who ran afoul of caste-rules while discharging royal duties. According to 2722:

defeated him, to be defeated by another. It is unknown whether Anandapala's offer was accepted but Mahmud stalled his chase of Ilaq Khan and turned his attention to the Shahis; Sukhapala offered negligible resistance before fleeing into Kashmur from where he was captured, fined, and imprisoned to death. It is likely that Anandapala was installed as the next Ghaznavid vassal.

2228:?). The Ghaznavids breached the enemy lines repeatedly using light attacks and followed them with an all-out assault, routing the Shahis who had to flee beyond the Indus despite their overwhelming numerical superiority. The entire span of territory up to Peshawar was lost, and Sabuktigin installed his own tax-collectors; local tribes were ordained into Ghaznavid arms too. A 2876:

the Siwaliks and might have been a Shahi heir — many contemporary Muslim chronicles do mention a Hindu triumvirate to have unsuccessfully attacked the Ghaznavids around the same time but mention only two of the names, both petty Siwalik chieftains and not Sandbal. Some Shahis migrated into Kashmir and gained prominent positions in their court.

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and declared war immediately. Soon, the Shahis were in a state of disarray with Jayapala and fifteen of his relatives taken as prisoners. About one million Shahi forces were taken as slaves. The war-spoils awed contemporary chroniclers: the royal necklaces alone were valued at over six million Shahi dirhams. Mahmud continued his raid as far as

1497:'s misreading of the corrupted remains of a Bactrian legend as Arabic numerals, he proposed that another series of coins bearing the legend 'Samanta' ('Feudatory') were also minted by Kallar. He argued the 'Spalapati' series to have been minted for circulation in Persian regions of his territory and the 'Samanta' series for 1826:

with previous rulers, there is a lack of information including about his actual name, course of rule and eventual fate. The unavailability of his coins in or around Gandhara points to his lack of control over the region, which did not come into contact with Ya'qub's expeditions and were likely held by Samanta's relatives.

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Mahmud sent his own agents to oversee the enforcement of the peace treaty and within a year, normal trade relations had resumed. The death of Anandapala is not recorded in any chronicle; however, it can be ascertained to be c. late 1010 - early 1011. The fate of the son taken back to Ghazni remains unknown.

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and resulting political instability to his favor. The armies met at Qadar Jur (var. Qalachur) and despite the Shahis having numerical superiority, they were defeated as their troops left the battle in a state of panic once Sandbal was assassinated by a Turk archer. He seemed to have been based around

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noting that Kabul was under an unnamed Ya'qub governor as late as 878/879. It is speculated that this governor was some blood relation of Samanta who was favorably inclined to Islam and went on to take the title of Khudarayaka (Small King) as ascertainable from a series of coins. As has been the case

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is mentioned in all of them whose zero year is understood to correspond to 822 C.E. based on the Zalamkot Bilingual Inscription; it has been assumed to be initiated by Kallar on his coronation, as was typically the case for most Hindu dynasties of medieval India. Copper land grants etc. are yet to be

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on 27 September 1001; one Shahi governor of the Bardari province named Adira Afghan is held to have switched sides and aided in the safe and quick passage of Mahmud's troops across Shahi provinces. Mahmud saw through Jayapala's tactics of delaying the conflict in the hope of receiving reinforcements

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Contemporaneous Muslim sources take note of Jayapala having received aid from neighboring Indian polities; Firishta, writing over 600 years hence, would be the first chronicler to note their names: Delhi, Ajmir, Kalunjur, and Kanauj. Rahman doubts Firishta's accuracy since neither extant literature

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Inscription, Dewai Inscription, Ratnamanjari Inscription, Veka Inscription, Hund Stone Inscription, Kamesvaridevi Inscription, Barikot Inscription, and Isvara Inscription—most are disfigured to various extents due to their use as grinding stones in medieval times and are decipherable only in parts.

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In 1021, Trilochanapala, by then a ruler of little significance in all probabilities, was assassinated by his mutinous Hindu troops for reasons unknown. Bhimapala, who must have escaped the Rais sometime in between, succeeded him and continued to rule until 1026; nothing is known about his rule or

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via Hindu Shahi territories, he proposed that the city be spared in lieu of a negotiated peace treaty. Mahmud rejected the request and sacked Thanesar with an uneventful passage via Shahi territories. However, as a consequence or otherwise, Trilochanapala soon stopped paying the annual tributes to

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This would be the last military conflict of Anandapala; the next year, Anandapala sent an embassy to Mahmud. The proposal of peace was accepted and in return, Hindu Shahis were to accept tributary status, provide (limited) military support, guarantee passage of troops, and remit an annual tribute.

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vazir called Kallar. The sole description of events comes from Al-Biruni: Lagatarman's unbecoming manners had led his subjects to lodge multiple complaints with Kallar, who having chanced upon a treasure trove, was rapidly purchasing his way to power. Kallar imprisoned the King for corruption and

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The name is derived from Al-Biruni. Etymological origin of "Shahi" remains poorly understood; it derived either from Greek or Persian. A royal epithet, it was first used by Kushana rulers. The actual name of the dynasty—that is, how they referred to themselves or their polity—remains unknown. In

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Bhimadeva's successors would all have the surname of "Pala", and Muslim sources give hazy indications of a successional dispute, leading many to suggest that the same family was not ruling anymore. Rahman disagrees that there exist sufficient evidence in favor of such a hypothesis or conclusion.

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Circa 990–991, Mahmud would be imprisoned by his father Sabuktigin on grounds of fomenting a rebellion. Jayapala probably tried to leverage the rift in his favor by promising to rescue Mahmud, marry off his daughter to him, and further, allot sufficient wealth and troops. Mahmud did not respond

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Bhima's death is chronologically placed within the span of 964 to 965 CE. The Hund Slab Inscription attributes his passing to him 'burning himself through Shivas desire but not through the terrible enemy', suggesting a ritualistic suicide, and the absence of any noted political setbacks further

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Rajat., v, 232-33: As superintendent of the treasury he (Prabhakaradeva, the prime minister of Gopalavarman - the successor of Samkaravarman ) plundered the riches of the amorous (queen) and vanquished the Sahi kingdom at Udabhanda. He bestowed the kingdom of the rebellious Sahi upon Toramana,

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Otherwise, Ya'qub himself would have never proclaimed himself with such lowly titles while later Hindu Shahis, who regained sovereignty, won't mint in Arabic at all. Further, the series matched with the distinctly lower weight standard of the Arabic dirhem as introduced after ‘Abd al- Malik's

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However, a couple of years hence, Sukhapala renounced Islam (c. late 1006) and declared rebellion. At this juncture, Anandapala tried to make space for himself by promising to aid Mahmud in containing Turk rebellions at the other side of his empire; apparently, he did not want a ruler who had

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and al-Malik Isami adds a price of 80 dirhams. Others like al-Ansab note that Mahmud had rejected his request for pardon but allowed him to be free in lieu of a payment of 2.5 million dirhams and 50 war-elephants around March 1002, which Rahman finds more likely. Jayapala returned to Hund and

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The circumstances that led to this sudden development are described peculiarly by Utbi: a fountain of supernatural powers was intentionally polluted by Sabuktegin to raise a snowstorm of hellish proportions that blinded Jayapala's men. Positivist historians have understood this to refer to a

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In November 1013, Mahmud progressed towards Hind to contain Trilochanapala but failed to make it across the snow-laden passes. Taking advantage of this delay, Trilochanapala tasked his son Bhimapala with arranging Shahi troops and went to Kashmir, where he received a battalion from king

3118:—published his doctoral dissertation but his handling of Muslim sources, coins etc. were laden with errors, primarily stemming from an exclusive dependence upon English translations of Arabic/Persian chronicles. Both of these works are considered outdated and inaccurate, at large. 1615:

Al-Biruni notes that Samanta was the successor of Kallar and may have been his son, but their genealogical relationship is left undescribed. Like in the case of Kallar, there is a total lack of information on his rule or even his actual name and he seems to have replicated the

3341:— and notes that Utbi's description of the eastern frontiers was based on letters received by the Court, so he proposes that the Zoroastrian myth was still believed by the locals during the conflict and Sabuktegin had it leveraged to increase his stature before his subjects. 1602:

as an 'Ispahbadh' ('Warlord'), equivalent to the title Spalapati. Rahman therefore believes that Kallar did not initiate any changes in the currency system of the last Turk Shahis and the Samanta series was minted by succeeding Hindu Shahi rulers. Numismatist and historian

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in 815 CE who had invaded Khorasan. Following this defeat, the Turk Shahis not only had to convert to Islam but also had to cede key cities and regions. Another campaign against the Gandhara branch seems to have followed soon, with the Caliphate reaching as far East as the

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In 998 CE, Mahmud ascended the Ghaznavid throne at Ghazni, and went on an annexation spree. Soon, Mahmud turned his eyes on the Shahis, allegedly resolving to invade their territories every year. In what was the last battle of his life, Jayapala met with Mahmud in the

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Some have argued for the early 900s, in an attempt to squeeze Bhimadeva closer to the establishment of the dynasty, since he had minted coins of the Samanta series; Raman found the argument to lack basis, since the coins of the Samanta series would be minted by

2170:. Rahman proposed that Vijayapaladeva had to have either belonged to the Kabul branch or had been a local Shahi feudatory. Khaw disagrees and instead equates Vijayapaladeva with one Thakkana Sahi, mentioned by Kalhana as a rebel who had to be captured by Queen 6701: 2725:

C. December 1008, Mahmud mounted an invasion of Hindu Shahis for reasons which are not clear. Anandapala sent a large army, supplanted with neighboring troops under the commandership of his son, Trilochanapala, who arrived in the plains of

6025:"Review of Die Palola Ṣāhis: Ihre Steininschriften, Inschriften auf Bronzen, Handschriftenkolophone, und Schutzzauber. Materialen zur Geschichte von Gilgit und Chilas. Antiquities of Northern Pakistan, Reports and Studies, vol. 5" 2193:

was described as a drunkard whose oppressive rule led the citizens of Ghazna to request the return of Lawik. Lawik mounted yet another expedition with help from the "son of Kabul Shah" and met the Muslim forces in the area of

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entered into treaties with one another and with the Hindu Shahis to ward off future invasions of a similar scale. Mahmud did not take kindly to these alliances and returned in October 1019. Trilochanapala's men were tasked by

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It was probably around this time, that some mausoleum (or tomb) was commissioned at Zalamkot by Mahmud's commander Arslan Jadhib for the fallen, which would be eventually completed in 1011. See on the Zalamkot Bilingual

3251:). The latter was killed A.H. 412 (A.D. 1021), and his son Bhimapala five years later (A.D. 1026). This Hindu Shahiya dynasty is now extinct, and of the whole house there is no longer the slightest remnant in existence. 3070:, Kamala, and Bata, but without detailed reasoning. Hund remains the main archaeological site. Fragmentary evidence is located across the Peshawar valley. Excavations by Rahman et al, documented a Buddhist monastery at 1719:, Iran), conqueror of the Kabul capital of the Hindu Shahis in 870 CE, and coinage of the Saffarid Governor of Kabul after the capture of the city, issued around 870 CE in Kabul on the Hindu Shahi model. Abbasid 2234:

was commissioned at Kindi to commemorate the victory. However, Peshawar and adjacent regions returned to the Shahis sometime soon, probably during what would be a long interlude in the Ghaznavid-Shahi conflict.

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et al.—had published on the Hindu Shahis, primarily from a numismatic perspective. The first comprehensive volume on the subject appeared in 1972 by Yogendra Mishra, a professor in the Department of History of

2113:...The king of that (country) is (now) Jayapaladeva, who, through his body, origin, and birth, has become the sole hero, whose very pure fame, having left heaven, has attained the eternal abode of Brahman.... 2785:

was sacked for war-spoils and a Ghaznavid governor was installed, while Mahmud went searching for Trilochanapala. Trilochanpala, in the meantime, had set up his base with Kashmiri forces on the banks of the

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states that the ruler of Kabul was made prisoner though it is not clear whether this was Samanta. The region was in Saffarid control until 878 CE before being recaptured by Lalliya, the successor to Samanta.

981:, were a dynasty established between 843 CE and 1026 CE. They endured multiple waves of conquests for nearly two centuries and their core territory was described as having contained the regions of Eastern 6420:

Ball, Warwick; Bordeaux, Olivier; Dowall, David W. Mac; Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Taddei, Maurizio (May 2019). "From the Kushans to the Shahis". In Allchin, Raymond; Ball, Warwick; Hammond, Norman (eds.).

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coin series, Bhimadeva was one of the most accomplished rulers of the Hindu Shahis along side Lalliya. His rise to power was concurrent with the growth of neighboring Hindu kingdoms such as that of the

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Nothing definite is known about the reign of the Hindu Shahi ruler Kamaluka, except that he was succeeded by his son, Bhimadeva. Concurrent to his reign, the Saffarids rapidly lost their power to the

1948:, which flourished until 962 CE and engaged in marital ties with the Hindu Shahis. There are various unsubstantiated speculations regarding the end date of Kamaluka's reign, ranging from 900 to 950. 1956: 2750:

Al-Biruni held that Trilochanapala had a favorable attitude towards Muslim subjects, unlike his father. Trilochanapala did not dishonor Anandapala's treaty, but when Mahmud wished to march towards

3137:—Chair Professor of Art-History at UPenn—published a monograph on the temple-architecture of Sahis; he had worked with Rahman on multiple field investigations. In 2017, Ijaz Khan received his 2947:

style of architecture developed distinct formulations under the Hindu Shahis. Meister notes a typical Hindu Shahi temple to have two ground-level chambers embedded within a tower leading to a

2927:. The dress customs were noted as clothing consisting of cotton outer garments, trousers and shoes with men shaving their hair and beards. A gold coin of Bhimadeva describes him as wearing a 2707:

Anandapala ascended to the throne around April 1002. His capital city remains unknown but was likely Nandan. Anandapala had entered into marital relations with Tunga, the prime-minister of

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Khudrayaka, the Saffarid governor of Kabul, is noted to have ended his reign in 880 CE, however it is unknown what brought about his downfall. It is assumed Lalliya was implicated as when

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system of producing no name on their coinage. The Samanta series prototype was followed by all future Hindu Shahi rulers and even the Muslim Ghaznavids, who succeeded the Hindu Shahis.

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Rahman accepted folklore among current inhabitants of Hund about pre-Muslim kings of the region belonging to the Hodi tribe, and proposed an Odi origin for the Hindu Shahis belonging to

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at the top, that is accessible by a stairwell. He dates construction of eight temples to the Hindu Shahis, six of which are photographed below. There were also two sandstone temples at

3090:) & glorification of Mahmud Sebuktegin by the Pakistani government is considered to be main reasons behind lack of scholarship on pre-Islamic regional polities of the country. 2079:

and the Hindu Shahis. The Lawik king fled to the Shahi domain in hopes of gaining re-inforcements to conquer the lost territory and in c. 963 Bhimadeva was successful in capturing

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to collect his war-spoils, in the process and even took a son of Anandapala as hostage. Governors were installed across the conquered provinces and Mahmud would return to Ghazni.

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general, the characteristic of Kingdoms in far-northwestern India was to designate themselves with respect to their geographic identities than familial or religious affiliations.

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No literature survives from Hindu Shahi courts. Unlike the case of Turk Shahis, only fragmented information can be obtained from chronicles of neighboring powers — Kashmir and

6794: 2871:, which contains a host of unique information about the Ghaznavids—note that in 1040, one Sandbal, a grandson of the Kabul Shah, marched towards Lahore seeking to utilize the 1910:

invaded the Hindu Shahis c. 902 CE, however Kalhana further states that Lalliya's 'mighty glory outshone the kings of the north'. Samkaravarman was killed by a stray arrow in

2273:, as his forces chased fleeing troops and decimated pockets of resistance. Within a few months, the entire Shahi territory to the west of the Indus had submitted to Mahmud. 1607:'s publications take note of this view; however some scholars attribute the entirety of the bull/horserider coinage, including the Spalapati series, to the Hindu Shahis. 1204:. In 1996, Khan and Meister obtained a license from Dept. of Archaeology for an "integrated study of Hindu-Śāhi sites"; excavation at Kafir-kot and field-surveys of the 1200:

did rudimentary field surveys in the late 1960s. Afterwards, the Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan (IAMP) have extensively surveyed the regions in and around

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Al-Utbi notes Sabuktigin to have consented to the proposal "on account of the mercy he felt towards those who were his allied lords". The precise meaning is unclear.

3819: 2224:: temples were demolished and houses burnt down. In response, Jayapala secured troops from unidentified Rajas, and met with the Ghaznavids near Kindi (modern day 4339:"The Numismatic Legacy of the Sasanians in the East", in "Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford" 6789: 2213:'s forces at Ghuzak. The war remained largely inconclusive for days before the tide turned against the Shahis: Jayapala was forced to propose a peace treaty. 4038:"The Numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford 1058:

was conquered. The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE.

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succeeded Abu Ishaq Ibrahim on the occasion of his death in November 966, and ruled for about nine years, before being assassinated during his invasion of

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mentions the high quality cotton and wool industries during Shahi reign in which exports to China and Khorusan were noted. Silver ore was also smelted in

3114:; he explored the Rajatarangini meticulously but lacked in numismatics and paleography. The next year, Deena Bandhu Pandey—Professor of Art History at 2961:

and Shiv-Gangā (10th c.) which exhibited a blend of Shahi and Kashmiri architecture, bearing testimony to the cultural flows between the two polities.

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Rehman hypothesizes that the frontier states were splintering from the Caliphate during the rise of Hindu Shahis and had better things to worry about.

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to make up for the territories lost in his predecessors' conflicts with the Ghaznavids: this brought him into multiple conflicts with Chandar Rai of

2711:, then-ruler of Kashmir and had at least two sons. He commanded significant fame as a patron of scholars though texts from his court are not extant. 1878:

records 'two Indian kings', reconstructed as Toramana and Asata described as governors and sons of Lalliya, are stated to have taken advantage of

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of Kashmir. For Khaw, this identification fits within the narrative of Muslim sources; Jayapala ascended only after this threat was neutralized.

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became the undisputed leader of the Ghazni region, as he would go on to overthrow Piri. Kabul was lost forever and the foundation stone of the

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favorably and noting the Shahi to be an infidel, proclaimed his absolute devotion to Sabuktigin and pledged to attack Jayapala upon release.

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Sabuktigin refused to believe that the treaty had been breached, but once it was established beyond doubt, he plundered the frontier town of

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Study and Analysis of Brāhmī and Śᾱradᾱ Inscriptions from Gandhᾱra: its Impact on Religious, Cultural and Historical Landscape of the Region

1843:, he is depicted as a great ruler with enormous strength to the standard where kings of other regions would seek shelter in his capital of 1821:

It is unknown what arrangements Ya'qub made for the governance of Kabul after his victory and imprisonment of the then ruler; we only have

1501:-speaking regions. and it has been adduced that Kallar may have felt insecure about the legitimacy of his rule as long as the imprisoned 4129: 6838: 6580: 2031:

was under the authority of a Shahi king assumed to be Bhimadeva, and it is further presumed that the city of Bhimanagar in present day

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in 900 CE, defeating the Saffarid governor named as Fardaghin, though the Tarikh does not make it clear whether it was the region of

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in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests. Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed

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One Vijayapaladeva (r. 942 or 963) is obtained from the Ratnamanjari Inscription where he is held to be the 'supreme sovereign' or '

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The archaeology of the Hindu Shahis remains unrecognized and poorly understood. Dani ascribed ruined forts to the Hindu Shahis at

2198:. Both breathed their last in the war and the Muslim forces imposed an overwhelming victory, despite their numerical inferiority. 7043: 6489: 3369:

Ferishta mentions that Mahmud had stationed a garrison at Peshawar; this must have been either withdrawn or expelled by Jayapala.

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cataclysmic storm. However, Ali Anooshahr considers the tale of the storm to reflect the description of Lake Frazdan (modern-day

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re-invaded Shahi territory to depose a rebellious Shahi, and installed Lalliya's son Toramana with the new name of "Kamaluka".

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The 'Spalapati' series may also have been minted by the last Turk Shahi rulers instead as 'Pati Dumi', who was defeated by the

2083:. This victory is engraved in the Hund Slab Inscription dated to c. 989 CE during the reign of the succeeding Shahi Jayapala. 7048: 6651: 6231: 6212: 6193: 6108: 6089: 6065: 6013: 5132: 4347: 4046: 3905: 1408:. None apart from Al-Biruni mentions Kallar; nothing is known about his rule or territorial extent or even his regnal dates. 1389:

and imposing a critical defeat. A hefty annual tribute was to be paid in return for sovereignty rights to both territories.

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Rather debased Samantadeva series (Kabul mint) — weighs between 2.9 and 3.9 g with a variable content of 60 to 70% silver.

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This date is from Al-biruni. Ibn AL-athir says that Trilochanapala perished soon after his defeat at the hands of Mahmud.

1219:, they either commemorate the commissioning of temples or are affixed at the base of idol-pedestals. Of the former kind— 6671: 6575: 6461: 3039: 1404:

became the acting regent before usurping the throne permanently. The new "Hindu Shahi" dynasty was thus established in

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New temples were built inside fortresses while existing ones were extensively refurbished or repurposed. The Gandhar-

1054:, however, he was eventually defeated. During his rule and that of his son and successor, Anandapala, the kingdom of 3828:, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top". 7038: 6945: 5877:

Exploring the Settlement Archaeology of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty (c. 822 CE to c. 1026 CE) in North-Western Pakistan

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Circa April 1006, Mahmud requested Anandapala to consent to the passage of his troops via his territories to reach

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This information comes from Al-biruni, someone who had described Anandapala to have the greatest hatred for Islam.

3133:. He has since published on the subject extensively and is considered to be an authority on the subject. In 2010, 6992: 3285:

From Kalhana's description, Gopalavarman appears to have effected a regime-change to install a more docile ruler.

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on "history, archaeology, coinage, and paleography" of the Turk Shahis and Hindu Shahis under the supervision of

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Non-debased Spalapati series (Kabul mint) — weighs between 3.1 and 3.5 g with a uniform content of 70% silver.

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suggest that coin series bearing the obverse title 'Spalapati' ('Warlord) were minted by Kallar. According to

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Excerpts of the Hund inscription of Jayapala (HSI), inscribed Year 146 (968 CE). Translation by Abdur Rehman.

1960:

Strongly debased Bhimadeva series — found near-exclusively in Afghanistan and weighs between 3.1 and 3.2 g.

1944:

and sometime after 913 CE, the power vacuum led to the rise of a friendly power in the Ghazna province, the

7033: 6269: 5666:"The last two dynasties of the Sahis: an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography" 5649:"The last two dynasties of the Sahis: an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography" 5149: 3456: 3106: 2845: 2818: 2302: 2134: 2095:...To the north of the Indus, which is a mass of complete merit here on earth, there is (a city) by name 1228:

The latter kind is relatively abundant but only provides snippets of trivia. The language is exclusively

5888:

The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography

1693: 5578: 5118: 3027: 1209: 17: 3083: 6646: 2632: 2536: 2406: 2265: 2154: 1712: 6008:. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. 3415:

Temple D—per Meiser's designations—near the main gateway to the north. The complex has four temples.

3055: 7058: 6494: 3115: 2150: 2032: 6997: 6833: 6241:

Inaba, Minoru (2015). "A Venture on the Frontier: Alptegin's Conquest of Ghazna and its Sequel".

5959: 3142: 3130: 2734:

ended with the defeat of the Hindu Shahis. Mahmud chased the fugitive troops for months, seizing

2582: 2146: 1193: 215: 2111:, the legendary hero), by whom, having conquered his enemies' troops, the earth was protected... 1505:

ruler Lagaturman was alive, and hence affirmed his claim to leadership by such indirect titles.

1030:. Lalliya replaced Samanta soon after and re-conquered Kabul whilst also subduing the region of 6940: 6504: 6454: 5886: 2281: 6079: 4299:"Tepe Narenj: A Royal Monastery on the High Ground of Kabul, with a Commentary on the Coinage" 3895: 2975: 2190: 1411: 6865: 5122: 4337: 4298: 4036: 3154: 2849: 2666: 2643: 1907: 1656:

and after having defeated them, a son of the Zunbils had fled into the area corresponding to

1249:

Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord". The headgear has been interpreted as a

2107:...Therein dwelt the chief of kings, Bhīma, of terrible valour (or with valour like that of 1915: 7053: 3098: 3001: 1490: 1088: 3308:

Rehman claimed scholars deeming Thakkana as the successor of Bhimadeva to be in the wrong.

1346:. He also pointed to the famous Senvarma inscription as evidence in support and suggested 677: 8: 3328: 3159: 2944: 2324: 1494: 1291:. Rahman doubts this theory and instead transliterates to "J.haj", an Arabicised form of 1019:

ruler, Lagaturman. Samanta succeeded him, and it was during his reign that the region of

73: 4113: 1354:

as an accurate name for the dynasty. Meister found Rahman's arguments to be convincing.

1301:" (Rājpūt) which is even today the name of the region around the Hindu Shahi capital of 6965: 6930: 6920: 6845: 6823: 6696: 6560: 6509: 6408: 6400: 6359: 6318: 6172: 6139: 6044: 5992: 5926: 5606: 4180: 4141: 3134: 3102: 3013: 2654: 2622: 2497: 2380: 1283:), Elliot transliterated the character to "Hahaj" and Cunningham had it equated to the 5939: 3998: 3948: 3922: 6960: 6447: 6426: 6412: 6392: 6363: 6351: 6310: 6283: 6254: 6227: 6208: 6189: 6131: 6104: 6085: 6075: 6061: 6036: 6009: 5984: 5918: 5610: 5598: 5155: 5128: 4343: 4318: 4172: 4133: 4042: 3901: 3462: 3360:

nor extant inscriptions from these polities speak of such a grand political maneuver.

2989: 2913: 2595: 2508: 2366: 2125:

supports the inference that his death occurred under such circumstances. In c.965 CE

1587: 1498: 1313:, who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian 1220: 838: 523: 493: 286: 237: 175: 4539: 3317:

The name of the place is also spelt as Baghurak and Ghurak in some Muslim histories.

3062:: linga with face of Shiva. 9th century Afghanistan. Art of the Hindu Shahi kingdom. 2276:

Jayapala was eventually released but Muslim chroniclers differ about the specifics.

1168:

The Hindu Shahis issued silver coinage which underwent wide circulation from nearby

6544: 6484: 6384: 6343: 6275: 6246: 6164: 5590: 4310: 3296: 3111: 2958: 2893: 2853: 2762: 2698: 2560: 2214: 2203: 1899: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1866:

is next mentioned in 900 CE, it is described as reverting back as Shahi territory.

1645: 1633: 1288: 1197: 1084: 1051: 297: 6101:

Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period: New Edition

5124:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) — Part One

2758: 1245: 1103: 6981: 6975: 6250: 2920: 2735: 2731: 2522: 2195: 2165: 1914:, with scholars stating Lalliya's role in his death. A year later, his successor 1875: 1822: 1796: 1672:

from Kabul however it not clear whether this is indicative of the city or of the

1641: 1152: 1027: 2892:

was practised by the Hindu Shahis and likely was also the predominant religion;

2285:

immolated himself in a pyre after abdicating the throne in favor of Anandapala.

1660:

resulting in Yaqub's invasion. It has been attested to by numerous sources that

1079:(1148-1149) is the only extant source. Of the latter, we have Tārīkh al-Hind by 7002: 6955: 6925: 6915: 6799: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6565: 6519: 6514: 6499: 5594: 3248: 2924: 2775: 2548: 2488: 2474: 2448: 2338: 2270: 2103:(was made their home) by the immortal (gods) and other (supernatural beings)... 2064: 2048: 2040: 1941: 1903: 1669: 1302: 1229: 1047: 1039: 1015:

The history of the Hindu Shahis begins in 843 CE with Kallar deposing the last

637: 538: 508: 137: 95: 6388: 6347: 6279: 6224:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6058:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

2852:(r. 1030-1040 CE), derived from Hindu Shahi designs, with the name of Mas'ud ( 1882:'s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan and to have successfully invaded 7017: 6987: 6935: 6890: 6661: 6656: 6611: 6524: 6396: 6355: 6314: 6135: 6040: 5988: 5922: 5602: 4322: 4314: 4176: 4137: 3094: 3067: 2794: 2609: 2130: 2099:, which has been made their home by learned men forming communities, just as 2076: 2036: 2028: 1945: 1911: 1789: 1728: 1604: 1579: 1523: 1426: 1201: 1177: 1112: 1092: 1076: 1046:. Bhimadeva, the next notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the 1043: 1035: 998: 919: 612: 259: 1328: 6875: 6870: 6779: 6769: 6754: 6716: 6606: 6186:

Temples of the Indus: Studies in the Hindu Architecture of Ancient Pakistan

4662: 4634: 4618: 4522: 4506: 4435: 4419: 4403: 4375: 3561: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3485: 2787: 2771: 1673: 1591: 1377: 277: 268: 248: 128: 3145:

on "Settlement Archaeology of the Hindu Shahi in North-Western Pakistan."

2793:

From the outset of his rule, Trilochanapala had chosen to expand into the

2730:

but failed to prevent Mahmud's troops from crossing across the Indus. The

2697:

The Hindu Shahis and main South Asian polities in 1000, on the eve of the

6970: 6950: 6885: 6880: 6828: 6815: 6731: 6641: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6423:

The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period

3236: 3164: 3045: 2826: 2392: 2024: 1617: 1502: 1386: 1224: 1016: 1009: 982: 957: 226: 65: 6322: 6298: 6143: 6119: 6048: 6024: 5996: 5976: 5930: 5906: 4184: 4160: 4145: 4117: 3205:

Bactrian Cursive seem to have fallen out of favor with the Hindu Shahis.

6804: 6726: 6621: 6616: 6404: 6372: 6176: 3337: 3244: 2954: 2923:

during the Hindu Shahis was discontinued and instead replaced with the

2905: 2715: 2351: 2210: 2199: 2182: 2100: 2096: 2068: 1887: 1859:

and it is assumed by Rehman that it was under the kingship of Lalliya.

1381: 1332: 1205: 1072: 1031: 1024: 932: 905: 558: 385: 184: 2808:

campaign (c. 1017), Trilochanapala is noted to have taken refuge with

6860: 6711: 6686: 6268:

Inaba, Minoru (2017). "Across the Hindūkush of the ʿAbbasid Period".

5960:"Arslan Jadhib, Governor of Tiis: the First Muslim Conqueror of Swat" 3256: 2981: 2868: 2841: 2571: 2280:, a court-poet of Mahmud notes that he was sold in the slave market; 2225: 2060: 2015: 1844: 1599: 1595: 1320: 1258: 1216: 1173: 1080: 607:

Territory of the Hindu Shahis with neighbouring polities circa 1000.

353: 148: 106: 6299:"A Selection of Islamic Coins from the Excavations of Udegram, Swat" 6168: 4161:"The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan" 4118:"The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan" 3461:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (j). 3223:

The tribute amounted to 1,500,000 Dirhams and 2,000 slaves per year.

2316: 1305:. In the 10th century, this region was occupied by the tribe of the 6597: 6470: 3424:

Temple B, per Meiser's designations. The complex has eight temples.

3332: 3240: 2932: 2897: 2889: 2822: 2751: 2418: 2247:

Around the same time, Jayapala was challenged by Bharat, a Raja of

1968: 1856: 1733: 1665: 1528: 1431: 1405: 1399:, the last ruler Lagaturman was deposed by one of his ministers, a 1373: 1343: 1339: 1314: 1310: 1262: 1118: 986: 961: 776: 670: 660: 657: 424: 1973: 1738: 1571: 6855: 6850: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6721: 6706: 5981:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3071: 3019: 2949: 2909: 2782: 2727: 2252: 2221: 1928: 1840: 1807: 1771: 1758: 1649: 1519: 1437: 1422: 1400: 1324: 1306: 1293: 1124: 594: 157: 84: 1983: 1548: 1458: 1453: 1140: 1087:

by Abu'l-Faḍl Bayhaqi (c. late 11th century), Zayn al-Akhbar by

6749: 6741: 6419: 2805: 2798: 2461: 2277: 2248: 2186: 2126: 2080: 2003: 1988: 1978: 1883: 1780: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1720: 1676:, though according to Rehman the latter was most probable. The 1653: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1478: 1463: 1448: 1443: 1297:, while the area of Gandhara itself was called "country of the 1284: 1250: 1181: 1135: 1130: 1055: 994: 990: 643: 616: 480: 442: 308: 206: 5558: 4548: 1834: 1034:. He is additionally noteworthy for coming into conflict with 5525: 5523: 5521: 5238: 5236: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3214:

For more details on the inscription (and Odi Kings), consult

2928: 2901: 2809: 2708: 2229: 2171: 2108: 2072: 2044: 1863: 1848: 1716: 1657: 1637: 1169: 1020: 965: 631: 608: 461: 406: 371: 166: 4800: 4776: 4730: 4728: 4676: 4674: 1816: 6439: 5839: 5815: 4215: 3331:) – situated about the same area and with its source ocean 2813: 2679: 1767: 576: 5518: 5506: 5445: 5418: 5375: 5333: 5292: 5280: 5233: 5221: 5180: 5154:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32, 146. 5099: 5075: 5051: 5005: 4978: 4949: 4922: 4879: 4867: 4855: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3795: 3642: 3141:

from the School of Ancient History and Archaeology of the

27:

Medieval Dynasty in North Western South Asia (c. 843–1026)

5743: 5731: 5719: 5496: 5494: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5435: 5433: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5365: 5363: 5350: 5348: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5270: 5268: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5022: 5020: 4995: 4993: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4939: 4937: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4843: 4831: 4764: 4752: 4725: 4701: 4671: 4572: 4468: 4254: 3138: 3122: 2209:

In 986–987, Jayapala marched towards Ghazni and met with

1898:

Kalhana notes that Lalliya was a significant ally of the

1558: 322:

Location of the Hindu Shahis, and contemporary polities,

5617: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4788: 4691: 4689: 4589: 4587: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4232: 4230: 3785: 3783: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 1172:

to northeastern Europe. They were first "discovered" by

6081:

Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation

5827: 5697: 5695: 4094: 4072: 4070: 4055: 3865: 3863: 3831: 3728: 3726: 3724: 1855:

is not known to have annexed or invaded the country of

6373:"'Utbi and the Ghaznavids at the Foot of the Mountain" 5851: 5779: 5767: 5707: 5543: 5491: 5474: 5457: 5430: 5399: 5387: 5360: 5345: 5321: 5304: 5265: 5248: 5209: 5192: 5168: 5087: 5032: 5017: 4990: 4961: 4934: 4891: 4444: 3999:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North" 3949:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North" 2867:—a manual of state-craft produced during the times of 1392:

The Turk Shahis ended up in a precarious state and in

5791: 5755: 5629: 4910: 4812: 4740: 4713: 4686: 4599: 4584: 4560: 4480: 4456: 4384: 4227: 3966: 3807: 3780: 3738: 3697: 3685: 1893: 1042:, resulting in his victory and the latter's death in 6332:"The Elephant and the Sovereign: India circa 1000ce" 5940:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" 5803: 5692: 5063: 4356: 4278: 4266: 4242: 4203: 4191: 4082: 4067: 4016: 3923:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" 3875: 3860: 3848: 3721: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 2821:

to prevent Mahmud's troops from crossing across the

2027:. According to the Khajuraho stone inscription, the 1923:

Lilliya's son, and gave him the (new) name Kamaluka.

3978: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3673: 3661: 2804:When Mahmud sacked Sharwa while returning from his 2765:

riding an elephant following his conquest in India.

2054: 4643: 3709: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 2137:, the successor of Alp-Tegin, after Bhimas death. 1107:Some of the earliest coinage of the Hindu Shahis. 5579:"Image Iconopraxis and Iconoplasty in South Asia" 4112: 3601: 2043:king of Kashmir, and his grand-daughter noted as 7015: 4297:Paiman, Zafar; Alram, Michael (1 January 2010). 3759: 2189:, the last bastion of the Lawiks. His successor 2039:states that Bhima's daughter was married to the 1362: 1212:and the American Institute of Pakistan Studies. 3570: 2745: 2059:In the final years of Bhima's reign in c. 962, 1902:ruler Alakhana against the machinations of the 1323:, a contemporary, claimed that the Shahis were 1187: 6243:Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World 6006:Beiträge zur Erklärung der Senavarma-Inschrift 3388:Some scholars have speculated it to be Lahore. 3074:, which was repurposed to a Hindu Shahi fort. 6455: 4541:THE HINDU SAHIS OF AFGHANISTAN AND THE PUNJAB 3897:Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World 2904:. Kabul exported cotton clothing and indigo. 2812:. Sometime soon, significant polities in the 1664:had brought forth idols and elephants to the 6150: 5749: 5147: 4342:. BRILL. p. 21, full study pages 5–21. 3454: 3082:Scholarship on Hindu Shahis remains scarce. 2075:with the aim of waging holy war against the 2010:in Nagari to left; trace of symbol to right. 1215:Inscriptions remain scarce. Mostly found in 4296: 2879: 2836: 2177: 1835:Re-conquest of Kabul and invasion of Ghazna 6462: 6448: 6425:(2 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 5127:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. 4303:Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 4130:Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente 6370: 6329: 6117: 5891:(Thesis). Australian National University. 4806: 4794: 4782: 3703: 1817:Khudarayaka: Governor of the Kabul Valley 1287:, who were held to be descendants of the 4158: 3054: 2896:was practised by some subjects, as were 2840: 2757: 2086: 1955: 1847:, a change from the previous capital of 1507: 1410: 1331:, all other sources state the Shahis as 1261:mentioned that in his time the kings of 1244: 1102: 1008:after overthrowing Lagaturman, the last 6490:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley 6183: 6157:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 6151:Kossak, Steven; Lerner, Martin (1994). 6098: 6022: 6003: 5957: 5937: 5809: 5797: 5761: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5576: 5117: 5069: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3946: 3732: 3655: 3084:Enmity towards the Hindu-majority India 2242: 2047:became the Queen and last ruler of the 14: 7029:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India 7016: 6296: 6153:"The Arts of South and Southeast Asia" 6074: 6055: 5974: 5904: 5884: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5785: 5773: 5635: 5623: 5564: 5529: 5512: 5500: 5485: 5468: 5451: 5439: 5424: 5412: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5354: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5259: 5242: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5186: 5174: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5057: 5045: 5026: 5011: 4999: 4984: 4972: 4955: 4943: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4680: 4649: 4605: 4593: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4537: 4493: 4474: 4462: 4390: 4362: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4061: 4022: 3920: 3881: 3869: 3854: 3842: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3753: 3691: 3636: 3624: 2652: 2641: 2630: 2593: 2580: 2558: 2404: 1686:Saffarid coinage in Kabul, with Arabic 1485:in Nagari to left and symbol to right. 1001:. The empire was founded by Kallar in 275: 266: 257: 224: 213: 146: 6443: 6267: 6240: 6221: 5541: 4450: 4335: 4152: 4034: 3679: 3667: 3196:dealing with the subject; it is lost. 2569: 2506: 2495: 2486: 2378: 1839:Lalliya was the first Shahi noted by 1632:, the founder of the recently formed 306: 246: 193: 173: 164: 155: 135: 126: 115: 71: 62: 6336:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6271:The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires 6184:Meister, Michael W. (26 July 2010). 5907:"The Zalamkot Bilingual Inscription" 5895: 5873: 5577:Meister, Michael W. (1 March 2007). 4664:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4636:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4620:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4524:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4508:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4437:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4421:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4405:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4377:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 4329: 4106: 4028: 3893: 3774: 3715: 3595: 3563:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 3556: 3554: 3544:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 3537: 3535: 3525:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 3518: 3516: 3506:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 3499: 3497: 3487:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis 3480: 3478: 2860:) around the head of the horserider. 2534: 2313: 2300: 619:, next capitals of the Hindu Shahis. 284: 235: 204: 182: 93: 82: 6571:Hellenistic influence on Indian art 6222:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). 6202: 5542:Shafi, Iqbal‌ M‌.‌ (1 April 1938). 3121:In 1979, Abdur Rehman received his 2857: 295: 104: 24: 6576:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6203:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). 6120:"The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" 5880:(Thesis). University of Leicester. 4336:Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). 4035:Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). 3887: 3299:as late as the early 11th century. 2322: 1894:Aggression with the Utpala dynasty 1870:succeeded Yaqub as the Amr of the 1208:were engaged in with aid from the 989:, encompassing the area up to the 25: 7075: 6084:. Orient Blackswan. p. 130. 5977:"An Inscription of Jayapāla Śāhī" 5900:(Thesis). University of Peshawar. 5896:Khaw, Nasha Bin Rodziadi (2016). 4544:. S. M. SUSHILA DEVI. p. 34. 3551: 3532: 3513: 3494: 3475: 2091:Hund inscription of Jayapaladeva. 2018:'s list, and identified with the 1380:defeated the Kabul branch of the 1271:" (which has been variously read 346: 7064:Former countries in Central Asia 6946:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara 6099:Allchin, Raymond (3 June 2019). 6056:Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). 5675: 5658: 5641: 5583:Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 5570: 5535: 5151:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5148:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 5141: 5111: 3458:A Historical atlas of South Asia 3455:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3372: 3363: 3353: 3038: 3026: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2974: 2315: 2295: 2055:Victory over the Sammanid Empire 2002: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1779: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1701: 1692: 1648:had come into conflict with the 1623: 1570: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1477: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1367: 1266: 1257:The 10th century Arab historian 1139: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1117: 937: 912: 898: 586: 568: 550: 472: 452: 434: 417: 416: 398: 363: 345: 338: 64: 57: 7024:Medieval history of Afghanistan 6993:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman 6330:Anooshahr, Ali (October 2018). 5544:"Fresh Light On The Ghaznavids" 4655: 4627: 4611: 4531: 4515: 4499: 4428: 4412: 4396: 4368: 4290: 3990: 3940: 3914: 3344: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3288: 3279: 3269: 3235:The last king of this race was 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3186: 2938: 2251:who wished to wrest control of 2063:, a rebel Turkish chief of the 1164:i.e. "Lord Commander-in-chief". 587: 7044:Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 6226:. Princeton University Press. 6103:. Edinburgh University Press. 6029:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 5958:Rahman, Abdul (August 2002b). 5938:Rahman, Abdul (August 2002a). 5885:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976). 5874:Khan, Ijaz (13 October 2017). 3448: 3177: 3127:Australian National University 3077: 2701:invasions of the subcontinent. 1774:mark on the hump of the bull. 473: 435: 13: 1: 6911:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila 3441: 3088:Pakistan textbook controversy 2288: 2067:, had annexed the regions of 1966:: Recumbent bull with legend 1393: 1363:Kallar: The first Hindu Shahi 1066: 1002: 854: 817: 801: 785: 757: 741: 725: 709: 693: 453: 399: 364: 323: 42: 7049:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan 6469: 6251:10.5040/9780755695133.ch-005 6118:MACDOWALL, DAVID W. (1968). 5867: 3997:Meister, Michael W. (2005). 3947:Meister, Michael W. (2005). 2912:and mining occurring in the 2746:Trilochanapala and Bhimapala 1951: 1582:to left and symbol to right. 1188:Inscriptions and archaeology 1151:: horserider with corrupted 569: 551: 7: 3148: 2846:Ghaznavid bilingual coinage 2140: 2001:: Horseman holding banner; 1935: 1489:Historians such as that of 1470:"Lord Commander-in-Chief". 1075:. Of the former, Kalhana's 10: 7080: 5595:10.1086/RESv51n1ms20167713 4159:Kuwayama, Shoshin (1976). 2919:It is also noted that the 2884: 2144: 1829: 1610: 1357: 1240: 1210:University of Pennsylvania 1061: 977:, also referred to as the 6903: 6813: 6740: 6596: 6589: 6581:Art of Gandhara by museum 6553: 6477: 6389:10.1080/00210860500096337 6348:10.1017/S1356186318000093 6280:10.1163/9789004353046_007 6060:. Barkhuis. p. 362. 6023:Salomon, Richard (2003). 4538:MISHRA, YOGENDRA (1972). 4408:. 1976. pp. 102–102. 4041:. BRILL. pp. 20–21. 2755:Mahmud and declared war. 2155:Battle of Peshawar (1001) 2035:was named after him. The 1713:Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar 953: 877: 873: 863: 848: 844: 834: 830: 814: 798: 782: 770: 754: 738: 722: 706: 690: 686: 676: 666: 653: 624: 333: 52: 41: 34: 6495:Greek conquests in India 6297:Giunta, Roberta (2006). 6124:The Numismatic Chronicle 5750:Kossak & Lerner 1994 4639:. 1976. p. 123-124. 4315:10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103268 3566:. 1976. p. 128-130. 3528:. 1976. p. 110-111. 3490:. 1976. pp. 96–101. 3170: 3116:Banaras Hindu University 2953:like appearance with an 2880:Culture and architecture 2873:imprisonment of Masʽud I 2837:Unsuccessful renaissance 2258: 2178:Resisting the Ghaznavids 2151:Second Battle of Laghman 2129:was recaptured from the 2014:Mentioned as 'Bhima' in 1098: 585: 567: 549: 471: 451: 433: 415: 397: 362: 344: 7039:Hinduism in Afghanistan 6998:Hephthalite silver bowl 6371:Anooshahr, Ali (2005). 6004:Hinüber, Oskar (2003). 4557:, p. 113-114, 117. 3143:University of Leicester 3131:Arthur Llewellyn Basham 2147:First Battle of Laghman 1766:, "The fortunate small 1522:mark on the hump, with 1425:mark on the hump, with 1194:Quaid-i-Azam University 1111:: Recumbent bull, with 1095:by al-Utbi (c. 1020). 772:• 964– 1001 6941:Saptarishi Tila statue 6505:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 5975:Rehman, Abdur (1978). 5905:Rahman, Abdur (1998). 5567:, p. 90, 322-325. 3921:Rahman, Abdul (2002). 3900:. BRILL. p. 125. 3266: 3063: 2861: 2819:Vidyadhara of Chandela 2766: 2122: 2092: 2011: 1933: 1810:") in Arabic to right. 1727:: Recumbent bull with 1583: 1486: 1254: 1165: 865:• Disestablished 611:, first capital, with 3263:("History of India"). 3233: 3155:History of the Punjab 3058: 2844: 2761: 2090: 2085: 1959: 1920: 1511: 1414: 1248: 1106: 997:, expanding into the 6274:. pp. 123–150. 6245:. pp. 108–128. 4667:. 1976. p. 130. 4623:. 1976. p. 124. 4527:. 1976. p. 110. 4511:. 1976. p. 107. 4440:. 1976. p. 105. 4224:, p. 90, 93-94. 3894:Wink, André (1991). 3547:. 1976. p. 113. 3509:. 1976. p. 110. 3192:He had another work 3099:Alexander Cunningham 2693:class=notpageimage| 2243:Annexation of Lahore 1652:based in modern day 1491:Alexander Cunningham 1192:A. R. Rahman of the 993:river in modern day 7034:History of Hinduism 5848:, p. xiii-xiv. 5824:, p. xii-xiii. 4380:. 1976. p. 50. 4263:, pp. 93, 175. 3804:, p. 241, 318. 3160:History of Pakistan 2966:Hindu Shahi Temples 1640:. According to the 1630:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth 1495:Edward Clive Bayley 850:• Established 6966:Treasure of Begram 6931:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6921:Kanishka reliquary 6561:Greco-Buddhist art 6510:Indo-Greek kingdom 6076:Sharma, Ram Sharan 5532:, p. 329-330. 5515:, p. 166-167. 5454:, p. 163-164. 5427:, p. 162-163. 5384:, p. 159-160. 5342:, p. 157-158. 5301:, p. 152-153. 5289:, p. 151-152. 5245:, p. 149-150. 5230:, p. 148-149. 5189:, p. 147-148. 5108:, p. 146-147. 5084:, p. 144-145. 5060:, p. 142-143. 5014:, p. 141-142. 4987:, p. 140-141. 4958:, p. 139-140. 4931:, p. 138-139. 4888:, p. 137-138. 4876:, p. 14, 137. 4864:, p. 336-337. 4852:, p. 335-336. 4840:, p. 136-137. 4809:, p. 289-290. 4785:, p. 278-279. 4773:, p. 135-136. 4761:, p. 12, 135. 4737:, p. 134-135. 4710:, p. 133-134. 4683:, p. 131-133. 4581:, p. 118-119. 4477:, p. 105-106. 3658:, p. 458–459. 3338:Greater Bundahishn 3135:Michael W. Meister 3103:Henry Miers Elliot 3093:Colonial scholars— 3064: 2862: 2850:Mas'ud I of Ghazni 2825:(somewhere around 2767: 2266:Battle of Peshawar 2093: 2012: 1594:, is described by 1584: 1487: 1255: 1166: 7011: 7010: 6961:Rukhuna reliquary 6899: 6898: 6834:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 6785:Lalchak monastery 6233:978-0-691-18074-8 6214:978-1-317-34091-1 6195:978-90-04-19011-5 6110:978-1-4744-5047-8 6091:978-81-250-2523-8 6067:978-94-93194-01-4 6015:978-3-515-08203-7 5671:. pp. 33–36. 5134:978-81-241-1064-5 4349:978-90-04-46066-9 4114:Kuwayama, Shoshin 4048:978-90-04-46066-9 3907:978-90-04-09249-5 3845:, pp. 48–50. 3276:currency reforms. 3232:The passage went: 3007:Bilot Fort Temple 1723:weight standard. 1468:Śri Spalapatideva 1285:Janjua tribe/clan 1265:were all called " 1089:Abu Sa'id Gardezi 1023:was lost to the 971: 970: 949: 948: 945: 944: 925: 924: 839:Early Middle Ages 16:(Redirected from 7071: 6594: 6593: 6545:Ghaznavid Empire 6485:Gandhara kingdom 6464: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6416: 6367: 6326: 6309:(1/3): 237–262. 6293: 6264: 6237: 6218: 6199: 6180: 6147: 6114: 6095: 6071: 6052: 6019: 6000: 5971: 5964:Ancient Pakistan 5954: 5947:Ancient Pakistan 5944: 5934: 5917:(3/4): 469–473. 5901: 5892: 5881: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5740:, p. 57-59. 5735: 5729: 5728:, p. 36-38. 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5626:, p. 33-34. 5621: 5615: 5614: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5472: 5466: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5263: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4453:, p. 25-26. 4448: 4442: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4110: 4104: 4103:, p. 87-88. 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4064:, p. 85-86. 4059: 4053: 4052: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4006:Ancient Pakistan 4003: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3956:Ancient Pakistan 3953: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3930:Ancient Pakistan 3927: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3599: 3593: 3568: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3452: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297:Mahmud of Ghazni 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3247:, Tarojanapala ( 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3112:Patna University 3042: 3030: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2978: 2859: 2781:The fortress at 2763:Mahmud of Ghazni 2684: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2625: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2591: 2589: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2515: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2481: 2466: 2453: 2440: 2424: 2413: 2411: 2398: 2387: 2385: 2373: 2358: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2204:Ghaznavid Empire 2120: 2006: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1931: 1890:or of the city. 1872:Saffarid dynasty 1868:Amr ibn al-Layth 1783: 1778:: horseman with 1764:Śrī Khūdarayakah 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1705: 1696: 1634:Saffarid dynasty 1574: 1569:: Horseman with 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1481: 1476:: Horseman with 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1398: 1395: 1289:Rouran Khaganate 1270: 1198:Ahmad Hasan Dani 1143: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1085:Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī 1052:Ghaznavid Empire 1007: 1004: 941: 940: 929: 928: 916: 915: 902: 901: 895: 894: 879: 878: 859: 856: 822: 819: 806: 803: 790: 787: 762: 759: 746: 743: 730: 727: 714: 711: 698: 695: 597: 590: 589: 579: 572: 571: 561: 554: 553: 541: 526: 511: 496: 483: 476: 475: 464: 456: 455: 445: 438: 437: 427: 420: 419: 409: 402: 401: 388: 374: 367: 366: 356: 349: 348: 342: 328: 325: 315: 313: 304: 302: 293: 291: 282: 280: 273: 271: 264: 262: 255: 253: 244: 242: 233: 231: 222: 220: 211: 209: 202: 200: 191: 189: 180: 178: 171: 169: 162: 160: 153: 151: 144: 142: 133: 131: 124: 122: 113: 111: 102: 100: 91: 89: 80: 78: 69: 68: 61: 47: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7059:Hindu dynasties 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 6982:Brussels Buddha 6976:Standing Buddha 6895: 6839:Tapa-i Kafariha 6809: 6736: 6585: 6549: 6473: 6468: 6433: 6377:Iranian Studies 6290: 6261: 6234: 6215: 6196: 6169:10.2307/3269200 6111: 6092: 6068: 6016: 5942: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836:, p. xiii. 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5548:Islamic Culture 5540: 5536: 5528: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5475: 5467: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5249: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5119:Chandra, Satish 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5033: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4157: 4153: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3760: 3752: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3602: 3594: 3571: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3194:Tarikh-i-Yamini 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3151: 3080: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3034: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3008: 3005: 2996: 2993: 2984: 2979: 2968: 2967: 2941: 2921:Bactrian script 2887: 2882: 2839: 2748: 2732:Battle of Chach 2705: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2339: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2261: 2245: 2180: 2166:Maharajadhiraja 2157: 2143: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2104: 2057: 1954: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1896: 1876:Tarikh-i Sistan 1874:in 879 CE. The 1837: 1832: 1823:Tarikh-i Sistan 1819: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1801: 1800: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1678:Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ 1642:Tarikh-i Sistan 1626: 1613: 1441: 1396: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1243: 1190: 1163: 1156: 1153:Bactrian script 1147: 1128: 1116: 1101: 1069: 1064: 1028:Saffarid empire 1005: 964: 960: 938: 913: 899: 866: 857: 851: 823: 820: 807: 804: 791: 788: 773: 763: 760: 747: 744: 731: 728: 715: 712: 699: 696: 678:Maharajadhiraja 649: 620: 605: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 599: 595: 591: 583: 582: 581: 577: 573: 565: 564: 563: 559: 555: 547: 546: 545: 539: 532: 531: 530: 524: 517: 516: 515: 509: 502: 501: 500: 494: 487: 486: 485: 481: 477: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 449: 448: 447: 443: 439: 431: 430: 429: 425: 421: 413: 412: 411: 407: 403: 395: 394: 393: 392: 386: 378: 377: 376: 372: 368: 360: 359: 358: 354: 350: 329: 326: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 311: 309: 307: 305: 300: 298: 296: 294: 289: 287: 285: 283: 278: 276: 274: 269: 267: 265: 260: 258: 256: 251: 249: 247: 245: 240: 238: 236: 234: 229: 227: 225: 223: 218: 216: 214: 212: 207: 205: 203: 198: 196: 194: 192: 187: 185: 183: 181: 176: 174: 172: 167: 165: 163: 158: 156: 154: 149: 147: 145: 138: 136: 134: 129: 127: 125: 118: 116: 114: 107: 105: 103: 98: 96: 94: 92: 85: 83: 81: 76: 74: 72: 70: 63: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7077: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7003:Gardez Ganesha 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Shinkot casket 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926:Stone palettes 6923: 6918: 6916:Bimaran Casket 6913: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6820: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6652:Sikri Yusufzai 6649: 6644: 6639: 6637:Loriyan Tangai 6634: 6632:Kanishka stupa 6629: 6627:Shaji-ki-Dheri 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6566:Greco-Buddhism 6563: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:Indo-Parthians 6517: 6515:Indo-Scythians 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Mauryan Empire 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6417: 6383:(2): 271–291. 6368: 6342:(4): 615–644. 6327: 6294: 6288: 6265: 6259: 6238: 6232: 6219: 6213: 6200: 6194: 6181: 6148: 6115: 6109: 6096: 6090: 6072: 6066: 6053: 6020: 6014: 6001: 5972: 5955: 5935: 5902: 5893: 5882: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860:, p. xvi. 5850: 5838: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5788:, p. 269. 5778: 5776:, p. 268. 5766: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5718: 5706: 5691: 5688:. p. 205. 5674: 5657: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5569: 5557: 5534: 5517: 5505: 5503:, p. 166. 5490: 5488:, p. 165. 5473: 5471:, p. 164. 5456: 5444: 5442:, p. 163. 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 162. 5398: 5396:, p. 161. 5386: 5374: 5372:, p. 159. 5359: 5357:, p. 158. 5344: 5332: 5330:, p. 156. 5320: 5318:, p. 155. 5303: 5291: 5279: 5277:, p. 151. 5264: 5262:, p. 150. 5247: 5232: 5220: 5218:, p. 148. 5208: 5206:, p. 157. 5191: 5179: 5177:, p. 147. 5167: 5160: 5140: 5133: 5110: 5098: 5096:, p. 146. 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5048:, p. 143. 5031: 5029:, p. 142. 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 141. 4989: 4977: 4975:, p. 140. 4960: 4948: 4946:, p. 139. 4933: 4921: 4909: 4907:, p. 138. 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4828:, p. 136. 4811: 4807:Anooshahr 2005 4799: 4797:, p. 279. 4795:Anooshahr 2005 4787: 4783:Anooshahr 2005 4775: 4763: 4751: 4749:, p. 135. 4739: 4724: 4722:, p. 134. 4712: 4700: 4698:, p. 133. 4685: 4670: 4654: 4642: 4626: 4610: 4608:, p. 121. 4598: 4596:, p. 120. 4583: 4571: 4569:, p. 117. 4559: 4547: 4530: 4514: 4498: 4496:, p. 106. 4479: 4467: 4465:, p. 105. 4455: 4443: 4427: 4411: 4395: 4393:, p. 238. 4383: 4367: 4355: 4348: 4328: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4239:, p. 186. 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4151: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4066: 4054: 4047: 4027: 4015: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3939: 3913: 3906: 3886: 3874: 3859: 3847: 3830: 3818: 3816:, p. 473. 3806: 3794: 3792:, p. 219. 3779: 3758: 3756:, p. 218. 3737: 3720: 3708: 3704:MACDOWALL 1968 3696: 3694:, p. 190. 3684: 3672: 3660: 3641: 3629: 3600: 3569: 3550: 3531: 3512: 3493: 3474: 3467: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3371: 3362: 3352: 3343: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3287: 3278: 3268: 3261:Tārīkh al-Hind 3253: 3249:Trilochanapala 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3185: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3079: 3076: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2940: 2937: 2925:Sharada script 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2838: 2835: 2810:Paramara Bhoja 2776:Lohara dynasty 2747: 2744: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2260: 2257: 2244: 2241: 2179: 2176: 2142: 2139: 2116: 2065:Samanid Empire 2056: 2053: 2049:Utpala dynasty 2041:Lohara dynasty 1953: 1950: 1937: 1934: 1925: 1906:, whose ruler 1904:Utpala dynasty 1895: 1892: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1818: 1815: 1794: 1793: 1710: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1650:zunbil dynasty 1625: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1435: 1376:led by caliph 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1342:, a region in 1242: 1239: 1189: 1186: 1122: 1100: 1097: 1093:Kitab-i Yamini 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1048:Samanid Empire 1040:Utpala dynasty 969: 968: 955: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 935: 926: 923: 922: 917: 909: 908: 903: 891: 890: 885: 875: 874: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 852: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 836: 835:Historical era 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 1021 CE 815: 812: 811: 808: 805: 1010 CE 799: 796: 795: 792: 789: 1002 CE 783: 780: 779: 774: 771: 768: 767: 764: 755: 752: 751: 748: 739: 736: 735: 732: 723: 720: 719: 716: 707: 704: 703: 700: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 668: 664: 663: 655: 651: 650: 648: 647: 641: 635: 628: 626: 622: 621: 606: 593: 592: 584: 575: 574: 566: 557: 556: 548: 535: 534: 533: 520: 519: 518: 505: 504: 503: 495:MULTAN EMIRATE 490: 489: 488: 479: 478: 470: 459: 458: 450: 441: 440: 432: 423: 422: 414: 405: 404: 396: 382: 381: 380: 379: 370: 369: 361: 352: 351: 343: 337: 336: 335: 334: 331: 330: 321: 56: 55: 54: 53: 50: 49: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7076: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6988:Bajaur casket 6986: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936:Buner reliefs 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6891:Tepe Maranjan 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657:Butkara Stupa 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:Sahr-i-Bahlol 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Kushan Empire 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6434: 6432:9780748699179 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303:East and West 6300: 6295: 6291: 6289:9789004353046 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6260:9780755695133 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207:. Routledge. 6206: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911:East and West 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5716:, p. 12. 5715: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5684: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5654:. p. 30. 5650: 5644: 5638:, p. 30. 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554:(1): 213–215. 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4919:, p. 14. 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4365:, p. 95. 4364: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4287:, p. 93. 4286: 4281: 4275:, p. 96. 4274: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4251:, p. 92. 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4212:, p. 91. 4211: 4206: 4200:, p. 88. 4199: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165:East and West 4162: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122:East and West 4119: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 87. 4090: 4085: 4079:, p. 86. 4078: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4025:, p. 85. 4024: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3975:, p. 41. 3974: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3884:, p. 52. 3883: 3878: 3872:, p. 51. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3857:, p. 48. 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3718:, p. 23. 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3682:, p. 25. 3681: 3676: 3670:, p. 38. 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3639:, p. 89. 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3272: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3107:Edward Thomas 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095:James Prinsep 3091: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3060:Ekhamukhaling 3057: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2833:territories. 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2795:Siwalik Hills 2791: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2588: 2577: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2467: 2465: 2454: 2452: 2441: 2439: 2426: 2423: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2397: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2298: 2286: 2283: 2282:Minhaj ad-din 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:Lawik dynasty 2128: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077:Lawik dynasty 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Rajatarangini 2034: 2030: 2029:Kangra Valley 2026: 2021: 2020:Śri Bhīmadeva 2017: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993:Śri Bhīmadeva 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1946:Lawik dynasty 1943: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Samkaravarman 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1827: 1824: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1695: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636:marched onto 1635: 1631: 1624:Loss of Kabul 1621: 1619: 1608: 1606: 1605:Michael Alram 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1397: 843 CE 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1368:Establishment 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223:Inscription, 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178:Indo-Scythian 1175: 1171: 1162: 1161:Sri Spalapati 1159: 1158:ςρι ςπaλaπaτι 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:Sri Spalapati 1142: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Rajatarangini 1074: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Samkaravarman 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 843 CE 1000: 999:Kangra Valley 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 967: 963: 959: 956: 954:Today part of 952: 936: 934: 931: 930: 927: 921: 920:Taank Kingdom 918: 911: 910: 907: 904: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 858: 843 CE 853: 847: 843: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 813: 810:Trilocanapala 809: 797: 793: 781: 778: 775: 769: 765: 761: 921 CE 753: 749: 745: 903 CE 737: 733: 729: 880 CE 721: 717: 713: 850 CE 705: 701: 697: 843 CE 689: 685: 681: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 662: 659: 656: 652: 645: 642: 639: 638:Udabhandapura 636: 633: 630: 629: 627: 623: 618: 614: 610: 598: 580: 562: 544: 543: 542: 529: 528: 527: 514: 513: 512: 499: 498: 497: 484: 466: 465: 446: 428: 410: 391: 390: 389: 375: 357: 341: 332: 314: 303: 292: 281: 272: 263: 254: 243: 232: 221: 210: 201: 190: 179: 170: 161: 152: 143: 141: 132: 130:KHITAN EMPIRE 123: 121: 112: 110: 101: 90: 88: 79: 67: 60: 51: 46: 843 CE 40: 33: 30: 19: 6980: 6876:Sphola Stupa 6871:Khair Khaneh 6780:Kunala Stupa 6770:Mohra Muradu 6755:Dharmarajika 6717:Pushkalavati 6697:Saidu Sharif 6607:Takht-i-Bahi 6540:Hindu Shahis 6422: 6380: 6376: 6339: 6335: 6306: 6302: 6270: 6242: 6223: 6204: 6185: 6163:(4): 35–37. 6160: 6156: 6127: 6123: 6100: 6080: 6057: 6032: 6028: 6005: 5983:(1): 32–33. 5980: 5967: 5963: 5950: 5946: 5914: 5910: 5897: 5887: 5876: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5810:Salomon 2003 5805: 5800:, p. 4. 5798:Meister 2010 5793: 5781: 5769: 5764:, p. 5. 5762:Meister 2010 5757: 5745: 5738:Meister 2010 5733: 5726:Meister 2010 5721: 5714:Meister 2010 5709: 5702:Meister 2010 5677: 5660: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5560: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5508: 5447: 5420: 5389: 5377: 5335: 5323: 5294: 5282: 5223: 5211: 5182: 5170: 5150: 5143: 5123: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5070:Rahman 2002b 5065: 5053: 5007: 4980: 4951: 4924: 4912: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4715: 4703: 4663: 4657: 4645: 4635: 4629: 4619: 4613: 4601: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4540: 4533: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4501: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4436: 4430: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4398: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4358: 4338: 4331: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4171:(3/4): 403. 4168: 4164: 4154: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4057: 4037: 4030: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3992: 3985:Hinüber 2003 3980: 3973:Rahman 2002a 3968: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3896: 3889: 3877: 3850: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3735:, p. 9. 3733:Meister 2010 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3656:Allchin 2019 3632: 3562: 3543: 3524: 3505: 3486: 3457: 3450: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3379:Inscription. 3374: 3365: 3355: 3346: 3336: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3290: 3281: 3271: 3260: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3179: 3120: 3092: 3081: 3065: 3059: 2948: 2942: 2939:Architecture 2918: 2888: 2865:Adab al-harb 2864: 2863: 2831: 2803: 2792: 2788:Poonch River 2780: 2772:Sangramaraja 2768: 2749: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2681: 2668: 2656: 2645: 2634: 2611: 2597: 2584: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2524: 2510: 2499: 2476: 2463: 2450: 2435: 2433: 2421: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2368: 2353: 2340: 2326: 2304: 2275: 2262: 2246: 2237: 2230: 2219: 2208: 2181: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2123: 2106: 2094: 2058: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1962: 1961: 1939: 1921: 1916:Gopalavarman 1897: 1880:Amr al-Layth 1861: 1838: 1820: 1803: 1795: 1785: 1775: 1763: 1724: 1674:Kabul valley 1627: 1614: 1585: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1518:: Bull with 1514: 1513: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1421:: Bull with 1417: 1416: 1391: 1371: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1319: 1298: 1292: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1256: 1237:documented. 1233: 1214: 1191: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1108: 1070: 1014: 978: 975:Hindu Shahis 974: 972: 888:Succeeded by 887: 882: 537: 536: 522: 521: 507: 506: 492: 491: 460: 384: 383: 195: 139: 119: 108: 86: 36:Hindu Shahis 29: 7054:Kabul Shahi 6971:Wardak Vase 6951:Kabul hoard 6886:Tepe Narenj 6881:Tapa Sardar 6866:Fondukistan 6829:Tapa Shotor 6816:Afghanistan 6732:Sikri stupa 6672:Shingardara 6642:Jamal Garhi 6590:Archaeology 6535:Turk Shahis 6530:Alchon Huns 6130:: 192–194. 6035:: 185–188. 5858:Rehman 1976 5846:Rehman 1976 5834:Rehman 1976 5822:Rehman 1976 5786:Rehman 1976 5774:Rehman 1976 5636:Rehman 1976 5624:Rehman 1976 5565:Rehman 1976 5530:Rehman 1976 5513:Rehman 1976 5501:Rehman 1976 5486:Rehman 1976 5469:Rehman 1976 5452:Rehman 1976 5440:Rehman 1976 5425:Rehman 1976 5413:Rehman 1976 5394:Rehman 1976 5382:Rehman 1976 5370:Rehman 1976 5355:Rehman 1976 5340:Rehman 1976 5328:Rehman 1976 5316:Rehman 1976 5299:Rehman 1976 5287:Rehman 1976 5275:Rehman 1976 5260:Rehman 1976 5243:Rehman 1976 5228:Rehman 1976 5216:Rehman 1976 5204:Rehman 1976 5187:Rehman 1976 5175:Rehman 1976 5106:Rehman 1976 5094:Rehman 1976 5082:Rehman 1976 5058:Rehman 1976 5046:Rehman 1976 5027:Rehman 1976 5012:Rehman 1976 5000:Rehman 1976 4985:Rehman 1976 4973:Rehman 1976 4956:Rehman 1976 4944:Rehman 1976 4929:Rehman 1976 4917:Rehman 1976 4905:Rehman 1976 4886:Rehman 1976 4874:Rehman 1976 4862:Rehman 1976 4850:Rehman 1976 4838:Rehman 1976 4826:Rehman 1976 4771:Rehman 1976 4759:Rehman 1976 4747:Rehman 1976 4735:Rehman 1976 4720:Rehman 1976 4708:Rehman 1976 4696:Rehman 1976 4681:Rehman 1976 4650:Rehman 1978 4606:Rehman 1976 4594:Rehman 1976 4579:Rehman 1976 4567:Rehman 1976 4555:Rehman 1976 4494:Rehman 1976 4475:Rehman 1976 4463:Rehman 1976 4391:Giunta 2006 4363:Rehman 1976 4285:Rehman 1976 4273:Rehman 1976 4261:Rehman 1976 4249:Rehman 1976 4237:Rehman 1976 4222:Rehman 1976 4210:Rehman 1976 4198:Rehman 1976 4101:Rehman 1976 4089:Rehman 1976 4077:Rehman 1976 4062:Rehman 1976 4023:Rehman 1976 3882:Rehman 1976 3870:Rehman 1976 3855:Rehman 1976 3843:Rehman 1976 3826:Rehman 1976 3814:Rahman 1998 3802:Rehman 1976 3790:Rehman 1976 3754:Rehman 1976 3692:Rehman 1976 3637:Rehman 1976 3625:Rehman 1976 3329:Gaud-i Zira 3165:Turk Shahis 3078:Scholarship 3046:Amb Temples 2827:Bulandshahr 2657:SOMAVAMSHIS 2635:BUNDELKHAND 2396:PALA EMPIRE 2025:Pala Empire 1670:Al-Mu'tamid 1628:In 870 CE, 1561:Samantadeva 1387:Indus river 1382:Turk Shahis 1083:(c. 1030), 983:Afghanistan 958:Afghanistan 883:Preceded by 646:(1001–1026) 327: 1000 7018:Categories 6805:Bhir Mound 6727:Hashtnagar 6677:Ali Masjid 6667:Aziz Dheri 6622:Aziz Dheri 6617:Baho Dheri 5161:0226742210 4451:Flood 2018 3680:Flood 2018 3668:Flood 2018 3468:0226742210 3442:References 3245:Anandapala 3237:Lagatarman 3086:(also see 2955:ambulatory 2906:Ibn Hawqal 2539:CHAHAMANAS 2409:NAGVANSHIS 2327:KARAKHANID 2305:South Asia 2289:Anandapala 2211:Sabuktigin 2206:was cast. 2200:Sabuktigin 2183:Bilgetegin 2145:See also: 2097:Udabhandra 2069:Zabulistan 1888:Zabulistan 1711:Statue of 1618:Turk Shahi 1503:Turk Shahi 1348:Odi Shahis 1333:Kshatriyas 1329:André Wink 1206:Salt Range 1067:Literature 1032:Zabulistan 1025:Persianate 1017:Turk Shahi 1010:Turk Shahi 933:Ghaznavids 906:Turk Shahi 794:Anandapala 667:Government 640:(870–1001) 387:GHAZNAVIDS 75:KARAKHANID 18:Anandapala 6904:Artifacts 6861:Mes Aynak 6712:Charsadda 6687:Ahin Posh 6647:Yusufzai‎ 6413:161342122 6397:0021-0862 6364:165840777 6356:1356-1863 6315:0012-8376 6188:. BRILL. 6136:0078-2696 6041:0890-4464 5989:0035-869X 5923:0012-8376 5611:133267017 5603:0277-1322 5589:: 13–32. 4323:1783-9025 4309:: 33–58. 4177:0012-8376 4138:0012-8376 3775:Khaw 2016 3716:Khan 2017 3596:Khan 2017 3335:from the 3257:Al-Biruni 2982:Kafir Kot 2869:Iltutmish 2699:Ghaznavid 2600:CHALUKYAS 2587:CHALUKYAS 2354:GHAZNAVID 2226:Kandibagh 2135:Abu Ishaq 2061:Alp-Tegin 2016:Al-Biruni 1952:Bhimadeva 1845:Udabhanda 1792:to left, 1646:Saffarids 1600:Al-Biruni 1596:Al-Azraqi 1592:Al-Ma'mun 1378:Al-Ma'mun 1352:Uḍi Śāhis 1321:Al-Biruni 1217:Udabhanda 1174:James Tod 1081:Al-Biruni 979:Uḍi Śāhis 826:Bhimapala 766:Bhimadeva 654:Religion 634:(843–870) 613:Udabhanda 355:Samarkand 299:BYZANTINE 290:CALIPHATE 219:CHALUKYAS 186:GHAZNAVID 150:SRIVIJAYA 109:Pechenegs 6846:Shotorak 6814:Eastern 6800:Mankiala 6790:Badalpur 6598:Peshawar 6471:Gandhara 6323:29757689 6205:The Huns 6144:42666553 6078:(2003). 6049:24049315 5997:25210916 5970:: 11–14. 5953:: 37–42. 5931:29757399 5121:(2004). 4185:29756318 4146:29756318 4116:(1976). 4012:: 41–48. 3962:: 41–48. 3936:: 37–42. 3333:Fraxkard 3254:— 3241:Jayapala 3149:See also 2933:Uttariya 2916:region. 2914:Panjshir 2898:Buddhism 2890:Shaivism 2823:Ramganga 2752:Thanesar 2736:Nagarkot 2669:KALINGAS 2624:KADAMBAS 2525:HABBARID 2422:KAMARUPA 2141:Jayapala 2117:— 1942:Samanids 1936:Kamaluka 1926:— 1857:Gandhara 1526:legend: 1499:Sanskrit 1429:legend: 1406:Gandhara 1374:Abbasids 1344:Gandhara 1340:Oddiyana 1325:Brahmins 1315:Firishta 1311:Khokhars 1263:Gandhara 1073:Ghaznavi 987:Gandhara 962:Pakistan 777:Jayapala 750:Toramana 671:Monarchy 661:Hinduism 426:Kandahar 48:–1026 CE 6856:Bimaran 6851:Paitava 6795:Bhallar 6775:Jandial 6765:Kalawan 6760:Jaulian 6722:Ranigat 6707:Barikot 6702:Chakpat 6662:Bhamala 6554:Culture 6478:History 6405:4311725 6177:3269200 5868:Sources 4424:. 1976. 4132:: 405. 4128:(3/4). 3072:Barikot 3020:Nandana 2950:minaret 2910:Andarab 2885:Culture 2854:Persian 2783:Nandana 2774:of the 2598:EASTERN 2585:WESTERN 2551:TOMARAS 2527:EMIRATE 2500:GUJARAT 2490:GUHILAS 2383:KANNAUJ 2371:EMIRATE 2329:KHANATE 2307:1000 CE 2253:Nandana 2222:Lamghan 1998:Reverse 1963:Obverse 1929:Kalhana 1900:Gujrati 1841:Kalhana 1830:Lalliya 1808:Justice 1776:Reverse 1772:trisula 1731:legend 1725:Obverse 1668:Caliph 1666:Abbasid 1611:Samanta 1590:Caliph 1588:Abbasid 1566:Reverse 1520:trisula 1515:Obverse 1473:Reverse 1423:trisula 1418:Obverse 1401:Brahmin 1358:History 1307:Gakhars 1294:Chhachh 1281:Ch'hach 1241:Origins 1221:Mir Ali 1149:Reverse 1115:legend: 1109:Obverse 1062:Sources 1038:of the 869:1026 CE 816:• 800:• 784:• 756:• 740:• 734:Lalliya 724:• 718:Samanta 708:• 692:• 625:Capital 596:Bukhara 540:TOMARAS 510:UTPALAS 288:FATIMID 252:DYNASTY 217:WESTERN 140:Kyrgyzs 77:KHANATE 6750:Sirkap 6742:Taxila 6682:Sphola 6429: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6362: 6354: 6321: 6313: 6286: 6257: 6230: 6211: 6192: 6175: 6142: 6134: 6107: 6088: 6064: 6047: 6039: 6012: 5995: 5987: 5929: 5921: 5609: 5601: 5158: 5131: 4346: 4321: 4183: 4175: 4144: 4136: 4045: 3904: 3465: 2995:Gumbat 2945:Nagara 2806:Kanauj 2799:Sharwa 2646:DAHALA 2612:CHOLAS 2573:SHILA- 2511:CHUDA- 2464:MARYUL 2451:KUMAON 2438:SHAHIS 2369:MULTAN 2356:EMPIRE 2341:KHOTAN 2278:Unsuri 2249:Lahore 2215:Mahmud 2196:Charkh 2187:Gardiz 2153:, and 2127:Ghazni 2081:Ghazni 2033:Kangra 1912:Hazara 1884:Ghazni 1853:Ya'qub 1790:Nagari 1729:Nagari 1721:dirham 1662:Ya'qub 1654:Ghazni 1644:, the 1580:Nagari 1524:Nagari 1427:Nagari 1299:Rahbūt 1259:Masudi 1251:turban 1234:samvat 1230:Sharda 1182:Azes I 1180:ruler 1113:Nagari 1091:, and 1056:Lahore 1044:Hazara 1012:king. 995:Punjab 991:Sutlej 702:Kallar 682: 658:Shaiva 644:Lahore 617:Lahore 525:KHOTAN 482:Multan 444:Ghazni 301:EMPIRE 241:YABGUS 230:EMPIRE 208:BUYIDS 199:SHAHIS 188:EMPIRE 177:KHOTAN 120:Kimeks 97:KIEVAN 87:Cumans 6824:Hadda 6600:basin 6409:S2CID 6401:JSTOR 6360:S2CID 6319:JSTOR 6173:JSTOR 6140:JSTOR 6045:JSTOR 5993:JSTOR 5943:(PDF) 5927:JSTOR 5686:(PDF) 5669:(PDF) 5652:(PDF) 5607:S2CID 4181:JSTOR 4142:JSTOR 4002:(PDF) 3952:(PDF) 3926:(PDF) 3171:Notes 3125:from 3068:Pehur 3033:Malot 2959:Malot 2929:Dhoti 2902:Islam 2894:Saura 2858:مسعود 2728:Chach 2709:Didda 2575:HARAS 2563:MALWA 2513:SAMAS 2477:UTPA- 2436:HINDU 2259:Death 2231:ribāṭ 2172:Didda 2109:Bhīma 2073:Kabul 2045:Didda 1864:Kabul 1849:Kabul 1788:) in 1717:Zabol 1658:Kabul 1638:Kabul 1277:J.haj 1273:Hajaj 1225:Dewal 1170:Sindh 1099:Coins 1021:Kabul 966:India 632:Kabul 609:Kabul 463:Kabul 408:Balkh 373:Herat 279:KHMER 261:PAGAN 239:OGHUZ 197:HINDU 168:QOCHO 6692:Swat 6427:ISBN 6393:ISSN 6352:ISSN 6311:ISSN 6284:ISBN 6255:ISBN 6228:ISBN 6209:ISBN 6190:ISBN 6132:ISSN 6105:ISBN 6086:ISBN 6062:ISBN 6037:ISSN 6010:ISBN 5985:ISSN 5919:ISSN 5599:ISSN 5156:ISBN 5129:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4319:ISSN 4173:ISSN 4134:ISSN 4043:ISBN 3902:ISBN 3463:ISBN 2931:and 2900:and 2814:Doab 2716:Daud 2682:GUGE 2271:Hund 2191:Piri 2101:Meru 2071:and 1804:’adl 1770:"), 1768:Raja 1598:and 1372:The 1309:and 1303:Hund 1232:. A 1202:Swat 1196:and 985:and 973:The 615:and 578:Merv 560:Bost 312:RYEO 270:DALI 250:SONG 228:PALA 159:1000 99:RUS' 6385:doi 6344:doi 6276:doi 6247:doi 6165:doi 5591:doi 4311:doi 4010:XVI 3960:XVI 3243:), 3139:PhD 3123:PhD 2848:of 2479:LAS 2133:by 1806:, " 1797:عدل 1578:in 1576:bhī 1559:Śri 1350:or 1279:or 310:GO- 7020:: 6407:. 6399:. 6391:. 6381:38 6379:. 6375:. 6358:. 6350:. 6340:28 6338:. 6334:. 6317:. 6307:56 6305:. 6301:. 6282:. 6253:. 6171:. 6161:51 6159:. 6155:. 6138:. 6126:. 6122:. 6043:. 6033:17 6031:. 6027:. 5991:. 5979:. 5968:XV 5966:. 5962:. 5951:XV 5949:. 5945:. 5925:. 5915:48 5913:. 5909:. 5694:^ 5605:. 5597:. 5587:51 5585:. 5581:. 5552:46 5550:. 5546:. 5520:^ 5493:^ 5476:^ 5459:^ 5432:^ 5401:^ 5362:^ 5347:^ 5306:^ 5267:^ 5250:^ 5235:^ 5194:^ 5034:^ 5019:^ 4992:^ 4963:^ 4936:^ 4893:^ 4814:^ 4727:^ 4688:^ 4673:^ 4586:^ 4482:^ 4317:. 4305:. 4301:. 4229:^ 4179:. 4169:26 4167:. 4163:. 4140:. 4126:26 4124:. 4120:. 4069:^ 4008:. 4004:. 3958:. 3954:. 3934:XV 3932:. 3928:. 3862:^ 3833:^ 3782:^ 3761:^ 3740:^ 3723:^ 3644:^ 3603:^ 3572:^ 3553:^ 3534:^ 3515:^ 3496:^ 3477:^ 3259:, 3105:, 3101:, 3097:, 2935:. 2856:: 2149:, 2051:. 2008:na 1995:. 1851:. 1786:ma 1563:. 1394:c. 1335:. 1317:. 1275:, 1184:. 1003:c. 855:c. 818:c. 802:c. 786:c. 758:c. 742:c. 726:c. 710:c. 694:c. 324:c. 43:c. 6463:e 6456:t 6449:v 6435:. 6415:. 6387:: 6366:. 6346:: 6325:. 6292:. 6278:: 6263:. 6249:: 6236:. 6217:. 6198:. 6179:. 6167:: 6146:. 6128:8 6113:. 6094:. 6070:. 6051:. 6018:. 5999:. 5933:. 5812:. 5752:. 5704:. 5613:. 5593:: 5164:. 5137:. 5072:. 4652:. 4352:. 4325:. 4313:: 4307:5 4187:. 4148:. 4051:. 3987:. 3910:. 3777:. 3706:. 3627:. 3598:. 3471:. 2168:' 1802:( 1784:( 1762:( 1715:( 1483:a 1253:. 1155:: 20:)

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