Pineapple - Knowledge

1145: 632: 56: 2056: 2566: 765: 1248: 1069: 587: 2189: 2044: 2087: 2585: 2522: 618: 1824: 601: 959: 74: 2135: 813: 837: 2542: 2033:. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'. The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold. The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes of 5602: 5592: 2153: 5659: 5477: 2117: 1237: 2207: 2171: 2075: 2607:'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). 5612: 5581: 2789: 659:. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are 30 to 100 cm (1 to 2002:, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown. It is one of the ancestors of cultivars "73-50" (also called "MD-1" and "CO-2") and "73–114" (also called "MD-2"). Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2. The success of Del Monte's MD-2 caused Dole to 789: 2700:

protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi).

1985:"Red Spanish", at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America and the Philippines. It was the original pineapple cultivar in the Philippines grown for their leaf fibers ( 2726:, fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus. Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria 2648:, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often 1195:

to Australia and Africa. "Smooth Cayenne" is now the dominant cultivar in world production. Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies

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In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are

1166:. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot. In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats. 2699:

wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the

651:, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited 1898:. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself. Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body. Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in 4196:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

1979:"Natal queen", at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa. 987:. Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico, where it was cultivated by the 1274:

on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production. Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii. Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone.

1994:"Smooth cayenne", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow– to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by 1982:"Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America. 2275:

The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a

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The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014.

2477:. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditional 2632:, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative. A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a 4195: 1269:

in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii. In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui, and by 2013, only the

677:; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like 1196:

in large enough quantities to reduce European prices. Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes.

1976:"Kona sugarloaf", at 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit. 1186:

Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant was "Smooth Cayenne", imported to France in 1820, subsequently re-exported to the

2773:, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all 5975: 2652:. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. 3060:

Aziz SA, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Richards GC, Racey PA (2016). "The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation". In Voigt C, Kingston T (eds.).

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Ogawa, EM; Costa, H. B; Ventura, J. A; et al. (2018). "Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry".

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horticulture near Leiden. Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730. In England, the first pineapple was grown at

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are known. The leaves of the commonly grown "smooth cayenne" are smooth, and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in

913:, and now believed to be a pineapple. Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another 4174: 4887: 806:

Brazil and Paraguay; naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, northern South America, and various islands in the Pacific

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Li, Ti; Shen, Peiyi; Liu, Wei; Liu, Chengmei; Liang, Ruihong; Yan, Na; Chen, Jun (2014). "Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions".

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in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including the

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Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries",

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Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in

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The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species. The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor variety

1144: 2316:. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in 2055: 5107: 3482:

Rohtbach, G. K. G.; Leal, F. (2003). "Chapter 1: History, distributions and World Production". In Bartholomew, D. P.; Paull, R. E.; Rohrbach, K. G. (eds.).

1973:"Hilo" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips. 1233:

in 1909. James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.

5675: 2584: 4000: 2511:). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in the 4689: 3185: 3616: 562:

made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations.

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Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G; Leal, F. (2003). "Chapter 2: Morphology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy". In Bartholomew, DP; Paull, RE; Rohrbach, KG (eds.).

1298:, respectively. Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by 6340: 5980: 3750: 1012: 6662: 6657: 5509: 2007: 696:. Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for 5164: 4064: 2985: 3951: 1283: 6415: 5965: 4203:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 2241: 1969:, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia. Varieties include: 1052: 55: 6236: 4166: 4132: 3906: 2576: 4883: 2844: 1243:(1877–1958) was the early promoter of the pineapple industry in Hawaii. He founded the company now known as the Dole Food Company. 6580: 6541: 6301: 6249: 2460: 1279: 5080: 3013:"Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna" 6319: 5662: 5338: 4598: 4208: 3916: 3863: 3655: 3520: 3491: 3168: 2942: 2403:

are the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016. Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 were

6585: 6306: 5434: 4222: 2043: 5955: 5555: 4764: 715:, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlocking 5384: 1213:, who moved to Hawaii in 1899 and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into the 5838: 5397: 5042: 4023: 2692: 2680: 1101:

While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism, it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until

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typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups. Other diseases include citrus

1068: 4871: 3543: 1167: 764: 2629: 6554: 6345: 6275: 5615: 4374:"Optimisation of Bromelain Enzyme Extraction from Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Application in Process Industry" 2686: 923:, meaning 'excellent fruit'. This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific 681:

up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract.

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In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and

1921:. Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as 5960: 5367: 4935: 4758: 3686:"Pieter De La Court Van Der Voort and Innovations in Pineapple Cultivation in Early Eighteenth-Century Gardens" 3337: 2777:

that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.

17: 3388:; Collins, J. L. (1939). "Notes on the distribution and ecology of Ananas and Pseudananas in South America". 1936:. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific 6682: 6598: 6433: 5605: 5392: 2696: 1775: 6228: 6202: 5858: 5843: 5833: 5823: 5715: 5697: 5689: 4693: 4162: 3569: 727: 4630: 3289:

Grant, Jason R.; Zijlstra, Gea (1998). "An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae".

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has also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteria

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Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms

3624: 938:'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as 6593: 6428: 5724: 5706: 5520: 2719: 2714:

Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by

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Cha, J.-S.; Pujol, C.; Dususin, A. R.; Macion, E. A.; Hubbard, C. H.; Kado, C. I. (1997). "Studies on

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Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called "

6677: 6672: 6355: 6314: 4972:"Extension of Small-Scale Postharvest Horticulture Technologies—A Model Training and Services Center" 4136: 944: 2086: 1800:(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) of 6100: 5768: 5427: 5370:. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382. 4106: 2353: 1809: 1093: 1037: 73: 6420: 6332: 5626: 5057: 3367:"Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas" 1199:

The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century where it is known as the

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The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of

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Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a

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Hawkins, Richard (2007). "James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company".

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can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a

6215: 6163: 1932:, their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and 1663: 1137:

in the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at

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Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present

3134: 2763: 2415:, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice in 1937: 1226: 4824: 4719:"Pineapple production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)" 4086: 3853: 3740:(The article title is a citation from an earlier history work and refers to mid-18th century.) 1624: 1209:"), but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was 586: 554:, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to 6456: 5901: 5815: 5800: 5778: 5728: 5710: 5641: 4790: 2989: 1637: 1118: 924: 190: 38: 6394: 6381: 3955: 573:

produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.

6171: 6018: 5947: 5795: 5264: 5108:"Piñas en la mira: el monocultivo que se coló dentro de las áreas protegidas de Costa Rica" 4576: 4288: 3880: 2890: 2823: 2761:

Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by

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Marin-Cevada, V.; Caballero-Mellado, Jesús; Bustillos-Cristales, R.; et al. (2010). "

720: 8: 6647: 6389: 6028: 5886: 5785: 5595: 5498: 5420: 3835: 2372:, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, in 2361: 1778:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1178:. In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. 540: 4580: 4292: 4140: 906: 6619: 6464: 6407: 6210: 5970: 5790: 5758: 5476: 5465: 5202: 4604: 4545: 4490: 4465: 4441: 4416: 4354: 4261: 3824:

Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period

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Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,

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industrially throughout the 20th century, importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.

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Pearsall, Deborah M. (1992). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America". In

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in Buckinghamshire, and a huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the

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on 4 November 1493. The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into

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Chiusoli, Alessandro; Boriani, Luisa Maria (1986). "Ananas comosus 'Variegatus'".

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fibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted from

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with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family

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The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in the

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Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat

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Kitchen Pro Series: Guide to Produce Identification, Fabrication and Utilization

3119: 3102: 2963: 2346: 1035:, meaning "pine of the Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's 972: 890: 6402: 5848: 5763: 5560: 5535: 4988: 4971: 4631:"'MD-2' Pineapple Transforms the World's Pineapple Fresh Fruit Export Industry" 4198: 2818: 2813: 2555: 2488: 2480: 2380: 2281: 1188: 1138: 1134: 976: 910: 712: 697: 656: 566: 98: 4664:"Pineapple – Common Varieties | TFNet – International Tropical Fruits Network" 4533: 4515:"Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies" 4481: 4432: 4417:"Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization" 4342: 4324:"Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies" 2323: 1278:

In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne" was introduced in the early 1900s by the

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Bartholomew, Duane P.; Hawkins, Richard A.; Lopez, Johnny A. (October 2012).

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including pineapples by allegories of Nature, Industry, and Science, with an

678: 607: 551: 207: 124: 4514: 4323: 5805: 5719: 5251: 4541: 4499: 4450: 4350: 4308: 4218: 3724:[The Pineapple Cultivation Took Enormous Scale in St. Petersburg]. 3275: 3046: 2572: 1865: 1861: 1789: 1715: 1346: 1299: 1110: 988: 559: 544: 157: 6611: 6446: 6368: 5298:"Pink disease, a review of an asymptomatic bacterial disease in pineapple" 4161: 3509: 2667:

Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover for

2628:, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing 2034: 836: 6327: 6262: 6094: 6085: 5585: 4718: 3908:

Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Haiwaii's Economy

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Jungle capitalists : a story of globalisation, greed and revolution

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Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H. (1999).

4721:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database ( 3881:"Hala Kahiki: A Brief History of Pineapple and Pineapple Pavlova Recipe" 3719: 3310: 1022:' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the 6241: 3726: 2912:"Pineapple Definition | Definition of Pineapple at Dictionary.com" 2649: 2396: 2383:

consumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. The

2376:, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. 2259: 2158: 1918: 1845: 1827:

A hollowed-out pineapple with its core left intact, ready for filling,

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of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was

812: 674: 6267: 4884:"Population growth drives gradual expansion of pineapple juice market" 4300: 1236: 6184: 5932: 5012:"Costa Rica's Pineapple Industry Promises to Become More Responsible" 4589: 4564: 2755: 2408: 2307: 2285: 2251: 2122: 2022: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1813: 1805: 1582: 1072: 648: 6056: 3343: 3249: 2465:

fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as

995:. By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a 6606: 6490: 6441: 6079: 6023: 5680: 5656: 4792:

The Vinegar Cupboard: Recipes and history of an everyday ingredient

3140:. Government of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. 28 November 2006 2715: 2625: 2502: 2404: 2392: 2317: 2299: 2291: 2212: 1962: 1958: 1914: 1857: 1468: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1266: 1255: 1122: 1084: 1026:, and it was grown for textile use from at least the 17th century. 984: 830:

Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, French Guiana

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Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World

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Stahl, JM; Nepi, M; Galetto, L; Guimarães, E; Machado, SR (2012).

2452: 719:, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being a 6559: 6280: 6158: 5937: 5666: 5565: 5222:, a gene encoding a second quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in 4722: 3232:

Ming, Ray; VanBuren, Robert; Wai, Ching Man; et al. (2015).

2738: 2441:. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditional 2331: 1999: 1933: 1922: 1881: 1793: 1569: 1448: 1181: 705: 6176: 5530: 3795:

Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Glasgow, Clydesdale, and Stirling

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Journals and Other Documents of the Life of Christopher Columbus

3100: 2444: 2432: 1987: 1302:, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. 5927: 5922: 5492: 5269:, an unrevealed causative agent of Pink disease in pineapple". 4513:

Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP (2014).

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Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP (2014).

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Pickersgill, B. (1976). "Pineapple". In Simmonds, N. W. (ed.).

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Callen, Eric O. (1967). "Analysis of the Tehuacan coprolites".

2388: 2277: 2176: 1966: 1895: 1552: 1192: 1171: 1114: 992: 980: 731: 701: 689: 555: 167: 147: 5081:"Costa Rica seizes two tons of cocaine hidden with pineapples" 4414: 4001:"It's Pineapple Season, But Does Your Fruit Come From Hawaii?" 3234:"The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis" 3207:

Bartholomew, D. P.; Paull, Robert E.; Rohrbach, K. G. (2002).

2932: 1286:. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of 5412: 2966:. Pineapple Working Group-International Horticultural Society 2751: 2750:

Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,

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14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the

1008: 716: 211: 85: 5580: 4753:. National Academy of Sciences and Technology, Philippines. 3059: 2988:. Tropical Permaculture.com (Birgit Bradtke). Archived from 2788: 2671:, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. 1170:, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone 873:

Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana

788: 730:, fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid 37:"Red Pineapple" redirects here. For the apple cultivar, see 5295: 4107:"This Prized Filipino Fabric Is Made From Pineapple Leaves" 2679:

In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the

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Mohan, Resmi; Sivakumar, Venkatasubramanian (March 2016).

4189: 4167:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 734:, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. 5829:

Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)

4874:. CBI Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 22 May 2019. 3743: 3416:

The Origins of Agriculture : An International Perspective

3010: 2501:

clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's

1926: 1797: 1390: 693: 4466:"Enzymes in the dissolution testing of gelatin capsules" 4415:

Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU (2015).

4278: 3777: 3775: 3721:Культура ананасов приняла громадные размеры в Петербурге 3206: 5358:

Menzel, Christopher. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruit".

4062: 2246:

In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 million

1152:

pineapple which was given the early scientific name of

1029:

Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it

5160: 5158: 1125:

was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at

955:

itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714.

918: 900: 5184: 4512: 4321: 3772: 3418:. 173–205. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2845:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" 2639: 1051:(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in 27:

Species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae

5139:. American Phytopathological Society. Archived from 4743: 4628: 4065:"Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry" 3159:

Jones, J.; Wilson, W (2006). "Chapter 11: Science".

3103:"Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry" 2784: 684:

In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by

5155: 5137:"Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)" 3845: 3231: 1998:. In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as 5189:, the causal agent of pink disease of pineapple". 4200:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 3840:American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia 3508: 962:Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section 5296:Marín-Cevada, V.; Fuentes-Ramírez, L. E. (2016). 3852:Matthews, Brad; Wigsten, Paul (9 February 2010). 2674: 2360:Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in both 1991:) in the traditional Philippine textile industry. 1614: 1458: 6639: 3672:Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies 3486:. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 21. 2937:. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 21. 2288:. Traditional dishes that use pineapple include 4970:Kitinoja, Lisa; Barrett, Diane (15 July 2015). 4969: 4925: 3944: 3851: 3403:The pineapple: botany, utilization, cultivation 2387:was the largest importer of pineapple juice in 4690:"Why does Maui Gold® pineapple taste so good?" 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4371: 4281:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 4155: 4050:"The Agriculture of Hawaii: Hawaii Pineapples" 1325:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1200: 1182:Since the 19th century: mass commercialization 782:Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador 5642: 5428: 5360:Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4 3288: 3101:Bartholomew DP; Hawkins RA; Lopez JA (2012). 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2684: 2553: 2547: 2528: 2506: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2450: 2442: 2344: 2329: 2321: 2297: 2289: 1887:Present in all parts of the pineapple plant, 1055: 1046: 1030: 5510:Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co. 5226:, is required for pink disease of pineapple" 5037:. Edinburgh New York: Canongate. p. 6. 4859:The Essential Cuisines of Mexico: A Cookbook 4393:. US National Institutes of Health. May 2020 4243: 3481: 3371: 3365: 2008:Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co. 1048:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 869:(Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal 5333:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 419. 4928:Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants 4615: 3650:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 82. 3484:The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses 3440: 3376:. Paraguay (2nd series) 4 (by1919:250–322). 3209:The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses 3158: 2935:The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses 2527:1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional 2457:. These were woven into lustrous lace-like 1840:Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse 1153: 1076: 933: 927: 5649: 5635: 5435: 5421: 4713: 4711: 4463: 4163:United States Food and Drug Administration 3911:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 99. 3717: 3506: 2863: 2343:, a traditional jelly-like dessert called 2305: 1221:began growing pineapples on the island of 966: 54: 5966:National Institute of Technology Agartala 5313: 5241: 5215: 5105: 4987: 4588: 4489: 4440: 4080: 4052:. To-Hawaii.com. Accessed 28 August 2018. 3994: 3992: 3797:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 83. 3718:Kuznetsova, Svetlana (10 December 2022). 3623:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 3265: 3118: 3036: 2262:, each producing about 3 million tonnes. 2242:List of countries by pineapple production 1063: 569:. The plant normally propagates from the 5328: 4950: 4246:International Journal of Food Properties 3878: 3816: 3455: 3186:"Pineapple – The Plant That Ate Hawai'i" 2619: 2577:Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum 1822: 1246: 1235: 1225:in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the 1143: 1067: 957: 427:(Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer 5032: 4788: 4737: 4708: 4562: 4410: 4408: 4131:Sison, Ignacio C. O. (13 August 2015). 3931: 3781: 3683: 3664: 3645: 3567: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3449: 2021:for color, novel fruit size, and other 704:, where pineapples were cultivated and 14: 6640: 5398:"The Strange History of the 'King-Pine 5131: 5129: 5106:Rodríguez, Sebastián (16 April 2021). 4953:"A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple" 4385: 4383: 4104: 4021: 3998: 3989: 3829: 3751:"Bromeliad Society of Greater Chicago" 3094: 2964:"How to grow a pineapple in your home" 2888: 2423:is low compared to their populations. 905:, a fruit cultivated and eaten by the 6061: 6060: 5630: 5416: 4872:"Exporting pineapple juice to Europe" 4822: 4130: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3904: 3548:Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation 3511:Curry: a Tale of Cooks and Conquerors 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3429:The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley 2958: 2956: 2954: 2703: 2662: 1788:Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13% 266:J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f. 258:J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f. 6356:f029c41f-e4cd-432a-bfbe-1a8662b1b670 5611: 4405: 4024:"Maui Pineapple harvests final crop" 4022:Kubota, Gary T. (24 December 2009). 3800: 3596: 3529: 2590:Frock coat, 1840–1849, Philippines, 2515:and is only starting to be revived. 2006:its own MD-2 pineapples, leading to 1940:can yield sufficient quantities for 1816:(53% DV), but otherwise contains no 673: ft) long, surrounding a thick 6663:Fruits originating in South America 6658:Crops originating from the Americas 5956:Agartala Government Medical College 5556:Pineapple production in Ivory Coast 5126: 4856: 4380: 3879:Anderson, Brittany P. (July 2018). 3515:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2368:, where it is produced locally. In 1164:pineapple became a symbol of wealth 1133:imported de la Court's method into 971:The wild plant originates from the 24: 5302:Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 5216:Pujol, C. J.; Kado, C. I. (1999). 5203:10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00407.x 4177:from the original on 27 March 2024 4093: 3826:. Oxford University Press. p. 302. 3617:"Pieter de La Court van der Voort" 3464: 3358: 3200: 3183: 2951: 2640:Ethical and environmental concerns 2049:Growing pineapples in a greenhouse 1290:in the 1920s; in the provinces of 1191:in 1835, and then from the UK via 896:The New Found World, or Antarctike 25: 6709: 5375: 5165:"Pests and Diseases of Pineapple" 4894:AgriOrbit. Retrieved 22 May 2019. 4747:Nata de Coco: A Filipino Delicacy 4105:Ewbank, Anne (6 September 2018). 3954:. Faculty.ucc.edu. Archived from 3858:. Cengage Learning. p. 269. 1835: 5657: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5475: 5391:—information on pineapples from 5283:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x 4951:Sheraton, Mimi (21 April 1982). 4930:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 4789:Clutton, Angela (7 March 2019). 4565:"Economic Botany in the Tropics" 2787: 2583: 2564: 2540: 2520: 2205: 2187: 2169: 2151: 2133: 2115: 2085: 2073: 2054: 2042: 1168:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore 835: 811: 787: 763: 630: 616: 599: 585: 72: 63:A pineapple on its parent plant 6599:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36845-2 6434:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12322-2 5351: 5322: 5289: 5258: 5209: 5178: 5099: 5073: 5051: 5026: 5004: 4963: 4944: 4919: 4897: 4877: 4865: 4850: 4823:Chang, R. C. (29 August 2009). 4816: 4782: 4682: 4656: 4556: 4506: 4457: 4365: 4315: 4272: 4237: 4225:from the original on 9 May 2024 4124: 4055: 4043: 4015: 3970: 3925: 3898: 3872: 3787: 3711: 3677: 3639: 3609: 3570:"The Pineapple meets the Press" 3561: 3500: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3395: 3379: 3330: 3317: 3282: 3225: 3177: 3152: 3127: 1155:Cardus brasilianus folius aloes 592:Pineapple in the starting stage 550:The pineapple is indigenous to 508:(Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f. 5961:Maharaja Bir Bikram University 5442: 5329:Brickell, Christopher (1996). 5175:. Retrieved on 2 October 2011. 4907:. Free Online Dictionary. 2023 3574:The Bromeliad Society Bulletin 3544:"History & Origin of Piña" 3064:. Springer. pp. 377–426. 3053: 3004: 2978: 2926: 2904: 2837: 2754:, mites, mealybugs, ants, and 2675:Expansion into protected areas 2610: 1309: 1057:Historia General de Las Indias 826:(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal 778:(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal 688:. Certain wild pineapples are 576: 13: 1: 5393:California Rare Fruit Growers 4629:Duane P. Bartholomew (2009). 3905:Hitch, Thomas Kemper (1992). 3648:The Pineapple: King of Fruits 3325:The Penguin Companion to Food 2830: 2598: 2235: 4258:10.1080/10942912.2012.732168 3999:Rhodes, J. (20 March 2013). 3135:"List of prohibited animals" 3070:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_13 2284:, or as a grilled ring on a 2098:Pineapple production – 2022 1952: 1947: 1774:Percentages estimated using 1314: 884: 854:from Costa Rica to Paraguay 7: 5243:10.1099/13500872-145-5-1217 4082:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 3934:Hawaiian Journal of History 3163:. Ballantine. p. 544. 3120:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 2891:"Pineapple, Ananas comosus" 2780: 2426: 2270: 1944:and industrial processing. 1767:Link to USDA Database entry 979:drainages between southern 737: 692:and pollinated at night by 623:A young pineapple in flower 419:(Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière 10: 6714: 5521:List of pineapple diseases 4989:10.3390/agriculture5030441 4795:. Bloomsbury. p. 57. 3602:Cumo, Christopher (2015). 3390:American Journal of Botany 2914:. Dictionary.reference.com 2710:List of pineapple diseases 2707: 2592:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2430: 2239: 1804:, and is a rich source of 1796:, and contains negligible 1335:209 kJ (50 kcal) 879: 726:The pineapple carries out 637:Pineapple flowers close-up 36: 32:Pineapple (disambiguation) 29: 6480: 6069: 5994: 5946: 5910: 5857: 5814: 5749: 5688: 5673: 5574: 5484: 5473: 5450: 5331:Encyclopedia of Gardening 5271:Journal of Phytopathology 5191:Journal of Phytopathology 4829:. Springer. p. 228. 4534:10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y 4522:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 4482:10.1208/s12249-014-0162-3 4433:10.1007/s13197-014-1454-z 4343:10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y 4331:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 4137:Philippine Stock Exchange 4003:. Smithsonian Institution 3568:Hayward, Wyndham (1956). 3366: 3339:Oxford English Dictionary 1965:and the southern part of 1773: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1662: 1649: 1636: 1623: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1581: 1568: 1551: 1535: 1518: 1501: 1484: 1467: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1359: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1324: 1121:in 1723. In France, King 951:first record of the word 945:Oxford English Dictionary 711:The ovaries develop into 225: 218: 196: 189: 69:Scientific classification 67: 62: 53: 48: 6046:Tripuri calendar (Tring) 5769:Tripura (princely state) 5315:10.1590/0100-29452016949 5167:. Food Market Exchange. 5114:(in Spanish). Costa Rica 3793:Stevenson, Jack (1995). 3720: 3456:Morrison, S. E. (1963). 3443:Evolution of Crop Plants 2889:Morton, Julia F (1987). 2354:Komagataeibacter xylinus 1820:in significant amounts. 1284:American colonial period 1280:US Bureau of Agriculture 1148:1772 illustration of an 1094:The Gardeners Dictionary 1038:Decades of the New World 5976:Tripura Medical College 5033:Chapman, Peter (2009). 3842:. W. W. Norton. p. 248. 3813:. W. W. Norton. p. 206. 3405:. London: Leonard Hill. 3401:Collins. J. L. (1960). 3161:An Incomplete Education 2722:, bacterial heart rot, 2646:modern fruit production 2265: 2031:Maui Land and Pineapple 1776:US recommendations 1201: 967:Precolonial cultivation 919: 901: 746:, have been sequenced. 500:Schult. & Schult.f. 492:Schult. & Schult.f. 371:Schult. & Schult.f. 307:Schult. & Schult.f. 290:Schult. & Schult.f. 5741:Butter catfish (Pabda) 5526:Maui Pineapple Company 5087:. AFP. 5 February 2021 4029:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 3822:Hugh Morrison (1952). 3684:Johnson, Lisa (2019). 3670:Sheller, Mimi (2003). 3507:Collingham, L (2007). 3372: 2764:Phytophthora cinnamomi 2685: 2616:planted commercially. 2554: 2548: 2529: 2507: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2345: 2330: 2322: 2306: 2298: 2290: 1832: 1780:the National Academies 1262: 1244: 1227:Maui Pineapple Company 1159: 1154: 1141:'s new Moscow palace. 1105:(1664–1739) developed 1098: 1077: 1064:Old World introduction 1056: 1047: 1031: 963: 934: 928: 513:Distiacanthus communis 5711:Green imperial pigeon 5382:Pineapple Fruit Facts 4826:Vinegars of the World 3323:Davidson, A. (2008). 2734:Gluconobacter oxydans 2634:non-climacteric fruit 2620:Storage and transport 2017:species are grown as 1826: 1433:Vitamins and minerals 1250: 1239: 1229:began cultivation on 1147: 1119:Chelsea Physic Garden 1071: 961: 909:, living near modern 899:where he refers to a 249:(L.) H.Karst. ex Voss 39:Red Pineapple (apple) 6683:Tropical agriculture 5824:Legislative Assembly 5720:Indian rose chestnut 5702:Phayre's leaf monkey 5171:25 July 2011 at the 4563:Kochhar, SL (2006). 4089:on 30 November 2017. 3836:Harris, Cyril Manton 3646:Beauman, F. (2005). 3211:. CABI. p. 23. 2824:Vazhakulam pineapple 1831:, with other fruits. 1254:pineapple fields in 1129:in 1733. In Russia, 1001:Christopher Columbus 295:Ananas lyman-smithii 30:For other uses, see 6041:Musical instruments 6029:Kokborok literature 5499:Azucarron pineapple 5387:16 May 2005 at the 5143:on 30 November 2011 4890:27 May 2020 at the 4581:1939Natur.144..563. 4464:Marques MR (2014). 4293:2018JSFA...98.1105O 3977:"Sunrise, Sunset". 3958:on 21 December 2009 3807:Curl, James Stevens 3674:. Routledge. p. 80. 3627:on 16 December 2014 3606:. ABC-CLIO. p. 294. 3346:on 12 December 2019 2986:"Pineapple Growing" 2687:Corredor Fronterizo 2099: 1925:-based desserts or 1520:Pantothenic acid (B 1321: 1241:James Drummond Dole 1087:in the background ( 644:The pineapple is a 516:(Lam.) Rojas Acosta 6693:Symbols of Tripura 5971:Tripura University 5466:Ananas macrodontes 5063:2017-03-13 at the 4957:The New York Times 4421:J Food Sci Technol 3184:Gibson, Arthur C. 3029:10.1093/aob/mcs053 2704:Pests and diseases 2693:Barra del Colorado 2663:Illegal drug trade 2097: 1844:, among which are 1833: 1741:Other constituents 1319: 1263: 1245: 1160: 1158:by Banhius in 1623 1103:Pieter de la Court 1099: 964: 802:(Linnaeus) Merrill 728:CAM photosynthesis 473:Bromelia mai-pouri 408:Ananassa monstrosa 352:Ananas pyramidalis 336:Ananas penangensis 315:(Carrière) L.B.Sm. 6635: 6634: 6377:Open Tree of Life 6063:Taxon identifiers 6054: 6053: 6024:Kokborok language 5844:Political parties 5624: 5623: 5516:Dole Food Company 5340:978-1-85833-579-7 5267:Tatumella ptyseos 4600:978-0-333-93118-9 4470:AAPS PharmSciTech 4301:10.1002/jsfa.8561 4210:978-0-309-48834-1 4143:on 9 January 2017 4075:(10): 1390–1398. 3918:978-0-8248-1498-4 3865:978-1-4354-0121-1 3657:978-0-7011-7699-0 3522:978-0-19-532001-5 3493:978-0-85199-503-8 3460:. Heritage Press. 3244:(12): 1435–1442. 3170:978-0-7394-7582-9 3113:(10): 1390–1398. 2944:978-0-85199-503-8 2745:Tatumella ptyseos 2729:Acetobacter aceti 2374:Taiwanese cuisine 2328:and in the drink 2314:Hawaiian haystack 2233: 2232: 2066:Ananas bracteatus 2004:obtain & grow 1786: 1785: 1731: 1730: 1215:Dole Food Company 1176:Dunmore Pineapple 1043:Antonio Pigafetta 877: 876: 870: 851: 827: 803: 779: 527: 526: 517: 509: 501: 497:Bromelia violacea 493: 485: 477: 468: 460: 452: 448:Bromelia communis 444: 436: 428: 420: 416:Ananassa porteana 412: 404: 396: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 328:Ananas pancheanus 324: 316: 312:Ananas monstrosus 308: 299: 291: 283: 275: 271:Ananas bracteatus 267: 259: 250: 242: 16:(Redirected from 6705: 6678:Medicinal plants 6673:Hawaiian cuisine 6628: 6627: 6615: 6614: 6602: 6601: 6589: 6588: 6576: 6575: 6563: 6562: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6536: 6524: 6523: 6511: 6510: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6473: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6437: 6436: 6424: 6423: 6411: 6410: 6398: 6397: 6385: 6384: 6372: 6371: 6359: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6336: 6335: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6309: 6297: 6296: 6284: 6283: 6271: 6270: 6258: 6257: 6245: 6244: 6232: 6231: 6219: 6218: 6206: 6205: 6193: 6192: 6180: 6179: 6167: 6166: 6154: 6153: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6127: 6115: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6058: 6057: 5918:Amarpur, Tripura 5911:Cities and towns 5661: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5541:Pineapple cutter 5479: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5407:The Paris Review 5401: 5345: 5344: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5236:(5): 1217–1226. 5213: 5207: 5206: 5182: 5176: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4857:Kennedy, Diana. 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4763:. Archived from 4752: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4692:. Archived from 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4635: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4592: 4590:10.1038/144563a0 4560: 4554: 4553: 4519: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4444: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4287:(3): 1105–1116. 4276: 4270: 4269: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4139:. Archived from 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4102: 4091: 4090: 4085:. Archived from 4084: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3690: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3584:on 19 March 2022 3580:. Archived from 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3342:. Archived from 3334: 3328: 3327:. Penguin Books. 3321: 3315: 3314: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3196:on 4 March 2016. 3192:. Archived from 3181: 3175: 3174: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3023:(7): 1243–1252. 3017:Annals of Botany 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2847:. Archived from 2841: 2809:Pineapple cutter 2797: 2792: 2791: 2690: 2669:narcotrafficking 2657:banana republics 2587: 2568: 2559: 2552:embroidery on a 2551: 2544: 2534: 2531:traje de mestiza 2524: 2513:Second World War 2510: 2500: 2497:traje de mestiza 2492: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2366:Filipino cuisine 2350: 2335: 2327: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2077: 2058: 2046: 1891:is a mixture of 1874:chlorogenic acid 1618: 1556: 1540: 1523: 1506: 1489: 1472: 1462: 1429: 1428: 1322: 1318: 1204: 1157: 1082: 1059: 1050: 1034: 1021: 950: 937: 931: 922: 907:Tupinambá people 904: 868: 849: 839: 825: 815: 801: 791: 777: 767: 749: 748: 721:Fibonacci number 672: 671: 667: 664: 634: 620: 603: 589: 515: 507: 505:Bromelia viridis 499: 491: 483: 475: 466: 458: 450: 442: 434: 426: 418: 410: 402: 400:Ananassa debilis 394: 386: 378: 376:Ananas serotinus 370: 362: 354: 347:Veitch ex K.Koch 346: 344:Ananas porteanus 338: 330: 322: 314: 306: 297: 289: 281: 279:Ananas coccineus 273: 265: 257: 255:Ananas argentata 248: 240: 202: 77: 76: 58: 46: 45: 21: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6623: 6618: 6610: 6605: 6597: 6592: 6584: 6579: 6571: 6566: 6558: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6519: 6514: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6482:Bromelia comosa 6476: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6393: 6388: 6380: 6375: 6367: 6364:Observation.org 6362: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6279: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6214: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6175: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6123: 6118: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6065: 6055: 6050: 5990: 5942: 5906: 5853: 5839:Chief Ministers 5810: 5774:Manikya dynasty 5745: 5684: 5669: 5655: 5625: 5620: 5586:Food portal 5578: 5570: 5546:Pineapple Lumps 5480: 5471: 5446: 5441: 5399: 5389:Wayback Machine 5378: 5373: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5327: 5323: 5294: 5290: 5263: 5259: 5214: 5210: 5183: 5179: 5173:Wayback Machine 5163: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5065:Wayback Machine 5056: 5052: 5045: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5014:. 10 March 2016 5010: 5009: 5005: 4968: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4892:Wayback Machine 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4770:on 28 June 2021 4767: 4761: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4633: 4627: 4616: 4601: 4561: 4557: 4528:(17): 7283–97. 4517: 4511: 4507: 4462: 4458: 4413: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4337:(17): 7283–97. 4326: 4320: 4316: 4277: 4273: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4094: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3979:Hawaii Business 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3885:Ke Ola Magazine 3877: 3873: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3760:. May–June 2012 3753: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3530: 3523: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3480: 3465: 3454: 3450: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3287: 3283: 3250:10.1038/ng.3435 3238:Nature Genetics 3230: 3226: 3219: 3205: 3201: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3099: 3095: 3080: 3058: 3054: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2992:on 17 June 2010 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2945: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2851:on 23 July 2021 2843: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2712: 2706: 2677: 2665: 2642: 2622: 2613: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2569: 2560: 2545: 2536: 2525: 2435: 2429: 2273: 2268: 2244: 2238: 2206: 2204: 2188: 2186: 2170: 2168: 2152: 2150: 2134: 2132: 2116: 2114: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2050: 2047: 1996:Amerind peoples 1955: 1950: 1908:anticoagulation 1838: 1769: 1764: 1722: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1644: 1631: 1619: 1589: 1576: 1563: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1521: 1513: 1504: 1496: 1487: 1479: 1470: 1463: 1434: 1423: 1418: 1399: 1394: 1355: 1350: 1317: 1312: 1272:Dole Plantation 1184: 1131:Peter the Great 1075:presented with 1066: 1015: 969: 948: 887: 882: 740: 669: 665: 662: 660: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 635: 626: 625: 624: 621: 612: 611: 610: 604: 595: 594: 593: 590: 579: 523: 520: 464:Bromelia edulis 456:Bromelia comosa 440:Bromelia ananas 432:Bromelia ananas 424:Ananassa sativa 392:Ananassa ananas 231: 230: 214: 204: 198: 185: 182:A. comosus 71: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6711: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6688:Tropical fruit 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6625:wfo-0000341835 6616: 6603: 6590: 6577: 6564: 6551: 6538: 6525: 6512: 6502: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6470:wfo-0000339432 6461: 6451: 6438: 6425: 6412: 6399: 6395:Ananas comosus 6386: 6373: 6360: 6350: 6337: 6324: 6311: 6298: 6285: 6272: 6259: 6246: 6233: 6220: 6216:Ananas comosus 6207: 6194: 6181: 6168: 6155: 6142: 6129: 6116: 6106: 6101:Ananas comosus 6091: 6075: 6073: 6071:Ananas comosus 6067: 6066: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5849:Tripura Police 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5764:Twipra Kingdom 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5561:Pineapple tart 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:Pineapple cake 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5459:Ananas comosus 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5395: 5377: 5376:External links 5374: 5372: 5371: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5321: 5288: 5257: 5224:Pantoea citrea 5208: 5197:(7): 313–319. 5187:Pantoea citrea 5177: 5154: 5125: 5098: 5072: 5050: 5044:978-1847676863 5043: 5025: 5003: 4982:(3): 441–455. 4962: 4943: 4936: 4918: 4896: 4876: 4864: 4861:. p. 496. 4849: 4835: 4815: 4801: 4781: 4759: 4736: 4707: 4696:on 21 May 2022 4681: 4668:www.itfnet.org 4655: 4638:Pineapple News 4614: 4599: 4555: 4505: 4456: 4427:(6): 3870–80. 4404: 4379: 4364: 4314: 4271: 4236: 4209: 4188: 4154: 4123: 4111:Gastro Obscura 4092: 4054: 4042: 4014: 3988: 3985:(2): 60. 2000. 3969: 3943: 3924: 3917: 3897: 3871: 3864: 3844: 3828: 3815: 3799: 3786: 3782:Beauman (2005) 3771: 3742: 3710: 3693:Garden History 3676: 3663: 3656: 3638: 3608: 3595: 3560: 3528: 3521: 3499: 3492: 3463: 3448: 3433: 3420: 3407: 3394: 3378: 3357: 3329: 3316: 3281: 3224: 3217: 3199: 3176: 3169: 3151: 3126: 3093: 3078: 3052: 3003: 2977: 2950: 2943: 2925: 2903: 2862: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2819:Pineapple tart 2816: 2814:Pineapple cake 2811: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2782: 2779: 2708:Main article: 2705: 2702: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2641: 2638: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2556:barong tagalog 2546: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2519: 2481:barong tagalog 2431:Main article: 2428: 2425: 2381:European Union 2282:Hawaiian pizza 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2011: 1992: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1842:phytochemicals 1837: 1836:Phytochemistry 1834: 1818:micronutrients 1784: 1783: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1320:Pineapple, raw 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1189:United Kingdom 1183: 1180: 1150:Ananas comosus 1135:St. Petersburg 1065: 1062: 1011:by 1550. The ' 977:Paraguay River 968: 965: 929:Ananas comosus 911:Rio de Janeiro 886: 883: 881: 878: 875: 874: 871: 862:Ananas comosus 859: 856: 855: 852: 843:Ananas comosus 840: 832: 831: 828: 819:Ananas comosus 816: 808: 807: 804: 795:Ananas comosus 792: 784: 783: 780: 771:Ananas comosus 768: 760: 759: 756: 753: 739: 736: 657:multiple fruit 636: 629: 628: 627: 622: 615: 614: 613: 605: 598: 597: 596: 591: 584: 583: 582: 581: 580: 578: 575: 567:multiple fruit 541:tropical plant 536:Ananas comosus 525: 524: 522: 521: 519: 518: 510: 502: 494: 489:Bromelia rubra 486: 481:Bromelia pigna 478: 470: 461: 453: 445: 437: 429: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 384:Ananas viridis 381: 373: 368:Ananas sativus 365: 357: 349: 341: 333: 325: 317: 309: 301: 292: 287:Ananas debilis 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 243: 238:Ananas acostae 234: 228: 227: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 205: 200:Ananas comosus 194: 193: 187: 186: 179: 177: 173: 172: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 128: 127: 122: 115: 114: 109: 102: 101: 96: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 18:Ananas comosus 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6710: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6668:Edible fruits 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:South Tripura 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:North Tripura 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5806:Highest point 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5690:State symbols 5687: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5617: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Pineapple pit 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5504:Big Pineapple 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4860: 4853: 4838: 4836:9788847008663 4832: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4804: 4802:9781472958105 4798: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4670:. 10 May 2016 4669: 4665: 4659: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575:(3647): 203. 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476:(6): 1410–6. 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133:SEC Form 17-A 4127: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3784:, p. 87. 3783: 3778: 3776: 3759: 3758:The BSGC News 3752: 3746: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3374: 3373:Annales Cient 3361: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297:(1): 91–121. 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3218:9780851999791 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3079:9783319252209 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2913: 2907: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2804:Big Pineapple 2802: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2770:P. parasitica 2766: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571:19th century 2567: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2308:kaeng som pla 2302: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2088: 2083: 2080:Tropical Gold 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Red pineapple 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:coumaric acid 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:syringic acid 1851: 1847: 1843: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:carbohydrates 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1486:Riboflavin (B 1483: 1476: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1371:Dietary fiber 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347:Carbohydrates 1342: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032:piña de Indes 1027: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 960: 956: 954: 947: 946: 941: 936: 930: 926: 921: 916: 912: 908: 903: 898: 897: 892: 872: 867: 863: 860: 858: 857: 853: 850:(Mez) L.B.Sm. 848: 844: 841: 838: 834: 833: 829: 824: 820: 817: 814: 810: 809: 805: 800: 796: 793: 790: 786: 785: 781: 776: 772: 769: 766: 762: 761: 758:Distribution 757: 754: 751: 750: 747: 745: 735: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 679:inflorescence 676: 658: 654: 650: 647: 633: 619: 609: 608:inflorescence 602: 588: 574: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 552:South America 548: 546: 542: 538: 537: 532: 514: 511: 506: 503: 498: 495: 490: 487: 482: 479: 474: 471: 465: 462: 457: 454: 449: 446: 441: 438: 433: 430: 425: 422: 417: 414: 409: 406: 401: 398: 395:(L.) H.Karst. 393: 390: 385: 382: 377: 374: 369: 366: 361: 360:Ananas sativa 358: 353: 350: 345: 342: 337: 334: 329: 326: 321: 320:Ananas ovatus 318: 313: 310: 305: 304:Ananas maxima 302: 296: 293: 288: 285: 280: 277: 272: 269: 264: 263:Ananas aurata 261: 256: 253: 247: 246:Ananas ananas 244: 239: 236: 235: 233: 232: 224: 221: 217: 213: 209: 203: 201: 195: 192: 191:Binomial name 188: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99:Tracheophytes 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 75: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6481: 6070: 5902:West Tripura 5734: 5679: 5508: 5491: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5443: 5405: 5359: 5352:Bibliography 5330: 5324: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5277:(2): 93–99. 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5233: 5230:Microbiology 5229: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5145:. Retrieved 5141:the original 5116:. Retrieved 5111: 5101: 5089:. Retrieved 5084: 5075: 5068: 5053: 5034: 5028: 5016:. Retrieved 5006: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4956: 4946: 4927: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4905:"Piña cloth" 4899: 4879: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4825: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4791: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4765:the original 4746: 4739: 4727:. Retrieved 4698:. Retrieved 4694:the original 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4667: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4641: 4637: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4424: 4420: 4397:15 September 4395:. Retrieved 4367: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4227:. Retrieved 4199: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4170: 4157: 4145:. Retrieved 4141:the original 4126: 4114:. Retrieved 4110: 4087:the original 4072: 4068: 4057: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4027: 4017: 4005:. Retrieved 3982: 3978: 3972: 3960:. Retrieved 3956:the original 3946: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3907: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3884: 3874: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3762:. Retrieved 3757: 3745: 3732:. Retrieved 3730:(in Russian) 3725: 3713: 3701:. Retrieved 3696: 3692: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3647: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3625:the original 3621:Oxford Index 3620: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3586:. Retrieved 3582:the original 3577: 3573: 3563: 3551:. Retrieved 3547: 3510: 3502: 3483: 3457: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3386:Baker, K. F. 3381: 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3344:the original 3338: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3208: 3202: 3194:the original 3189: 3179: 3160: 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3129: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3061: 3055: 3020: 3016: 3006: 2994:. Retrieved 2990:the original 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2934: 2928: 2916:. Retrieved 2906: 2894:. Retrieved 2853:. Retrieved 2849:the original 2839: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2720:pink disease 2713: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2643: 2623: 2614: 2604: 2603:The variety 2602: 2573:handkerchief 2436: 2378: 2359: 2352: 2347:nata de piña 2338: 2320:such as the 2274: 2245: 2227: 2222: 2106:Millions of 2065: 2028: 2014: 1986: 1956: 1912: 1886: 1866:sinapic acid 1862:ferulic acid 1848:, including 1839: 1828: 1787: 1745: 1740: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1413: 1389: 1345: 1304: 1300:World War II 1277: 1264: 1198: 1185: 1161: 1149: 1139:Empress Anna 1111:Dorney Court 1100: 1092: 1089:frontispiece 1036: 1028: 970: 952: 943: 939: 894: 891:André Thevet 888: 866:parguazensis 865: 861: 847:microstachys 846: 842: 823:erectifolius 822: 818: 798: 794: 774: 770: 743: 741: 725: 710: 686:hummingbirds 683: 643: 564: 560:17th century 549: 545:Bromeliaceae 535: 534: 530: 528: 512: 504: 496: 488: 480: 472: 463: 455: 447: 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 375: 367: 359: 351: 343: 335: 327: 319: 311: 303: 294: 286: 278: 270: 262: 254: 245: 241:C. Commelijn 237: 199: 197: 181: 180: 168: 158:Bromeliaceae 131: 118: 105: 92: 43: 6328:NatureServe 6263:iNaturalist 6095:Wikispecies 5308:(3): e949. 5018:29 November 4976:Agriculture 4648:3 September 4391:"Bromelain" 4252:(8): 1805. 4116:13 December 4069:HortScience 4007:29 December 3952:"Pineapple" 3764:17 November 3631:15 December 3588:11 December 3553:13 December 3431:1: 261–289. 3350:12 December 3107:HortScience 2795:Food portal 2724:anthracnose 2611:Cultivation 2489:baro't saya 2439:Philippines 2413:Philippines 2401:Netherlands 2385:Netherlands 2341:Philippines 2324:piña colada 2256:Philippines 2141:Philippines 2019:ornamentals 1893:proteolytic 1878:epicatechin 1850:gallic acid 1846:polyphenols 1810:Daily Value 1802:food energy 1469:Thiamine (B 1310:Composition 1282:during the 1260:Philippines 1217:. Dole and 1202:hala kahiki 1079:cornucopiae 1041:(1516) and 1024:Philippines 1016: [ 1013:Red Spanish 997:staple food 577:Description 469:nom. illeg. 300:nom. inval. 251:nom. inval. 138:Commelinids 112:Angiosperms 6648:Pineapples 6642:Categories 6408:kew-219669 6403:Plant List 5887:Sipahijala 5816:Government 5801:Healthcare 5606:Production 5444:Pineapples 5368:0122266706 5085:Tico Times 4937:0671631314 4911:6 November 4842:3 February 4808:3 February 4774:28 October 4760:9718538615 4674:18 October 4147:18 January 4135:(Report). 4035:9 November 3962:6 December 3940:: 149–170. 3727:Kommersant 3699:(1): 23–41 3144:9 December 2918:6 December 2831:References 2756:symphylids 2697:Caño Negro 2650:Nicaraguan 2644:Like most 2605:A. comosus 2599:Houseplant 2397:Costa Rica 2260:Costa Rica 2240:See also: 2236:Production 2159:Costa Rica 2025:qualities. 1938:extraction 1919:tenderizer 1812:, DV) and 1677:Phosphorus 1211:James Dole 1205:("foreign 1127:Versailles 1107:greenhouse 1005:Guadeloupe 942:, but the 775:bracteatus 744:bracteatus 646:herbaceous 606:Pineapple 49:Pineapple 6497:Q38553549 6229:200027371 6203:200027371 6019:Languages 5948:Education 5933:Teliamura 5859:Districts 5834:Governors 5796:Education 5735:Pineapple 5058:Big Fruit 4998:2077-0472 3364:Bertoni, 3303:0361-185X 3258:1546-1718 3088:111056244 2996:15 August 2970:15 August 2716:mealybugs 2681:Maquenque 2503:kerchiefs 2409:Indonesia 2318:cocktails 2286:hamburger 2252:Indonesia 2250:, led by 2123:Indonesia 2035:Haleakala 2023:aesthetic 1959:cultivars 1953:Cultivars 1948:Varieties 1910:therapy. 1904:allergies 1900:pregnancy 1889:bromelain 1814:vitamin C 1806:manganese 1690:Potassium 1664:Manganese 1651:Magnesium 1583:Vitamin C 1553:Folate (B 1537:Vitamin B 1503:Niacin (B 1315:Nutrition 1252:Del Monte 1219:Del Monte 1073:Britannia 953:pineapple 885:Etymology 755:Varieties 653:cultivars 649:perennial 531:pineapple 282:Descourt. 176:Species: 82:Kingdom: 6607:Tropicos 6573:11068760 6491:Wikidata 6442:Tropicos 6333:2.151910 6294:10207532 6080:Wikidata 5981:Colleges 5786:Politics 5729:Agarwood 5681:Agartala 5596:Category 5385:Archived 5252:10376838 5169:Archived 5147:28 March 5118:17 April 5091:17 April 5069:NY Times 5061:Archived 4888:Archived 4729:15 March 4700:19 March 4542:24965557 4500:24942315 4451:26028772 4351:24965557 4309:28722812 4266:84410846 4223:Archived 4219:30844154 4181:28 March 4175:Archived 4165:(2024). 3838:(1998). 3809:(2003). 3734:10 March 3703:10 March 3311:41759978 3291:Selbyana 3276:26523774 3047:22455992 2896:22 April 2781:See also 2630:ethylene 2626:Ethephon 2474:sombrado 2427:Textiles 2411:and the 2405:Thailand 2399:and the 2393:Thailand 2362:Honduran 2300:afritada 2292:hamonado 2271:Culinary 2213:Thailand 2103:Country 2092:Victoria 1963:Paraguay 1942:domestic 1930:capsules 1915:marinade 1858:vanillin 1746:Quantity 1671:0.927 mg 1611:Quantity 1605:Minerals 1547:0.112 mg 1531:0.213 mg 1497:0.032 mg 1480:0.079 mg 1455:Quantity 1449:Vitamins 1296:Bukidnon 1292:Cotabato 1288:Mindanao 1267:Honolulu 1256:Bukidnon 1123:Louis XV 1085:orangery 1060:(1535). 1053:Oviedo's 991:and the 985:Paraguay 932:, where 925:binomial 738:Taxonomy 698:breeding 411:Carrière 220:Synonyms 154:Family: 125:Monocots 6698:Berries 6612:4300879 6560:36845-2 6457:4962657 6447:4300877 6315:MoBotPF 6281:12322-2 6242:5288819 6177:1126520 6159:Ecocrop 6004:Cuisine 5996:Culture 5986:Schools 5938:Unakoti 5897:Unakoti 5791:Tourism 5759:History 5733:Fruit: 5676:Capital 5667:Tripura 5616:Commons 5566:Tepache 5451:Species 5112:El País 4725:). 2024 4723:FAOSTAT 4609:4134696 4577:Bibcode 4491:4245433 4442:4444899 4289:Bibcode 4229:21 June 3890:27 July 3267:4867222 3038:3359915 2855:25 July 2775:suckers 2739:Pantoea 2575:in the 2508:pañuelo 2339:In the 2332:tepache 2000:Sarawak 1934:canning 1923:gelatin 1896:enzymes 1882:arbutin 1794:protein 1792:, 0.5% 1755:86.00 g 1723:0.12 mg 1645:0.29 mg 1625:Calcium 1590:47.8 mg 1570:Choline 1415:Protein 1354:13.12 g 1097:, 1764) 935:comosus 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