1750:
2163:
1763:
1849:
1446:
807:
1735:
1434:
1478:
1834:
96:
997:
1864:
1462:
1336:
1720:
1351:
1235:
1912:
38:
47:
957:
651:
1500:
638:
1819:
5646:
1179:(ATPalpha). Variation in ATPalpha has been surveyed in various CTS-adapted species spanning six insect orders. Among 21 CTS-adapted species, 58 (76%) of 76 amino acid substitutions at sites implicated in CTS resistance occur in parallel in at least two lineages. 30 of these substitutions (40%) occur at just two sites in the protein (positions 111 and 122). CTS-adapted species have also recurrently evolved
1562:
1371:
1600:, but their flight mechanisms are only analogous, so their wings are examples of functional convergence. The two groups have independently evolved their own means of powered flight. Their wings differ substantially in construction. The bat wing is a membrane stretched across four extremely elongated fingers and the legs. The airfoil of the bird wing is made of
3211:
Safavi-Hemami, Helena; Gajewiak, Joanna; Karanth, Santhosh; Robinson, Samuel D.; Ueberheide, Beatrix; Douglass, Adam D.; Schlegel, Amnon; Imperial, Julita S.; Watkins, Maren; Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K.; Yandell, Mark; Li, Qing; Purcell, Anthony W.; Norton, Raymond S.; Ellgaard, Lars; Olivera, Baldomero
2193:
proceed by assuming that evolution has occurred without convergence. Convergent patterns may, however, appear at higher levels in a phylogenetic reconstruction, and are sometimes explicitly sought by investigators. The methods applied to infer convergent evolution depend on whether pattern-based or
2214:
model of trait evolution along a phylogeny. More recent methods also quantify the strength of convergence. One drawback to keep in mind is that these methods can confuse long-term stasis with convergence due to phenotypic similarities. Stasis occurs when there is little evolutionary change among
2392:
evolutionary convergence, which, quoting .. Simon Conway Morris .. is the 'recurring tendency of biological organization to arrive at the same "solution" to a particular "need". .. the 'Tasmanian tiger' .. looked and behaved like a wolf and occupied a similar ecological niche, but was in fact a
973:
When two species are similar in a particular character, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors were also similar, and convergent if they were not. Some scientists have argued that there is a continuum between parallel and convergent evolution, while others maintain that despite some
876:
disputes this conclusion, arguing that convergence is a dominant force in evolution, and given that the same environmental and physical constraints are at work, life will inevitably evolve toward an "optimum" body plan, and at some point, evolution is bound to stumble upon intelligence, a trait
813:
and analogy in mammals and insects: on the horizontal axis, the structures are homologous in morphology, but different in function due to differences in habitat. On the vertical axis, the structures are analogous in function due to similar lifestyles but anatomically different with different
1090:(i.e. has a methyl group). The methyl group of threonine greatly restricts the possible orientations of triad and substrate, as the methyl clashes with either the enzyme backbone or the histidine base. Consequently, most threonine proteases use an N-terminal threonine in order to avoid such
1174:
Many examples of convergent evolution exist in insects in terms of developing resistance at a molecular level to toxins. One well-characterized example is the evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTSs) via amino acid substitutions at well-defined positions of the α-subunit of
977:
When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by
2073:
1794:
European and East Asian lineages diverged, as there are some skin-lightening genetic differences that are common to both groups. However, after the lineages diverged and became genetically isolated, the skin of both groups lightened more, and that additional lightening was due to
2324:
However, all organisms share a common ancestor more or less recently, so the question of how far back to look in evolutionary time and how similar the ancestors need to be for one to consider parallel evolution to have taken place is not entirely resolved within evolutionary
947:
of retaining potential functionality over time. The time scale of this process varies greatly in different phylogenies; in mammals and birds, there is a reasonable probability of remaining in the genome in a potentially functional state for around 6 million years.
1946:
life cycle, living for only one growing season. The annual life cycle independently emerged in over 120 plant families of angiosperms. The prevalence of annual species increases under hot-dry summer conditions in the four species-rich families of annuals
3424:
Dobler, S., Dalla, S., Wagschal, V., & Agrawal, A. A. (2012). Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 109(32), 13040–13045.
1657:
organs, specialised for the dietary intake of that insect group. Convergent evolution of many groups of insects led from original biting-chewing mouthparts to different, more specialised, derived function types. These include, for example, the
2194:
process-based convergence is expected. Pattern-based convergence is the broader term, for when two or more lineages independently evolve patterns of similar traits. Process-based convergence is when the convergence is due to similar forces of
1608:), with only tiny remnants of two fingers remaining, each anchoring a single feather. So, while the wings of bats and birds are functionally convergent, they are not anatomically convergent. Birds and bats also share a high concentration of
2143:
substitutions. These changes were not at the enzymes' catalytic sites, but rather on the exposed surfaces of the proteins, where they might interact with other components of the cell or the digestive fluid. The authors also found that
1210:. Studies have found convergence in amino acid sequences in echolocating bats and the dolphin; among marine mammals; between giant and red pandas; and between the thylacine and canids. Convergence has also been detected in a type of
1634:
are much alike in their body plans, with gliding wings stretched between their limbs, but flying squirrels are placental mammals while sugar gliders are marsupials, widely separated within the mammal lineage from the placentals.
1543:—with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. As a result, vertebrates have a
1056:
provides some of the clearest examples of convergent evolution. These examples reflect the intrinsic chemical constraints on enzymes, leading evolution to converge on equivalent solutions independently and repeatedly.
1303:
The marsupial fauna of
Australia and the placental mammals of the Old World have several strikingly similar forms, developed in two clades, isolated from each other. The body, and especially the skull shape, of the
934:
In some cases, it is difficult to tell whether a trait has been lost and then re-evolved convergently, or whether a gene has simply been switched off and then re-enabled later. Such a re-emerged trait is called an
964:
position. In each case, the left-hand species changes from having alanine (A) at a specific position in a protein in a hypothetical ancestor, and now has serine (S) there. The right-hand species may undergo
1894:
are both primates. Ancestral primates had brown eyes, as most primates do today. The genetic basis of blue eyes in humans has been studied in detail and much is known about it. It is not the case that one
2154:
tend to have their expression increased when the plant is stressed, leading the authors to suggest that stress-responsive proteins have often been co-opted in the repeated evolution of carnivory.
5302:
Lengyel, S.; Gove, A. D.; Latimer, A. M.; Majer, J. D.; Dunn, R. R. (2010). "Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey".
2226:
Methods to infer process-based convergence fit models of selection to a phylogeny and continuous trait data to determine whether the same selective forces have acted upon lineages. This uses the
1903:. However, a single locus is responsible for about 80% of the variation. In lemurs, the differences between blue and brown eyes are not completely known, but the same gene locus is not involved.
988:
as a case of convergent evolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary history prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs under which to accumulate relevant differences.
5391:
Stayton, C. Tristan (2015). "The definition, recognition, and interpretation of convergent evolution, and two new measures for quantifying and assessing the significance of convergence".
3872:
2218:
Distance-based measures assess the degree of similarity between lineages over time. Frequency-based measures assess the number of lineages that have evolved in a particular trait space.
3649:
Feigin, Charles Y.; Newton, Axel H.; Doronina, Liliya; Schmitz, Jürgen; Hipsley, Christy A.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Gower, Graham; Llamas, Bastien; Soubrier, Julien (January 2018).
828:
In morphology, analogous traits arise when different species live in similar ways and/or a similar environment, and so face the same environmental factors. When occupying similar
1749:
2248: – Characteristic of phylogenetic analysis: the presence of multiple alleles in ancestral populations might lead to the impression that convergent evolution has occurred.
2064:) has evolved independently more than 100 times, and is present in more than 11,000 plant species. It is one of the most dramatic examples of convergent evolution in biology.
3902:
1123:
that is more similar to fish insulin protein sequences than to insulin from more closely related molluscs, suggesting convergent evolution, though with the possibility of
3541:
Foote, Andrew D.; Liu, Yue; Thomas, Gregg W. C.; Vinař, Tomáš; Alföldi, Jessica; Deng, Jixin; Dugan, Shannon; Elk, Cornelis E. van; Hunter, Margaret E. (March 2015).
1697:, but these are completely different in structure, having six fingers including the thumb, which develops from a wrist bone entirely separately from other fingers.
4142:
Kozmik, Z; Ruzickova, J; Jonasova, K; Matsumoto, Y.; Vopalensky, P.; Kozmikova, I.; Strnad, H.; Kawamura, S.; Piatigorsky, J.; Paces, V.; Vlcek, C. (1 July 2008).
367:
3690:
Partha, Raghavendran; Chauhan, Bharesh K; Ferreira, Zelia; Robinson, Joseph D; Lathrop, Kira; Nischal, Ken K.; Chikina, Maria; Clark, Nathan L. (October 2017).
920:. Homoplastic traits caused by convergence are therefore, from the point of view of cladistics, confounding factors which could lead to an incorrect analysis.
4558:"Association of the OCA2 Polymorphism His615Arg with Melanin Content in East Asian Populations: Further Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Skin Pigmentation"
2874:
Waters, Jonathan M.; McCulloch, Graham A. (2021). "Reinventing the wheel? Reassessing the roles of gene flow, sorting and convergence in repeated evolution".
5288:
5063:
2162:
1612:
in the skin of their wings. This improves skin flexibility, a trait useful for flying animals; other mammals have a far lower concentration. The extinct
3316:
Rodrigues, Wenderson Felipe Costa; Lisboa, Ayrton Breno P.; Lima, Joni Esrom; Ricachenevsky, Felipe Klein; Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo (10 January 2023).
1979:
5194:
1556:
5248:
5569:"SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion"
3864:
3802:
2169:
phylogeny of orders based on classification by the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The figure shows the number of inferred independent origins of C
763:, which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics; for instance,
682:
872:
argued that if one could "rewind the tape of life the same conditions were encountered again, evolution could take a very different course."
3741:
Sackton, TB; Grayson, P; Cloutier, A; Hu, Z; Liu, JS; Wheeler, NE; Gardner, PP; Clarke, JA; Baker, AJ; Clamp, M; Edwards, SV (5 April 2019).
290:
2831:
Arendt, J; Reznick, D (January 2008). "Convergence and parallelism reconsidered: what have we learned about the genetics of adaptation?".
738:
have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are
4525:
4319:
4128:
3841:
2760:
5225:
4293:
2379:
1417:(around 119 and 110 million years ago, respectively). Around 20 million years after acquiring that ability, both groups evolved active
601:
1445:
5829:
5701:
3895:
2437:
5711:
823:
409:
2278:– A form of selective breeding to recreate the traits of an extinct species, but the genome will differ from the original species.
5434:
Stayton, C. Tristan (2008). "Is convergence surprising? An examination of the frequency of convergence in simulated datasets".
5114:
Kadereit, G.; Borsch, T.; Weising, K.; Freitag, H (2003). "Phylogeny of
Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of C
4205:
1539:(such as jellyfish). Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the
1223:
115:
1278:) all converged on the same streamlined shape. A similar shape and swimming adaptations are even present in molluscs, such as
752:
are analogous structures, but their forelimbs are homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions.
5650:
5219:
5098:
5018:
4287:
4122:
3835:
3111:
2754:
2727:
2699:
2607:
2568:
2468:
2414:
2373:
596:
4052:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012).
1653:
Insect mouthparts show many examples of convergent evolution. The mouthparts of different insect groups consist of a set of
3443:
Yang, L; Ravikanthachari, N; Mariño-Pérez, R; Deshmukh, R; Wu, M; Rosenstein, A; Kunte, K; Song, H; Andolfatto, P. (2019).
2976:
Bohutínská, Magdalena; Peichel, Catherine L. (April 2024). "Divergence time shapes gene reuse during repeated adaptation".
2933:
Cerca, José (October 2023). "Understanding natural selection and similarity: Convergent, parallel and repeated evolution".
1433:
543:
1350:
1284:. The fusiform bodyshape (a tube tapered at both ends) adopted by many aquatic animals is an adaptation to enable them to
4427:"The extremely long-tongued Neotropical butterfly Eurybia lycisca (Riodinidae): Proboscis morphology and flower handling"
4227:
Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (June 2016).
1414:
1477:
5678:
5628:
2308:
2287:
675:
404:
235:
3590:
Hu, Yibo; Wu, Qi; Ma, Shuai; Ma, Tianxiao; Shan, Lei; Wang, Xiao; Nie, Yonggang; Ning, Zemin; Yan, Li (January 2017).
2266:– The repeated evolution of a specific trait or body plan from the same ancestral lineage at different points in time.
3651:"Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore"
2493:"Intrinsic evolutionary constraints on protease structure, enzyme acylation, and the identity of the catalytic triad"
17:
4054:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
1706:
3692:"Subterranean mammals show convergent regression in ocular genes and enhancers, along with adaptation to tunneling"
2405:
Reece, J.; Meyers, N.; Urry, L.; Cain, M.; Wasserman, S.; Minorsky, P.; Jackson, R.; Cooke, B. (5 September 2011).
137:
5035:
1461:
394:
362:
2037:; their accessory tissues form the apple's core, surrounded by structures from outside the botanical fruit, the
4482:
Wilhelmi, Andreas P.; Krenn, Harald W. (2012). "Elongated mouthparts of nectar-feeding
Meloidae (Coleoptera)".
2227:
1370:
912:
for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry. Taxa which do share ancestry are part of the same
616:
399:
1786:, they moved to more northern latitudes with less intense sunlight. It was beneficial to them to reduce their
5824:
2113:
668:
655:
3277:— the close relationship between bacteriocuprein and the copper-zinc superoxide-dismutase of teleost fishes"
4229:"The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds"
2132:
832:(that is, a distinctive way of life) similar problems can lead to similar solutions. The British anatomist
586:
4744:"The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms"
4743:
3995:
Liu, Yang; Cotton, James A.; Shen, Bin; Han, Xiuqun; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Zhang, Shuyi (1 January 2010).
3360:
Zhen, Ying; Aardema, Matthew L.; Medina, Edgar M.; Schumer, Molly; Andolfatto, Peter (28 September 2012).
4398:
Krenn, Harald W.; Plant, John D.; Szucsich, Nikolaus U. (2005). "Mouthparts of flower-visiting insects".
2086:
has evolved multiple times independently in plants in widely separated groups. In three species studied,
642:
3494:"Parallel Sites Implicate Functional Convergence of the Hearing Gene Prestin among Echolocating Mammals"
2245:
748:
structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Bird, bat, and pterosaur
142:
1106:
but difference of protein fold indicates that the active site evolved convergently in those families.
5271:
508:
483:
463:
443:
120:
4789:
Hjertaas, Ane C.; Preston, Jill C.; Kainulainen, Kent; Humphreys, Aelys M.; Fjellheim, Siri (2023).
3798:
1782:
Convergent evolution in humans includes blue eye colour and light skin colour. When humans migrated
1604:, strongly attached to the forearm (the ulna) and the highly fused bones of the wrist and hand (the
702:
of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates
5754:
4850:"The evolutionary responses of life-history strategies to climatic variability in flowering plants"
2190:
2109:
1783:
1772:
1136:
1124:
498:
493:
468:
423:
389:
383:
372:
3592:"Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas"
1335:
5728:
5036:"What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass?"
3273:"Evidence for a natural gene-transfer from the ponyfish to its bioluminescent bacterial symbiont
2715:
1072:
have caused identical triad arrangements to evolve independently more than 20 times in different
1060:
Serine and cysteine proteases use different amino acid functional groups (alcohol or thiol) as a
611:
518:
513:
458:
419:
220:
1876:
Despite the similarity of appearance, the genetic basis of blue eyes is different in humans and
71:, are only distantly related, but the species within each have converged on a similar body form.
5671:
2053:. This implies convergent evolution under selective pressure, in this case the competition for
1215:
1130:
523:
478:
300:
195:
5086:
5006:
4609:"The convergent evolution of blue iris pigmentation in primates took distinct molecular paths"
4517:
4315:
4112:
3825:
3164:"Unconventional serine proteases: variations on the catalytic Ser/His/Asp triad configuration"
2744:
2599:
2593:
2560:
969:, parallel, or convergent evolution at this amino acid position relative to the first species.
916:; cladistics seeks to arrange them according to their degree of relatedness to describe their
5282:
5209:
5188:
4277:
3103:
2554:
2363:
1638:
1200:
1166:
s IRT1, but their three-dimensional structures are similar, suggesting convergent evolution.
1017:
864:
621:
503:
448:
414:
327:
1762:
5687:
5580:
5539:
5490:
5443:
5350:
5311:
4682:
4438:
4354:
4341:
Herrera, Carlos M. (1992). "Activity pattern and thermal biology of a day-flying hawkmoth (
4155:
4144:"From the Cover: Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components"
4065:
4008:
3754:
3603:
3373:
3225:
3097:
2985:
2942:
2883:
2840:
2644:
2504:
2257:
2150:
1540:
1426:
1180:
1149:
1095:
1073:
984:
856:
707:
473:
130:
87:
5339:"Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory"
4848:
Boyko, James D.; Hagen, Eric R.; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Vasconcelos, Thais (November 2023).
4759:
3945:
3928:
3070:
3053:
2433:
8:
5779:
5723:
4899:"Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis"
2589:
2263:
2100:
2038:
1544:
1520:
1390:
1009:
966:
873:
756:
719:
563:
553:
488:
453:
337:
240:
165:
100:
5584:
5543:
5494:
5447:
5354:
5315:
4896:
4711:
4686:
4660:
4442:
4358:
4159:
4069:
4012:
3968:
Werdelin, L. (1986). "Comparison of Skull Shape in
Marsupial and Placental Carnivores".
3758:
3607:
3377:
3229:
2989:
2946:
2887:
2844:
2648:
2508:
1064:. In order to activate that nucleophile, they orient an acidic and a basic residue in a
5774:
5733:
5718:
5598:
5416:
5135:
4982:
4953:
4925:
4898:
4825:
4790:
4771:
4724:
4672:
4633:
4608:
4584:
4557:
4499:
4459:
4426:
4380:
4366:
4253:
4228:
4178:
4143:
4088:
4053:
4034:
3780:
3718:
3691:
3626:
3591:
3567:
3542:
3469:
3444:
3402:
3361:
3248:
3213:
3188:
3163:
2915:
2808:
2783:
2667:
2632:
2527:
2492:
2272: – Misidentification of later taxon superficially resembling earlier extinct taxon
2232:
1654:
1593:
1566:
1219:
1079:
837:
810:
760:
744:
606:
538:
322:
250:
215:
3742:
3293:
3272:
3140:
1147:
have converged in structure, likely to take up Fe efficiently. The IRT1 proteins from
806:
5749:
5664:
5624:
5508:
5459:
5408:
5368:
5249:"Evolution of fruit types and seed dispersal: A phylogenetic and ecological snapshot"
5215:
5176:
5094:
5055:
5014:
4987:
4930:
4879:
4871:
4830:
4812:
4775:
4763:
4728:
4716:
4698:
4638:
4589:
4464:
4283:
4258:
4183:
4118:
4093:
4026:
3950:
3831:
3772:
3723:
3672:
3631:
3572:
3523:
3515:
3474:
3407:
3389:
3339:
3298:
3253:
3193:
3144:
3107:
3075:
3001:
2958:
2919:
2907:
2899:
2856:
2813:
2750:
2723:
2695:
2672:
2613:
2603:
2564:
2550:
2532:
2464:
2410:
2369:
2195:
2178:
2083:
2077:
1971:
1921:
1285:
1087:
1008:
towards the same catalytic triads organisation of acid-base-nucleophile in different
1005:
869:
795:
779:
307:
185:
175:
170:
5602:
5139:
4384:
4201:
4038:
3784:
1693:, like humans and other apes, monkeys, and lemurs. Opposable thumbs also evolved in
759:, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to
5588:
5547:
5498:
5451:
5420:
5400:
5358:
5319:
5263:
5166:
5127:
5047:
4977:
4969:
4920:
4910:
4861:
4820:
4802:
4791:"Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors"
4755:
4706:
4690:
4628:
4620:
4579:
4569:
4503:
4491:
4454:
4446:
4407:
4370:
4362:
4248:
4240:
4173:
4163:
4083:
4073:
4016:
3977:
3940:
3762:
3713:
3703:
3662:
3621:
3611:
3562:
3554:
3505:
3464:
3456:
3397:
3381:
3329:
3288:
3243:
3233:
3183:
3175:
3136:
3127:
Dodson, G.; Wlodawer, A. (September 1998). "Catalytic triads and their relatives".
3065:
3032:
2993:
2950:
2891:
2848:
2803:
2795:
2662:
2652:
2522:
2512:
1896:
1787:
1775:, different genes were involved in European (left) and East Asian (right) lineages.
1768:
1327:
1115:
1069:
844:
829:
342:
3926:
5267:
5051:
4897:
Williams, B. P.; Johnston, I. G.; Covshoff, S.; Hibberd, J. M. (September 2013).
4574:
4078:
3093:
3054:"Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level"
2211:
2145:
2094:
1939:
1734:
1686:
1627:
1605:
1203:
1176:
1065:
1043:
1001:
979:
852:
715:
295:
285:
147:
56:
5323:
4279:
On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the
Evolution of Animal Flight
2104:, there has been convergence at the molecular level. Carnivorous plants secrete
5769:
5455:
4949:
4694:
3596:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2997:
2852:
2633:"Mechanical basis of morphogenesis and convergent evolution of spiny seashells"
2497:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2335:
2206:
Earlier methods for measuring convergence incorporate ratios of phenotypic and
2054:
2007:
1848:
1528:
1289:
1263:
1211:
1183:
duplications of ATPalpha, with convergent tissue-specific expression patterns.
787:
377:
280:
5503:
5478:
4807:
4495:
4450:
4411:
4021:
3996:
3667:
3650:
3214:"Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails"
1169:
95:
5818:
5155:"Apple SEPALLATA1/2 -like genes control fruit flesh development and ripening"
4875:
4816:
4767:
4702:
3519:
3393:
2903:
2617:
2312:
2275:
2251:
2011:
1667:
1494:
1452:
1418:
1406:
1314:
1159:
940:
528:
200:
5593:
5568:
5552:
5527:
5363:
5338:
5301:
4168:
3767:
3616:
3510:
3493:
3385:
3238:
2657:
2517:
1557:
Flying and gliding animals § Evolution and ecology of aerial locomotion
1527:
One of the best-known examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of
1131:
Ferrous iron uptake via protein transporters in land plants and chlorophytes
996:
5759:
5512:
5463:
5412:
5372:
5180:
5113:
5059:
4991:
4973:
4934:
4883:
4834:
4720:
4642:
4593:
4468:
4262:
4244:
4187:
4097:
4030:
3776:
3743:"Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds"
3727:
3676:
3635:
3576:
3527:
3478:
3460:
3411:
3343:
3318:"Ferrous iron uptake via IRT1 / ZIP evolved at least twice in green plants"
3257:
3197:
3005:
2962:
2911:
2860:
2817:
2799:
2676:
2536:
2281:
2207:
2061:
2025:
with a wide variety of structural origins have converged to become edible.
1952:
1943:
1916:
1833:
1694:
1631:
1300:: they still have four legs, but these are strongly modified for swimming.
1293:
1275:
1144:
1099:
1091:
1021:
836:
was the first to identify the fundamental difference between analogies and
833:
548:
533:
317:
312:
230:
4141:
3954:
3445:"Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity"
3426:
3302:
3179:
3148:
3079:
3037:
3020:
1911:
5803:
5764:
2315:
between insect and mammal body plans, to the surprise of many biologists.
2269:
1642:
1621:
1609:
1512:
1511:(right) developed independently and are wired differently; for instance,
1361:
1297:
1271:
1242:
1234:
1140:
1103:
1083:
1061:
944:
848:
764:
558:
275:
225:
67:
37:
4915:
3929:"Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds"
3896:"The Marine Environment as a Selective Force for Secondary Marine Forms"
3708:
2689:
2045:. Other edible fruits include other plant tissues; the fleshy part of a
1863:
46:
5793:
5656:
4624:
4375:
3442:
2339:
2166:
2140:
2088:
2042:
1999:
1983:
1948:
1900:
1719:
1570:
1532:
1508:
1504:
1468:
1410:
1196:
1049:
1013:
961:
903:
731:
332:
255:
210:
190:
104:
5404:
5171:
5154:
4962:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4866:
4849:
3997:"Convergent sequence evolution between echolocating bats and dolphins"
3981:
3334:
3317:
2954:
2895:
956:
5479:"Convergent Evolution within an Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fishes"
2136:
2125:
2117:
1926:
1659:
1613:
1397:(dolphins and whales) and bats, but from the same genetic mutations.
1394:
1376:
1357:
1323:
1305:
1280:
1053:
917:
886:
815:
768:
723:
711:
699:
591:
205:
125:
61:
5526:
Arbuckle, Kevin; Bennett, Cheryl M.; Speed, Michael P. (July 2014).
3558:
3492:
Liu, Zhen; Qi, Fei-Yan; Zhou, Xin; Ren, Hai-Qing; Shi, Peng (2014).
3210:
1670:, or the biting-sucking mouthparts of blood-sucking insects such as
5131:
4788:
4677:
3449:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
2230:
to test different scenarios of selection. Other methods rely on an
2050:
1995:
1956:
1790:. It appears certain that there was some lightening of skin colour
1690:
1675:
1597:
1536:
1267:
1238:
878:
581:
180:
4659:
Poppenwimer, Tyler; Mayrose, Itay; DeMalach, Niv (December 2023).
4226:
3021:"Convergence and Parallelism in Evolution: A Neo-Gouldian Account"
1978:, one of the three major carbon-fixing biochemical processes, has
1616:
independently evolved wings from their fore- and hindlimbs, while
1218:, such as in their rates of evolution; this could indicate either
5798:
5788:
4954:"Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C
4661:"Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants"
4425:
Bauder, Julia A.S.; Lieskonig, Nora R.; Krenn, Harald W. (2011).
3927:
Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995).
2121:
2105:
1991:
1960:
1601:
1341:
1309:
1259:
1207:
1120:
1102:
use the N-terminal residue as a nucleophile. This commonality of
974:
overlap, there are still important distinctions between the two.
936:
929:
882:
5477:
Muschick, Moritz; Indermaur, Adrian; Salzburger, Walter (2012).
3315:
1689:
allowing the grasping of objects are most often associated with
1596:
limbs because they are both ultimately derived from terrestrial
1499:
5645:
5621:
Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution
5033:
3865:"Meet Phylliroe: the sea slug that looks and swims like a fish"
2404:
2128:
2072:
2046:
2034:
1891:
1887:
1617:
1516:
1025:
706:
that have similar form or function but were not present in the
637:
4947:
4847:
3689:
3161:
2026:
2022:
2003:
1877:
1818:
1585:
1578:
913:
909:
791:
775:
749:
2463:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Humanist forlag. p. 404.
2284:(contrastable with convergent evolution; involves teleology)
1308:(Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf) converged with those of
908:
In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more
5476:
3648:
2556:
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
2334:
The prior existence of suitable structures has been called
2260: – Study of external forms and structures of organisms
2030:
1671:
1569:(from forelimbs), but analogous as organs of flight in (1)
1561:
1421:, producing weak electric fields to help them detect prey.
1255:
1154:
727:
5528:"A simple measure of the strength of convergent evolution"
5246:
4658:
4051:
3162:
Ekici, O. D.; Paetzel, M.; Dalbey, R. E. (December 2008).
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2236:
specification of where shifts in selection have occurred.
2428:
2426:
1663:
1589:
1574:
1192:
1170:
Na,K-ATPase and Insect resistance to cardiotonic steroids
735:
5304:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
3740:
3362:"Parallel Molecular Evolution in an Herbivore Community"
3359:
1707:
Human skin color § Genetics of skin color variation
3543:"Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals"
2690:
Lomolino, M; Riddle, B; Whittaker, R; Brown, J (2010).
2595:
Life's solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe
2477:
2423:
1963:), indicating that the annual life cycle is adaptive.
843:
In biochemistry, physical and chemical constraints on
2490:
2254: – Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms
2139:-related protein, the authors found many convergent
5525:
4748:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4424:
2746:
Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution
2630:
951:
774:
Many instances of convergent evolution are known in
4654:
4652:
3540:
2784:"Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling"
2491:Buller, A. R.; Townsend, C. A. (19 February 2013).
2108:into the digestive fluid they produce. By studying
1157:have extremely different amino acid sequences from
5084:
5004:
4397:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3355:
3353:
3126:
1645:have evolved similar flight and feeding patterns.
1292:environment. Similar body shapes are found in the
939:. From a mathematical standpoint, an unused gene (
5287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3025:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2975:
2057:by animals through consumption of fleshy fruits.
1925:have a hard coating and an attached oil body, an
1135:Distant homologues of the metal ion transporters
5816:
4890:
4649:
4045:
3994:
2830:
2742:
2631:Chirat, R.; Moulton, D. E.; Goriely, A. (2013).
1899:is responsible, say with brown dominant to blue
1245:converged on many adaptations for fast swimming.
1082:use the amino acid threonine as their catalytic
767:have evolved in parallel from multiple types of
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4148:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3431:
3350:
3270:
3218:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2873:
2637:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1624:that evolved separately from different organs.
5567:Ingram, Travis; Mahler, D. Luke (1 May 2013).
5240:
2781:
2743:Sanderson, Michael J.; Hufford, Larry (1996).
2683:
1109:
5672:
5336:
5330:
4481:
2722:. Oxford University Press. pp. 353–376.
2714:
2708:
2588:
1086:. Unlike cysteine and serine, threonine is a
676:
5566:
5295:
5270:(inactive 12 September 2024). Archived from
5193:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5034:Zhu, X. G.; Long, S. P.; Ort, D. R. (2008).
4540:
4475:
3491:
2749:. Academic Press. pp. 330, and passim.
2543:
2290:– effect of evolutionary history on outcomes
5386:
5384:
5382:
5337:Fukushima, K; Fang, X; et al. (2017).
5247:Lorts, C.; Briggeman, T.; Sang, T. (2008).
4941:
3823:
2549:
1068:. The chemical and physical constraints on
5679:
5665:
4418:
4391:
4345:) under Mediterranean summer conditions".
4135:
3051:
2398:
722:of flight is a classic example, as flying
683:
669:
5702:Coloration evidence for natural selection
5592:
5551:
5502:
5362:
5207:
5170:
5153:Ireland, Hilary, S.; et al. (2013).
4981:
4924:
4914:
4865:
4824:
4806:
4710:
4676:
4632:
4613:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4583:
4573:
4458:
4374:
4275:
4252:
4177:
4167:
4087:
4077:
4020:
3944:
3766:
3717:
3707:
3666:
3625:
3615:
3566:
3509:
3485:
3468:
3401:
3333:
3292:
3247:
3237:
3187:
3069:
3036:
2807:
2666:
2656:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2526:
2516:
2221:
2201:
27:Independent evolution of similar features
5686:
5379:
4741:
3967:
3893:
3830:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 133.
3589:
2458:
2210:distance by simulating evolution with a
2161:
2071:
1933:
1910:
1560:
1498:
1233:
1037:
995:
955:
824:List of examples of convergent evolution
805:
778:, including the repeated development of
5433:
5390:
5152:
5120:International Journal of Plant Sciences
4555:
4340:
4334:
4282:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
4131:from the original on 12 September 2016.
4110:
3427:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202111109
3092:
2598:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2461:Darwins teori, evolusjon gjennom 400 år
2157:
1229:
14:
5817:
4316:"Analogy: Squirrels and Sugar Gliders"
3018:
2720:Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
2577:
5660:
4760:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638
4742:Friedman, Jannice (2 November 2020).
4606:
4431:Arthropod Structure & Development
4400:Arthropod Structure & Development
4318:. University of California Berkeley.
4296:from the original on 14 February 2017
3946:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189
3844:from the original on 15 February 2017
3801:. University of California Berkeley.
3071:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025789
3045:
2932:
2763:from the original on 14 February 2017
2440:from the original on 19 November 2016
2436:. University of California Berkeley.
2382:from the original on 15 February 2017
1541:progressive refinement of camera eyes
1094:. Several evolutionarily independent
991:
5256:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
5085:Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999).
5005:Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999).
4528:from the original on 16 October 2015
4322:from the original on 27 January 2017
3908:from the original on 2 February 2017
3862:
3271:Martin, J. P.; Fridovich, I (1981).
2361:
1648:
1439:Gymnotiform electrolocation waveform
855:to evolve independently in separate
794:adapted to be eaten by animals, and
2694:. Sinauer Associates. p. 426.
1980:arisen independently up to 40 times
1681:
1662:of flower-visiting insects such as
1191:Convergence occurs at the level of
877:presently identified with at least
24:
5612:
4607:Meyer, W. K.; et al. (2013).
4367:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1992.tb01038.x
4208:from the original on 18 March 2017
3824:Selden, Paul; Nudds, John (2012).
2788:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2309:evolutionary developmental biology
2288:Contingency (evolutionary biology)
1966:
1767:Despite the similar lightening of
1400:
25:
5841:
5638:
5228:from the original on 1 April 2019
5066:from the original on 1 April 2019
4556:Edwards, M.; et al. (2010).
3875:from the original on 26 July 2019
3805:from the original on 2 April 2017
2978:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2833:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2782:Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003).
2393:marsupial not a placental mammal.
2362:Kirk, John Thomas Osmond (2007).
2006:including several species in the
1994:including 46% of grasses such as
1483:Mormyrid electrolocation waveform
952:Parallel vs. convergent evolution
5830:Evolutionary biology terminology
5644:
5573:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
5532:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
5040:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
3863:Helm, R. R. (18 November 2015).
2368:. Csiro Publishing. p. 79.
2189:Phylogenetic reconstruction and
1862:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1761:
1748:
1733:
1718:
1476:
1460:
1444:
1432:
1413:of Africa independently evolved
1369:
1349:
1334:
1186:
714:term for the same phenomenon is
650:
649:
636:
94:
45:
36:
5560:
5519:
5470:
5427:
5201:
5146:
5107:
5078:
5027:
4998:
4841:
4782:
4735:
4600:
4510:
4308:
4269:
4220:
4194:
4117:. Nelson Thornes. p. 274.
4104:
3988:
3961:
3933:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3920:
3887:
3856:
3817:
3791:
3734:
3683:
3642:
3583:
3534:
3498:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3418:
3309:
3264:
3204:
3155:
3120:
3086:
3019:Pearce, T. (10 November 2011).
3012:
2969:
2926:
2867:
2824:
2775:
2736:
2328:
2318:
1982:. About 7,600 plant species of
1384:
892:
755:The opposite of convergence is
643:Evolutionary biology portal
5436:Journal of Theoretical Biology
5343:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5093:. Elsevier. pp. 228–229.
5013:. Elsevier. pp. 551–580.
4114:Biology: A Functional Approach
3827:Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems
3655:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3129:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2624:
2452:
2355:
2301:
2191:ancestral state reconstruction
1801:
1710:
1455:electric fish of South America
602:Creation–evolution controversy
356:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
3970:Australian Journal of Zoology
3294:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69131-3
3141:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01254-7
3052:Zhang, J.; Kumar, S. (1997).
2349:
2148:in the non-carnivorous plant
1938:While most plant species are
1531:(such as squid and octopus),
1515:fibres reach the vertebrate
897:
5268:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08039
5052:10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.004
4575:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000867
4276:Alexander, David E. (2015).
4202:"Plant and Animal Evolution"
4079:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
2692:Biogeography, Fourth Edition
2407:Cambell Biology, 9th Edition
2133:pathogenesis-related protein
2067:
1906:
1565:Vertebrate wings are partly
1249:
1119:produces a distinct form of
1000:Evolutionary convergence of
943:) has a steadily decreasing
587:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
5619:Losos, Jonathan B. (2017).
5324:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001
2239:
1990:carbon fixation, with many
1700:
1519:from the front, creating a
1254:Swimming animals including
1110:Cone snail and fish insulin
1032:
801:
10:
5846:
5456:10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.008
4795:Frontiers in Plant Science
4695:10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x
4518:"When is a thumb a thumb?"
3799:"How do analogies evolve?"
2998:10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.007
2853:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.011
2434:"Homologies and analogies"
2246:Incomplete lineage sorting
2228:Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
1704:
1554:
1492:
1393:has evolved separately in
1041:
1012:. Shown are the triads of
927:
923:
901:
821:
622:Nature-nurture controversy
5742:
5694:
5504:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.048
4808:10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656
4496:10.1007/s00435-012-0162-3
4451:10.1016/j.asd.2010.11.002
4412:10.1016/j.asd.2004.10.002
4204:. University of Waikato.
4022:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.058
3668:10.1038/s41559-017-0417-y
3102:. W. W. Norton. pp.
2076:Molecular convergence in
2017:
1919:, seeds such as those of
1874:
1807:
1804:
1760:
1550:
1409:of South America and the
1389:As a sensory adaptation,
851:arrangements such as the
509:Evolutionary neuroscience
484:Evolutionary epistemology
464:Evolutionary anthropology
444:Applications of evolution
5755:Anti-predator adaptation
4343:Macroglossum stellatarum
4111:Roberts, M.B.V. (1986).
2716:West-Eberhard, Mary Jane
2559:. W.W. Norton. pp.
2409:. Pearson. p. 586.
2294:
2060:Seed dispersal by ants (
1929:, for dispersal by ants.
1535:(including mammals) and
1415:passive electroreception
1125:horizontal gene transfer
499:Evolutionary linguistics
494:Evolutionary game theory
469:Evolutionary computation
5729:Paradox of the plankton
5594:10.1111/2041-210X.12034
5553:10.1111/2041-210X.12195
5364:10.1038/s41559-016-0059
4522:Understanding Evolution
4169:10.1073/pnas.0800388105
3894:Ballance, Lisa (2016).
3768:10.1126/science.aat7244
3617:10.1073/pnas.1613870114
3386:10.1126/science.1226630
3239:10.1073/pnas.1423857112
3212:M. (10 February 2015).
2658:10.1073/pnas.1220443110
2518:10.1073/pnas.1221050110
2459:Thunstad, Erik (2009).
2365:Science & Certainty
2089:Cephalotus follicularis
1488:
1471:electric fish of Africa
1216:cis-regulatory elements
612:Objections to evolution
519:Evolutionary psychology
514:Evolutionary physiology
459:Evolutionary aesthetics
438:Fields and applications
420:History of paleontology
5208:Heuvelink, Ep (2005).
4974:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737
4245:10.1098/rspb.2016.0636
3461:10.1098/rstb.2018.0246
3275:Photobacter leiognathi
2800:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517
2222:Process-based measures
2202:Pattern-based measures
2186:
2080:
1930:
1639:Hummingbird hawk-moths
1582:
1524:
1427:weakly electric fishes
1246:
1199:sequences produced by
1029:
1010:protease superfamilies
970:
819:
544:Speciation experiments
524:Experimental evolution
479:Evolutionary economics
301:Recent human evolution
159:Processes and outcomes
5695:Patterns of evolution
4347:Ecological Entomology
3511:10.1093/molbev/msu194
3180:10.1110/ps.035436.108
2600:164, 167, 170 and 235
2165:
2075:
1942:, about 6% follow an
1934:The annual life-cycle
1914:
1705:Further information:
1581:, evolved separately.
1564:
1555:Further information:
1502:
1312:such as the red fox,
1237:
1038:Protease active sites
1018:prolyl oligopeptidase
999:
959:
822:Further information:
809:
710:of those groups. The
504:Evolutionary medicine
449:Biosocial criminology
415:History of speciation
328:Evolutionary taxonomy
291:Timeline of evolution
5825:Convergent evolution
5707:Convergent evolution
5688:Evolutionary ecology
5653:at Wikimedia Commons
5651:Convergent evolution
5214:. CABI. p. 72.
3099:The Blind Watchmaker
2590:Conway Morris, Simon
2258:Morphology (biology)
2158:Methods of inference
2151:Arabidopsis thaliana
2049:is the walls of the
1286:travel at high speed
1230:In animal morphology
1150:Arabidopsis thaliana
1096:enzyme superfamilies
1074:enzyme superfamilies
985:The Blind Watchmaker
857:enzyme superfamilies
708:last common ancestor
704:analogous structures
696:Convergent evolution
474:Evolutionary ecology
88:Evolutionary biology
5780:Distraction display
5724:Divergent evolution
5623:. Riverhead Books.
5585:2013MEcEv...4..416I
5544:2014MEcEv...5..685A
5495:2012CBio...22.2362M
5448:2008JThBi.252....1S
5355:2017NatEE...1...59F
5316:2010PPEES..12...43L
4916:10.7554/eLife.00961
4687:2023Natur.624..109P
4443:2011ArtSD..40..122B
4359:1992EcoEn..17...52H
4160:2008PNAS..105.8989K
4070:2012PLoSO...736287L
4013:2010CBio...20..R53L
3759:2019Sci...364...74S
3709:10.7554/eLife.25884
3608:2017PNAS..114.1081H
3378:2012Sci...337.1634Z
3372:(6102): 1634–1637.
3230:2015PNAS..112.1743S
3038:10.1093/bjps/axr046
2990:2024TEcoE..39..396B
2947:2023MolEc..32.5451C
2888:2021MolEc..30.4162W
2845:2008TEcoE..23...26A
2794:(1533): 2551–2555.
2649:2013PNAS..110.6015C
2509:2013PNAS..110E.653B
2264:Iterative evolution
2177:photosynthesis and
2114:glycoside hydrolase
2101:Sarracenia purpurea
1503:The camera eyes of
1224:purifying selection
1080:Threonine proteases
941:selectively neutral
874:Simon Conway Morris
757:divergent evolution
720:recurrent evolution
698:is the independent
576:Social implications
564:Universal Darwinism
554:Island biogeography
489:Evolutionary ethics
454:Ecological genetics
400:Molecular evolution
338:Transitional fossil
166:Population genetics
82:Part of a series on
5775:Deimatic behaviour
5734:Predator satiation
5719:Parallel evolution
4625:10.1002/ajpa.22280
4239:(1833): 20160636.
3455:(1777): 20180246.
2187:
2081:
2078:carnivorous plants
1931:
1583:
1525:
1247:
1220:positive selection
1181:neo-functionalized
1030:
992:At molecular level
971:
820:
761:parallel evolution
607:Theistic evolution
539:Selective breeding
251:Parallel evolution
216:Adaptive radiation
5812:
5811:
5750:Signalling theory
5649:Media related to
5489:(24): 2362–2368.
5405:10.1111/evo.12729
5221:978-1-84593-149-0
5172:10.1111/tpj.12094
5159:The Plant Journal
5118:Photosynthesis".
5100:978-0-12-614440-6
5020:978-0-12-614440-6
4968:(1465): 173–194.
4867:10.1111/nph.18971
4671:(7990): 109–114.
4289:978-0-19-999679-7
4154:(26): 8989–8993.
4124:978-0-17-448019-8
3982:10.1071/ZO9860109
3837:978-1-84076-623-3
3335:10.1111/nph.18661
3287:(12): 6080–6089.
3113:978-0-393-31570-7
2955:10.1111/mec.17132
2941:(20): 5451–5462.
2935:Molecular Ecology
2896:10.1111/mec.16018
2882:(17): 4162–4172.
2876:Molecular Ecology
2756:978-0-08-053411-4
2729:978-0-19-512235-0
2701:978-0-87893-494-2
2643:(15): 6015–6020.
2609:978-0-521-60325-6
2570:978-0-09-174271-3
2470:978-82-92622-53-7
2416:978-1-4425-3176-5
2375:978-0-643-09391-1
2196:natural selection
1922:Chelidonium majus
1885:
1884:
1799:genetic changes.
1788:skin pigmentation
1780:
1779:
1649:Insect mouthparts
1088:secondary alcohol
1006:cysteine protease
870:Stephen Jay Gould
862:In his 1989 book
847:have caused some
830:ecological niches
693:
692:
384:Origin of Species
186:Natural selection
18:Analogy (biology)
16:(Redirected from
5837:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5658:
5657:
5648:
5634:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5399:(8): 2140–2153.
5388:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5278:
5277:on 18 July 2013.
5276:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5184:
5174:
5165:(6): 1044–1056.
5150:
5144:
5143:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5091:C4 Plant Biology
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5011:C4 Plant Biology
5002:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4948:Osborne, C. P.;
4945:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4869:
4860:(4): 1587–1600.
4845:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4810:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4714:
4680:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4081:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4024:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3602:(5): 1081–1086.
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3513:
3504:(9): 2415–2424.
3489:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3440:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3328:(6): 1951–1961.
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3224:(6): 1743–1748.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3094:Dawkins, Richard
3090:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2359:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2146:homologous genes
1881:
1866:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1802:
1776:
1765:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1711:
1687:Opposable thumbs
1682:Opposable thumbs
1628:Flying squirrels
1480:
1464:
1448:
1436:
1373:
1353:
1338:
1204:structural genes
1165:
1116:Conus geographus
1070:enzyme catalysis
960:Evolution at an
685:
678:
671:
658:
653:
652:
645:
641:
640:
617:Level of support
410:Current research
395:Modern synthesis
390:Before synthesis
343:Extinction event
101:Darwin's finches
98:
79:
78:
49:
40:
21:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5738:
5690:
5685:
5641:
5631:
5618:
5615:
5613:Further reading
5610:
5565:
5561:
5524:
5520:
5483:Current Biology
5475:
5471:
5432:
5428:
5389:
5380:
5335:
5331:
5300:
5296:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5206:
5202:
5186:
5185:
5151:
5147:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5003:
4999:
4957:
4950:Beerling, D. J.
4946:
4942:
4895:
4891:
4854:New Phytologist
4846:
4842:
4787:
4783:
4740:
4736:
4657:
4650:
4605:
4601:
4568:(3): e1000867.
4554:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4480:
4476:
4423:
4419:
4396:
4392:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4233:Proc. R. Soc. B
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4140:
4136:
4125:
4109:
4105:
4050:
4046:
4001:Current Biology
3993:
3989:
3966:
3962:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3753:(6435): 74–78.
3739:
3735:
3688:
3684:
3647:
3643:
3588:
3584:
3559:10.1038/ng.3198
3547:Nature Genetics
3539:
3535:
3490:
3486:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3358:
3351:
3322:New Phytologist
3314:
3310:
3269:
3265:
3209:
3205:
3174:(12): 2023–37.
3168:Protein Science
3160:
3156:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3091:
3087:
3058:Mol. Biol. Evol
3050:
3046:
3017:
3013:
2974:
2970:
2931:
2927:
2872:
2868:
2829:
2825:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2548:
2544:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2311:has identified
2306:
2302:
2297:
2242:
2224:
2212:Brownian motion
2204:
2185:in parentheses.
2182:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2095:Nepenthes alata
2070:
2020:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1967:Carbon fixation
1936:
1909:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1684:
1651:
1606:carpometacarpus
1559:
1553:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1425:Convergence of
1403:
1401:Electric fishes
1387:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1322:Convergence of
1276:of the Mesozoic
1252:
1232:
1189:
1172:
1163:
1133:
1112:
1098:with different
1066:catalytic triad
1046:
1044:Catalytic triad
1040:
1035:
994:
980:Richard Dawkins
954:
932:
926:
906:
900:
895:
853:catalytic triad
826:
804:
783:
689:
648:
635:
634:
627:
626:
577:
569:
568:
439:
431:
430:
429:
357:
349:
348:
347:
296:Human evolution
286:History of life
270:
269:Natural history
262:
261:
260:
160:
152:
107:
75:
74:
73:
72:
57:succulent plant
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5843:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Apparent death
5767:
5762:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5640:
5639:External links
5637:
5636:
5635:
5630:978-0399184925
5629:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5579:(5): 416–425.
5559:
5538:(7): 685–693.
5518:
5469:
5426:
5378:
5329:
5294:
5262:(3): 396–404.
5239:
5220:
5200:
5145:
5132:10.1086/378649
5115:
5106:
5099:
5077:
5046:(2): 153–159.
5026:
5019:
4997:
4955:
4940:
4889:
4840:
4781:
4754:(1): 461–481.
4734:
4648:
4619:(3): 398–407.
4599:
4539:
4509:
4474:
4417:
4390:
4333:
4307:
4288:
4268:
4219:
4193:
4134:
4123:
4103:
4044:
4007:(2): R53–R54.
3987:
3976:(2): 109–117.
3960:
3919:
3886:
3855:
3836:
3816:
3790:
3733:
3682:
3661:(1): 182–192.
3641:
3582:
3553:(3): 272–275.
3533:
3484:
3430:
3417:
3349:
3308:
3263:
3203:
3154:
3119:
3112:
3085:
3044:
3031:(2): 429–448.
3011:
2984:(4): 396–407.
2968:
2925:
2866:
2823:
2774:
2755:
2735:
2728:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2623:
2608:
2576:
2569:
2542:
2503:(8): E653–61.
2476:
2469:
2451:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2374:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2336:pre-adaptation
2327:
2317:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2223:
2220:
2203:
2200:
2183:photosynthesis
2180:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2156:
2069:
2066:
2055:seed dispersal
2019:
2016:
2008:Chenopodiaceae
1987:
1976:photosynthesis
1973:
1968:
1965:
1935:
1932:
1908:
1905:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1778:
1777:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1680:
1668:flower beetles
1650:
1647:
1552:
1549:
1493:Main article:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1419:electrogenesis
1402:
1399:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1264:marine mammals
1251:
1248:
1231:
1228:
1212:non-coding DNA
1188:
1185:
1171:
1168:
1132:
1129:
1111:
1108:
1092:steric clashes
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
993:
990:
953:
950:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
894:
891:
865:Wonderful Life
803:
800:
788:seed dispersal
784:photosynthesis
781:
691:
690:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
646:
629:
628:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Social effects
594:
589:
584:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
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521:
516:
511:
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491:
486:
481:
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451:
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432:
428:
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417:
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402:
397:
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387:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Classification
320:
315:
310:
305:
304:
303:
293:
288:
283:
281:Common descent
278:
276:Origin of life
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
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259:
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154:
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151:
150:
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134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
99:
91:
90:
84:
83:
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5842:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
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5709:
5708:
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5617:
5616:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5284:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5126:(6): 959–86.
5125:
5121:
5110:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:PLOS Genetics
4559:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:(4): 325–37.
4489:
4485:
4484:Zoomorphology
4478:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:(5): e36287.
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3869:Deep Sea News
3866:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:J. Biol. Chem
3278:
3276:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:(9): 347–52.
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3064:(5): 527–36.
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2313:deep homology
2310:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:Breeding back
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:Carcinisation
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:as well as a
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2012:Amaranthaceae
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:out of Africa
1774:
1773:out of Africa
1771:after moving
1770:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:sugar gliders
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:Eye evolution
1479:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Gymnotiformes
1398:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:Vulpes vulpes
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:earless seals
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:Nucleic acids
1184:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:Chlamydomonas
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:protein folds
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
989:
987:
986:
981:
975:
968:
963:
958:
949:
946:
942:
938:
931:
921:
919:
915:
911:
905:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
817:
812:
808:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:gliding frogs
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
664:
663:
657:
647:
644:
639:
633:
632:
631:
630:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Phylogenetics
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Before Darwin
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
353:
352:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
266:
265:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
201:Genetic drift
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
156:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
70:
69:
64:
63:
58:
48:
39:
30:
19:
5760:Alarm signal
5706:
5620:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5396:
5392:
5346:
5342:
5332:
5310:(1): 43–55.
5307:
5303:
5297:
5283:cite journal
5272:the original
5259:
5255:
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5210:
5203:
5189:cite journal
5162:
5158:
5148:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5090:
5080:
5068:. Retrieved
5043:
5039:
5029:
5010:
5000:
4965:
4961:
4943:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4668:
4664:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4565:
4561:
4530:. Retrieved
4521:
4512:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4437:(2): 122–7.
4434:
4430:
4420:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4353:(1): 52–56.
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4278:
4271:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4196:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4113:
4106:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3939:(1): 28–52.
3936:
3932:
3922:
3912:19 September
3910:. Retrieved
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3826:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3793:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3452:
3448:
3420:
3369:
3365:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3098:
3088:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2839:(1): 26–32.
2836:
2832:
2826:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2745:
2738:
2719:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2594:
2555:
2545:
2500:
2496:
2460:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2406:
2400:
2391:
2384:. Retrieved
2364:
2357:
2330:
2320:
2303:
2282:Orthogenesis
2231:
2225:
2217:
2208:phylogenetic
2205:
2188:
2149:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2062:myrmecochory
2059:
2021:
1970:
1953:Brassicaceae
1937:
1920:
1917:myrmecochory
1886:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1695:giant pandas
1685:
1652:
1643:hummingbirds
1637:
1626:
1610:cerebrosides
1584:
1526:
1404:
1391:echolocation
1388:
1385:Echolocation
1313:
1302:
1279:
1272:ichthyosaurs
1253:
1243:ichthyosaurs
1190:
1173:
1158:
1148:
1145:chlorophytes
1134:
1114:
1113:
1078:
1059:
1047:
1022:TEV protease
983:
976:
972:
933:
907:
893:Distinctions
863:
861:
842:
834:Richard Owen
827:
773:
754:
743:
739:
703:
695:
694:
549:Sociobiology
534:Paleontology
382:
318:Biogeography
313:Biodiversity
245:
231:Coextinction
221:Co-operation
196:Polymorphism
121:Introduction
76:
66:
60:
29:
5804:Unkenreflex
5765:Aposematism
5442:(1): 1–14.
5349:(3): 0059.
5232:17 December
5070:29 December
4406:(1): 1–40.
4376:10261/44693
2551:Gould, S.J.
2270:Elvis taxon
2110:phosphatase
1984:angiosperms
1769:skin colour
1533:vertebrates
1529:cephalopods
1513:optic nerve
1509:cephalopods
1507:(left) and
1505:vertebrates
1453:gymnotiform
1362:timber wolf
1356:Skulls of
1298:eared seals
1222:or relaxed
1201:translating
1177:Na,K-ATPase
1141:land plants
1104:active site
1084:nucleophile
1062:nucleophile
945:probability
849:active site
559:Systematics
368:Renaissance
246:Convergence
236:Contingency
226:Coevolution
68:Astrophytum
5819:Categories
5794:Camouflage
4909:: e00961.
4678:2304.13101
4326:10 January
4300:21 January
4212:10 January
3848:26 January
3809:26 January
2767:21 January
2444:10 January
2386:23 January
2350:References
2340:exaptation
2167:Angiosperm
2141:amino acid
2043:hypanthium
2039:receptacle
2033:with five
2000:sugar cane
1949:Asteraceae
1901:eye colour
1897:gene locus
1655:homologous
1614:pterosaurs
1594:homologous
1571:pterosaurs
1567:homologous
1545:blind spot
1521:blind spot
1411:Mormyridae
1288:in a high
1197:amino acid
1050:enzymology
1014:subtilisin
962:amino acid
904:Cladistics
898:Cladistics
845:mechanisms
838:homologies
790:by fleshy
745:homologous
742:, whereas
732:pterosaurs
333:Cladistics
256:Extinction
241:Divergence
211:Speciation
191:Adaptation
105:John Gould
5393:Evolution
4876:0028-646X
4817:1664-462X
4776:225237602
4768:1543-592X
4729:260332117
4703:1476-4687
4532:14 August
3520:1537-1719
3394:0036-8075
2920:235460165
2904:1365-294X
2618:156902715
2307:However,
2137:thaumatin
2126:chitinase
2118:glucanase
2084:Carnivory
2068:Carnivory
1940:perennial
1927:elaiosome
1907:In plants
1797:different
1676:mosquitos
1660:proboscis
1598:tetrapods
1395:cetaceans
1377:Thylacine
1360:(left),
1358:thylacine
1328:placental
1324:marsupial
1306:thylacine
1281:Phylliroe
1250:Bodyplans
1054:proteases
967:divergent
918:phylogeny
887:cetaceans
816:phylogeny
796:carnivory
769:tree frog
740:analogous
716:homoplasy
712:cladistic
700:evolution
592:Dysgenics
308:Phylogeny
206:Gene flow
176:Diversity
171:Variation
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2240:See also
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1691:primates
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1469:mormyrid
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