Pain management - Knowledge

1740:, monitoring one's own symptoms, goal setting and action planning. It also includes patient-physician shared decision-making, among others. The benefits of self-management vary depending on self-management techniques used. They only have marginal benefits in management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Some research has shown that self-management of pain can use different approaches. Those approaches can range from different therapies such as yoga, acupuncture, exercise and other relaxation techniques. Patients could also take a more natural approach by taking different minerals, vitamins or herbs. However, research has shown there is a difference between rural patients and non-rural patients having more access to different self-management approaches. Physicians in these areas may be readily prescribing more pain medication in these rural cities due to being less experienced with pain management. Simply put, it is sometimes easier for rural patients to get a prescription that insurance pays for instead of natural approaches that cost more money than they can afford to spend on their pain management. Self-management may be a more expensive alternative. 487:, promote harmony of the mind and body through total body awareness. These practices incorporate breathing techniques, meditation and a wide variety of movements, while training the body to perform functionally by increasing strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical activity can also benefit chronic sufferers by reducing inflammation and sensitivity, and boosting overall energy. Physical activity and exercise may improve chronic pain (pain lasting more than 12 weeks), and overall quality of life, while minimizing the need for pain medications. More specifically, walking has been effective in improving pain management in chronic low back pain. 531:

excitability of large cortical areas. tDCS may have a role in pain assessment by contributing to efforts in distinguishing between somatic and affective aspects of pain experience. Zaghi and colleagues (2011) found that the motor cortex, when stimulated with tDCS, increases the threshold for both the perception of non-painful and painful stimuli. Although there is a greater need for research examining the mechanism of electrical stimulation in relation to pain treatment, one theory suggests that the changes in thalamic activity may be due the influence of motor cortex stimulation on the decrease in pain sensations.

749:

experiential behavior change methods. The central process in ACT revolves around psychological flexibility, which in turn includes processes of acceptance, awareness, a present-oriented quality in interacting with experiences, an ability to persist or change behavior, and an ability to be guided by one's values. ACT has an increased evidence base for range of health and behavior problems, including chronic pain. ACT influences patients to adopt a tandem process to acceptance and change, which allows for a greater flexibility in the focus of treatment.

915:. However it can be used by medical professionals as a general principle when managing any type of pain. In the treatment of chronic pain, the three-step WHO Analgesic Ladder provides guidelines for selecting the appropriate medicine. The exact medications recommended will vary by country and the individual treatment center, but the following gives an example of the WHO approach to treating chronic pain with medications. If, at any point, treatment fails to provide adequate pain relief, then the doctor and patient move onto the next step. 468: 1875:

measure of pain. Self-report pain scales involve younger kids matching their pain intensity to photographs of other children's faces, such as the Oucher Scale, pointing to schematics of faces showing different pain levels, or pointing out the location of pain on a body outline. Questionnaires for older children and adolescents include the Varni-Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) and the Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire. They are often utilized for individuals with chronic or persistent pain.

1477:

depression, and the use of psychotropic medications. Physicians who prescribe opioids should integrate this treatment with any psychotherapeutic intervention the patient may be receiving. The guidelines also recommend monitoring not only the pain but also the level of functioning and the achievement of therapeutic goals. The prescribing physician should be suspicious of abuse when a patient reports a reduction in pain but has no accompanying improvement in function or progress in achieving identified goals.

502:

autoimmune neurological disorder, which consists of the demyelination of the nerve axons and disruption of nerve conduction velocity and efficiency. In one study, electrodes were placed over the lumbar spine and participants received treatment twice a day and at any time when they experienced a painful episode. This study found that TENS would be beneficial to MS patients who reported localized or limited symptoms to one limb. The research is mixed with whether or not TENS helps manage pain in MS patients.

772:

fibromyalgia. Evidence for the usefulness of CBT in the management of adult chronic pain is generally poorly understood, due partly to the proliferation of techniques of doubtful quality, and the poor quality of reporting in clinical trials. The crucial content of individual interventions has not been isolated and the important contextual elements, such as therapist training and development of treatment manuals, have not been determined. The widely varying nature of the resulting data makes useful

1863: 155: 365: 7546: 410:

with each other about how pain responds to treatments. There is a risk in many types of pain management for the patient to take treatment that is less effective than needed or which causes other difficulties and side effects. Some treatments for pain can be harmful if overused. A goal of pain management for the patient and their health care provider is to identify the amount of treatment needed to address the pain without going beyond that limit.

7576: 144: 7586: 597:, energy created from light, from these photochemical reactions provide the reactants with energy provide the reactants with energy to embed in muscles, thus managing pain. One study conducted by Stausholm et al. showed that at certain wavelengths, LLLT reduced pain in participants with knee osteoarthritis. LLLT stimulates a variety oof cell types, which in turn can help treat tendonitis, arthritis, and pain relating to muscles. 554: 7566: 7556: 298:, however, frequently requires the coordinated efforts of the pain management team. Effective pain management does not always mean total eradication of all pain. Rather, it often means achieving adequate quality of life in the presence of pain, through any combination of lessening the pain and/or better understanding it and being able to live happily despite it. Medicine treats 434:, as well as therapeutic exercises and behavioral therapy. These techniques are usually part of an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary program that might also include pharmaceutical medicines. Spa therapy has showed positive effects in reducing pain among patients with chronic low back pain. However, there are limited studies looking at this approach. Studies have shown that 753:

mindfulness were also observed in a study applying ACT to chronic pain in older adults. In addition, these primary results suggested that an ACT based treatment may significantly improve levels of physical disability, psychosocial disability, and depression post-treatment and at a three-month follow-up for older adults with chronic pain.

795:(BT) is effective for reducing this type of pain, however BT may be useful for improving a person's mood immediately after treatment. This improvement appears to be small, and is short term in duration. CBT may have a small positive short-term effect on pain immediately following treatment. CBT may also have a small effect on reducing 808:

maintained for at least three months following the therapy. Psychological treatments may also improve pain control for children or adolescents who experience pain not related to headaches. It is not known if psychological therapy improves a child or adolescents mood and the potential for disability related to their chronic pain.

1415:, studies have shown that properly managed medical use of opioid analgesic compounds (taken exactly as prescribed) is safe, can manage pain effectively, and rarely causes addiction." In 2013, the FDA stated that "abuse and misuse of these products have created a serious and growing public health problem". 1806:

recommend. Some studies about gender biases have concluded that female pain recipients are often overlooked when it comes to the perception of their pain. Whether they appeared to be in high levels of pain didn't make a difference for their observers. The women participants in the studies were still

1658:, various studies were cited in demonstrating that cannabinoids exhibit comparable effectiveness to opioids in models of acute pain and even greater effectiveness in models of chronic pain. It is mainly the THC strain of medical marijuana that provide analgesic benefits, as opposed to the CBD strain. 1288:

which is convenient for chronic pain management. In addition to the intrathecal patch and injectable fentanyl formulations, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved various immediate release fentanyl products for breakthrough cancer pain (Actiq/OTFC/Fentora/Onsolis/Subsys/Lazanda/Abstral).

3293:

Boswell, Mark V.; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Schultz, David M.; Hansen, Hans C.; Abdi, Salahadin; Sehgal, Nalini; Shah, Rinoo V.; Singh, Vijay; Benyamin, Ramsin M.; Patel, Vikram B.; Buenaventura, Ricardo M.; Colson, James D.; Cordner, Harold J.; Epter, Richard S.; Jasper, Joseph F.; Dunbar,

538:

Fibromyalgia is a disorder in which an individual experiences dysfunctional brain activity, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. Research examining tDCS for pain treatment in fibromyalgia has found initial evidence for pain decreases. Specifically, the stimulation of the

530:

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique of brain stimulation that can modulate activity in specific brain cortex regions, and it involves the application of low-intensity (up to 2 mA) constant direct current to the scalp through electrodes in order to modulate

1229:

When treating moderate to severe pain, the type of the pain, acute or chronic, needs to be considered. The type of pain can result in different medications being prescribed. Certain medications may work better for acute pain, others for chronic pain, and some may work equally well on both. Acute

748:

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on behavior change rather than symptom change, includes methods designed to alter the context around psychological experiences rather than to alter the makeup of the experiences, and emphasizes the use of

409:

A common challenge in pain management is communication between the health care provider and the person experiencing pain. People experiencing pain may have difficulty recognizing or describing what they feel and how intense it is. Health care providers and patients may have difficulty communicating

1889:

Caregivers may provide nonpharmacological treatment for children and adolescents because it carries minimal risk and is cost effective compared to pharmacological treatment. Nonpharmacologic interventions vary by age and developmental factors. Physical interventions to ease pain in infants include

1820:

community has been shown to suffer significantly when it comes to trusting the medical community to treat them. Oftentimes medication although available to be prescribed is dispensed in less quantities due to their pain being perceived on a smaller scale. The black community could be undermined by

1815:

There are other prevalent reasons that undertreatment of pain occurs. Gender is a factor as well as race. When it comes to prescribers treating patients racial disparities has become a real factor. Research has shown that non-white individuals pain perception has affected their pain treatment. The

820:

in the reduction of pain in some conditions. However the studies had some limitations like small study sizes, bringing up issues of power to detect group differences, and lacking credible controls for placebo or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the

767:

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps patients with pain to understand the relationship between their pain, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. A main goal in treatment is cognitive (thinking, reasoning or remembering) restructuring to encourage helpful thought patterns. This will target healthy

413:

Another problem with pain management is that pain is the body's natural way of communicating a problem. Pain is supposed to resolve as the body heals itself with time and pain management. Sometimes pain management covers a problem, and the patient might be less aware that they need treatment for a

1874:

Pain assessment in children is often challenging due to limitations in developmental level, cognitive ability, or their previous pain experiences. Clinicians must observe physiological and behavioral cues exhibited by the child to make an assessment. Self-report, if possible, is the most accurate

313:

The task of medicine is to relieve suffering under three circumstances. The first is when a painful injury or pathology is resistant to treatment and persists. The second is when pain persists after the injury or pathology has healed. Finally, the third circumstance is when medical science cannot

1805:

organizations establish guidelines to determine the treatment for pain which health care providers ought to offer. For various social reasons, persons in pain may not seek or may not be able to access treatment for their pain. Health care providers may not provide the treatment which authorities

1810:

to be in less pain than they actually were. Men participants on the other hand were offered pain relief while their self reporting indicated that their pain levels didn't necessarily warrant treatment. Biases exist when it comes to gender. Prescribers have been seen over and under prescribing

824:

Hypnosis has reduced the pain of some harmful medical procedures in children and adolescents. In clinical trials addressing other patient groups, it has significantly reduced pain compared to no treatment or some other non-hypnotic interventions. The effects of self hypnosis on chronic pain are

841:, concluded, "that MBIs decrease the intensity of pain for chronic pain patients." A 2019 review of studies of brief mindfulness-based interventions (BMBI) concluded that BMBI are not recommended as a first-line treatment and could not confirm their efficacy in managing chronic or acute pain. 1448:

Although opioids are strong analgesics, they do not provide complete analgesia regardless of whether the pain is acute or chronic in origin. Opioids are effective analgesics in chronic malignant pain and modestly effective in nonmalignant pain management. However, there are associated adverse

807:

For children and adolescents, a review of RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of psychological therapy for the management of chronic and recurrent pain found that psychological treatments are effective in reducing pain when people under 18 years old have headaches. This beneficial effect may be

771:

Studies have demonstrated the usefulness of cognitive behavioral therapy in the management of chronic low back pain, producing significant decreases in physical and psychosocial disability. CBT is significantly more effective than standard care in treatment of people with body-wide pain, like

539:

primary motor cortex resulted in significantly greater pain improvement in comparison to the control group (e.g., sham stimulation, stimulation of the DLPFC). However, this effect decreased after treatment ended, but remained significant for three weeks following the extinction of treatment.

501:

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a self-operated portable device intended to help regulate and control chronic pain via electrical impulses. Limited research has explored the effectiveness of TENS in relation to pain management of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic

1476:

and the American Academy of Pain Medicine. Included in these guidelines is the importance of assessing the patient for the risk of substance abuse, misuse, or addiction. Factors correlated with an elevated risk of opioid misuse include a history of substance use disorder, younger age, major

752:

Recent research has applied ACT successfully to chronic pain in older adults due to in part of its direction from individual values and being highly customizable to any stage of life. In line with the therapeutic model of ACT, significant increases in process variables, pain acceptance, and

4112:

Pizutti LT, Carissimi A, Valdivia LJ, Ilgenfritz CA, Freitas JJ, Sopezki D, et al. (June 2019). "Evaluation of Breathworks' Mindfulness for Stress 8-week course: Effects on depressive symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, affects, self-compassion, and mindfulness facets in Brazilian health

1821:

physicians thinking they are not in as much pain as they are reporting. Another occurrence may be physicians simply making the choice not to treat the patient accordingly in spite of the self-reported pain level. Racial disparity is definitely a real issue in the world of pain management.

1421:

medications can provide short, intermediate or long acting analgesia depending upon the specific properties of the medication and whether it is formulated as an extended release drug. Opioid medications may be administered orally, by injection, via nasal mucosa or oral mucosa, rectally,

3916:

Thompson, Trevor; Terhune, Devin B.; Oram, Charlotte; Sharangparni, Joseph; Rouf, Rommana; Solmi, Marco; Veronese, Nicola; Stubbs, Brendon (April 2019). "The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials".

803:

that may be associated with adult chronic pain. These benefits do not appear to last very long following the therapy. CBT may contribute towards improving the mood of an adult who experiences chronic pain, which could possibility be maintained for longer periods of time.

1613:

drugs are used in chronic pain management and act primarily within the pain pathways of the central nervous system, though peripheral mechanisms have been attributed as well. They are generally used to treat nerve brain that results from injury to the nervous system.

534:

In relation to MS, a study found that after daily tDCS sessions resulted in an individual's subjective report of pain to decrease when compared to a sham condition. In addition, the study found a similar improvement at 1 to 3 days before and after each tDCS session.

768:

activities such as regular exercise and pacing. Lifestyle changes are also trained to improve sleep patterns and to develop better coping skills for pain and other stressors using various techniques (e.g., relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and even biofeedback).

697:

from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain. Radiofrequency treatment has been seen to improve pain in patients for facet joint low back pain. However, continuous radiofrequency is more effective in managing pain than pulsed radiofrequency.

561:

Acupuncture involves the insertion and manipulation of needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain or for therapeutic purposes. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009 in the

828:

Hypnosis with analgesic (painkiller) has been seen to relieve chronic pain for most people and may be a safe and effective alternative to medications. However, high quality clinical data is needed to generalize to the whole chronic pain population.

2772:"Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 1569:/paracetamol is not always included in this class of medications. However, acetaminophen may be administered as a single medication or in combination with other analgesics (both NSAIDs and opioids). The alternatively prescribed NSAIDs such as 1902:(CBT) aims to reduce the emotional distress and improve the daily functioning of school-aged children and adolescents with pain by changing the relationship between their thoughts and emotions. In addition this therapy teaches them adaptive 446:. Exercise alone or with other rehabilitation disciplines (such as psychologically based approaches) can have a positive effect on reducing pain. In addition to improving pain, exercise also can improve one's well-being and general health. 2672:

Vanti C, Andreatta S, Borghi S, Guccione AA, Pillastrini P, Bertozzi L (March 2019). "The effectiveness of walking versus exercise on pain and function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials".

593:. Instead of thermal therapy, where reactant energy is originated through heat, Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT) utilizes photochemical reactions requiring light to function. Photochemical reactions need light in order to function. 6077:

Mayer EK, Ihm JM, Sibell DM, Press JM, Kennedy DJ (August 2013). "ACGME sports, ACGME pain, or non-ACGME sports and spine: which is the ideal fellowship training for PM&R physicians interested in musculoskeletal medicine?".

572:

and no acupuncture. A systematic review in 2019 reported that acupuncture injection therapy was an effective treatment for patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain, and is widely used in Southeast Asian countries.

5529:"The effectiveness of generic self-management interventions for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain on physical function, self-efficacy, pain intensity and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1333:

are also not recommended in new patients except for acute pain where other analgesics are not tolerated or are inappropriate, for pharmacological and misuse-related reasons. In some countries potent synthetics such as

709:

and postoperatively. The major differences are that it is much more common for the drug to be delivered into the spinal fluid (intrathecal) rather than epidurally, and the pump can be fully implanted under the skin.

5251:

Sandberg, Mårten; Hyldmo, Per Kristian; Kongstad, Poul; Dahl Friesgaard, Kristian; Raatiniemi, Lasse; Larsen, Robert; Magnusson, Vidar; Rognås, Leif; Kurola, Jouni; Rehn, Marius; Vist, Gunn Elisabeth (November 2020).

4952:"Comparison of analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen monotherapy versus acetaminophen combinations with either pethidine or parecoxib in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized prospective study" 2381:

Li Y, Yin Y, Jia G, Chen H, Yu L, Wu D (April 2019). "Effects of kinesiotape on pain and disability in individuals with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

4292:

Long, Jaqui; Briggs, Michelle; Long, Andrew; Astin, Felicity (October 2016). "Starting where I am: a grounded theory exploration of mindfulness as a facilitator of transition in living with a long-term condition".

3294:

Elmer E.; Atluri, Sairam L.; Bowman, Richard C.; Deer, Timothy R.; Swicegood, John R.; Staats, Peter S.; Smith, Howard S.; Burton, Allen W.; Kloth, David S.; Giordano, James; Manchikanti, Laxmaiah (January 2007).

3403:

Noori-Zadeh A, Bakhtiyari S, Khooz R, Haghani K, Darabi S (February 2019). "Intra-articular ozone therapy efficiently attenuates pain in knee osteoarthritic subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

1597:. There are many NSAIDs such as parecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) with proven effectiveness after different surgical procedures. Wide use of non-opioid analgesics can reduce opioid-induced side-effects. 1422:

transdermally, intravenously, epidurally and intrathecally. In chronic pain conditions that are opioid responsive, a combination of a long-acting (OxyContin, MS Contin, Opana ER, Exalgo and Methadone) or

4797:

Starrels JL, Becker WC, Alford DP, Kapoor A, Williams AR, Turner BJ (June 2010). "Systematic review: treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain".

888: 459:

Specifically in chronic low back pain, education about the way the brain processes pain in conjunction with routine physiotherapy interventions may provide short term relief of disability and pain.

438:

could be used on individuals with chronic low back pain to reduce pain. The Center for Disease Control recommends that physical therapy and exercise can be prescribed as a positive alternative to

3360:

Contreras Lopez WO, Navarro PA, Vargas MD, Alape E, Camacho Lopez PA (February 2019). "Pulsed Radiofrequency Versus Continuous Radiofrequency for Facet Joint Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review".

821:

general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."

2082:

Zhorov BS, Ananthanarayanan VS (March 2000). "Homology models of mu-opioid receptor with organic and inorganic cations at conserved aspartates in the second and third transmembrane domains".

3113:

Stausholm, Martin Bjørn; Naterstad, Ingvill Fjell; Joensen, Jon; Lopes-Martins, Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão; Sæbø, Humaira; Lund, Hans; Fersum, Kjartan Vibe; Bjordal, Jan Magnus (October 2019).

4183:

Lopes SA, Vannucchi BP, Demarzo M, Cunha ÂG, Nunes MD (February 2019). "Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain in Nursing Workers".

4049:

Cusens B, Duggan GB, Thorne K, Burch V (2010). "Evaluation of the breathworks mindfulness-based pain management programme: effects on well-being and multiple measures of mindfulness".

2014: 372:

In the nursing profession, one common definition of pain is any problem that is "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does".

1930:

In recent studies, it has been noted that people who have red-hair through the MC1R receptor gene may react to opioids and perceive pain differently than the rest of the population.

948:

doctor consultation is appropriate if headaches are severe, persistent, accompanied by fever, vomiting, or speech or balance problems; self-medication should be limited to two weeks

4371:

Brown CA, Jones AK (March 2013). "Psychobiological correlates of improved mental health in patients with musculoskeletal pain after a mindfulness-based pain management program".

3001:"Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline" 3807:

Accardi MC, Milling LS (August 2009). "The effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure-related pain in children and adolescents: a comprehensive methodological review".

852:(MBPM) is a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) providing specific applications for people living with chronic pain and illness. Adapting the core concepts and practices of 1321:, known in North America as meperidine, is not recommended for pain management due to its low potency, short duration of action, and toxicity associated with repeated use. 4575:

Aiyer R, Gulati A, Gungor S, Bhatia A, Mehta N (August 2018). "Treatment of Chronic Pain With Various Buprenorphine Formulations: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies".

1480:

The list below consists of commonly used opioid analgesics which have long-acting formulations. Common brand names for the extended release formulation are in parentheses.

3250:

Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM (March 2006). "Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience".

6292:

Innovation in pain management : the transcript of a witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 December 2002

4435:

Innovation in pain management : the transcript of a Witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 december 2002

1886:

are commonly used to treat acute or chronic pain symptoms in children and adolescents. However a pediatrician should be consulted before administering any medication.

4839:

Thomas R. Frieden, Harold W. Jaffe, Joanne Cono, et al. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65 Pg. 9-10

1736:

Self-management of chronic pain has been described as the individual's ability to manage various aspects of their chronic pain. Self-management can include building

6565: 1938:

Pain management practitioners come from all fields of medicine. In addition to medical practitioners, a pain management team may often benefit from the input of

1654:, "the available evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cannabinoids can have a substantial analgesic effect". In a 2013 review study published in 456:

therapy are safe interventions that likely reduce pain for patients with chronic low back pain. However, manipulation produces a larger effect than mobilization.

791:(RCTs) evaluated the clinical effectiveness of psychological therapies for the management of adult chronic pain (excluding headaches). There is no evidence that 375:

Pain management includes patient and communication about the pain problem. To define the pain problem, a health care provider will likely ask questions such as:

3115:"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials" 205:

provide some pain control in the normal course of their practice, and for the more complex instances of pain, they also call on additional help from a specific

1710:, an alpha-2 receptor agonist, is another drug that has found use as an analgesic adjuvant. In 2021, researchers described a novel type of pain therapy — a 5730:""Brave Men" and "Emotional Women": A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain" 442:

for decreasing one's pain in multiple injuries, illnesses, or diseases. This can include chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis of the hip and knee, or

1426:

medication is often prescribed along with a shorter-acting medication (oxycodone, morphine or hydromorphone) for breakthrough pain, or exacerbations.

5914: 2534:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: Short-and long-term outcomes of pain and disability" 5188:

Subdissociative-dose ketamine (SDK) may be used either alone or as part of a multimodal approach to pain relief for traumatic and nontraumatic pain.

6560: 398:

After asking such questions, the health care provider will have a description of the pain. Pain management will then be used to address that pain.

2903:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups" 6335: 3462:"Treatment for chronic pain for adults in the seventh and eighth decades of life: a preliminary study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)" 1769: 5488:"What Works and Does Not Work in a Self-Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain? Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis" 2862:"A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia" 2574:

Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, Martin D, Colvin LA, Smith BH, et al. (Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group) (April 2017).

2183: 2009:

each provide certification for a subspecialty in pain management following fellowship training. The fellowship training is recognized by the

1994: 5705: 3525:

Turner JA, Clancy S (April 1988). "Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain".

3040:

Yousefi-Nooraie R, Schonstein E, Heidari K, Rashidian A, Pennick V, Akbari-Kamrani M, et al. (April 2008). Yousefi-Nooraie R (ed.).

1388:

is prescribed for chronic muscular pain in the arms, legs, neck and lower back with an opiate, or sometimes without it or with an NSAID.

505: 496: 6032: 5781:"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites" 7075: 2818:

Zaghi S, Thiele B, Pimentel D, Pimentel T, Fregni F (2011). "Assessment and treatment of pain with non-invasive cortical stimulation".

2006: 1922:(in the case of chronic pain). Many therapists will hold sessions for caregivers to provide them with effective management strategies. 717:

is an implantable medical device that creates electric impulses and applies them near the dorsal surface of the spinal cord provides a

2017:(AOABOS). As the field of pain medicine has grown rapidly, many practitioners have entered the field, some non-ACGME board-certified. 7416: 5946:

Wente SJ (March 2013). "Nonpharmacologic pediatric pain management in emergency departments: a systematic review of the literature".

114: 108: 4271:

Self-Selection all the Way: Improving Patients' Pain Experience and Outcomes on a Pilot Breathworks Mindfulness for Health Programme

1890:

swaddling, rocking, or sucrose via a pacifier. For children and adolescents physical interventions include hot or cold application,

5153: 7015: 705:

used to deliver very small quantities of medications directly to the spinal fluid. This is similar to epidural infusions used in

525: 228:. Relief of pain in general (analgesia) is often an acute affair, whereas managing chronic pain requires additional dimensions. 6299: 6214: 6195: 6176: 6136: 5079: 4443: 2195: 2163: 2134: 2010: 1963: 1879: 864:', and has been seen as sensitive to concerns about removing mindfulness teaching from its original ethical framework within 7315: 4328:

Doran NJ (June 2014). "Experiencing Wellness Within Illness: Exploring a Mindfulness-Based Approach to Chronic Back Pain".

3659:"Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents" 2002: 1768:"). The Hellenic Society of Algology and the Turkish Algology-Pain Society are the relevant local bodies affiliated to the 427: 5110:

Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis SE (February 2013). "The role of endocannabinoids in pain modulation".

1682:

Other drugs which can potentiate conventional analgesics or have analgesic properties in certain circumstances are called

5576:

Eaton, Linda H.; Langford, Dale J.; Meins, Alexa R.; Rue, Tessa; Tauben, David J.; Doorenbos, Ardith Z. (February 2018).

1558: 1190: 883: 857: 2727:

Aboud T, Schuster NM (November 2019). "Pain Management in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Available Treatment Options".

729:

Intra-articular ozone therapy has been seen to efficiently alleviate chronic pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

7451: 6793: 6318: 2032: 853: 2334:"Effectiveness of spa therapy for patients with chronic low back pain: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 1585:

have significant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks which have limited their utilization. Common NSAIDs include

6276: 6157: 6147: 5578:"Use of Self-management Interventions for Chronic Pain Management: A Comparison between Rural and Nonrural Residents" 2220: 2057: 1293:

is used across the Americas and Europe for relief of serious chronic pain. Its main slow-release formula is known as

849: 743: 5396: 4850: 302:

and diseases to support and speed healing. It treats distressing symptoms such as pain and discomfort to reduce any

6555: 6515: 4524: 3295: 1990: 1839:

is present in approximately 15–25% of children and adolescents. It may be caused by an underlying disease, such as

4230:[Mindfulness and Cancer: Application of the MBPM program of Respira Vida Breathworks in cancer patients]. 1835:

Acute pain is common in children and adolescents as a result of injury, illness, or necessary medical procedures.

1650:

Evidence of medical marijuana's effect on reducing pain is generally conclusive. Detailed in a 1999 report by the

6676: 1109: 626:

to manage pain or other distress. They are generally viewed as insufficient when used alone, but also as helpful

3501: 1954:, among others. Together the multidisciplinary team can help create a package of care suitable to the patient. 7569: 7441: 6875: 6362: 2648: 1631: 643: 102: 6482: 5202:"Low-dose Ketamine For Acute Pain Control in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 2264: 1989:

doctors are also specialists in pain management. The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, the

1412: 2289:

Geertzen JH, Van Wilgen CP, Schrier E, Dijkstra PU (March 2006). "Chronic pain in rehabilitation medicine".

30:

This article is about pain management across medicine. For cancer-related pain management specifically, see

7421: 6448: 1899: 1408: 762: 343: 5921: 3560:

Eccleston C (August 2011). "Can 'ehealth' technology deliver on its promise of pain management for all?".

7065: 5206: 3172:

Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G (March 2006). "Neural modulation by blocks and infusions".

2485:"Manipulation and mobilization for treating chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1830: 788: 4228:"Mindfulness y Cáncer: Aplicación del programa MBPM de Respira Vida Breatworks en pacientes oncológicos" 3296:"Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain" 1702:, are given in conjunction with opioids for neuropathic pain. Orphenadrine and cyclobenzaprine are also 7045: 6745: 5989:

Zagustin TK (August 2013). "The role of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain in adolescents".

2047: 682: 4618:

Dunn KM, Saunders KW, Rutter CM, Banta-Green CJ, Merrill JO, Sullivan MD, et al. (January 2010).

3711:"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents" 1690:, an anticonvulsant, can reduce neuropathic pain itself and can also potentiate opiates. Drugs with 1577:

have limited benefit in chronic pain disorders and with long-term use are associated with significant

1395:

are often used in the management of chronic pain, high doses are associated with an increased risk of

7474: 2624: 902: 17: 6126: 5882:

Weydert JA (2013). "The interdisciplinary management of pediatric pain: Time for more integration".

1866:

Young children can indicate their level of pain by pointing to the appropriate face on a children's

1131:

heartburn lasting more than a week requires medical attention; aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided

7620: 7610: 7266: 7188: 7183: 7103: 6863: 6714: 6057: 4531: 838: 648: 435: 1272:

and others vary in such ways as duration of action, side effect profile and milligramme potency.

7246: 7220: 1798: 1423: 586: 564: 35: 2483:

Coulter ID, Crawford C, Hurwitz EL, Vernon H, Khorsan R, Suttorp Booth M, Herman PM (May 2018).

689:

may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ/systems responsible for persistent

6838: 6786: 5254:"Ketamine for the treatment of prehospital acute pain: a systematic review of benefit and harm" 3954:"Do mindfulness-based interventions reduce pain intensity? A critical review of the literature" 2126: 1951: 1781: 1466: 714: 668: 252: 248: 6224:

Daubresse M, Chang HY, Yu Y, Viswanathan S, Shah ND, Stafford RS, et al. (October 2013).

2860:

Fregni F, Gimenes R, Valle AC, Ferreira MJ, Rocha RR, Natalle L, et al. (December 2006).

406:

There are many types of pain management. Each have their own benefits, drawbacks, and limits.

7489: 7375: 7348: 7321: 7273: 7227: 6922: 6760: 6648: 6477: 4810: 4156:

Mehan S, Morris J (2018). "A literature review of Breathworks and mindfulness intervention".

2533: 1947: 1791: 1651: 1473: 1126: 678: 660: 240: 4635: 3017: 3000: 2576:"Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews" 7509: 7469: 7336: 7150: 7145: 7125: 7060: 6912: 6671: 5792: 3610:"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults" 2952:"Acupoint injection for nonspecific chronic low back pain: A protocol of systematic review" 1978: 1848: 1711: 1671: 1670:

is sometimes used as an alternative to opioids for the treatment of acute pain in hospital

1442: 800: 232: 65: 4438:. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London. 148: 8: 7615: 7589: 7531: 7514: 7173: 6890: 6226:"Ambulatory diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant pain in the United States, 2000-2010" 5779:

Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (19 April 2016).

4754:

Carinci AJ, Mao J (February 2010). "Pain and opioid addiction: what is the connection?".

4707:"Ambulatory diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant pain in the United States, 2000-2010" 1907: 1903: 1852: 1619: 1546: 1458: 911:

for managing pain relief with pharmaceutical medicine. It was first described for use in

513: 256: 217: 202: 5796: 3089: 7479: 7436: 7426: 7215: 7168: 7135: 7130: 6880: 6858: 6425: 6355: 6250: 6225: 6103: 6014: 5971: 5815: 5780: 5756: 5729: 5701: 5670: 5661:

Schiller F (1990). "The history of algology, algotherapy, and the role of inhibition".

5602: 5577: 5553: 5528: 5465: 5452: 5423: 5278: 5253: 5233: 5135: 5060: 5040: 4932: 4920: 4822: 4779: 4731: 4706: 4644: 4619: 4600: 4414: 4396: 4353: 4208: 4138: 4019: 3995:"Brief Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Acute and Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review" 3994: 3898: 3832: 3784: 3759: 3735: 3710: 3683: 3658: 3634: 3609: 3585: 3429: 3385: 3275: 3197: 3149: 3114: 3066: 3041: 2976: 2951: 2927: 2902: 2752: 2698: 2600: 2575: 2509: 2484: 2460: 2433: 2407: 2358: 2333: 2314: 2152: 2119: 1840: 1683: 1434: 1378: 1301:

which contain oxycodone are available making it suitable for acute intractable pain or

987: 453: 96: 5363: 5346: 5322: 5305: 5174: 5157: 4950:

Mulita F, Karpetas G, Liolis E, Vailas M, Tchabashvili L, Maroulis I (February 2021).

3325:

Romanelli P, Esposito V, Adler J (July 2004). "Ablative procedures for chronic pain".

1674:. Ketamine probably reduces pain more than opioids and with less nausea and vomiting. 7575: 7549: 7431: 7401: 7380: 7343: 7326: 7241: 7205: 7195: 7090: 7010: 6954: 6917: 6902: 6843: 6810: 6779: 6750: 6730: 6623: 6314: 6295: 6272: 6255: 6210: 6191: 6172: 6153: 6132: 6095: 6006: 5963: 5861: 5820: 5761: 5678: 5607: 5558: 5509: 5469: 5457: 5378: 5327: 5283: 5237: 5225: 5179: 5127: 5085: 5075: 5032: 5028: 4973: 4924: 4889: 4814: 4771: 4736: 4649: 4592: 4537: 4439: 4433: 4388: 4345: 4310: 4200: 4130: 4066: 4024: 3975: 3934: 3890: 3824: 3789: 3740: 3688: 3639: 3577: 3542: 3483: 3478: 3461: 3421: 3377: 3342: 3307: 3267: 3232: 3189: 3185: 3154: 3071: 3022: 2981: 2932: 2883: 2835: 2793: 2756: 2744: 2690: 2605: 2553: 2514: 2465: 2399: 2363: 2306: 2216: 2191: 2159: 2130: 2099: 2037: 1817: 1802: 1714: 1623: 1472:

Clinical guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain have been issued by the

1430: 1285: 1231: 876:. It has been subject to a range of clinical studies demonstrating its effectiveness. 792: 784: 773: 355: 331: 276: 272: 206: 194: 6107: 6018: 5975: 5422:

Moreno AM, Alemán F, Catroli GF, Hunt M, Hu M, Dailamy A, et al. (March 2021).

5139: 5044: 4826: 4783: 4604: 4400: 4357: 4212: 4142: 3930: 3902: 3836: 3589: 3433: 3389: 3279: 3201: 2702: 2411: 2318: 1213:, may provide greater relief than their separate use. A combination of opioid with 837:

A 2013 meta-analysis of studies that used techniques centered around the concept of

7559: 7251: 7236: 7113: 6988: 6944: 6588: 6438: 6245: 6237: 6087: 5998: 5955: 5891: 5851: 5840:"The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents" 5810: 5800: 5751: 5741: 5597: 5589: 5548: 5540: 5499: 5447: 5439: 5368: 5358: 5317: 5273: 5265: 5215: 5169: 5119: 5067: 5024: 4963: 4916: 4881: 4806: 4763: 4726: 4718: 4639: 4631: 4584: 4525:"Using Opioids to Treat: Chronic Pain - Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price" 4520: 4380: 4337: 4302: 4274: 4249: 4239: 4192: 4165: 4122: 4058: 4014: 4006: 3965: 3926: 3882: 3851: 3816: 3779: 3771: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3569: 3534: 3473: 3413: 3369: 3334: 3259: 3224: 3181: 3144: 3134: 3126: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3012: 2971: 2963: 2922: 2914: 2873: 2827: 2783: 2736: 2682: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2545: 2504: 2496: 2455: 2445: 2391: 2353: 2345: 2298: 2091: 1142:

opioids may be necessary if other drugs do not control pain and pain is persistent

969: 702: 627: 623: 467: 283:

has healed, and is treated by one practitioner, with drugs such as pain relievers (

190: 4936: 4563: 4087: 2686: 7579: 7524: 7385: 7370: 7353: 7293: 7232: 7210: 6907: 6853: 6833: 6658: 6643: 6241: 5443: 4722: 4702: 4588: 4384: 3709:

Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, Palermo TM, Stewart G, Eccleston C (September 2018).

2788: 2771: 2500: 2062: 1986: 1943: 1844: 1786:

Undertreatment of pain is the absence of pain management therapy for a person in

1725: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1626:

and post-stroke pain. These mechanisms vary and in general are more effective in

1582: 1396: 1027: 869: 509: 244: 221: 5269: 5058:

Joy JE, Watson Jr SJ, Benson Jr JA (1999). Watson SJ, Benson JA, Joy JE (eds.).

4278: 4244: 4227: 4169: 3130: 2967: 2349: 7411: 7365: 7178: 7108: 6927: 6735: 6638: 6505: 6091: 6002: 5895: 4885: 3573: 3538: 3417: 3373: 3263: 1966: 1606: 1578: 1462: 1454: 1429:

Most opioid treatment used by patients outside of healthcare settings is oral (

1384:

Drugs of other types can be used to help opioids combat certain types of pain.

1358: 1326: 1269: 1170: 1166: 1147: 964:

are used when the others do not work, or when migraines are frequent or severe

615: 606: 449: 431: 359: 327: 323: 5959: 5593: 4767: 4196: 3886: 3873:

Jensen M, Patterson DR (February 2006). "Hypnotic treatment of chronic pain".

3820: 3775: 3338: 3228: 2740: 2434:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016" 2302: 1862: 7604: 7494: 7283: 7278: 7140: 7080: 6983: 6633: 6598: 6550: 6510: 6348: 4341: 3993:

McClintock AS, McCarrick SM, Garland EL, Zeidan F, Zgierska AE (March 2019).

2395: 2041: 2027: 1737: 1639: 1610: 1566: 1562: 1514: 1490: 1385: 1370: 1314: 1302: 1257: 1249: 1118: 1013: 879: 777: 619: 610: 590: 582: 335: 268: 5805: 3215:

Meglio M (July 2004). "Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management".

154: 7499: 7484: 7310: 7035: 6885: 6870: 6816: 6545: 6530: 6525: 6287: 6259: 6099: 6010: 5967: 5865: 5856: 5839: 5824: 5765: 5746: 5611: 5562: 5513: 5461: 5382: 5347:"Gabapentin as an adjuvant to opioid analgesia for neuropathic cancer pain" 5331: 5287: 5229: 5183: 5131: 5089: 5036: 4977: 4928: 4893: 4818: 4775: 4740: 4676: 4653: 4596: 4392: 4349: 4314: 4204: 4134: 4070: 4028: 3979: 3938: 3894: 3828: 3793: 3744: 3692: 3643: 3581: 3487: 3425: 3381: 3346: 3311: 3271: 3236: 3193: 3158: 3075: 3026: 2985: 2936: 2887: 2839: 2797: 2748: 2694: 2609: 2557: 2518: 2469: 2450: 2403: 2367: 2310: 2103: 2095: 1856: 1836: 1695: 1374: 1339: 1265: 1239: 1161: 1090: 569: 443: 315: 295: 225: 5682: 4010: 3546: 2831: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 1728:

which showed therapeutic potential in three mouse models of chronic pain.

1205:

Paracetamol, an NSAID or paracetamol in a combination product with a weak

1175:

evidence suggests that opioids are not effective in treating fibromyalgia

721:("tingling") sensation that alters the perception of pain by the patient. 7358: 7303: 7200: 7055: 7030: 6848: 6755: 6681: 6666: 6628: 6583: 6540: 6535: 6433: 6407: 6058:"Taking a Subspecialty Exam - American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology" 5504: 5487: 4705:, Yu Y, Viswanathan S, Shah ND, Stafford RS, et al. (October 2013). 4558: 4269:

Agostinis, Alessio; Barrow, Michelle; Taylor, Chad; Gray, Callum (2017).

3039: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2052: 1939: 1915: 1911: 1895: 1538: 1502: 1438: 1366: 1362: 1335: 1322: 1306: 1281: 1261: 1214: 1186: 1063: 1036:

if inflammation is involved, NSAIDs may work better; short-term use only

912: 907: 873: 718: 690: 672: 548: 339: 314:

identify the cause of pain. Treatment approaches to chronic pain include

170: 31: 5674: 5152: 4677:"Abuse-deterrent opioids: evaluation and laveling guidance for industry" 2950:

Liao J, Wang T, Dong W, Yang J, Zhang J, Li L, et al. (July 2019).

1085:

this should be short term use; opioids may be necessary for severe pain

364: 7446: 7331: 7298: 7070: 7020: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6978: 6968: 6704: 6618: 6456: 6392: 5707:

Global State of Pain Treatment: Access to Medicines and Palliative Care

5373: 5220: 5201: 4907:

Ballantyne JC (November 2006). "Opioids for chronic nonterminal pain".

4254: 4126: 1982: 1919: 1867: 1859:, and complex regional pain could also cause chronic pain in children. 1687: 1635: 1627: 1615: 1570: 1526: 1343: 1330: 1313:

are used less frequently. Clinical studies have shown that transdermal

796: 706: 694: 568:, was unable to quantify the difference in the effect on pain of real, 288: 236: 5397:"Unique CRISPR gene therapy offers opioid-free chronic pain treatment" 5123: 5109: 4519: 4306: 3970: 3953: 3139: 3112: 2918: 2878: 2861: 2229: 7519: 7261: 7256: 7120: 7098: 6973: 6937: 6740: 6709: 6699: 6593: 6520: 6500: 6492: 6464: 6415: 6402: 5544: 5250: 4968: 4951: 2549: 1974: 1970: 1707: 1590: 1574: 1545:*Methadone and buprenorphine are each used both for the treatment of 1532: 1484: 1318: 1310: 1294: 1290: 1277: 1230:

pain medication is for rapid onset of pain such as from an inflicted

1194: 1105: 1076: 664: 652: 319: 303: 284: 280: 198: 143: 5158:"Optimizing the Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department" 4872:

Munir MA, Enany N, Zhang JM (January 2007). "Nonopioid analgesics".

4620:"Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study" 4062: 1449:

effects, especially during the commencement or change in dose. When

861: 7025: 6802: 6397: 2001:), the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the 1667: 1594: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1350: 1273: 1253: 1245: 1210: 961: 953: 937: 865: 817: 686: 656: 166: 131: 77: 5071: 4111: 3849: 3657:

Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, Eccleston C, Palermo TM (April 2019).

2015:

American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists

1022:

more than two weeks of pain requiring opioid treatment is unusual

7504: 6964: 6932: 6825: 6469: 5015:

Jackson KC (March 2006). "Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain".

3402: 3359: 3090:"Photochemical Reaction: Definition, Types, Equation, Mechanisms" 2332:

Bai R, Li C, Xiao Y, Sharma M, Zhang F, Zhao Y (September 2019).

2288: 1891: 1586: 1450: 1354: 1235: 1218: 1114: 860:(MBCT), MBPM includes a distinctive emphasis on the practice of ' 631: 553: 484: 476: 264: 4991: 4666:

FDA.gov "A Guide to Safe Use of Pain Medicine" February 23, 2009

3992: 6269:

The Politics of Pain Medicine: A Rhetorical-Ontological Inquiry

5727: 5696: 5694: 5692: 4226:

Alonso Llácer, Lorena; Ramos-Campos, Marta (30 November 2018).

3915: 3764:

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

3171: 1998: 1883: 1753: 1749: 1718: 1622:). These drugs also reduce pain from viruses such as shingles, 1418: 1392: 1298: 1206: 991: 983: 943: 816:

A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of

594: 439: 299: 135: 5837: 3249: 977:

some NSAIDs are marketed for cramps, but any NSAID would work

825:

roughly comparable to those of progressive muscle relaxation.

231:

A typical multidisciplinary pain management team may include:

5424:"Long-lasting analgesia via targeted in situ repression of Na 4617: 1761: 1256:

are compared. Semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine such as

1005: 307: 260: 6336:

World Health Organization (WHO) Treatment Guidelines on Pain

6294:. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. 5689: 5344: 4232:

Revista de Investigación y Educación en Ciencias de la Salud

3607: 2671: 2482: 1811:

treatment to individuals based on them being male or female

1058:

combinations of opioids may be prescribed if pain is severe

6771: 6371: 6223: 4700: 3608:

Williams AC, Fisher E, Hearn L, Eccleston C (August 2020).

2817: 1787: 1765: 1009: 480: 174: 5643: 5625: 4949: 4796: 4182: 3292: 2900: 2859: 2282: 1600: 1242:

medication is for alleviating long-lasting, ongoing pain.

471:

Aerobic exercise can help when it comes to pain management

5778: 5486:

Devan H, Hale L, Hempel D, Saipe B, Perry MA (May 2018).

4268: 4225: 3656: 1706:, and are useful in painful musculoskeletal conditions. 6566:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

5527:

Elbers S, Wittink H, Pool JJ, Smeets RJ (October 2018).

5345:

Caraceni A, Zecca E, Martini C, De Conno F (June 1999).

6340: 5526: 5421: 5199: 4574: 4048: 3708: 3318: 3286: 3042:"Low level laser therapy for nonspecific low-back pain" 2901:

Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).

2573: 1552: 422: 6190:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. 6033:"Study finds link between red hair and pain threshold" 5728:

Samulowitz A, Gremyr I, Eriksson E, Hensing G (2018).

3324: 3165: 2081: 275:. Pain sometimes resolves quickly once the underlying 6171:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5884:

Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management

5575: 5200:

Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K (April 2021).

5057: 4851:"Guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain" 3757: 1957: 1541:

bitartrate (Hysingla ER) and bicarbonate (Zohydro ER)

430:

uses a range of physical techniques such as heat and

5485: 2649:"Chronic Pain: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment" 1906:

strategies. Integrated interventions in CBT include

844: 737: 224:

of anyone experiencing pain, whether acute pain or

220:

approach for easing the suffering and improving the

6076: 5244: 4291: 4088:"What is Mindfulness based Pain Management (MBPM)?" 2431: 1156:medical attention is recommended if pain persists. 5700: 5062:Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base 5059: 4865: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 3850:American Psychological Association (2 July 2004). 2151: 2118: 1071:if inflammation involved, NSAIDs may work better. 5838:American Academy of Pediatrics (September 2001). 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 3999:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3951: 3760:"Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain" 2532:Wood, Lianne; Hendrick, Paul A. (February 2019). 2188:Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians 1445:is rarely needed for patients with chronic pain. 921:Common types of pain and typical drug management 7602: 6561:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 5146: 2949: 2769: 2262: 1561:(NSAID). They work by inhibiting the release of 1346:is a newer agent introduced in the last decade. 724: 651:procedures for pain control, typically used for 6166: 5785:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5008: 4871: 3872: 3758:Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007). 2331: 2210: 2170:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach. 1770:International Association for the Study of Pain 1638:, and an example of an antidepressant would be 1618:can be due to chronic high blood sugar levels ( 756: 330:; interventional procedures, physical therapy, 6285: 5920:. American Medical Association. Archived from 4900: 4452: 4431: 3952:Reiner K, Tibi L, Lipsitz JD (February 2013). 3806: 3459: 2154:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach 1748:The medical treatment of pain as practiced in 1441:and skin patches can be prescribed. An opioid 685:, direct introduction of medication and nerve 557:Acupuncture can sometimes help to relieve pain 6787: 6356: 6185: 6145: 6070: 3852:"Hypnosis for the relief and control of pain" 3527:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2726: 2432:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016). 2181: 2149: 1962:Pain physicians are often fellowship-trained 1933: 1297:. Short-acting tablets, capsules, syrups and 6149:Pain Medicine and Management: Just the Facts 5193: 3524: 2763: 2531: 2380: 1995:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology 1581:. The use of selective NSAIDs designated as 637: 6124: 5663:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 4415:"WHO - WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults" 4155: 3715:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3663:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3614:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3046:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2998: 2580:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2075: 506:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 497:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 391:What, if anything, makes the pain increase? 7076:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6794: 6780: 6363: 6349: 5877: 5875: 5338: 4906: 4753: 4370: 3751: 3553: 2007:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 1224: 1099:opioids usually needed if pain is severe. 27:Interdisciplinary approach for easing pain 7417:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6249: 5855: 5814: 5804: 5755: 5745: 5601: 5552: 5503: 5451: 5372: 5362: 5321: 5306:"Current pharmacotherapy of chronic pain" 5277: 5219: 5173: 4967: 4730: 4643: 4253: 4243: 4018: 3969: 3783: 3734: 3682: 3633: 3559: 3477: 3208: 3148: 3138: 3065: 3016: 2975: 2926: 2877: 2787: 2599: 2508: 2459: 2449: 2357: 2125:. U.K.: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 1217:can be frequently used such as Percocet, 872:and is delivered through the programs of 832: 732: 475:Physical activity interventions, such as 462: 388:What, if anything, makes the pain lessen? 368:Commonly used scale to depict pain levels 115:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 109:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6188:Principles and practice of pain medicine 5988: 5982: 5660: 5303: 5154:American College of Emergency Physicians 4811:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00004 4158:British Journal of Healthcare Management 3919:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 3506:American Psychological Association (APA) 2770:Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010). 1861: 1557:The other major group of analgesics are 1200: 552: 466: 363: 153: 142: 6204: 5881: 5872: 5112:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 5014: 4636:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006 4051:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 3800: 3502:"What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?" 3018:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00007 2121:Chronic pain management: the essentials 2084:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1656:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 1601:Antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs 1317:is effective at reducing chronic pain. 589:is an effective therapy for relieving 526:Transcranial direct-current stimulation 14: 7603: 6308: 6266: 5939: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5351:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 5310:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 4521:Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs 4425: 4082: 4080: 3866: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3214: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2820:Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2729:Current Treatment Options in Neurology 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2622: 1743: 34:. For the album by Bubba Sparxxx, see 6775: 6344: 5945: 5481: 5479: 5299: 5297: 4432:Reynolds LA, Tansey EM, eds. (2004). 4327: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 3704: 3702: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3327:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 3217:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 2569: 2567: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2116: 2011:American Board of Medical Specialties 1880:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents 508:has been found to be ineffective for 7555: 7316:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5831: 4874:The Medical Clinics of North America 4848: 3854:. American Psychological Association 2992: 2265:"Pain Relief: What You Need to Know" 2003:American Board of Emergency Medicine 1559:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1553:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1457:will occur. Other risks can include 428:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 423:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 417: 7565: 6037:National Institutes of Health (NIH) 5902: 4364: 4321: 4285: 4262: 4219: 4176: 4077: 3843: 3460:McCracken LM, Jones R (July 2012). 3440: 3406:Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2999:Chou R, Huffman LH (October 2007). 2846: 2804: 2709: 2263:Consumer Reports (April 28, 2016). 1677: 1284:. It can also be administered via 1191:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 858:mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 24: 7452:Medical Scientist Training Program 6313:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 6146:Staats P, Wallace M (March 2015). 6125:Diwan S, Staats P (January 2015). 6117: 5476: 5294: 4921:10.1097/01.smj.0000223946.19256.17 4149: 4105: 4035: 3699: 3596: 2564: 2418: 2033:List of investigational analgesics 1958:Pain medicine in the United States 1731: 1634:. A common anti-epileptic drug is 854:mindfulness-based stress reduction 401: 334:, application of ice or heat; and 267:. The team may also include other 25: 7632: 6329: 6128:Atlas of Pain Medicine Procedures 5175:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.06.043 4756:Current Pain and Headache Reports 4273:. British Pain Society ASM 2017. 2438:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 2058:Pain management during childbirth 1775: 1565:, which cause inflammatory pain. 850:Mindfulness-based pain management 845:Mindfulness-based pain management 780:within the field very difficult. 744:Acceptance and commitment therapy 738:Acceptance and commitment therapy 581:Research has found evidence that 209:devoted to pain, which is called 7584: 7574: 7564: 7554: 7545: 7544: 6556:Congenital insensitivity to pain 6516:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 6167:Fausett HJ, Warfield CA (2002). 6050: 5029:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00055.x 3479:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01407.x 3186:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x 1991:American Board of Anesthesiology 600: 576: 349: 7585: 6086:(8): 718–23, discussion 723–5. 6025: 5772: 5721: 5654: 5636: 5618: 5569: 5520: 5415: 5389: 5103: 5051: 4984: 4943: 4842: 4833: 4790: 4747: 4694: 4669: 4660: 4611: 4568: 4564:Over-the-counter pain relievers 4551: 4407: 3986: 3945: 3931:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.013 3909: 3650: 3518: 3494: 3396: 3353: 3243: 3106: 3082: 3033: 2943: 2894: 2665: 2641: 2616: 2525: 2476: 1645: 1453:are used for prolonged periods 1110:gastroesophageal reflux disease 1079:or pain from dental procedures 929:typical initial drug treatment 675:drug delivery system implants. 306:during treatment, healing, and 7442:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6876:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 6271:. Chicago Scholarship Online. 6186:Bajwa ZH, Warfield CA (2004). 5734:Pain Research & Management 5432:Science Translational Medicine 4115:Journal of Clinical Psychology 3875:Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3809:Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3727:10.1002/14651858.CD003968.pub5 3675:10.1002/14651858.cd011118.pub3 3626:10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub4 3058:10.1002/14651858.CD005107.pub4 2592:10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3 2374: 2325: 2211:Pasero C, McCaffery M (1999). 2204: 2175: 2150:Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000). 2143: 2110: 1824: 1632:complex regional pain syndrome 896: 644:Interventional pain management 542: 512:. However, it might help with 189:) in various dimensions, from 103:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 13: 1: 5364:10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00033-0 5323:10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00124-4 2687:10.1080/09638288.2017.1410730 2675:Disability and Rehabilitation 2291:Disability and Rehabilitation 2182:Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). 2069: 1413:National Institutes of Health 1096:paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids 725:Intra-articular ozone therapy 216:Pain management often uses a 7422:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 7189:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6801: 6242:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a95d86 5948:Journal of Emergency Nursing 5444:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9056 5304:Portenoy RK (January 2000). 5162:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4723:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a95d86 4681:Food and Drug Administration 4589:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002718 4385:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d9f 4373:The Clinical Journal of Pain 2789:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc 2653:NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine 2501:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.013 2184:"The classification of pain" 1900:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1409:Food and Drug Administration 1181: 789:randomized controlled trials 763:Cognitive behavioral therapy 757:Cognitive behavioral therapy 516:as well as other illnesses. 344:cognitive behavioral therapy 7: 5915:"Pediatric Pain Management" 5270:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038134 5207:Academic Emergency Medicine 5168:(3). Elsevier BV: 446–448. 4799:Annals of Internal Medicine 4624:Annals of Internal Medicine 4330:Qualitative Health Research 4295:Journal of Advanced Nursing 4279:10.13140/RG.2.2.14157.23526 4245:10.37536/RIECS.2018.3.2.101 4170:10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235 3131:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031142 3005:Annals of Internal Medicine 2968:10.1097/MD.0000000000016478 2625:"Exercise and Chronic Pain" 2350:10.1097/MD.0000000000017092 2020: 1831:Pain management in children 1801:and the recommendations of 1661: 1493:(Exalgo, Hydromorph Contin) 942:paracetamol/acetaminophen, 811: 657:epidural steroid injections 622:are both examples of using 10: 7637: 6209:. Philadelphia: Saunders. 6092:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.07.004 6003:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.05.009 5896:10.1053/j.trap.2014.07.006 4886:10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.011 3574:10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.004 3539:10.1037/0022-006x.56.2.261 3418:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.023 3374:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.191 3264:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006 2048:Pain Catastrophizing Scale 1934:Professional certification 1828: 1779: 1630:pain disorders as well as 1583:selective COX-2 inhibitors 1411:stated: "According to the 1402: 1342:are used for severe pain. 1052:severe pain after surgery 884:Excessive citations inline 760: 741: 641: 604: 546: 523: 494: 353: 29: 7540: 7462: 7400: 7161: 7089: 7044: 6953: 6824: 6809: 6723: 6690: 6657: 6611: 6576: 6491: 6447: 6424: 6385: 6378: 6311:Pain: A Political History 6169:Manual of pain management 5960:10.1016/j.jen.2012.09.011 5594:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.09.004 5066:. Institute of Medicine. 4768:10.1007/s11916-009-0086-x 4197:10.1016/j.pmn.2018.02.065 3887:10.1007/s10865-005-9031-6 3821:10.1007/s10865-009-9207-6 3776:10.1080/00207140701338621 3339:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009 3229:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012 2741:10.1007/s11940-019-0601-2 2303:10.1080/09638280500287437 2190:. CRC Press. p. 29. 2158:. Churchill Livingstone. 1926:In red-haired individuals 1511:, transdermal (Duragesic) 1041:minor pain after surgery 1033:NSAIDs, muscle relaxants 1004:severe trauma, such as a 920: 903:World Health Organization 638:Interventional procedures 123: 88: 83: 71: 59: 51: 46: 7376:Transplantation medicine 7267:Clinical neurophysiology 7184:Obstetric anesthesiology 7104:Interventional radiology 6864:Digestive system surgery 6370: 5533:European Journal of Pain 4909:Southern Medical Journal 4577:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4559:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 4342:10.1177/1049732314529662 2866:Arthritis and Rheumatism 2623:University, Utah State. 2538:European Journal of Pain 2396:10.1177/0269215518817804 1517:*, transdermal (Butrans) 1276:has the benefit of less 1197:will relieve mild pain. 999:opioids not recommended 982:minor trauma, such as a 649:Interventional radiology 394:When did the pain start? 379:How intense is the pain? 296:chronic (long-term) pain 294:Effective management of 287:) and occasionally also 7247:Intensive care medicine 7221:Mass gathering medicine 7066:Maternal–fetal medicine 6677:Posteromarginal nucleus 6612:Measurement and testing 5806:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 5648:Algoloji - Ağrı Derneği 5582:Pain Management Nursing 4185:Pain Management Nursing 2384:Clinical Rehabilitation 1952:occupational therapists 1799:evidence-based medicine 1760:(from the Greek άλγος, 1280:release and thus fewer 1225:Moderate to severe pain 889:considered for deletion 669:spinal cord stimulators 587:low level laser therapy 565:British Medical Journal 519: 490: 382:How does the pain feel? 253:recreational therapists 249:occupational therapists 42:Pain Medicine Physician 36:Pain Management (album) 6839:Cardiothoracic surgery 5857:10.1542/peds.108.3.793 2451:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1 2186:. In Weiner RS (ed.). 2096:10.1006/abbi.1999.1529 1948:clinical psychologists 1871: 1782:Undertreatment of pain 1717:method for repressing 1535:* (Metadol, Methadose) 1189:(acetaminophen), or a 1047:opioids rarely needed 868:. It was developed by 833:Mindfulness meditation 733:Psychological approach 715:spinal cord stimulator 661:facet joint injections 558: 472: 463:Exercise interventions 369: 241:clinical psychologists 197:and challenging. Most 159: 151: 7490:Personalized medicine 7349:Reproductive medicine 7274:Occupational medicine 7228:Evolutionary medicine 6761:Drug-seeking behavior 6649:Visual analogue scale 4011:10.1089/acm.2018.0351 2832:10.3233/RNN-2011-0615 2213:Pain: clinical manual 1865: 1672:emergency departments 1652:Institute of Medicine 1474:American Pain Society 1201:Mild to moderate pain 1127:proton-pump inhibitor 679:Pulsed radiofrequency 556: 470: 367: 322:(pain killer drugs), 233:medical practitioners 157: 146: 7510:Traditional medicine 7470:Alternative medicine 7337:Addiction psychiatry 7151:Transfusion medicine 7146:Medical microbiology 7061:Gynecologic oncology 6913:Reproductive surgery 6672:Anterolateral system 5747:10.1155/2018/6358624 5710:, Human Rights Watch 5316:(1 Suppl): S16–S20. 2215:. St. Louis: Mosby. 1979:emergency physicians 1908:relaxation technique 1853:functional disorders 1849:rheumatoid arthritis 1499:(M-Eslon, MS Contin) 1264:(Numorphan, Opana), 1153:paracetamol, NSAIDs 1139:paracetamol, NSAIDs 1082:paracetamol, NSAIDs 1068:paracetamol, NSAIDs 1044:paracetamol, NSAIDs 996:paracetamol, NSAIDs 958:paracetamol, NSAIDs 257:physician assistants 203:health professionals 173:involving relief of 158:Image of visual pain 147:Active and inactive 7532:History of medicine 7515:Veterinary medicine 7322:Preventive medicine 7174:Adolescent medicine 7016:Infectious diseases 6205:Waldman SD (2006). 5797:2016PNAS..113.4296H 2040:, an example of an 1997:(recognized by the 1855:such as migraines, 1744:Society and culture 1620:diabetic neuropathy 1459:chemical dependency 1349:For moderate pain, 1236:post-operative pain 1016:, or severe sprain 905:(WHO) recommends a 514:diabetic neuropathy 43: 7480:Molecular oncology 7437:Doctor of Medicine 7427:Master of Medicine 7344:Radiation oncology 7216:Emergency medicine 7169:Addiction medicine 7136:Clinical chemistry 7131:Clinical pathology 6923:Transplant surgery 6881:Orthopedic surgery 6859:Colorectal surgery 6751:Philosophy of pain 6426:Respiratory system 6267:Graham SS (2015). 5702:Human Rights Watch 5505:10.1093/ptj/pzy029 5221:10.1111/acem.14159 4996:www.brainfacts.org 4956:Medicinski Glasnik 4540:: Consumer Reports 4127:10.1002/jclp.22749 3362:World Neurosurgery 1872: 1841:sickle cell anemia 1790:when treatment is 1694:activity, such as 1684:analgesic adjuvant 1549:and as analgesics 1379:dextropropoxyphene 1136:chronic back pain 630:to other forms of 559: 473: 385:Where is the pain? 370: 338:measures, such as 318:measures, such as 273:massage therapists 160: 152: 149:μ-opioid receptors 97:Doctor of Medicine 90:Education required 41: 7598: 7597: 7432:Master of Surgery 7396: 7395: 7381:Tropical medicine 7327:Prison healthcare 7242:Hospital medicine 7206:Disaster medicine 7196:Aviation medicine 7011:Hospital medicine 6918:Surgical oncology 6903:Pediatric surgery 6897: 6844:Endocrine surgery 6769: 6768: 6624:Cold pressor test 6607: 6606: 6309:Wailoo K (2014). 6301:978-0-85484-097-7 6216:978-0-7216-0334-6 6197:978-0-07-144349-4 6178:978-0-7817-2313-8 6138:978-0-07-173876-7 5791:(16): 4296–4301. 5438:(584): eaay9056. 5124:10.1111/fcp.12008 5081:978-0-309-07155-0 4915:(11): 1245–1255. 4538:Yonkers, New York 4445:978-0-85484-097-7 4307:10.1111/jan.12998 4301:(10): 2445–2456. 4094:. 22 January 2019 3971:10.1111/pme.12006 2919:10.1136/bmj.a3115 2879:10.1002/art.22195 2872:(12): 3988–3998. 2629:extension.usu.edu 2489:The Spine Journal 2197:978-0-8493-0926-7 2165:978-0-443-05683-3 2136:978-1-900151-85-6 2117:Hardy PA (1997). 2038:Opioid comparison 1967:anesthesiologists 1884:opioid analgesics 1803:medical specialty 1715:epigenome editing 1624:phantom limb pain 1381:(less commonly). 1303:breakthrough pain 1286:transdermal patch 1179: 1178: 1030:or pulled muscle 793:behaviour therapy 785:systematic review 774:systematic review 665:neurolytic blocks 653:chronic back pain 418:Physical approach 356:Threshold of pain 332:physical exercise 218:multidisciplinary 207:medical specialty 141: 140: 16:(Redirected from 7628: 7588: 7587: 7578: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7252:Medical genetics 7237:General practice 7114:Nuclear medicine 6989:Gastroenterology 6945:Vascular surgery 6895: 6822: 6821: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6724:Related concepts 6715:Pain eradication 6473: 6460: 6411: 6383: 6382: 6379:By region/system 6365: 6358: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6324: 6305: 6282: 6263: 6253: 6220: 6201: 6182: 6163: 6142: 6112: 6111: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927:on June 11, 2014 5926: 5919: 5911: 5900: 5899: 5890:(2013): 188–94. 5879: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5818: 5808: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5749: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5698: 5687: 5686: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5545:10.1002/ejp.1253 5539:(9): 1577–1596. 5524: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5492:Physical Therapy 5483: 5474: 5473: 5455: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5366: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5223: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5177: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5065: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4971: 4969:10.17392/1245-21 4947: 4941: 4940: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4849:King SA (2010). 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4572: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4529: 4517: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4247: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4113:professionals". 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4046: 4033: 4032: 4022: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3787: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3721:(10): CD003968. 3706: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3605: 3594: 3593: 3568:(8): 1701–1702. 3557: 3551: 3550: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3457: 3438: 3437: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3020: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2979: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2857: 2844: 2843: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2603: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2550:10.1002/ejp.1314 2529: 2523: 2522: 2512: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2453: 2429: 2416: 2415: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2361: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2269:Consumer Reports 2260: 2227: 2226: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2079: 1944:physiotherapists 1818:African-American 1704:muscle relaxants 1678:Other analgesics 1547:opioid addiction 1437:or liquid), but 1424:extended release 1193:(NSAID) such as 970:menstrual cramps 918: 917: 892: 703:intrathecal pump 624:auditory stimuli 414:deeper problem. 271:specialists and 245:physiotherapists 165:is an aspect of 73:Activity sectors 44: 40: 21: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7621:Palliative care 7611:Pain management 7601: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7536: 7525:Chief physician 7458: 7403: 7392: 7386:Travel medicine 7371:Sports medicine 7354:Sexual medicine 7294:Palliative care 7289:Pain management 7233:Family medicine 7211:Diving medicine 7157: 7085: 7047: 7040: 6956: 6949: 6908:Plastic surgery 6854:General surgery 6834:Cardiac surgery 6815: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6770: 6765: 6719: 6686: 6659:Pathophysiology 6653: 6644:Tail flick test 6603: 6572: 6487: 6471: 6458: 6449:Musculoskeletal 6443: 6420: 6409: 6374: 6369: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6302: 6279: 6236:(10): 870–878. 6217: 6207:Pain Management 6198: 6179: 6160: 6152:. McGraw Hill. 6139: 6131:. McGraw Hill. 6120: 6118:Further reading 6115: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6026: 5987: 5983: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5903: 5880: 5873: 5836: 5832: 5777: 5773: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5704:(2 June 2011), 5699: 5690: 5659: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5626:"Αρχική Σελίδα" 5624: 5623: 5619: 5574: 5570: 5525: 5521: 5484: 5477: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5403:. 11 March 2021 5395: 5394: 5390: 5343: 5339: 5302: 5295: 5264:(11): e038134. 5249: 5245: 5198: 5194: 5151: 5147: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5056: 5052: 5013: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4948: 4944: 4905: 4901: 4870: 4866: 4855:Psychiatr Times 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4805:(11): 712–720. 4795: 4791: 4752: 4748: 4717:(10): 870–878. 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4616: 4612: 4573: 4569: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4527: 4518: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4369: 4365: 4326: 4322: 4290: 4286: 4267: 4263: 4224: 4220: 4181: 4177: 4154: 4150: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4092:Breathworks CIC 4086: 4085: 4078: 4063:10.1002/cpp.653 4047: 4036: 3991: 3987: 3950: 3946: 3914: 3910: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3805: 3801: 3756: 3752: 3707: 3700: 3669:(4): CD011118. 3655: 3651: 3620:(5): CD007407. 3606: 3597: 3558: 3554: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3458: 3441: 3401: 3397: 3358: 3354: 3323: 3319: 3291: 3287: 3248: 3244: 3213: 3209: 3170: 3166: 3125:(10): e031142. 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3052:(2): CD005107. 3038: 3034: 2997: 2993: 2948: 2944: 2899: 2895: 2858: 2847: 2816: 2805: 2768: 2764: 2725: 2710: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2621: 2617: 2586:(2): CD011279. 2572: 2565: 2530: 2526: 2481: 2477: 2430: 2419: 2379: 2375: 2330: 2326: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2261: 2230: 2223: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2115: 2111: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063:Pain psychology 2023: 1987:Palliative care 1964:board-certified 1960: 1936: 1878:Acetaminophen, 1845:cystic fibrosis 1833: 1827: 1784: 1778: 1746: 1734: 1732:Self-management 1726:gene expression 1722: 1700:cyclobenzaprine 1692:anticholinergic 1680: 1664: 1648: 1603: 1579:adverse effects 1555: 1405: 1397:opioid overdose 1365:are used, with 1227: 1203: 1184: 1122: 899: 877: 870:Vidyamala Burch 862:loving-kindness 847: 835: 814: 801:catastrophizing 765: 759: 746: 740: 735: 727: 683:neuromodulation 646: 640: 613: 605:Main articles: 603: 579: 551: 545: 528: 522: 510:lower back pain 499: 493: 465: 425: 420: 404: 402:Adverse effects 362: 352: 328:anticonvulsants 324:antidepressants 316:pharmacological 222:quality of life 163:Pain management 128: 126: 91: 74: 62: 61:Occupation type 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7634: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7582: 7572: 7562: 7552: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7463:Related topics 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7412:Medical school 7408: 7406: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7366:Sleep medicine 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7230: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7179:Anesthesiology 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7109:Neuroradiology 7106: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7046:Obstetrics and 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6930: 6928:Trauma surgery 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6891:Otolaryngology 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6819: 6817:subspecialties 6807: 6806: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6736:Pain tolerance 6733: 6731:Pain threshold 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Hot plate test 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6506:Pain asymbolia 6503: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6453: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6330:External links 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320:978-1421413655 6319: 6306: 6300: 6283: 6277: 6264: 6221: 6215: 6202: 6196: 6183: 6177: 6164: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6069: 6049: 6024: 5997:(8): 697–704. 5981: 5954:(2): 140–150. 5938: 5901: 5871: 5850:(3): 793–797. 5830: 5771: 5720: 5688: 5653: 5635: 5617: 5568: 5519: 5498:(5): 381–397. 5475: 5425: 5414: 5388: 5357:(6): 441–445. 5337: 5293: 5243: 5214:(4): 444–454. 5192: 5145: 5102: 5080: 5050: 5007: 4983: 4942: 4899: 4864: 4841: 4832: 4789: 4746: 4693: 4668: 4659: 4610: 4583:(2): 529–538. 4567: 4550: 4451: 4444: 4424: 4406: 4379:(3): 233–244. 4363: 4336:(6): 749–760. 4320: 4284: 4261: 4234:(in Spanish). 4218: 4175: 4164:(5): 235–241. 4148: 4121:(6): 970–984. 4104: 4076: 4034: 4005:(3): 265–278. 3985: 3964:(2): 230–242. 3944: 3908: 3865: 3842: 3815:(4): 328–339. 3799: 3770:(3): 275–287. 3750: 3698: 3649: 3595: 3552: 3533:(2): 261–266. 3517: 3493: 3472:(7): 860–867. 3439: 3395: 3352: 3333:(3): 335–342. 3317: 3300:Pain Physician 3285: 3258:(1–2): 43–52. 3242: 3223:(3): 297–306. 3207: 3164: 3105: 3081: 3032: 3011:(7): 492–504. 2991: 2962:(29): e16478. 2942: 2893: 2845: 2826:(6): 439–451. 2803: 2782:(2): 173–176. 2762: 2708: 2681:(6): 622–632. 2664: 2640: 2615: 2563: 2544:(2): 234–249. 2524: 2495:(5): 866–879. 2475: 2417: 2390:(4): 596–606. 2373: 2344:(37): e17092. 2324: 2297:(6): 363–367. 2281: 2228: 2221: 2203: 2196: 2174: 2164: 2142: 2135: 2109: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2013:(ABMS) or the 1959: 1956: 1935: 1932: 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1780:Main article: 1777: 1776:Undertreatment 1774: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1730: 1720: 1679: 1676: 1663: 1660: 1647: 1644: 1607:antidepressant 1602: 1599: 1563:prostaglandins 1554: 1551: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1455:drug tolerance 1404: 1401: 1359:dihydrocodeine 1327:dextromoramide 1270:hydromorphinol 1226: 1223: 1202: 1199: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1171:anticonvulsant 1167:antidepressant 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148:osteoarthritis 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1112: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 979: 978: 975: 972: 966: 965: 959: 956: 950: 949: 946: 940: 934: 933: 930: 927: 923: 922: 898: 895: 846: 843: 834: 831: 813: 810: 799:and potential 761:Main article: 758: 755: 742:Main article: 739: 736: 734: 731: 726: 723: 642:Main article: 639: 636: 616:Audioanalgesia 607:Audioanalgesia 602: 599: 578: 575: 547:Main article: 544: 541: 524:Main article: 521: 518: 495:Main article: 492: 489: 464: 461: 432:electrotherapy 424: 421: 419: 416: 403: 400: 396: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 360:Pain tolerance 351: 348: 193:and simple to 139: 138: 129: 124: 121: 120: 119: 118: 112: 106: 100: 92: 89: 86: 85: 81: 80: 75: 72: 69: 68: 63: 60: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7633: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7591: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7551: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Public health 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Allied health 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Oral medicine 7282: 7280: 7279:Ophthalmology 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7141:Cytopathology 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7081:Urogynecology 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Endocrinology 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Grimace scale 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6599:Low back pain 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Referred pain 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511:Pain disorder 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6483:Delayed-onset 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386:Head and neck 6384: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6286:Reynolds LA, 6284: 6280: 6278:9780226264059 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6159:9780071817455 6155: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6059: 6053: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072:10.17226/6376 5069: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017:Pain Practice 5011: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4880:(1): 97–111. 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701:Daubresse M, 4697: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4523:(July 2012), 4522: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958:Pain Medicine 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881:(1): 95–124. 3880: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466:Pain Medicine 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174:Pain Practice 3168: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2222:0-8151-5609-X 2218: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2042:equianalgesic 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028:Equianalgesic 2026: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:psychiatrists 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1797:Consensus in 1795: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1738:self-efficacy 1729: 1727: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686:medications. 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1640:amitriptyline 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1611:antiepileptic 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Acetaminophen 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515:Buprenorphine 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491:Hydromorphone 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439:suppositories 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1407:In 2009, the 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1386:Amitriptyline 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:ethylmorphine 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:buprenorphine 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:hydromorphone 1255: 1252:to which all 1251: 1250:gold standard 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1222: 1221:, or Norco. 1220: 1216: 1215:acetaminophen 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014:bone fracture 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 947: 945: 941: 939: 936: 935: 931: 928: 925: 924: 919: 916: 914: 910: 909: 904: 894: 890: 886: 885: 881: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 842: 840: 830: 826: 822: 819: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 778:meta-analysis 775: 769: 764: 754: 750: 745: 730: 722: 720: 716: 711: 708: 704: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:music therapy 617: 612: 611:Music therapy 608: 601:Sound therapy 598: 596: 592: 591:low back pain 588: 584: 583:light therapy 577:Light therapy 574: 571: 567: 566: 555: 550: 540: 536: 532: 527: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 488: 486: 482: 478: 469: 460: 457: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 415: 411: 407: 399: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 366: 361: 357: 350:Defining pain 347: 345: 341: 337: 336:psychological 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269:mental health 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 211:pain medicine 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 156: 150: 145: 137: 133: 130: 122: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 93: 87: 82: 79: 76: 70: 67: 64: 58: 54: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 7500:Rural health 7485:Nanomedicine 7288: 7036:Rheumatology 6967: / 6886:Hand surgery 6871:Neurosurgery 6691: 6546:Phantom pain 6531:Hyperalgesia 6526:Chronic pain 6410:(swallowing) 6408:Odynophagia 6310: 6291: 6268: 6233: 6230:Medical Care 6229: 6206: 6187: 6168: 6148: 6127: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6061:. Retrieved 6052: 6041:. Retrieved 6039:. 2021-04-19 6036: 6027: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5922:the original 5887: 5883: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5712:, retrieved 5706: 5669:(1): 27–49. 5666: 5662: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5495: 5491: 5435: 5431: 5428:1.7 in mice" 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5400: 5391: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5313: 5309: 5261: 5257: 5246: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5187: 5165: 5161: 5148: 5118:(1): 64–80. 5115: 5111: 5105: 5093:. Retrieved 5061: 5053: 5023:(1): 27–33. 5020: 5016: 5010: 4999:. Retrieved 4995: 4992:"BrainFacts" 4986: 4962:(1): 27–32. 4959: 4955: 4945: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4835: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4762:(1): 17–21. 4759: 4755: 4749: 4714: 4711:Medical Care 4710: 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680: 4671: 4662: 4630:(2): 85–92. 4627: 4623: 4613: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4553: 4542:, retrieved 4532: 4434: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4270: 4264: 4238:(2): 33–45. 4235: 4231: 4221: 4191:(1): 32–38. 4188: 4184: 4178: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4096:. Retrieved 4091: 4057:(1): 63–78. 4054: 4050: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3845: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3718: 3714: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3617: 3613: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3509:. Retrieved 3505: 3496: 3469: 3465: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3306:(1): 7–111. 3303: 3299: 3288: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3180:(1): 34–38. 3177: 3173: 3167: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3097:. Retrieved 3093: 3084: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2869: 2865: 2823: 2819: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2732: 2728: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2656:. Retrieved 2652: 2643: 2632:. Retrieved 2628: 2618: 2583: 2579: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2441: 2437: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2272:. Retrieved 2268: 2212: 2206: 2187: 2177: 2169: 2153: 2145: 2120: 2112: 2090:(1): 31–49. 2087: 2083: 2077: 1975:physiatrists 1971:neurologists 1961: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1857:fibromyalgia 1851:. Cancer or 1837:Chronic pain 1834: 1812: 1807: 1796: 1785: 1757: 1747: 1735: 1712:CRISPR-dCas9 1696:orphenadrine 1681: 1665: 1655: 1649: 1646:Cannabinoids 1604: 1556: 1544: 1529:(Nucynta ER) 1479: 1471: 1447: 1428: 1417: 1406: 1390: 1383: 1375:propoxyphene 1348: 1340:ketobemidone 1282:side effects 1266:nicomorphine 1260:(Dilaudid), 1244: 1240:Chronic pain 1234:or to treat 1228: 1204: 1185: 1162:fibromyalgia 1104:pain due to 1091:kidney stone 906: 900: 882: 848: 836: 827: 823: 815: 806: 782: 770: 766: 751: 747: 728: 712: 700: 677: 647: 614: 580: 563: 560: 537: 533: 529: 504: 500: 474: 458: 454:mobilization 450:Manipulative 448: 444:fibromyalgia 426: 412: 408: 405: 397: 374: 371: 312: 293: 230: 226:chronic pain 215: 210: 187:pain control 186: 182: 178: 162: 161: 7570:Wikiproject 7359:Venereology 7304:Neonatology 7201:Dermatology 7056:Gynaecology 7048:gynaecology 7031:Pulmonology 6849:Eye surgery 6811:Specialties 6756:Cancer pain 6682:Substance P 6667:Nociception 6629:Dolorimeter 6584:Pelvic pain 6541:Hyperpathia 6536:Hypoalgesia 6457:Arthralgia 6439:Pleurodynia 6434:Sore throat 5740:: 6358624. 5644:"Ana Sayfa" 5630:HPS-Pain.gr 5588:(1): 8–13. 5374:2434/913025 4255:10017/35501 3925:: 298–310. 3412:: 240–247. 3368:: 390–396. 2444:(1): 1–49. 2053:Pain ladder 1940:pharmacists 1916:biofeedback 1912:mindfulness 1896:acupuncture 1825:In children 1628:neuropathic 1539:Hydrocodone 1523:(Ultram ER) 1503:Oxymorphone 1487:(OxyContin) 1367:nicocodeine 1363:hydrocodone 1336:piritramide 1323:Pentazocine 1307:Diamorphine 1262:oxymorphone 1187:Paracetamol 1064:muscle ache 913:cancer pain 908:pain ladder 897:Medications 874:Breathworks 856:(MBSR) and 839:mindfulness 783:In 2020, a 719:paresthesia 695:nociceptors 691:nociception 673:intrathecal 549:Acupuncture 543:Acupuncture 436:kinesiotape 340:biofeedback 289:anxiolytics 237:pharmacists 179:pain relief 171:health care 84:Description 32:Cancer pain 7616:Acute pain 7605:Categories 7332:Psychiatry 7318:(PM&R) 7311:Phlebology 7299:Pediatrics 7126:Anatomical 7091:Diagnostic 7071:Obstetrics 7021:Nephrology 7006:Hematology 7001:Geriatrics 6994:Hepatology 6979:Cardiology 6969:Immunology 6705:Anesthesia 6692:Management 6619:Pain scale 6589:Proctalgia 6493:Neurologic 6393:Eye strain 6080:PM & R 6063:2015-09-19 6043:2024-09-21 5991:PM & R 5844:Pediatrics 5001:2019-04-03 4544:28 October 4098:2020-05-22 3511:2020-07-14 3140:1956/23441 3099:2024-02-02 2735:(12): 62. 2658:2019-03-12 2634:2024-03-02 2070:References 1920:acceptance 1868:pain scale 1756:is called 1688:Gabapentin 1636:gabapentin 1616:Neuropathy 1571:ketoprofen 1527:Tapentadol 1505:(Opana ER) 1344:Tapentadol 1331:dipipanone 1123:antagonist 926:Pain type 797:disability 655:, include 354:See also: 320:analgesics 285:analgesics 201:and other 199:physicians 127:employment 111:(M.B.B.S.) 47:Occupation 7520:Physician 7404:education 7262:Neurology 7257:Narcology 7121:Pathology 7099:Radiology 6974:Angiology 6938:Andrology 6741:Suffering 6710:Cordotomy 6700:Analgesia 6521:Allodynia 6501:Neuralgia 6465:Bone pain 6416:Toothache 6288:Tansey EM 5931:March 27, 5470:232170826 5401:New Atlas 5238:225063965 2913:: a3115. 2776:Neurology 2757:208302550 1808:perceived 1792:indicated 1708:Clonidine 1666:Low-dose 1591:ibuprofen 1575:piroxicam 1533:Methadone 1485:Oxycodone 1467:addiction 1463:diversion 1443:injection 1319:Pethidine 1311:methadone 1295:OxyContin 1291:Oxycodone 1278:histamine 1268:(Vilan), 1254:narcotics 1195:ibuprofen 1182:Mild pain 1106:heartburn 1077:toothache 988:abrasions 932:comments 887:is being 304:suffering 281:pathology 183:analgesia 132:Hospitals 125:Fields of 66:Specialty 55:Physician 18:Analgesia 7550:Category 7026:Oncology 6957:medicine 6955:Internal 6803:Medicine 6746:SOCRATES 6472:(muscle) 6470:Myalgia 6398:Headache 6290:(2004). 6260:24025657 6108:39220409 6100:23953018 6019:20013375 6011:23953015 5976:10884181 5968:23199786 5866:11533354 5825:27044069 5766:29682130 5675:23330469 5612:29153296 5563:29845678 5514:29669089 5462:33692134 5407:18 April 5383:10388250 5332:10687334 5288:33234621 5258:BMJ Open 5230:33098707 5184:28844277 5156:(2017). 5140:38293097 5132:23278562 5090:25101425 5045:21422222 5037:17309706 4978:33155461 4929:17195420 4894:17164106 4861:(5): 20. 4827:10551876 4819:20513829 4784:17411800 4776:20425210 4741:24025657 4703:Chang HY 4686:28 March 4654:20083827 4605:33903526 4597:29239947 4401:33688569 4393:22874090 4358:45682942 4350:24728110 4315:27174075 4213:29170927 4205:29779791 4143:59306658 4135:30689206 4071:19911432 4029:30523705 3980:23240921 3939:30790634 3903:19895534 3895:16404678 3858:29 April 3837:22933756 3829:19255840 3794:17558718 3745:30270423 3693:30939227 3644:32794606 3590:10332663 3582:21612868 3488:22680627 3434:58951422 3426:30670248 3390:53208319 3382:30404055 3347:15246341 3312:17256025 3280:24552444 3272:16480828 3237:15246338 3202:22767485 3194:17309707 3159:31662383 3119:BMJ Open 3094:Testbook 3076:18425909 3027:17909210 2986:31335709 2956:Medicine 2937:19174438 2888:17133529 2840:22124038 2798:20042705 2749:31773455 2703:29187140 2695:29207885 2610:28436583 2558:30178503 2519:29371112 2470:26987082 2412:54472064 2404:30526011 2368:31517832 2338:Medicine 2319:39024642 2311:16492632 2104:10683246 2021:See also 2005:and the 1772:(IASP). 1758:algology 1668:ketamine 1662:Ketamine 1595:naproxen 1521:Tramadol 1509:Fentanyl 1497:Morphine 1351:tramadol 1274:Fentanyl 1246:Morphine 1211:tramadol 1209:such as 1055:opioids 1019:opioids 962:triptans 954:migraine 938:headache 880:template 866:Buddhism 818:hypnosis 812:Hypnosis 687:ablation 628:adjuncts 585:such as 300:injuries 265:dentists 167:medicine 78:Medicine 7590:Outline 7560:Commons 7505:Therapy 7402:Medical 6965:Allergy 6933:Urology 6826:Surgery 6459:(joint) 6251:3845222 5816:4843483 5793:Bibcode 5757:5845507 5714:28 July 5683:2243924 5603:5807105 5554:6175326 5453:8830379 5279:7689093 4732:3845222 4645:3000551 4533:Opioids 4020:6437625 3785:2752362 3736:6257251 3684:6445568 3635:7437545 3547:2967314 3150:6830679 3067:9044120 2977:6709064 2928:2769056 2601:5461882 2510:6020029 2461:6390846 2359:6750337 1892:massage 1587:aspirin 1451:opioids 1435:capsule 1403:Opioids 1393:opiates 1355:codeine 1299:ampules 1248:is the 1219:Vicodin 1115:antacid 974:NSAIDs 893: 693:or the 632:therapy 595:Photons 485:Pilates 477:tai chi 440:opioids 195:chronic 136:clinics 117:(MBChB) 7580:Portal 7447:MD–PhD 6317: 6298: 6275: 6258: 6248: 6213: 6194: 6175: 6156: 6135: 6106: 6098: 6017: 6009: 5974: 5966: 5864: 5823: 5813: 5764: 5754: 5681: 5673: 5610: 5600: 5561: 5551: 5512: 5468: 5460: 5450: 5381: 5330: 5286: 5276: 5236: 5228: 5182: 5138: 5130: 5088: 5078: 5043: 5035: 4976: 4937:408226 4935: 4927: 4892: 4825: 4817: 4782: 4774: 4739: 4729: 4652: 4642: 4603: 4595: 4442: 4399: 4391: 4356: 4348: 4313: 4211: 4203: 4141: 4133: 4069: 4027: 4017: 3978: 3937: 3901: 3893: 3835: 3827: 3792: 3782: 3743: 3733: 3691: 3681: 3642: 3632: 3588: 3580: 3545: 3486: 3432: 3424: 3388: 3380: 3345: 3310: 3278: 3270: 3235: 3200: 3192: 3157: 3147: 3074: 3064: 3025: 2984: 2974: 2935: 2925: 2886: 2838: 2796: 2755: 2747: 2701: 2693: 2608: 2598: 2556: 2517: 2507: 2468: 2458: 2410: 2402: 2366: 2356: 2317: 2309: 2274:26 May 2219: 2194: 2162: 2133: 2102: 1999:AOABOS 1993:, the 1918:, and 1904:coping 1882:, and 1754:Turkey 1750:Greece 1593:, and 1431:tablet 1419:Opioid 1391:While 1361:, and 1309:, and 1232:trauma 1207:opioid 1028:strain 992:sprain 984:bruise 944:NSAIDs 707:labour 326:, and 277:trauma 263:, and 261:nurses 105:(D.O.) 99:(M.D.) 7162:Other 6577:Other 6478:Acute 6104:S2CID 6015:S2CID 5972:S2CID 5925:(PDF) 5918:(PDF) 5671:JSTOR 5466:S2CID 5234:S2CID 5136:S2CID 5095:3 May 5041:S2CID 4933:S2CID 4823:S2CID 4780:S2CID 4601:S2CID 4528:(PDF) 4397:S2CID 4354:S2CID 4209:S2CID 4139:S2CID 3899:S2CID 3833:S2CID 3586:S2CID 3430:S2CID 3386:S2CID 3276:S2CID 3198:S2CID 2753:S2CID 2699:S2CID 2408:S2CID 2315:S2CID 2044:chart 1981:, or 1894:, or 1762:algos 1605:Some 1150:pain 1093:pain 1006:wound 878:‹The 308:dying 191:acute 52:Names 6594:Back 6403:Neck 6372:Pain 6315:ISBN 6296:ISBN 6273:ISBN 6256:PMID 6211:ISBN 6192:ISBN 6173:ISBN 6154:ISBN 6133:ISBN 6096:PMID 6007:PMID 5964:PMID 5933:2014 5862:PMID 5821:PMID 5762:PMID 5738:2018 5716:2016 5679:PMID 5608:PMID 5559:PMID 5510:PMID 5458:PMID 5409:2021 5379:PMID 5328:PMID 5284:PMID 5226:PMID 5180:PMID 5128:PMID 5097:2013 5086:PMID 5076:ISBN 5033:PMID 4974:PMID 4925:PMID 4890:PMID 4815:PMID 4772:PMID 4737:PMID 4688:2020 4650:PMID 4593:PMID 4546:2013 4440:ISBN 4389:PMID 4346:PMID 4311:PMID 4201:PMID 4131:PMID 4067:PMID 4025:PMID 3976:PMID 3935:PMID 3891:PMID 3860:2013 3825:PMID 3790:PMID 3741:PMID 3689:PMID 3640:PMID 3578:PMID 3562:Pain 3543:PMID 3484:PMID 3422:PMID 3378:PMID 3343:PMID 3308:PMID 3268:PMID 3252:Pain 3233:PMID 3190:PMID 3155:PMID 3072:PMID 3050:2011 3023:PMID 2982:PMID 2933:PMID 2884:PMID 2836:PMID 2794:PMID 2745:PMID 2691:PMID 2606:PMID 2554:PMID 2515:PMID 2466:PMID 2400:PMID 2364:PMID 2307:PMID 2276:2016 2217:ISBN 2192:ISBN 2160:ISBN 2131:ISBN 2100:PMID 1950:and 1788:pain 1766:pain 1752:and 1698:and 1609:and 1573:and 1465:and 1373:and 1338:and 1329:and 1010:burn 901:The 776:and 671:and 618:and 609:and 570:sham 520:tDCS 491:TENS 483:and 481:yoga 452:and 358:and 342:and 175:pain 169:and 6896:ENT 6814:and 6246:PMC 6238:doi 6088:doi 5999:doi 5956:doi 5892:doi 5852:doi 5848:108 5811:PMC 5801:doi 5789:113 5752:PMC 5742:doi 5598:PMC 5590:doi 5549:PMC 5541:doi 5500:doi 5448:PMC 5440:doi 5369:hdl 5359:doi 5318:doi 5274:PMC 5266:doi 5216:doi 5170:doi 5120:doi 5068:doi 5025:doi 4964:doi 4917:doi 4882:doi 4807:doi 4803:152 4764:doi 4727:PMC 4719:doi 4640:PMC 4632:doi 4628:152 4585:doi 4581:127 4419:WHO 4381:doi 4338:doi 4303:doi 4275:doi 4250:hdl 4240:doi 4193:doi 4166:doi 4123:doi 4059:doi 4015:PMC 4007:doi 3966:doi 3927:doi 3883:doi 3817:doi 3780:PMC 3772:doi 3731:PMC 3723:doi 3679:PMC 3671:doi 3630:PMC 3622:doi 3570:doi 3566:152 3535:doi 3474:doi 3414:doi 3370:doi 3366:122 3335:doi 3260:doi 3256:121 3225:doi 3182:doi 3145:PMC 3135:hdl 3127:doi 3062:PMC 3054:doi 3013:doi 3009:147 2972:PMC 2964:doi 2923:PMC 2915:doi 2911:338 2907:BMJ 2874:doi 2828:doi 2784:doi 2737:doi 2683:doi 2596:PMC 2588:doi 2546:doi 2505:PMC 2497:doi 2456:PMC 2446:doi 2392:doi 2354:PMC 2346:doi 2299:doi 2092:doi 2088:375 1764:, " 1723:1.7 1377:or 1238:. 1108:or 787:of 701:An 279:or 7607:: 7235:/ 6254:. 6244:. 6234:51 6232:. 6228:. 6102:. 6094:. 6082:. 6035:. 6013:. 6005:. 5993:. 5970:. 5962:. 5952:39 5950:. 5904:^ 5888:17 5886:. 5874:^ 5860:. 5846:. 5842:. 5819:. 5809:. 5799:. 5787:. 5783:. 5760:. 5750:. 5736:. 5732:. 5691:^ 5677:. 5667:12 5665:. 5646:. 5628:. 5606:. 5596:. 5586:19 5584:. 5580:. 5557:. 5547:. 5537:22 5535:. 5531:. 5508:. 5496:98 5494:. 5490:. 5478:^ 5464:. 5456:. 5446:. 5436:13 5434:. 5430:. 5399:. 5377:. 5367:. 5355:17 5353:. 5349:. 5326:. 5314:19 5312:. 5308:. 5296:^ 5282:. 5272:. 5262:10 5260:. 5256:. 5232:. 5224:. 5212:28 5210:. 5204:. 5186:. 5178:. 5166:70 5164:. 5160:. 5134:. 5126:. 5116:27 5114:. 5084:. 5074:. 5039:. 5031:. 5019:. 4994:. 4972:. 4960:18 4958:. 4954:. 4931:. 4923:. 4913:99 4911:. 4888:. 4878:91 4876:. 4859:27 4857:. 4853:. 4821:. 4813:. 4801:. 4778:. 4770:. 4760:14 4758:. 4735:. 4725:. 4715:51 4713:. 4709:. 4679:. 4648:. 4638:. 4626:. 4622:. 4599:. 4591:. 4579:. 4562:: 4536:, 4530:, 4454:^ 4417:. 4395:. 4387:. 4377:29 4375:. 4352:. 4344:. 4334:24 4332:. 4309:. 4299:72 4297:. 4248:. 4207:. 4199:. 4189:20 4187:. 4162:24 4160:. 4137:. 4129:. 4119:75 4117:. 4090:. 4079:^ 4065:. 4055:17 4053:. 4037:^ 4023:. 4013:. 4003:25 4001:. 3997:. 3974:. 3962:14 3960:. 3956:. 3933:. 3923:99 3921:. 3897:. 3889:. 3879:29 3877:. 3831:. 3823:. 3813:32 3811:. 3788:. 3778:. 3768:55 3766:. 3762:. 3739:. 3729:. 3717:. 3713:. 3701:^ 3687:. 3677:. 3665:. 3661:. 3638:. 3628:. 3616:. 3612:. 3598:^ 3584:. 3576:. 3564:. 3541:. 3531:56 3529:. 3504:. 3482:. 3470:13 3468:. 3464:. 3442:^ 3428:. 3420:. 3410:42 3408:. 3384:. 3376:. 3364:. 3341:. 3331:15 3329:. 3304:10 3302:. 3298:. 3274:. 3266:. 3254:. 3231:. 3221:15 3219:. 3196:. 3188:. 3176:. 3153:. 3143:. 3133:. 3121:. 3117:. 3092:. 3070:. 3060:. 3048:. 3044:. 3021:. 3007:. 3003:. 2980:. 2970:. 2960:98 2958:. 2954:. 2931:. 2921:. 2909:. 2905:. 2882:. 2870:54 2868:. 2864:. 2848:^ 2834:. 2824:29 2822:. 2806:^ 2792:. 2780:74 2778:. 2774:. 2751:. 2743:. 2733:21 2731:. 2711:^ 2697:. 2689:. 2679:41 2677:. 2651:. 2627:. 2604:. 2594:. 2582:. 2578:. 2566:^ 2552:. 2542:23 2540:. 2536:. 2513:. 2503:. 2493:18 2491:. 2487:. 2464:. 2454:. 2442:65 2440:. 2436:. 2420:^ 2406:. 2398:. 2388:33 2386:. 2362:. 2352:. 2342:98 2340:. 2336:. 2313:. 2305:. 2295:28 2293:. 2267:. 2231:^ 2168:. 2129:. 2127:10 2098:. 2086:. 1985:. 1977:, 1973:, 1969:, 1946:, 1942:, 1914:, 1910:, 1898:. 1847:, 1843:, 1794:. 1719:Na 1642:. 1589:, 1469:. 1461:, 1433:, 1399:. 1369:, 1357:, 1353:, 1325:, 1305:. 1169:, 1125:, 1117:, 1012:, 1008:, 990:, 986:, 891:.› 713:A 681:, 667:, 663:, 659:, 634:. 479:, 346:. 310:. 291:. 259:, 255:, 251:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 235:, 213:. 185:, 181:, 134:, 6795:e 6788:t 6781:v 6364:e 6357:t 6350:v 6323:. 6304:. 6281:. 6262:. 6240:: 6219:. 6200:. 6181:. 6162:. 6141:. 6110:. 6090:: 6084:5 6066:. 6046:. 6021:. 6001:: 5995:5 5978:. 5958:: 5935:. 5898:. 5894:: 5868:. 5854:: 5827:. 5803:: 5795:: 5768:. 5744:: 5685:. 5650:. 5632:. 5614:. 5592:: 5565:. 5543:: 5516:. 5502:: 5472:. 5442:: 5426:V 5411:. 5385:. 5371:: 5361:: 5334:. 5320:: 5290:. 5268:: 5240:. 5218:: 5172:: 5142:. 5122:: 5099:. 5070:: 5047:. 5027:: 5021:6 5004:. 4980:. 4966:: 4939:. 4919:: 4896:. 4884:: 4829:. 4809:: 4786:. 4766:: 4743:. 4721:: 4690:. 4656:. 4634:: 4607:. 4587:: 4448:. 4421:. 4403:. 4383:: 4360:. 4340:: 4317:. 4305:: 4281:. 4277:: 4258:. 4252:: 4242:: 4236:3 4215:. 4195:: 4172:. 4168:: 4145:. 4125:: 4101:. 4073:. 4061:: 4031:. 4009:: 3982:. 3968:: 3941:. 3929:: 3905:. 3885:: 3862:. 3839:. 3819:: 3796:. 3774:: 3747:. 3725:: 3719:9 3695:. 3673:: 3667:4 3646:. 3624:: 3618:8 3592:. 3572:: 3549:. 3537:: 3514:. 3490:. 3476:: 3436:. 3416:: 3392:. 3372:: 3349:. 3337:: 3314:. 3282:. 3262:: 3239:. 3227:: 3204:. 3184:: 3178:6 3161:. 3137:: 3129:: 3123:9 3102:. 3078:. 3056:: 3029:. 3015:: 2988:. 2966:: 2939:. 2917:: 2890:. 2876:: 2842:. 2830:: 2800:. 2786:: 2759:. 2739:: 2705:. 2685:: 2661:. 2637:. 2612:. 2590:: 2584:4 2560:. 2548:: 2521:. 2499:: 2472:. 2448:: 2414:. 2394:: 2370:. 2348:: 2321:. 2301:: 2278:. 2225:. 2200:. 2139:. 2106:. 2094:: 1870:. 1813:. 1721:v 1121:2 1119:H 177:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index