711:
573:
252:
40:
790:
485:
383:. The generally preferred tectonic model is a mantle hotspot as the AVB decreases in age from west to east, a trend that is consistent with the westward motion of North America at the rate of about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) per year. There are also observed chemical differences between the oldest (western) and youngest (eastern) basalts. The youngest basalts are undersaturated alkaline lavas and are classified as
584:, a slightly smaller and less deeply dissected shield volcano that formed 6.1 to 4.0 million years ago. Its nearly circular and gently sloping structure, 25 km (16 mi) in diameter, consists of four assemblages that were deposited in six major episodes of activity. The lower shield assemblage represents the oldest exposed rocks in the Ilgachuz Range. It comprises
661:
is a linear region of cones and domes extending 50 km (31 mi) south from the Itcha Range to just north of
Chantslar Lake. Volcanism along the entire length of the volcanic field 2.5 to 1.4 million years ago was characterized by the eruption of generally small volumes of magma that
604:
that are overlain by a ponded single cooling unit of trachyte more than 165 m (541 ft) in thickness. The postcaldera assemblage comprises alkali basalt and hawaiite flows that issued from flank vents and from a few small vents within the central caldera. These are the youngest lavas of the
327:
This west–east trending volcanic belt is about 330 km (210 mi) long, extending from the
Central Coast through the Coast Mountains to near the community of Nazko on the Interior Plateau. Its orientation is unique among the Neogene–Quaternary volcanic provinces of British Columbia in that it
612:
is the easternmost and youngest of the three AVB shield volcanoes, having formed between 3.8 and 0.8 million years ago. With a diameter of 15 km (9.3 mi), the Itcha Range is also the smallest AVB shield. Its structure is unique among the AVB shields in that it consists of small
721:
is the main eruptive centre forming the eastern segment of the AVB. It consists of overlapping piles of basaltic flows and cones that were formed during at least three eruptive periods. The first volcanic episode is represented by a subaerial basalt flow that forms the base of the volcano. It was
701:
phonolite and porphyritic trachyte with feldspar phenocrysts. A basaltic lava flow near the head of Moore Creek has an age of 3.91 million years, similar to the oldest rocks known from the Itcha Range or the
Chilcotin Group basalts of the surrounding plateau. The relation of this flow to the
419:. Basaltic and comenditic dikes are the most abundant, distributed in about equal proportions. Near the centre of each dike swarm are erosional remnants of rhyolite breccia with locally occurring rhyolite flows that comprise the Bella Bella Formation. The breccias contain a high content of coarse
519:
to evolved trachytes and phonolites. They comprise several small volcanoes that are in the form of cones, domes and plugs, most of which likely experienced episodic and short-lived activity. In contrast, the few larger structures in each volcanic field experienced multiple eruptive events over a
536:
is a 30 km (19 mi) diameter, moderately dissected shield volcano that was active 8.7 to 6.7 million years ago. Four volcanic episodes characterized by highly fluid alkaline and peralkaline lava flows created an 845 m (2,772 ft) thick assemblage exposed on the north
777:
was caused by brittle failure and fracturing of rock at depth from magma intrusion. No volcanic eruption was likely as the number and size of the tremors were too small. Although these volcano tectonic earthquakes were too small to be felt, they generated substantial local interest as they
850:
Kuehn, Christian; Guest, Bernard; K. Russell, James; A. Benowitz, Jeff (2015). "The Satah
Mountain and Baldface Mountain volcanic fields: Pleistocene hot spot volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia, Canada".
764:
measuring up to 2.9 magnitude occurred in the
Nechako Basin about 20 km (12 mi) west of Nazko Cone. Most of them occurred 25 to 31 km (16 to 19 mi) below the surface, indicating they originated within the lowermost
218:
Volcanic activity has occurred repeatedly in the AVB for the last 15 million years, during which time three major magmatic episodes took place 15–13, 9–6 and 3–1 million years ago. These major magmatic episodes are represented by
348:, high-level plutons and dike swarms; the central segment, which consists of predominantly shield volcanoes; and the eastern segment, which consists of several small cinder cones and is the location of all modern volcanic activity.
553:, a trachyte plug surrounded by a pile of hawaiite flows that are four to eight times thicker than those of the Rainbow Range. The abnormal thicknesses of the Anahim Peak hawaiite flows coupled with a significantly coarser-grained
880:
Larocque, J. P.; Mihalynuk, M. G. (2009). "Geochemical
Character of Neogene Volcanic Rocks of the Central Beetle-Infested Zone, South-Central British Columbia (NTS 093B, C)". British Columbia Geological Survey Activities in 2008.
1089:; Mazzotti, S.; Rogers, G. C.; Al-Khoubbi, I.; Bird, A. L.; Esteban, L.; Kelman, M. (2011). "The 2007 Nazko, British Columbia, Earthquake Sequence: Injection of Magma Deep in the Crust beneath the Anahim Volcanic Belt".
640:
trachyte flows that are distributed throughout the western part of the Itcha Range. Formation of the shield was followed by the eruption of basanites, alkali basalts and hawaiites from small cinder cones,
693:
of seven cones indicate the volcanic field was active 2.5 to 0.91 million years ago, during which time the Itcha Range and the Satah
Mountain volcanic field were also areas of volcanicity.
460:. Two distinct phases of magmatism created the King Island Pluton 10.3 to 13 million years ago. The first and principal phase formed the core of the pluton which comprises coarse-grained
757:
layer near Nazko Cone suggest that the latest eruption took place about 7,200 years ago. This is the only known
Holocene eruption from Nazko Cone as no other tephra layers have been identified.
678:
in the Itcha Range, suggesting that volcanism there may have been controlled by a fault system. More than 20 volcanoes have been identified throughout the Satah
Mountain volcanic field, with
456:. This easterly trending intrusion has a length of over 20 km (12 mi) and a width of 2.5 km (1.6 mi), cutting across the predominantly northwest structural trend of the
734:, perhaps during the Fraser Glaciation which took place between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago. It forms the western side of Nazko Cone and is dominated by blocks of highly
904:
Riddell, Janet (2011). "Lithostratigraphic and tectonic framework of
Jurassic and Cretaceous Intermontane sedimentary basins of south-central British Columbia".
628:
trachytes which occur as pyroclastic deposits as well as small lava flows and domes. These trachytes are overlain and intruded by alkali-feldspar porphyritic
53:
1091:
596:
flows and domes that are interbedded with flows of alkali basalt and hawaiite. Formation of the shield was followed by collapse of a small central
399:
on the Central Coast of British Columbia form the westernmost extent of the AVB. They are both over 10 km (6.2 mi) wide, with individual
682:
and Mount Punkutlaenkut being the largest. Smaller centres include Jorgensen Hill, Sugarloaf Mountain, Turbo Lake, White Creek and Holte Creek.
1288:
504:
lavas having been verified. The shield volcanoes share a similar evolution, having formed by an early stage of predominately voluminous felsic
492:
Three large shield volcanoes and two locally extensive volcanic fields form the central AVB. They are chemically bimodal, consisting mainly of
1049:
Charland, Anne; Francis, Don; Ludden, John (1992). "Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Itcha Volcanic Complex, central British Columbia".
697:
is the largest and one of the oldest volcanoes in the Baldface Mountain volcanic field. It consists of a 2.37 million year old cone of
738:, glassy basalt. The third episode is defined by coalescing pyroclastic cones and associated lava flows that formed subaerially during the
722:
deposited during a Pleistocene interglacial stage 0.34 million years ago and is extensively eroded. The second episode is constituted by a
508:
and a late stage of relatively minor mafic volcanism. Although the felsic lavas produced during the early evolutionary stage were high in
231:
and large shield volcanoes. Volcanic activity in the last 1 million years has been relatively minor and localized, having produced small
39:
1426:
396:
674:
of 200 m (660 ft). The alignment of the Satah Mountain volcanic field corresponds with the orientation of two sets of
1457:
488:
Depth relationships and compositional correlation of plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks exposed in the western Anahim Belt
1135:
600:
in which the intracaldera assemblage was deposited. This assemblage consists of a 150 m (490 ft) thick sequence of
1497:
1329:
592:. The overlying upper shield assemblage, which forms the bulk of the Ilgachuz Range, encompasses a series of comendite and
666:
upon which most of the volcanoes are located. This elongated feature, known as Satah Ridge, rises above the surrounding
1281:
1240:
1191:
1051:
1005:
906:
662:
erupted at various times and at various locations. The eruption rates were high enough to build a north–south trending
1492:
1377:
967:
533:
131:
1316:
1100:
858:
686:
1507:
1416:
761:
434:
whereas rhyolites belonging to the Gale Passage dike swarm are found on the northern ends of Athlone Island and
1502:
1482:
1161:
537:
flank. A basal sequence of comenditic trachyte flows are unconformably overlain by flows and flow breccias of
1452:
1391:
1274:
1127:
658:
191:. The AVB is delineated as three west-to-east segments that differ in age and structure. A wide variety of
1487:
1477:
915:
808:
803:
240:
1238:; Clague, J. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (1987). "Nazko cone: a Quaternary volcano in the eastern Anahim Belt".
1472:
1467:
959:
344:. Three segments comprise the AVB: the western segment, which has been reduced to remnants of eruptive
1205:
1210:
702:
Baldface Mountain volcanic field is in question as its source and extent have not been identified.
501:
549:
dikes, plugs and minor capping flows over the north flank. Accompanying the northeastern flank is
1462:
1215:
853:
621:
rhyolite, rhyolitic tuffs and thin hawaiite flows. This unit is overlain by a sequence of alkali-
360:
1158:
Field Relations and Petrology of the Rainbow Range Shield Volcano, West-Central British Columbia
1124:
Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time (Special Paper (Geological Society of America))
617:
volcanic pile. The basal unit comprises a series of aphyric trachyte flows and domes with minor
561:
than the upper portions of the flows suggest that they were ponded during eruption, possibly as
1086:
690:
671:
589:
457:
387:, suggesting a deeper source zone for magma in the Nazko area compared to the rest of the AVB.
172:
778:
represented a significant concentration of seismic activity within the Anahim Volcanic Belt.
731:
431:
351:
Several tectonic models have been proposed to explain the origin of the AVB. These include
195:
with differing compositions occur throughout these segments, comprising landforms such as
8:
449:
341:
96:
259:
The AVB is one of the six volcanic provinces in British Columbia that formed during the
1431:
1249:
1060:
1014:
743:
614:
541:
which in turn are overlain by a 40 to 60 m (130 to 200 ft) thick sequence of
453:
427:
420:
368:
333:
1322:
1266:
1253:
1131:
1104:
1064:
1026:
963:
919:
886:
862:
735:
694:
636:
and dikes in the middle of the shield. The uppermost shield-forming unit consists of
542:
408:
324:
as the two volcanic zones were active simultaneously from the Neogene to Quaternary.
1018:
795:
774:
723:
585:
329:
272:
235:
flows and cones. The last eruptive period took place at the easternmost end of the
188:
168:
88:
520:
longer timespan. Both fields were active contemporaneously throughout much of the
766:
473:
435:
404:
376:
299:
288:
276:
180:
176:
1421:
1397:
1364:
1337:
710:
689:
is a group of scattered cones 25 km (16 mi) east of the Itcha Range.
679:
581:
400:
356:
228:
208:
1446:
1383:
1357:
1257:
1108:
1068:
1030:
923:
890:
883:
Geological Fieldwork 2008: A Summary of Field Activities and Current Research
866:
727:
446:
380:
236:
200:
196:
68:
55:
30:
1003:(1986). "The western Anahim Belt: root zone of a peralkaline magma system".
714:
Nazko Cone, the easternmost and youngest volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt
545:
comendite flows. Late stage volcanism resulted in the creation of scattered
320:. In some places the AVB lavas imperceptibly merge with the Chilcotin Group
16:
Chain of volcanoes and related magmatic features in British Columbia, Canada
1343:
1235:
1175:
1000:
770:
675:
646:
618:
593:
516:
472:
at the extreme western end of the King Island Pluton, as well as satellite
442:
372:
314:
295:
192:
885:(Report). Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. p. 109.
430:. Rhyolites associated with the Bella Bella dike swarm are distributed on
251:
1351:
1311:
633:
625:
609:
566:
550:
521:
468:. The second phase resulted in the creation of a marginal zone of alkali
364:
1372:
718:
558:
554:
264:
224:
105:
484:
955:
698:
642:
637:
562:
538:
505:
465:
416:
280:
212:
204:
1022:
789:
739:
622:
546:
515:
The volcanic fields consist of lavas that range from basanites and
412:
384:
337:
311:
307:
303:
284:
268:
1180:
Cordilleran Geology and Exploration Roundup: Program and Abstracts
1187:
667:
597:
588:
breccias, domes and lava flows of alkali rhyolite that have been
469:
461:
403:
measuring up to 20 m (66 ft) thick. Both swarms attain
345:
317:
292:
260:
160:
140:
101:
1183:
849:
754:
632:-trachytic and trachytic plugs, lava flows, pyroclastic flows,
629:
572:
509:
497:
423:
321:
220:
1085:
Cassidy, J. F.; Balfour, N.; Hickson, C.; Kao, H.; White, R.;
441:
Exposed in 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high cliffs along the
663:
512:
content, they remained fluid enough to build felsic shields.
493:
184:
164:
1178:(1990). "The Ilgachuz Range—a Late Neogene shield volcano".
750:
601:
352:
232:
747:
1084:
367:
leading to magma ascent along the northern edge of the
1296:
1121:
861:: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25.
1234:
1048:
44:
The Rainbow Range in the central Anahim Volcanic Belt
952:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
785:
464:. These rocks form most of the pluton exposures at
255:
The location and extent of the Anahim Volcanic Belt
1122:Ernst, Richard E.; Kenneth L. Buchan (June 2001).
949:
879:
1444:
1092:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
171:, Canada. It extends from Athlone Island on the
407:of 12.5 to 14.5 million years and consist of a
1282:
1289:
1275:
426:, indicating that they are the product of
243:having occurred as recently as 2007–2008.
950:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
1427:Bella Bella and Gale Passage dike swarms
1151:
1149:
1147:
709:
613:coalescing volcanic units rather than a
571:
483:
397:Bella Bella and Gale Passage dike swarms
250:
175:, running eastward through the strongly
1174:
999:
903:
371:, or a propagating crack controlled by
1445:
1155:
845:
843:
1270:
1144:
1080:
1078:
1017:: 895, 896, 897, 898, 900, 902, 904.
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
1044:
1042:
1040:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
760:From 9 October 2007 to 15 May 2008,
649:in the eastern half of the shield.
527:
291:lavas. Several AVB centres overlie
159:) is a west–east trending chain of
13:
1298:Topics of the Anahim Volcanic Belt
1241:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1192:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
1168:
1075:
1052:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1006:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
907:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
820:
705:
652:
479:
390:
14:
1519:
1037:
976:
930:
1317:Baldface Mountain volcanic field
1252:: 2477, 2478, 2479, 2481, 2482.
1103:: 1732, 1733, 1734, 1738, 1740.
1101:Seismological Society of America
788:
687:Baldface Mountain volcanic field
38:
1228:
1198:
962:. pp. 114, 131, 133, 134.
1162:University of British Columbia
1115:
897:
873:
576:The Itcha Range from the south
328:is perpendicular to the major
267:period. It consists mainly of
1:
1458:Volcanism of British Columbia
1392:Satah Mountain volcanic field
1128:Geological Society of America
814:
659:Satah Mountain volcanic field
128:2,495 m (8,186 ft)
7:
1498:Quaternary British Columbia
1417:2007–2008 Nazko earthquakes
916:Canadian Science Publishing
809:Volcanism of Western Canada
804:List of volcanoes in Canada
781:
239:7,200 years ago, with
10:
1524:
960:Cambridge University Press
246:
1409:
1304:
1156:Bevier, Mary Lou (1978).
557:and higher percentage of
476:west of the main pluton.
241:magma-induced earthquakes
183:to near the community of
139:
124:
120:330 km (210 mi)
116:
111:
95:
84:
49:
37:
28:
21:
1493:Neogene British Columbia
1211:Global Volcanism Program
670:surface with an average
302:, which in turn overlie
1216:Smithsonian Institution
854:Bulletin of Volcanology
762:a series of earthquakes
375:related to large-scale
1508:Pliocene North America
1063:: 132, 134, 135, 136.
730:that formed under the
715:
672:topographic prominence
590:hydrothermally altered
577:
489:
458:Coast Plutonic Complex
256:
125:Highest elevation
1503:Miocene North America
1483:Pleistocene volcanism
732:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
713:
580:To the east lies the
575:
500:lavas with almost no
487:
254:
179:and deeply dissected
1453:Anahim Volcanic Belt
153:Anahim Volcanic Belt
23:Anahim Volcanic Belt
1087:Caplan-Auerbach, J.
428:explosive volcanism
342:Canadian Cordillera
117: • Length
65: /
1488:Holocene volcanism
1478:Pliocene volcanism
1432:King Island Pluton
1250:NRC Research Press
1182:. Open File 2225.
1061:NRC Research Press
1015:NRC Research Press
753:above and below a
744:Radiocarbon dating
716:
691:Argon–argon dating
578:
490:
454:King Island Pluton
369:Juan de Fuca Plate
257:
141:Last eruption
69:52.667°N 125.833°W
1473:Miocene volcanism
1468:Hotspot volcanism
1440:
1439:
1330:Whitetop Mountain
1323:Baldface Mountain
1164:. pp. 9, 17.
1137:978-0-8137-2352-5
773:suggest that the
695:Baldface Mountain
411:suite of basalt,
279:, highly evolved
273:peralkaline rocks
149:
148:
1515:
1400:
1386:
1367:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1325:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1206:"Satah Mountain"
1202:
1196:
1195:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1046:
1035:
1034:
997:
974:
973:
947:
928:
927:
901:
895:
894:
877:
871:
870:
847:
798:
796:Volcanoes portal
793:
792:
775:earthquake swarm
724:subglacial mound
605:Ilgachuz Range.
565:within a former
543:columnar-jointed
528:Shield volcanoes
363:-edge effect or
340:elements of the
330:geomorphological
275:that range from
209:shield volcanoes
189:Interior Plateau
169:British Columbia
89:British Columbia
80:
79:
77:
76:
75:
74:52.667; -125.833
70:
66:
63:
62:
61:
58:
42:
19:
18:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1405:
1396:
1382:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1321:
1300:
1295:
1265:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1173:
1169:
1160:(M.S. Thesis).
1154:
1145:
1138:
1130:. p. 261.
1120:
1116:
1083:
1076:
1047:
1038:
1023:10.1139/e86-091
998:
977:
970:
948:
931:
902:
898:
878:
874:
848:
821:
817:
794:
787:
784:
708:
706:Eastern segment
655:
653:Volcanic fields
530:
482:
480:Central segment
436:Dufferin Island
393:
391:Western segment
377:plate tectonics
300:Chilcotin Group
249:
229:volcanic fields
181:Coast Mountains
145:7,200 years ago
135:
73:
71:
67:
64:
59:
56:
54:
52:
51:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:Volcanic belts
1460:
1455:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Anahim hotspot
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:Satah Mountain
1389:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:Itcha Mountain
1361:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1338:Ilgachuz Range
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1236:Souther, J. G.
1227:
1197:
1176:Souther, J. G.
1167:
1143:
1136:
1114:
1074:
1036:
1001:Souther, J. G.
975:
968:
929:
896:
872:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
800:
799:
783:
780:
769:. Analysis of
707:
704:
680:Satah Mountain
654:
651:
582:Ilgachuz Range
529:
526:
481:
478:
392:
389:
357:mantle hotspot
289:undersaturated
248:
245:
201:volcanic plugs
197:volcanic cones
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
99:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1384:Tsitsutl Peak
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:Rainbow Range
1376:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:Mount Downton
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
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132:Rainbow Range
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50:Coordinates:
48:
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36:
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31:Volcanic belt
27:
20:
1344:Far Mountain
1297:
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1219:. Retrieved
1209:
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607:
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502:intermediate
491:
440:
432:Denny Island
394:
350:
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315:volcanic arc
258:
217:
167:features in
163:and related
156:
152:
150:
1352:Itcha Range
1312:Anahim Peak
958:, England:
638:megacrystic
626:porphyritic
619:flow-banded
610:Itcha Range
586:pyroclastic
567:cinder cone
559:phenocrysts
551:Anahim Peak
522:Pleistocene
379:of western
365:slab window
225:dike swarms
72: /
1447:Categories
1373:Nazko Cone
1221:2021-04-04
815:References
719:Nazko Cone
643:tuff rings
615:stratiform
563:lava lakes
555:groundmass
334:structural
281:phonolites
265:Quaternary
213:intrusions
205:lava domes
112:Dimensions
106:Quaternary
1305:Volcanoes
1258:0008-4077
1109:1943-3573
1069:0008-4077
1031:1480-3313
956:Cambridge
924:1480-3313
891:0381-243X
867:0258-8900
736:vesicular
699:aphanitic
539:mugearite
506:volcanism
466:sea level
417:comendite
405:K–Ar ages
285:rhyolites
161:volcanoes
859:Springer
782:See also
740:Holocene
647:fissures
623:feldspar
547:hawaiite
450:channels
421:basement
413:trachyte
385:basanite
338:tectonic
312:Stikinia
308:Jurassic
304:Devonian
287:to more
269:alkaline
177:uplifted
165:magmatic
91:, Canada
85:Location
60:125°50′W
1188:Ontario
918:: 890.
668:plateau
598:caldera
470:granite
462:syenite
452:is the
409:bimodal
353:rifting
346:breccia
322:basalts
318:terrane
298:of the
293:Miocene
261:Neogene
247:Geology
221:plutons
187:on the
102:Neogene
57:52°40′N
1256:
1184:Ottawa
1134:
1107:
1067:
1029:
966:
922:
889:
865:
755:tephra
630:quartz
510:silica
498:felsic
474:stocks
424:clasts
130: (
1410:Other
1099:(4).
1013:(6).
914:(6).
767:crust
664:ridge
602:tuffs
494:mafic
447:Burke
401:dikes
361:plate
185:Nazko
1254:ISSN
1132:ISBN
1105:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1027:ISSN
964:ISBN
920:ISSN
887:ISSN
863:ISSN
751:peat
685:The
657:The
645:and
608:The
532:The
496:and
445:and
443:Dean
415:and
395:The
359:, a
355:, a
336:and
283:and
233:lava
211:and
151:The
104:-to-
1097:101
1019:doi
748:bog
746:of
726:of
306:to
271:to
157:AVB
97:Age
1449::
1248:.
1246:24
1244:.
1214:.
1208:.
1190::
1186:,
1146:^
1126:.
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1077:^
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1055:.
1039:^
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1009:.
978:^
954:.
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1021::
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926:.
893:.
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263:–
155:(
134:)
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