798:
547:
522:
382:
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196:
568:
633:
422:
174:
1834:
677:
1849:
118:
498:, which would not now deceive schoolchildren, could hope, not quite vainly, to deceive the public of 1765. Where even the most obvious and superficial distinctions between one century (or millennium) and another were ignored, the profounder differences of temper and mental climate were naturally not dreamed of.... , he manners, the fighting, the religious services, the very traffic-regulations of his Trojans, are fourteenth-century.
282:, "time") predates. It is an impossible anachronism which occurs when an object or idea has not yet been invented when the situation takes place, and therefore could not have possibly existed at the time. A prochronism may be an object not yet developed, a verbal expression that had not yet been coined, a philosophy not yet formulated, a breed of animal not yet evolved or bred, or use of a technology that had not yet been created.
38:
445:
attempts to use anachronisms to engage an audience may have quite the reverse effect, as the details in question are increasingly recognized as belonging neither to the historical era being represented, nor to the present, but to the intervening period in which the artwork was created. "Nothing becomes obsolete like a period vision of an older period", writes
797:
103:
An anachronism may be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period. Anachronism can also be used intentionally for purposes of rhetoric, propaganda, comedy,
444:
justified the use of anachronism in historical literature: "It is necessary, for exciting interest of any kind, that the subject assumed should be, as it were, translated into the manners as well as the language of the age we live in." However, as fashions, conventions and technologies move on, such
848:
In historical writing, the most common type of anachronism is the adoption of the political, social or cultural concerns and assumptions of one era to interpret or evaluate the events and actions of another. The anachronistic application of present-day perspectives to comment on the historical past
436:
Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis. Anachronisms may be introduced in many ways: for example, in the disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods, or in ignorance of the progress of the arts and sciences
254:
This may be an object, idiomatic expression, technology, philosophical idea, musical style, material, custom, or anything else so closely bound to a particular time period as to seem strange when encountered in a later era. They may be objects or ideas that were once common but are now considered
868:
has argued that "a grasp of the fact that past societies are very different from our own, and ... very difficult to get to know" is an essential and fundamental skill of the professional historian; and that "anachronism is still one of the most obvious faults when the unqualified (those expert in
325:
Works of art and literature promoting a political, nationalist or revolutionary cause may use anachronism to depict an institution or custom as being more ancient than it actually is, or otherwise intentionally blur the distinctions between past and present. For example, the 19th-century
Romanian
99:
of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type of anachronism is an object misplaced in time, but it may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a plant or animal, a custom, or anything else
780:
anachronisms in novels and films are quite common, both intentional and unintentional. Intentional anachronisms inform the audience more readily about a film set in the past. In this regard, language and pronunciation change so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would find it
813:
Unintentional anachronisms may occur even in what are intended as wholly objective and accurate records or representations of historic artifacts and artworks, because the perspectives of historical recorders are conditioned by the assumptions and practices of their own times, in a form of
514:
says that anachronisms in ancient texts can be used to better understand the stories by asking what the anachronism represents. Repeated anachronisms and historical errors can become an accepted part of popular culture, such as the belief that Roman legionaries wore leather armor.
546:
567:
603:
375:. In order to make the argument that the method of execution would again be utilized by the British if another rebellion broke out in India, Vereshchagin depicted the British soldiers conducting the executions in late 19th-century uniforms.
104:
or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, terminology and language, customs and attitudes, or even fashions between different historical periods and eras.
931:
In a living language there are always variations in words, in the meaning of words, in the construction of phrases, in the manner of spelling, which may detect the age of a writing, and lead to legitimate suspicions of forgery. ...
521:
661:
fiction set in the past may use anachronism for humorous effect. Comedic anachronism can be used to make serious points about both historical and modern society, such as drawing parallels to political or social conventions.
833:
of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Working in an age in which beards were in fashion and widespread, the antiquaries seem to have unconsciously projected the fashion back into an era in which they were rare.
400:
453:! Come in and practice your piano now!' we are jerked from our suspension of disbelief by what was intended as a means of reinforcing it, and plunged directly into the American bourgeois world of the filmmaker."
309:, "time") postdates. It is the use of older cultural artifacts in modern settings which may seem inappropriate. For example, it could be considered metachronistic for a modern-day person to be depicted wearing a
437:
and other facts of history. They vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. Anachronisms may be the unintentional result of ignorance, or may be a deliberate aesthetic choice.
381:
877:
The ability to identify anachronisms may be employed as a critical and forensic tool to demonstrate the fraudulence of a document or artifact purporting to be from an earlier time.
925:
The falsehood of a writing will often be detected, by its making direct mention of, or allusions more or less indirect to, some fact posterior to the date which it bears. ...
755:
346:(yellow-blue) seen in the background. These flags date only from the 1830s: anachronism promotes legitimacy for the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia into the
897:", through – among other techniques – the recognition of anachronisms. The detection of anachronisms is an important element within the scholarly discipline of
251:, "time") postdates. It is anything that appears in a time period in which it is not normally found (though not sufficiently out of place as to be impossible).
1432:
480:
and white broth" would have been as familiar to Christ and the disciples as to himself. It is doubtful whether the sense of period is much older than the
959:
in either 315 or 317 AD, as a later forgery, depended to a considerable degree on the identification of anachronisms, such as references to the city of
761:
Futuristic technology may appear alongside technology which would be obsolete by the time in which the story is set. For example, in the stories of
407:
356:
1864:
456:
It is only since the beginning of the 19th century that anachronistic deviations from historical reality have jarred on a general audience.
1771:
170:
The metachronism-prochronism contrast is nearly synonymous with parachronism-anachronism, and involves postdating-predating respectively.
1869:
1000:, is now considered to be a 20th-century forgery, partly on account of its use of anachronistic terms such as "program" and "refueling".
1624:
1035:
709:
For example, many books, television shows, radio productions and films nominally set in the mid-21st century or later refer to the
1449:
613:
1594:
1239:
574:
1412:
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writers risk anachronism as their works age because they cannot predict all political, social, and technological change.
1541:
1015:
967:
747:
1838:
1696:
1497:
1360:
528:
157:
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970:
have served to convince critics that the book was written in the 19th century, and not, as its adherents claim, in
850:
843:
726:
208:
893:(1861–1931), all of whom succeeded in exposing literary forgeries and plagiarisms, such as those included in the "
1816:
1568:
1010:
139:
1725:
17:
781:
difficult, or even impossible, to understand a film with dialogue in 15th-century
English; thus, audiences
468:
went naked till he fell. After that, pictured the whole past in terms of their own age. So indeed did the
135:
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1402:
890:
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806:
255:
rare or inappropriate. They can take the form of obsolete technology or outdated fashion or idioms.
195:
1025:
594:
368:
1735:
464:
All medieval narratives about the past are ... lacking in a sense of period.... It was known that
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1178:
203:(died 1014) showing him wearing plate armor (developed in the 15th century) and holding a
8:
1546:
1154:
1030:
507:
428:(1868). Flower market in Roman times, with a cactus and two agaves. Cacti and agaves are
351:
179:
1729:
1805:
1629:
1514:
997:
762:
537:
429:
372:
347:
331:
100:
associated with a particular period that is placed outside its proper temporal domain.
31:
1812:
1692:
1493:
1356:
1112:
986:
982:
971:
861:
801:
A Russian commemorative coin of 1995 depicting Soviet and
American troops meeting at
421:
617:
510:, as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times.
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687:
327:
173:
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1800:
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1321:
1302:
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1226:
1183:
1060:
901:, the critical analysis of the forms and language of documents, developed by the
878:
703:
682:
649:, is a relatively common anachronistic depiction in comics and animated cartoons.
645:
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469:
446:
216:
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489:
191:
in scholar's clothing of the book's time, 1,800 years too modern for
Aristotle.
184:
56:
41:
818:. One example is the attribution of historically inaccurate beards to various
561:
ceremony of a kind only instituted more than two hundred years after his death
1881:
1860:
1855:
1475:
1116:
1040:
953:
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in the 19th century, regard this as a great error, and a trap to be avoided.
815:
751:
671:
485:
335:
295:
268:
237:
96:
67:
557:
1306:
1299:
The
Discarded Image: an introduction to medieval and Renaissance literature
1265:
1065:
978:
754:, can become out of place once they disappear, with some works having been
710:
590:
587:
511:
441:
204:
1489:
1407:
1294:
996:", an address, supposedly delivered in 1712, on the control of slaves in
898:
830:
819:
676:
609:
473:
457:
449:; "Hearing a mother in a historical movie of the 1940s call out 'Ludwig!
1833:
1454:
1244:
1045:
854:
766:
552:
220:
200:
142: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
92:
37:
1352:
1055:
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894:
857:
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718:
636:
343:
188:
1807:
Forgers and
Critics: creativity and duplicity in Western scholarship
1206:"Art in December: M. Verestchagin on his Critics – Art and Politics"
627:. The crown was made a century and a half after Charlemagne's death.
117:
809:, first used in 1960, instead of the 48-star flag used at the time.
777:
722:
389:
339:
1854:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
902:
640:
338:—two leaders in Romania's 16th-century history—with the flags of
310:
44:
881:
discusses, for example, the work of the 3rd-century philosopher
1378:"Archaeology Find: Camels In 'Bible' Are Literary Anachronisms"
822:
802:
658:
48:
765:, interplanetary space travel coexists with calculation using
934:
The use of words not used till after the date of the writing;
786:
723:
the continuing struggle between the
Eastern and Western Blocs
477:
314:
304:
298:
277:
271:
246:
240:
86:
81:
75:
70:
1348:
Shakespeare and the Uses of
Antiquity: An Introductory Essay
1093:"Chronisms: on the past and future of the relation of times"
411:: events of the 1850s with soldiers in uniforms of the 1880s
1519:
465:
52:
1301:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–84.
1599:
1595:"Historical Vocab: When We Get It Wrong, Does It Matter?"
1381:
1689:
The New Nature of
History: knowledge, evidence, language
1625:"The Way We Live Now: 3-26-00: On Language; Anachronism"
1450:"Hollywood, History, and the Art of the Big Anachronism"
1131:"parachronism | Etymology of parachronism by etymonline"
1011:
1812 Overture § Anachronism of nationalist motifs
555:, active in the 13th century, shown presiding over an
350:
at the time the painting was made. The
Russian artist
1240:"For Infidelity: Reconsidering Aesthetic Anachronism"
789:
and figures of speech are often used in these films.
743:
retained them for consistency with older franchises.
1650:
Harris, Oliver D. (2013). "Beards: true and false".
869:
other disciplines, perhaps) attempt to do history".
785:
characters speaking an updated language, and modern
320:
735:
has suffered from future anachronisms; instead of "
1804:
1403:"Time meddlers: anachronisms in print and on film"
1091:Landwehr, Achim; Winnerling, Tobias (2019-10-02).
1090:
1879:
1542:"'Empire': Gangster Tale Sleeps With the Fishes"
1485:The Guide to Writing Fantasy and Science Fiction
95:inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a
1474:
408:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English
357:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English
1673:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 29.
540:as a typical Dutch city of the painter's time.
981:terminology demonstrates that the purported "
51:(invented in the 16th century) rather than a
1873:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1750:"Anti-Semitic Myth: The Franklin "Prophecy""
1734:. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. p.
1319:
1216:. Cassell: ix (following p. 430). 1878–1904.
921:wrote at the beginning of the 19th century:
394:: 19th-century flags in a 16th-century scene
963:(a name not in fact bestowed until 330 AD).
860:, working in the traditions established by
746:Buildings or natural features, such as the
1512:
1433:Saint Dominic presiding over an Auto-da-fe
1344:
917:(1700–1754). The philosopher and reformer
792:
1811:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1569:"Sliding Through Science History, Part 2"
1447:
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1859:
1539:
1375:
1237:
1036:List of stories set in a future now past
796:
675:
631:
420:
371:, when mutineers were executed by being
194:
172:
36:
1799:
1720:
1683:
1592:
1274:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. p. xvii.
872:
772:
756:edited to remove the World Trade Center
614:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
14:
1880:
1668:
1649:
1619:
1320:von Wolzogen, Alfred Freiherr (1866).
653:
199:1723 depiction of the Irish High King
1691:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 63.
1566:
1426:
1323:Raphael Santi: His Life and His Works
1293:
1264:
952:, a decree purportedly issued by the
665:
575:The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba
416:
1769:
1448:van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2013-09-26).
1400:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
502:Anachronisms abound in the works of
330:depicts the peace agreement between
140:adding citations to reliable sources
111:
24:
1016:Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
977:The use of 19th- and 20th-century
968:anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
727:divided Germany and divided Berlin
690:advanced enough for a large-scale
25:
1899:
1826:
1077:
989:, who died in 1790) is a forgery.
321:Politically motivated anachronism
1847:
1832:
1772:"Is Willie Lynch's Letter Real?"
1513:Glaskowsky, Peter (2009-05-08).
1212:. November 1887 – October 1888.
1051:Society for Creative Anachronism
844:Presentism (historical analysis)
602:
566:
545:
520:
399:
380:
367:), depicts the aftermath of the
116:
30:For the card strategy game, see
1793:
1763:
1742:
1731:A Treatise on Judicial Evidence
1714:
1705:
1677:
1662:
1643:
1613:
1586:
1573:NIH Intramural Research Program
1560:
1533:
1506:
1468:
1441:
1394:
1369:
1338:
1313:
1287:
936:– second indication of forgery.
927:The mention of posterior facts;
909:(1632–1707) and his successors
285:
227:
127:needs additional citations for
1567:Lyons, Michele (9 June 2016).
1376:Montagne, Renee (2014-02-14).
1278:
1258:
1231:
1220:
1198:
1171:
1147:
1123:
929:– first indication of forgery.
837:
805:in 1945. It shows the 50-star
258:
13:
1:
1837:The dictionary definition of
1593:Nunberg, Geoff (2013-02-26).
1345:Martindale, Michelle (2005).
1238:Potthast, Jane (2013-09-18).
1109:10.1080/13642529.2019.1677294
1071:
621:
533:
361:
215:(first used in 1642) and the
55:. A 17th-century painting by
1540:Hornaday, Ann (2002-12-06).
702:Even with careful research,
211:). In the background is the
87:
76:
7:
1515:"Living the Star Trek life"
1155:"Definition of PROCHRONISM"
1004:
966:A large number of apparent
829:in records made by English
582:showing the arrival of the
207:(only introduced after the
27:Chronological inconsistency
10:
1904:
849:is sometimes described as
841:
669:
484:. It is hardly present in
305:
299:
278:
272:
247:
241:
82:
71:
29:
948:in 1440 of the so-called
915:Charles-François Toustain
758:to avoid this situation.
476:; he never doubted that "
1770:Cobb, W. Jelani (2004).
1711:Grafton 1990, pp. 75–98.
1669:Davies, Stephen (2003).
1401:Cole, Tom (2011-03-31).
1026:Evolutionary anachronism
369:Indian Rebellion of 1857
107:
1870:Encyclopædia Britannica
1159:www.merriam-webster.com
950:Donation of Constantine
793:Unconscious anachronism
219:, which dates from the
1671:Empiricism and History
1328:Smith, Elder & Co.
938:
810:
699:
650:
500:
433:
224:
192:
59:
957:Constantine the Great
923:
800:
679:
635:
578:, a 1648 painting by
536:1520, shows Biblical
529:Lot and His Daughters
462:
424:
245:, "on the side", and
209:Anglo-Norman invasion
198:
176:
40:
1492:. pp. 167–170.
1355:. pp. 121–125.
1284:Grafton 1990, p. 67.
994:William Lynch speech
891:Richard Reitzenstein
889:(1559–1614), and of
873:Detection of forgery
773:Language anachronism
739:" these errors, the
692:colonization of Mars
451:Ludwig van Beethoven
426:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
136:improve this article
1547:The Washington Post
1210:The Magazine of Art
1031:Invented traditions
911:René-Prosper Tassin
696:propeller airplanes
654:Comical anachronism
430:originally American
352:Vasily Vereshchagin
332:Ioan Bogdan Voievod
180:Nuremberg Chronicle
1630:The New York Times
1271:Ivanhoe; a Romance
1135:www.etymonline.com
1097:Rethinking History
811:
763:Robert A. Heinlein
748:World Trade Center
700:
666:Future anachronism
651:
434:
417:Art and literature
354:, in his painting
348:Kingdom of Romania
342:(blue-red) and of
313:or writing with a
225:
193:
60:
32:Anachronism (game)
987:Benjamin Franklin
985:" (attributed to
983:Franklin Prophecy
862:Leopold von Ranke
686:cover has future
639:co-existing with
595:Renaissance-style
168:
167:
160:
16:(Redirected from
1895:
1874:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1836:
1822:
1810:
1801:Grafton, Anthony
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:. Archived from
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1652:Church Monuments
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1480:Salvatore, R. A.
1472:
1466:
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1411:. Archived from
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715:Saint Petersburg
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532:, a painting of
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1726:Dumont, Étienne
1722:Bentham, Jeremy
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1685:Marwick, Arthur
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879:Anthony Grafton
875:
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840:
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683:Amazing Stories
674:
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482:Waverley novels
447:Anthony Grafton
419:
412:
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395:
392:become Brothers
388:Moldavians and
385:
373:blown from guns
364:
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303:, "after", and
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217:Comerford Crown
213:green harp flag
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1179:"Metachronism"
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1103:(4): 435–455.
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185:ancient Greek
183:(1493) shows
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148:December 2020
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125:This section
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97:juxtaposition
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93:chronological
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42:Ancient Greek
39:
33:
19:
18:Anachronistic
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1839:
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1794:Bibliography
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1744:
1730:
1716:
1707:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1664:
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1651:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1628:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1598:
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1576:. Retrieved
1572:
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1551:. Retrieved
1545:
1535:
1524:. Retrieved
1518:
1508:
1484:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1437:Prado Museum
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1406:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1347:
1340:
1322:
1315:
1298:
1295:Lewis, C. S.
1289:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1066:Whig history
979:anti-semitic
939:
933:
926:
924:
876:
847:
812:
776:
760:
745:
730:
711:Soviet Union
708:
701:
681:
657:
644:
612:wearing the
588:17th-century
573:
556:
527:
512:Carol Meyers
501:
493:
470:Elizabethans
463:
455:
442:Walter Scott
439:
435:
406:
387:
355:
336:Radu Voievod
324:
292:metachronism
291:
289:
286:Metachronism
264:
262:
253:
234:parachronism
233:
231:
228:Parachronism
205:coat of arms
187:philosopher
178:
169:
154:
145:
134:Please help
129:verification
126:
102:
63:
61:
1888:Anachronism
1865:Anachronism
1840:anachronism
1490:Adams Media
1408:Radio Times
899:diplomatics
838:In academia
831:antiquaries
767:slide rules
625: 1512
610:Charlemagne
508:Shakespeare
458:C. S. Lewis
365: 1884
265:prochronism
259:Prochronism
64:anachronism
1818:0691055440
1756:2013-02-01
1636:2014-07-31
1606:2014-06-11
1553:2014-06-11
1526:2014-06-11
1461:2014-06-11
1455:PopMatters
1419:2014-07-31
1387:2014-06-15
1251:2014-06-11
1245:PopMatters
1190:26 January
1164:2024-09-12
1140:2024-09-12
1072:References
1046:Skeuomorph
858:historians
855:Empiricist
851:presentism
842:See also:
737:retconning
694:alongside
670:See also:
597:buildings.
558:auto-da-fé
553:St Dominic
390:Muntenians
294:(from the
267:(from the
236:(from the
221:Bronze Age
201:Brian Boru
66:(from the
1752:. Adl.org
1658:: 124–32.
1353:Routledge
1117:1364-2529
1056:Steampunk
1021:Anatopism
807:U.S. flag
741:2009 film
732:Star Trek
719:Leningrad
637:Dinosaurs
472:. So did
344:Wallachia
189:Aristotle
1882:Category
1803:(1990).
1724:(1825).
1687:(2001).
1578:April 9,
1482:(2010).
1330:p.
1307:5918225M
1297:(1964).
1268:(1820).
1005:See also
998:Virginia
974:America.
905:scholar
883:Porphyry
820:medieval
778:Language
643:, as in
641:hominids
460:wrote:
340:Moldavia
326:painter
1858::
1782:27 July
1728:(ed.).
954:Emperor
903:Maurist
725:and to
680:A 1931
593:, with
504:Raphael
495:Otranto
490:Walpole
432:plants.
311:top hat
88:khronos
47:with a
45:Orpheus
1852:
1815:
1695:
1496:
1359:
1305:
1115:
803:Torgau
659:Comedy
486:Gibbon
474:Milton
306:χρόνος
279:χρόνος
248:χρόνος
83:χρόνος
49:violin
992:The "
885:, of
787:slang
721:, to
713:, to
616:, by
538:Sodom
478:capon
315:quill
296:Greek
269:Greek
238:Greek
108:Types
68:Greek
1813:ISBN
1784:2016
1693:ISBN
1580:2021
1520:CNET
1494:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1192:2024
1113:ISSN
506:and
466:Adam
440:Sir
334:and
300:μετά
242:παρά
177:The
53:lyre
1867:".
1736:140
1600:NPR
1435:at
1382:NPR
1332:232
1105:doi
750:in
586:on
492:'s
273:πρό
138:by
77:ana
72:ἀνά
62:An
1884::
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1654:.
1627:.
1597:.
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1303:OL
1242:.
1214:11
1208:.
1181:.
1157:.
1133:.
1111:.
1101:23
1099:.
1095:.
1079:^
853:.
769:.
729:.
622:c.
620:,
534:c.
488:.
362:c.
317:.
290:A
263:A
232:A
1821:.
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1107::
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360:(
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155:(
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146:(
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34:.
20:)
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