787:
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185:
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411:
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666:
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487:, which would not now deceive schoolchildren, could hope, not quite vainly, to deceive the public of 1765. Where even the most obvious and superficial distinctions between one century (or millennium) and another were ignored, the profounder differences of temper and mental climate were naturally not dreamed of.... , he manners, the fighting, the religious services, the very traffic-regulations of his Trojans, are fourteenth-century.
271:, "time") predates. It is an impossible anachronism which occurs when an object or idea has not yet been invented when the situation takes place, and therefore could not have possibly existed at the time. A prochronism may be an object not yet developed, a verbal expression that had not yet been coined, a philosophy not yet formulated, a breed of animal not yet evolved or bred, or use of a technology that had not yet been created.
27:
434:
attempts to use anachronisms to engage an audience may have quite the reverse effect, as the details in question are increasingly recognized as belonging neither to the historical era being represented, nor to the present, but to the intervening period in which the artwork was created. "Nothing becomes obsolete like a period vision of an older period", writes
786:
92:
An anachronism may be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period. Anachronism can also be used intentionally for purposes of rhetoric, propaganda, comedy,
433:
justified the use of anachronism in historical literature: "It is necessary, for exciting interest of any kind, that the subject assumed should be, as it were, translated into the manners as well as the language of the age we live in." However, as fashions, conventions and technologies move on, such
837:
In historical writing, the most common type of anachronism is the adoption of the political, social or cultural concerns and assumptions of one era to interpret or evaluate the events and actions of another. The anachronistic application of present-day perspectives to comment on the historical past
425:
Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis. Anachronisms may be introduced in many ways: for example, in the disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods, or in ignorance of the progress of the arts and sciences
243:
This may be an object, idiomatic expression, technology, philosophical idea, musical style, material, custom, or anything else so closely bound to a particular time period as to seem strange when encountered in a later era. They may be objects or ideas that were once common but are now considered
857:
has argued that "a grasp of the fact that past societies are very different from our own, and ... very difficult to get to know" is an essential and fundamental skill of the professional historian; and that "anachronism is still one of the most obvious faults when the unqualified (those expert in
314:
Works of art and literature promoting a political, nationalist or revolutionary cause may use anachronism to depict an institution or custom as being more ancient than it actually is, or otherwise intentionally blur the distinctions between past and present. For example, the 19th-century
Romanian
88:
of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type of anachronism is an object misplaced in time, but it may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a plant or animal, a custom, or anything else
769:
anachronisms in novels and films are quite common, both intentional and unintentional. Intentional anachronisms inform the audience more readily about a film set in the past. In this regard, language and pronunciation change so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would find it
802:
Unintentional anachronisms may occur even in what are intended as wholly objective and accurate records or representations of historic artifacts and artworks, because the perspectives of historical recorders are conditioned by the assumptions and practices of their own times, in a form of
503:
says that anachronisms in ancient texts can be used to better understand the stories by asking what the anachronism represents. Repeated anachronisms and historical errors can become an accepted part of popular culture, such as the belief that Roman legionaries wore leather armor.
535:
556:
592:
364:. In order to make the argument that the method of execution would again be utilized by the British if another rebellion broke out in India, Vereshchagin depicted the British soldiers conducting the executions in late 19th-century uniforms.
93:
or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, terminology and language, customs and attitudes, or even fashions between different historical periods and eras.
920:
In a living language there are always variations in words, in the meaning of words, in the construction of phrases, in the manner of spelling, which may detect the age of a writing, and lead to legitimate suspicions of forgery. ...
510:
650:
fiction set in the past may use anachronism for humorous effect. Comedic anachronism can be used to make serious points about both historical and modern society, such as drawing parallels to political or social conventions.
822:
of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Working in an age in which beards were in fashion and widespread, the antiquaries seem to have unconsciously projected the fashion back into an era in which they were rare.
389:
442:! Come in and practice your piano now!' we are jerked from our suspension of disbelief by what was intended as a means of reinforcing it, and plunged directly into the American bourgeois world of the filmmaker."
298:, "time") postdates. It is the use of older cultural artifacts in modern settings which may seem inappropriate. For example, it could be considered metachronistic for a modern-day person to be depicted wearing a
426:
and other facts of history. They vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. Anachronisms may be the unintentional result of ignorance, or may be a deliberate aesthetic choice.
370:
866:
The ability to identify anachronisms may be employed as a critical and forensic tool to demonstrate the fraudulence of a document or artifact purporting to be from an earlier time.
914:
The falsehood of a writing will often be detected, by its making direct mention of, or allusions more or less indirect to, some fact posterior to the date which it bears. ...
744:
335:(yellow-blue) seen in the background. These flags date only from the 1830s: anachronism promotes legitimacy for the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia into the
886:", through – among other techniques – the recognition of anachronisms. The detection of anachronisms is an important element within the scholarly discipline of
240:, "time") postdates. It is anything that appears in a time period in which it is not normally found (though not sufficiently out of place as to be impossible).
1421:
469:
and white broth" would have been as familiar to Christ and the disciples as to himself. It is doubtful whether the sense of period is much older than the
948:
in either 315 or 317 AD, as a later forgery, depended to a considerable degree on the identification of anachronisms, such as references to the city of
750:
Futuristic technology may appear alongside technology which would be obsolete by the time in which the story is set. For example, in the stories of
396:
345:
1853:
445:
It is only since the beginning of the 19th century that anachronistic deviations from historical reality have jarred on a general audience.
1760:
159:
The metachronism-prochronism contrast is nearly synonymous with parachronism-anachronism, and involves postdating-predating respectively.
1858:
989:, is now considered to be a 20th-century forgery, partly on account of its use of anachronistic terms such as "program" and "refueling".
1613:
1024:
698:
For example, many books, television shows, radio productions and films nominally set in the mid-21st century or later refer to the
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602:
1583:
1228:
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1401:
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writers risk anachronism as their works age because they cannot predict all political, social, and technological change.
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1004:
956:
736:
1827:
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517:
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have served to convince critics that the book was written in the 19th century, and not, as its adherents claim, in
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832:
715:
197:
882:(1861–1931), all of whom succeeded in exposing literary forgeries and plagiarisms, such as those included in the "
1805:
1557:
999:
128:
1714:
770:
difficult, or even impossible, to understand a film with dialogue in 15th-century
English; thus, audiences
457:
went naked till he fell. After that, pictured the whole past in terms of their own age. So indeed did the
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879:
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244:
rare or inappropriate. They can take the form of obsolete technology or outdated fashion or idioms.
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All medieval narratives about the past are ... lacking in a sense of period.... It was known that
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192:(died 1014) showing him wearing plate armor (developed in the 15th century) and holding a
8:
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417:(1868). Flower market in Roman times, with a cactus and two agaves. Cacti and agaves are
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168:
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1794:
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1503:
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associated with a particular period that is placed outside its proper temporal domain.
20:
1801:
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1101:
975:
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960:
850:
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A Russian commemorative coin of 1995 depicting Soviet and
American troops meeting at
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499:, as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times.
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890:, the critical analysis of the forms and language of documents, developed by the
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692:
671:
638:, is a relatively common anachronistic depiction in comics and animated cartoons.
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in scholar's clothing of the book's time, 1,800 years too modern for
Aristotle.
173:
45:
30:
807:. One example is the attribution of historically inaccurate beards to various
550:
ceremony of a kind only instituted more than two hundred years after his death
1870:
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1844:
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in the 19th century, regard this as a great error, and a trap to be avoided.
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The
Discarded Image: an introduction to medieval and Renaissance literature
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1054:
967:
743:, can become out of place once they disappear, with some works having been
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579:
576:
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430:
193:
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985:", an address, supposedly delivered in 1712, on the control of slaves in
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819:
808:
665:
598:
462:
446:
438:; "Hearing a mother in a historical movie of the 1940s call out 'Ludwig!
1822:
1443:
1233:
1034:
843:
755:
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209:
189:
131: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
81:
26:
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Forgers and
Critics: creativity and duplicity in Western scholarship
1195:"Art in December: M. Verestchagin on his Critics – Art and Politics"
616:. The crown was made a century and a half after Charlemagne's death.
106:
798:, first used in 1960, instead of the 48-star flag used at the time.
766:
711:
378:
328:
1843:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
891:
629:
327:—two leaders in Romania's 16th-century history—with the flags of
299:
33:
870:
discusses, for example, the work of the 3rd-century philosopher
1367:"Archaeology Find: Camels In 'Bible' Are Literary Anachronisms"
811:
791:
647:
37:
754:, interplanetary space travel coexists with calculation using
923:
The use of words not used till after the date of the writing;
775:
712:
the continuing struggle between the
Eastern and Western Blocs
466:
303:
293:
287:
266:
260:
235:
229:
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70:
64:
59:
1337:
Shakespeare and the Uses of
Antiquity: An Introductory Essay
1082:"Chronisms: on the past and future of the relation of times"
400:: events of the 1850s with soldiers in uniforms of the 1880s
1508:
454:
41:
1290:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–84.
1588:
1584:"Historical Vocab: When We Get It Wrong, Does It Matter?"
1370:
1678:
The New Nature of
History: knowledge, evidence, language
1614:"The Way We Live Now: 3-26-00: On Language; Anachronism"
1439:"Hollywood, History, and the Art of the Big Anachronism"
1120:"parachronism | Etymology of parachronism by etymonline"
1000:
1812 Overture § Anachronism of nationalist motifs
544:, active in the 13th century, shown presiding over an
339:
at the time the painting was made. The
Russian artist
1229:"For Infidelity: Reconsidering Aesthetic Anachronism"
778:
and figures of speech are often used in these films.
732:
retained them for consistency with older franchises.
1639:
Harris, Oliver D. (2013). "Beards: true and false".
858:
other disciplines, perhaps) attempt to do history".
774:
characters speaking an updated language, and modern
309:
724:
has suffered from future anachronisms; instead of "
1793:
1392:"Time meddlers: anachronisms in print and on film"
1080:Landwehr, Achim; Winnerling, Tobias (2019-10-02).
1079:
1868:
1531:"'Empire': Gangster Tale Sleeps With the Fishes"
1474:The Guide to Writing Fantasy and Science Fiction
84:inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a
1463:
397:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English
346:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English
1662:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 29.
529:as a typical Dutch city of the painter's time.
970:terminology demonstrates that the purported "
40:(invented in the 16th century) rather than a
1862:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1739:"Anti-Semitic Myth: The Franklin "Prophecy""
1723:. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. p.
1308:
1205:. Cassell: ix (following p. 430). 1878–1904.
910:wrote at the beginning of the 19th century:
383:: 19th-century flags in a 16th-century scene
952:(a name not in fact bestowed until 330 AD).
849:, working in the traditions established by
735:Buildings or natural features, such as the
1501:
1422:Saint Dominic presiding over an Auto-da-fe
1333:
906:(1700–1754). The philosopher and reformer
781:
1800:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1558:"Sliding Through Science History, Part 2"
1436:
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1848:
1528:
1364:
1226:
1025:List of stories set in a future now past
785:
664:
620:
409:
360:, when mutineers were executed by being
183:
161:
25:
1788:
1709:
1672:
1581:
1263:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. p. xvii.
861:
761:
745:edited to remove the World Trade Center
603:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
1869:
1657:
1638:
1608:
1309:von Wolzogen, Alfred Freiherr (1866).
642:
188:1723 depiction of the Irish High King
1680:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 63.
1555:
1415:
1312:Raphael Santi: His Life and His Works
1282:
1253:
941:, a decree purportedly issued by the
654:
564:The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba
405:
1758:
1437:van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2013-09-26).
1389:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
491:Anachronisms abound in the works of
319:depicts the peace agreement between
129:adding citations to reliable sources
100:
13:
1005:Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
966:The use of 19th- and 20th-century
957:anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
716:divided Germany and divided Berlin
679:advanced enough for a large-scale
14:
1888:
1815:
1066:
978:, who died in 1790) is a forgery.
310:Politically motivated anachronism
1836:
1821:
1761:"Is Willie Lynch's Letter Real?"
1502:Glaskowsky, Peter (2009-05-08).
1201:. November 1887 – October 1888.
1040:Society for Creative Anachronism
833:Presentism (historical analysis)
591:
555:
534:
509:
388:
369:
356:), depicts the aftermath of the
105:
19:For the card strategy game, see
1782:
1752:
1731:
1720:A Treatise on Judicial Evidence
1703:
1694:
1666:
1651:
1632:
1602:
1575:
1562:NIH Intramural Research Program
1549:
1522:
1495:
1457:
1430:
1383:
1358:
1327:
1302:
1276:
925:– second indication of forgery.
916:The mention of posterior facts;
898:(1632–1707) and his successors
274:
216:
116:needs additional citations for
1556:Lyons, Michele (9 June 2016).
1365:Montagne, Renee (2014-02-14).
1267:
1247:
1220:
1209:
1187:
1160:
1136:
1112:
918:– first indication of forgery.
826:
794:in 1945. It shows the 50-star
247:
1:
1826:The dictionary definition of
1582:Nunberg, Geoff (2013-02-26).
1334:Martindale, Michelle (2005).
1227:Potthast, Jane (2013-09-18).
1098:10.1080/13642529.2019.1677294
1060:
610:
522:
350:
204:(first used in 1642) and the
44:. A 17th-century painting by
1529:Hornaday, Ann (2002-12-06).
691:Even with careful research,
200:). In the background is the
76:
65:
7:
1504:"Living the Star Trek life"
1144:"Definition of PROCHRONISM"
993:
955:A large number of apparent
818:in records made by English
571:showing the arrival of the
196:(only introduced after the
16:Chronological inconsistency
10:
1893:
838:is sometimes described as
830:
658:
473:. It is hardly present in
294:
288:
267:
261:
236:
230:
71:
60:
18:
937:in 1440 of the so-called
904:Charles-François Toustain
747:to avoid this situation.
465:; he never doubted that "
1759:Cobb, W. Jelani (2004).
1700:Grafton 1990, pp. 75–98.
1658:Davies, Stephen (2003).
1390:Cole, Tom (2011-03-31).
1015:Evolutionary anachronism
358:Indian Rebellion of 1857
96:
1859:Encyclopædia Britannica
1148:www.merriam-webster.com
939:Donation of Constantine
782:Unconscious anachronism
208:, which dates from the
1660:Empiricism and History
1317:Smith, Elder & Co.
927:
799:
688:
639:
489:
422:
213:
181:
48:
946:Constantine the Great
912:
789:
668:
624:
567:, a 1648 painting by
525:1520, shows Biblical
518:Lot and His Daughters
451:
413:
234:, "on the side", and
198:Anglo-Norman invasion
187:
165:
29:
1481:. pp. 167–170.
1344:. pp. 121–125.
1273:Grafton 1990, p. 67.
983:William Lynch speech
880:Richard Reitzenstein
878:(1559–1614), and of
862:Detection of forgery
762:Language anachronism
728:" these errors, the
681:colonization of Mars
440:Ludwig van Beethoven
415:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
125:improve this article
1536:The Washington Post
1199:The Magazine of Art
1020:Invented traditions
900:René-Prosper Tassin
685:propeller airplanes
643:Comical anachronism
419:originally American
341:Vasily Vereshchagin
321:Ioan Bogdan Voievod
169:Nuremberg Chronicle
1619:The New York Times
1260:Ivanhoe; a Romance
1124:www.etymonline.com
1086:Rethinking History
800:
752:Robert A. Heinlein
737:World Trade Center
689:
655:Future anachronism
640:
423:
406:Art and literature
343:, in his painting
337:Kingdom of Romania
331:(blue-red) and of
302:or writing with a
214:
182:
49:
21:Anachronism (game)
976:Benjamin Franklin
974:" (attributed to
972:Franklin Prophecy
851:Leopold von Ranke
675:cover has future
628:co-existing with
584:Renaissance-style
157:
156:
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1884:
1863:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1825:
1811:
1799:
1790:Grafton, Anthony
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1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
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1469:Salvatore, R. A.
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1400:. Archived from
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902:(1697–1777) and
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704:Saint Petersburg
677:space technology
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1674:Marwick, Arthur
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1610:Safire, William
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1173:Merriam-Webster
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1050:Tiffany Problem
996:
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884:Hermetic Corpus
868:Anthony Grafton
864:
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814:and figures in
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693:science fiction
672:Amazing Stories
663:
657:
645:
635:The Flintstones
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471:Waverley novels
436:Anthony Grafton
408:
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381:become Brothers
377:Moldavians and
374:
362:blown from guns
353:
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292:, "after", and
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206:Comerford Crown
202:green harp flag
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172:(1493) shows
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137:December 2020
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114:This section
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86:juxtaposition
83:
82:chronological
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31:Ancient Greek
28:
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1783:Bibliography
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1733:
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1705:
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1677:
1668:
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1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1617:
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1565:. Retrieved
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1540:. Retrieved
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1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1507:
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1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1442:
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1426:Prado Museum
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1395:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1360:
1336:
1329:
1311:
1304:
1287:
1284:Lewis, C. S.
1278:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1232:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1089:
1085:
1055:Whig history
968:anti-semitic
928:
922:
915:
913:
865:
836:
801:
765:
749:
734:
719:
700:Soviet Union
697:
690:
670:
646:
633:
601:wearing the
577:17th-century
562:
545:
516:
501:Carol Meyers
490:
482:
459:Elizabethans
452:
444:
431:Walter Scott
428:
424:
395:
376:
344:
325:Radu Voievod
313:
281:metachronism
280:
278:
275:Metachronism
253:
251:
242:
223:parachronism
222:
220:
217:Parachronism
194:coat of arms
176:philosopher
167:
158:
143:
134:
123:Please help
118:verification
115:
91:
52:
50:
1877:Anachronism
1854:Anachronism
1829:anachronism
1479:Adams Media
1397:Radio Times
888:diplomatics
827:In academia
820:antiquaries
756:slide rules
614: 1512
599:Charlemagne
497:Shakespeare
447:C. S. Lewis
354: 1884
254:prochronism
248:Prochronism
53:anachronism
1807:0691055440
1745:2013-02-01
1625:2014-07-31
1595:2014-06-11
1542:2014-06-11
1515:2014-06-11
1450:2014-06-11
1444:PopMatters
1408:2014-07-31
1376:2014-06-15
1240:2014-06-11
1234:PopMatters
1179:26 January
1153:2024-09-12
1129:2024-09-12
1061:References
1035:Skeuomorph
847:historians
844:Empiricist
840:presentism
831:See also:
726:retconning
683:alongside
659:See also:
586:buildings.
547:auto-da-fé
542:St Dominic
379:Muntenians
283:(from the
256:(from the
225:(from the
210:Bronze Age
190:Brian Boru
55:(from the
1741:. Adl.org
1647:: 124–32.
1342:Routledge
1106:1364-2529
1045:Steampunk
1010:Anatopism
796:U.S. flag
730:2009 film
721:Star Trek
708:Leningrad
626:Dinosaurs
461:. So did
333:Wallachia
178:Aristotle
1871:Category
1792:(1990).
1713:(1825).
1676:(2001).
1567:April 9,
1471:(2010).
1319:p.
1296:5918225M
1286:(1964).
1257:(1820).
994:See also
987:Virginia
963:America.
894:scholar
872:Porphyry
809:medieval
767:Language
632:, as in
630:hominids
449:wrote:
329:Moldavia
315:painter
1847::
1771:27 July
1717:(ed.).
943:Emperor
892:Maurist
714:and to
669:A 1931
582:, with
493:Raphael
484:Otranto
479:Walpole
421:plants.
300:top hat
77:khronos
36:with a
34:Orpheus
1841:
1804:
1684:
1485:
1348:
1294:
1104:
792:Torgau
648:Comedy
475:Gibbon
463:Milton
295:χρόνος
268:χρόνος
237:χρόνος
72:χρόνος
38:violin
981:The "
874:, of
776:slang
710:, to
702:, to
605:, by
527:Sodom
467:capon
304:quill
285:Greek
258:Greek
227:Greek
97:Types
57:Greek
1802:ISBN
1773:2016
1682:ISBN
1569:2021
1509:CNET
1483:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1181:2024
1102:ISSN
495:and
455:Adam
429:Sir
323:and
289:μετά
231:παρά
166:The
42:lyre
1856:".
1725:140
1589:NPR
1424:at
1371:NPR
1321:232
1094:doi
739:in
575:on
481:'s
262:πρό
127:by
66:ana
61:ἀνά
51:An
1873::
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1643:.
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1292:OL
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1203:11
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1122:.
1100:.
1090:23
1088:.
1084:.
1068:^
842:.
758:.
718:.
611:c.
609:,
523:c.
477:.
351:c.
306:.
279:A
252:A
221:A
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23:.
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