Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system

2231:. Motor generators, being of 1930s design, are heavily overbuilt. These rugged machines can absorb large load transients and demanding fault conditions while continuing to remain online. Their output waveform is also perfectly sinusoidal without noise or higher harmonic output. They can actually absorb harmonic noise produced by solid-state devices, effectively serving as a filter. These attributes, combined with their high fault-current capability, make them desirable in a stabilizing role within the power system. Amtrak has retained two of the original converter plants and plans to overhaul them and continue their operation indefinitely. 3107:. The Arsenal Bridge substation stepped-up 13.2 kV, 25 Hz power supplied from PECO's Schuylkill power station on Christian Street to 44 kV for distribution. The remaining three substations reduced the 44 kV distribution voltage to 11 kV catenary voltage. The substations were operated from adjacent signal towers. They used typical period concrete buildings to house the transformers and switchgear while the line terminals were on the roof. From 1918 onward, outdoor stations were used, and when the main line electrification began in 1928, the stations became large open-air structures using 2396:. Although the exact electrical architecture of the converter modules is unknown, they are presumably of the DC link variety (Rectifier, filtering capacity, and inverter placed back to back) based on other Siemens traction power converters. The 2006 traction network shutdown originated in one of the converter modules at this plant. Richmond output power is scheduled with PECO, although the units themselves are operated by Amtrak remotely from Philadelphia. Generally, the three PECO-supplied converters (Richmond, Metuchen, and Lamokin) are scheduled as a block with PECO. 3068: 7808: 3084: 2141: 7816: 2751: 7800: 3035: 1446: 1748: 1603: 1550: 1411: 1257: 1129: 988: 632: 335: 1914: 1677: 304: 273: 1313: 1190: 1167: 1711: 1226: 872: 863: 594: 494: 370: 980: 816: 784: 569: 469: 451: 388: 180: 8679:

catenary supports along this section of track were only high enough for the 12 kV catenary wire, the 138 kV lines were installed on new steel monopod poles installed along the right-of-way. Except for the fact that the new poles only carry four conductors rather than the typical six for a utility line, the new line appears as a typical medium voltage power line rather than the typical PRR-style H-shaped structure.

1512: 1454: 1404: 1328: 1304: 1182: 921: 576: 476: 403: 215: 22: 2743: 1643: 1610: 1527: 1373: 1273: 1136: 1095: 1027: 936: 880: 721: 670: 639: 602: 584: 502: 484: 395: 378: 230: 1579: 1519: 1419: 1351: 1265: 1079: 1036: 996: 973: 928: 809: 800: 792: 699: 551: 413: 251: 222: 188: 8897:, the substation was isolated from floodwaters and then dewatered. After testing the substation's components, the degree of damage was determined to be less than initially feared, and after further repairs, Kearney Substation came back on-line on Friday, November 16, allowing the immediate return of all Amtrak and gradual return of all NJ Transit electric trains into Penn Station through the dewatered 3046: 2763: 1685: 1651: 1618: 1558: 1381: 1320: 1280: 1233: 1219: 1197: 1174: 1144: 1120: 1087: 1070: 1044: 1020: 966: 957: 912: 905: 856: 849: 824: 757: 750: 729: 678: 647: 559: 530: 459: 421: 343: 312: 281: 3060: 3076: 8597: 2546: 3131:

loss of the converter. The system does not degrade gracefully under high-voltage faults. Rather than isolating, for example, the south 138 kV feeder between Washington and Perryville, the system would require opening converter output breakers at Jericho Park and Safe Harbor. This results in the loss of much more of the network than is required to simply isolate the fault.

7824: 2987:, the approximate center point of the system load. This substation was located at the site of water tanks used to supply water to track pans, which supplied water to conventional steam locomotives. At some later time, the converters were shut down and removed. Dedicated machines for reactive power support have not been used subsequently by either the PRR or Amtrak. 2801:'s being the most famous), 25 Hz power was used to drive rotary converters at substations along the line. Some sources state that the station was largely dormant by the 1920s. When AC overhead electrification was extended in the 1930s, Long Island City connected to the 11 kV catenary distribution system. Operation of the station was transferred to 2288:), Pennsylvania – The Lamokin plant was built in the 1920s and has a net capacity of 48 MW and consists of three 16 MW motor generators. All three units will be overhauled, including re-winding of rotors and stators, and replacement of slip ring assemblies. Associated breakers and cables are also planned for replacement. 8691:. The line was subsequently abandoned by Conrail and the tracks removed, but Amtrak has retained an easement to operate its 138 kV transmission lines over the roadbed. Towers and conductors and wire over 24 miles (39 km) of the route were replaced; work was completed in September 2011. The scope of work included: 1868:. Superimposed on these electrified lines was an independent power grid delivering 25 Hz current from the point of generation to electric locomotives anywhere on nearly 500 route miles (800 km) of track, all under the control of electric power dispatchers in Harrisburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City. 9932: 8846:

At 8:02 am, three of the Richmond converter modules breakers tripped. A fourth tripped shortly afterward. After the fourth Richmond breaker tripped, the system began to destabilize. Human operators recognized the impending system damage and manually tripped the remaining power supplies, shutting down

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Faults in one part of the line also affect the entire distribution system since it is impossible for the 138 kV transmission system to protect or reconfigure itself during a fault condition. High voltage faults generally are cleared by opening converter output breakers, which causes a concurrent

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and steam turbine generators were the original power sources on the PRR traction power network. The last steam turbine shut down in 1954, but some of the original motor generators remain. Although the converting machines are frequently called 'rotary converters' or 'rotary frequency converters,' they

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The new lines would connect to the existing 1ED and 2ED circuits, which would be abandoned between the junction and their current terminus at the Earnest Junction HT Switch. The plan also includes the construction of a 138/12 kV substation at Bryn Mawr to replace the existing switching station.

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The Ivy City substation project marked the first extension of 138 kV transmission line since the Safe Harbor Dam was constructed in 1938. In the original PRR electrification scheme, the 138 kV transmission lines went south from Landover to the Capital South substation rather than following

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The PRR substation architecture was based on a long-distance, high-speed railway. The substation spacing ensures that any train is never more than 4 or 5 miles from the nearest substation, which minimizes voltage drop. One disadvantage to the substation design as originally built by the PRR concerns

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Jericho Park, MD – 20 MW Static Converter. Jericho Park was constructed to replace the capacity lost when BG&E declined to renew the Benning rotary converter contract. BG&E proposed a static converter to replace Benning, and Jericho Park came into service six years later. It consists of

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Low system voltages beginning at 7:45 am on Tuesday, August 24, 2010, caused Amtrak to order an essentially system-wide stoppage of trains within the 25 Hz traction network. Slow-speed service was gradually restored, and the power problem was corrected by 9:00 am, although delays persisted the

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On May 25, 2006, during restoration from maintenance on one of the Richmond inverter modules, a command to restore the module to full output capability was not executed. The system tolerated this reduced capacity for about 36 hours, during which time the problem went unnoticed. During rush hour the

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and the Trenton Cut-off between the Zoo and Frazer substations. The new routing will reduce maintenance costs, as Amtrak must maintain transmission poles and control vegetation along the right-of-way, which it neither owns nor uses for revenue service. The conceptual line will run from the existing

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The arrangement of catenary supports and transmission wires gives the overhead structure along former Pennsylvania Railroad lines its characteristic 80-foot (24 m)-tall H-shaped structure. They are much taller than the overhead electrification structures on other electrified American railroads

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Disadvantages of motor generators include lower efficiency, generally between 83% (lightly loaded machine) and 92% (fully loaded machine). In comparison, cycloconverter efficiency can exceed 95%. Also, motor generators require more routine maintenance due to their nature as rotating machines, given

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In late 2010, Amtrak solicited design services for new transmission lines between Paoli and Zoo substations. Primary objectives of this expansion include improving the reliability of transmission between Safe Harbor and Philadelphia and reducing maintenance costs. This project complements the Safe

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A typical substation includes two to four 138/12 kV transformers, 138 kV air switches that permit isolation of individual transformers, shutdown of one of the two 138 kV feeders, or cross-connection from one feeder to another. The output of the transformers is routed to the catenary

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were retired in the mid-1970s due to safety concerns. Two transformers were installed to supply catenary power from the remaining (three-phase) portions of ConEd's still relatively extensive 25 Hz system. Power flow management problems prevented usage of this source under other than emergency

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Jericho Park was the first solid-state power supply introduced on the Amtrak network. It suffered from some filtering network problems caused by the highly distorted voltage present on the catenary and was ultimately downgraded from its original design capacity of 25 MW to 22 MVA. Amtrak

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Low system voltage around New York City caused a halt of trains in and around the New York area at 8:45 am on Wednesday, December 23, 2009. Power was never fully lost, and full voltage was restored by 11:30 am. Amtrak stated that an electrical problem in North Bergen, New Jersey (near the western

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By 8:03 am, the entire 25 Hz system, stretching from Washington, D.C. to Queens, New York, was shut down. About 52,000 people were stranded on trains or otherwise affected. Two New Jersey Transit trains stranded under the Hudson River were retrieved by diesel locomotives. The restoration was

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The Ivy City project resulted in the installation of two 4.5 MVA transformers in a 138/12 kV substation on the northeast edge of the Ivy City yard complex and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) of 138 kV transmission line to augment the overstretched facilities at Landover. Since the original

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During the beginning of the 20th century, 25 Hz power was much more readily available from commercial electrical utilities. The vast majority of urban subway systems used 25 Hz power to supply their lineside rotary converters used to generate the DC voltage supplied to the trains. Since

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struck the northeast coast of the U.S. Augmented by a nor'easter, the storm surge from Sandy raced through the Hackensack Meadows, severely damaging (among other railroad infrastructure) Kearney Substation #41 and knocking it offline. This loss of electrical capacity forced Amtrak and New Jersey

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The following is a list of all major segments of the 25 Hz 138 kV transmission infrastructure listing substations (SS or Sub) or high-tension switching stations (HT Sw'g) as termini. For clarity, the positions of substations are not repeated in this table. A listing of the high-tension

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Today, about 55 substations are part of Amtrak's network. Substations are spaced on average 8 miles (13 km) apart and feed 12 kV catenary circuits in both directions along the line. Thus, the catenary is segmented (via section breaks, also called 'sectionalizations' by the PRR) at each

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The static converters in the system were commissioned during the decade between 1992 and around 2002. Static converters use high-power solid-state electronics with few moving parts. Chief advantages of static converters over motor generators include lower capital cost, lower operating costs, and

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While a majority of the transmission infrastructure is located directly above the rail lines on the same structure that supports the catenary system, some lines are either located above lines that have been de-electrified or abandoned or, in a few cases, on completely independent rights of way.

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Cheyney and West Chester, both listed as having transformers in 1935 (WEMCO Book and ET-1 drawing), were removed, along with the 138 kV transmission lines supplying them, sometime between 1965 and 1968, according to aerial mapping photographs on HistoricAerials.com. 1932 photograph of part of

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All transmission lines within the 25 Hz system are two-wire, single-phase, 138 kV. The center tap of each 138 kV/12 kV transformer is connected to ground; thus the two transmission lines are tied to ±69 kV with respect to ground and 138 kV relative to each other.

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and the opening of Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan. The station consisted of 64 coal-fired boilers and three steam turbine generators with a total capacity of 16 MW. In 1910, the station was expanded with two additional turbine generators for a total capacity of 32.5 MW. Power was

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The majority of power sources in the original Pennsylvania Railroad electrification were built prior to 1940. Some have been retired outright, others have been replaced with co-located static frequency converters, and others remain in service and will be refurbished and operated indefinitely.

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During the 1970s, several of the original converter or power stations that originally supplied power to the system were shut down. Also, the end of electrified through-freight service on the Main Line to Paoli allowed the original 1915 substations and their 44 kV distribution lines to be

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had originally planned to convert the PRR's system to the utility grid standard of 60 Hz. Ultimately, this plan was shelved as economically unfeasible, and the electrical traction infrastructure was left largely unchanged with the exception of a general traction power voltage increase to

1875:; the PRR was no exception. The infrastructure of the Northeast Corridor remained essentially unchanged through the series of mergers and bankruptcies, which ended in Amtrak's creation and acquisition of the former PRR lines, which came to be known as the Northeast Corridor. The circa 1976 2197:

of energy to the Amtrak substation at Perryville. Typically, two-thirds of the Safe Harbor output is routed through Perryville, the remainder being sent through Harrisburg or Parkesburg. This suggests that Safe Harbor supplies around 200 GWh of energy annually into the 25 Hz network.

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to convert low-frequency alternating current to DC power. The converters used are more precisely described as motor generators and consist of two synchronous AC machines on a common shaft with different ratios of poles; they are not electrically connected as in a true rotary converter.

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decommissioned with that 20-mile (32 km) section of track being fed from 1930s-era substations on either end. In the decade between 1992 and 2002, several static converter stations were commissioned to replace stations that had or were being shut down. Jericho Park, Richmond, and

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Disconnects the feeder (42H) from Richmond from transmission line running between Frankford (22HT) and Cornwells (230E) in event of damage to catenary supports on Delair Branch. Allow limited feeding between Cornwells and Frankford to bypass Richmond. Damaged following the

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Richmond (Philadelphia), PA – The Richmond Static Converter plant consists of five 36 MW modules and has a net capacity of 180 MW. It was ordered from Siemens in 1999 for $ 60 million, and installation was completed around 2002. The plant receives 69 kV,

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request. During the twelve-month period that ended in August 2009, the Jericho Park converter used about 70 GWh of energy. Note that SEPTA's static converter plant at Wayne Junction is also based on this technology, although it was supplied by a different company; see

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Funding for this project was included under the ARRA program. The specified number of poles spaced approximately 500 feet (150 m) per tower is approximately twice as far apart as the span length between the 1930s structures, which averaged 270 feet (82 m).

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higher conversion efficiency. The Jericho Park converter exceeds its efficiency design criteria of 95%. Major disadvantages of solid state converters include harmonic frequency generation on both the 25 Hz and 60 Hz sides, and lower overload capability.

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in Queens, 0.4 miles (0.64 km) north of GATE interlocking at Bowery Bay substation, between catenary poles C-66 and C-70. Amtrak operates a short section of 60 Hz catenary between there and just south of New Rochelle (Metro-North's SHELL Interlocking)

10162:"Testimony before the Public Service Commission of Maryland, In The Matter Of The Baltimore Gas And Electric Company's Proposed: (a) Stranded Cost Quantification Mechanism; (b) Price Protection Mechanism; And (c) Unbundled Rates [Case Nos. 8794/8804]" 2189:

capability which was most recently demonstrated during a 2006 blackout. After a cascade shutdown of converters had left the network de-energized, it was recovered using Safe Harbor's generators, and the other converters were subsequently brought back online.

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Metuchen – In October 2014, Amtrak placed a contract with Siemens for two 30 MW converters to supplement the existing 25MW motor-generator from 1933. The project was completed in 2017 and forms part of the New Jersey High Speed Rail Improvement Program

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Demolished circa 2011. Power at 13 kV, single phase, 25 Hz, ran from four switches at NE corner of building NE along Trenton Ave and connecting rail line to Frankford Junction, where they ran along Delair Branch to Richmond Sub 31. Also supplied

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dedicated to 25 Hz power generation. A 25 MW bi-directional motor generator-type frequency converter is also installed. The total 25 Hz capacity of the dam is 81 MW. Power from Safe Harbor is transmitted via the Conestoga substation to

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In October 2014 SEPTA requested interested contractors to submit bids for the rehabilitation of Lenni substation. In December 2014 SEPTA awarded a $ 6.82 million contract to Vanalt Electrical for the work. The work was completed by the end of fall 2016.

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did not exist at the time, the railroad constructed its own distribution system to transmit power from generating sites to trains, possibly hundreds of miles distant. To accomplish this, the PRR implemented a pioneering system of single-phase

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Originally constructed by Consolidated Edison to supply power to their DC distribution system in Manhattan, Waterside began supplying power to the PRR's AC system around 1938 when ConEd assumed operation of the Long Island City Station. The

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Eitzmann, M.A.; Paserba, J.J.; Undrill, J.M.; Amicarella, C.; Jones, A.L.; Khalafalla, E.B.; Liverant, W. (March 1997). "Model development and stability assessment of the Amtrak 25 Hz traction system from New York to Washington DC".

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ratings and clean output current. Solid state electronics can be damaged very quickly, so the microprocessor control systems react very quickly to over-correct conditions to place the converter in a safe, idle mode or to trip the output

2345:), NY – Static Inverter rated at 30 MW ordered from ABB in 1993 for $ 27 million. This converter is operated by Amtrak and generally runs at low continuous loading to provide peaking and reactive power support to the New York area. 8604:

Amtrak's capital improvement program which began in 2003 has continued to the present day and has since 2009 received added support from economic stimulus funding sources (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 or ARRA).

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rotary converters work more efficiently with lower-frequency supplies, 25 Hz was a common supply frequency for these machines. Rotary converters have been steadily replaced over the past 70 years with, at first, mercury arc

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Over 550 GWh of energy is consumed annually by locomotives on the system. If this were consumed at a constant rate over the entire year (although it is not in practice), the average system load would be approximately 63 MW.

6012: 8856:' using the Safe Harbor water turbines, and most services along the system returned to normal by mid-afternoon. Amtrak subsequently improved its system of maintaining 'rescue' diesel locomotives near the Hudson River tunnels. 4985: 8675:, Union Station and its approaches became a single-end fed section of track. This, combined with rising traffic levels, resulted in low voltage conditions on the approaches to Union Station and decreased system reliability. 5671: 3265: 5155: 5095: 9484: 3375: 7835:

Generally, two separate two-wire circuits travel along the rail line between substations. One circuit is mounted at the top of the catenary poles on one side of the track; the second circuit runs along the other side.

5729: 2975:. Shortly after commissioning the 1915 electrification, the railroad discovered that the 44 kV feeders and large inductive loads on the system were causing significant voltage sag. The supplying electric utility ( 6447: 3871: 2783:

and, more recently, solid-state rectifiers. Thus, the need for special frequency power for urban traction has disappeared, along with the financial motivation for utilities to operate generators at these frequencies.

2245: 3210: 2291: 6562: 5327: 2348: 9472:"Request for Design Services Letters of Interest for Pre-Qualification to Develop Construction Specifications for Construction of a New Transmission Line / Electrification System from Zoo to Paoli, Pennsylvania." 6672: 6617: 2923: 4875: 3544: 2805:

in 1938, although ConEd began supplying power from the adjacent Waterside Generating Station, most likely due to declining overall demand for 25 Hz power. The station was disused and sold in the mid-1950s.

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Catenary supports near Odenton, Maryland. Three-conductor 60 Hz utility lines enter from the left and are carried in either direction along the line. The remainder of the high voltage lines are 25 Hz.

3489: 8667:. The two tracks between Landover and Union Station had no high voltage transmission line above them; Union Station catenary was fed at 12 kV from the Landover and Capitol substations (the latter via the 3653: 7517: 2446: 10161: 8733: 2496: 8120:

Westward continuation of Lamokin-Lenni 138 kV circuits via Cheyney Sub 03. Utility-style transmission towers on RoW directly parallel to West Chester Branch. De-energized and removed between 1965 and 1968.

3115:. By 1935, new stations were connected to remote supervision systems, allowing power directors to open and close switches and breakers from central offices without having to go through the tower operators. 1786:(AC) systems. These low-frequency systems had the AC advantage of higher transmission voltages, reducing resistive losses over long distances, as well as the typically DC advantage of easy motor control as 5218: 7238: 5843: 7961:

Out of service and almost completely removed. Some portions east of the Earnest Junction HT Switching Station and west of the Morrisville Substation (within the confines of the Morrisville yard) remain.

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elected not to renew the contract under which it had operated the Benning Power Station frequency changer on behalf of Amtrak. They proposed a static frequency changer, which was built at Jericho Park (

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The existing 1915 catenary structures are planned for replacement, and new transmission supports will be compatible with catenary replacement. However, none of this was done due to local opposition.

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The Delair Branch between Frankford Junction and Pavonia yard was de-electrified in late 1966. It was re-electrified on May 21, 1973. It was de-electrified again (probably in the early 1980s?). See

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In February 2014 SEPTA awarded a $ 6.62 million contract to Philips Brothers Electrical Contractors Inc. for the rehabilitation of Morton substation. The work was completed by the end of fall 2016.

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its lack of 138 kV circuit breakers. Essentially, all segmentation of the 138 kV system must be manually accomplished, making rapid isolation of a fault on the 138 kV line difficult.

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the bearings and slip rings. Today, the outright replacement of motor generators would also be difficult due to the high manufacturing cost and limited demand for these large 25 Hz machines.

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had already electrified a portion of its Main Line in 1908 at 11 kV 25 Hz AC and this served as a template for the PRR, which installed its own trial main line electrification between

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Utility-style transmission towers. P5 and P6 lines were tapped south to serve Fishing Creek Sub 54 and Conowingo Sub 53. These taps were removed concurrently with their associated substations.

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converters were all installed during this period. This replaced much of the electrical frequency conversion equipment, but the lineside transmission and distribution equipment were unchanged.

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Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Now the supply substation for Amtrak's 60 Hz system between Gate Interlocking and New Rochelle.

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As of 1997, the system included 951 miles (1,530 km) of 138 kV transmission lines, 55 substations, 147 transformers, and 1,104 miles (1,777 km) of 12 kV catenary.

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The system powers 226.6 miles (364.7 km) of the NEC between New York City and Washington, D.C., the entire 104-mile (167 km) Keystone Corridor, a portion of NJ Transit's

10208:"Thirtieth Street Station, Load Dispatch Center, Thirtieth & Market Streets, Railroad Station, Amtrak (formerly Pennsylvania Railroad Station), Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA" 6392: 5500: 3598: 1934:

2.2 kV 91⅔ Hz – NY Penn Area. 60 Hz used 1910–1931. 100 Hz installed but quickly changed to avoid interference caused by simultaneous AC and DC electrification

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The Zoo to Paoli transmission line would replace the current supply scheme, which uses 138 kV lines that run circuitously along the SEPTA Cynwyd Line, the Schuylkill Branch

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Benning Road power station in Washington, D.C., supplied 25 MVA of 25 Hz power via a rotary frequency changer in the hall nearest the Metro tracks from 1935 until 1986.

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A new substation (Number 34A) called Hamilton was constructed in Mercer County, NJ. Work on the site began in early 2013, and the substation sap put into service in early 2015.

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Only about half of the system's electrical capacity is used by Amtrak; the remainder is sold to the regional railroads that operate their trains along the corridor, including

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transmitted to rotary converters (AC to DC machines) for use in the PRR's original third rail electrification scheme. Like most DC electric distribution systems of the time (

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The south end of the electrification is sufficiently far into Washington's 1st Street tunnel to allow electrics arriving with a southbound train to cut off and return north.

5558: 3990: 8798:; therefore, they are not covered by Amtrak capital funding programs. SEPTA's own capital improvement plan, formulated in late 2013 after passage of funding legislation in 7803:

The Load Dispatcher's Mimic Board at 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1996. The entire 138 kV transmission system is represented on this panel.

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Provides a good discussion on the design decisions related to the Ivy City substation. Good plan view of the substation and breaker and transmission line designations.

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Currently, the following converter and generating plants are operable, although all are rarely in operation simultaneously due to maintenance shutdowns and overhauls:

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2009) during the morning rush hour and up to 225 MW during the afternoon. Peak load has risen significantly over time. In 1997, the peak load was 148 MW.

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The 25 Hz system was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad with a nominal voltage of 11 kV. The nominal operating voltages were raised in 1948 and are now:

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substation, and each substation feeds both sides of a catenary's section break. A train traveling between two substations draws power through both transformers.

1899:, and catenary wire. Statistically, this capital improvement has resulted in significantly fewer delays, although dramatic system shutdowns have still occurred. 10252: 10181: 2185:

The 25 Hz turbines at the dam are scheduled by Amtrak but operated by Safe Harbor Water Power Company. Like other hydroelectric plants, it has excellent

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Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Switching only. Section break between 25 Hz and 60 Hz systems.

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In 2011, Amtrak replaced the transmission lines that tie the Conestoga Substation to Parkesburg via Atglen. These lines were originally installed over the

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Abandoned; concrete footings visible. Single transmission line between Safe Harbor Sub 55 and Royalton Sub 71 runs past site, but no longer terminates.

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systems. While they performed adequately for tunnel service, the PRR ultimately found it inadequate for long-distance, high-speed electrification.

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hampered by policies that allowed the converter stations to operate unattended during rush hour periods. The 25 Hz system was restored by a '

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In 2003, Amtrak commenced a capital improvement plan that involved planned replacement of much of the lineside network, including 138/12 kV

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Despite the recent capital improvements throughout the system, several high-profile power failures have occurred along the NEC in recent years.

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The large substation at the Safe Harbor dam is one of the minority that steps-up 25 Hz power to 138 kV for long distance transmission.

9123: 8528:. Manually operated disconnect switches, now redundant with the abandonment of Trenton Cutoff transmission line and removal of Earnest Sub 63. 2485: 8941: 144: 8730:

Paoli substation to the junction of the Harrisburg to Philadelphia main line and SEPTA's Cynwyd Line at 52nd Street in West Philadelphia.

3139: 10568: 2984: 9794: 9536: 1984:, using two wires. Typically, at least two separate 138 kV circuits follow each right of way to supply the line-side substations. 3123:

via 12 kV circuit breakers and air disconnect switches. Cross-connect switches allow one transformer to feed all catenary lines.

10087:. A good general overview of the 1930s electrification, written while most of the main line was complete, but work was still ongoing. 7841: 4813: 2971:

has primarily been supplied along with real power by the steam turbines and motor generators of the system, the PRR briefly used two

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Amtrak has since requested federal funding to upgrade the Kearny substation so it is high enough not to be affected by flood water.

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was fully established. This is the reason the system uses 25 Hz, as opposed to 60 Hz, which is the standard frequency for

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Regardless of the source, all converter and generator plants supply power to the transmission system at 138 kV, 25 Hz,

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of all the power sources in the system is about 354 MW. The instantaneous peak loading on the system is 210–220 MW (as of

890: 56: 1876: 10108: 9982: 8671:). When the Capitol South substation was abandoned, coincident with the de-electrification of the track between Landover and 3166: 2792:

Long Island City Power Station in Hunter's Point, NY, was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 in preparation for the

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West of Susquehanna River near Harrisburg; disconnects circuits running between Enola, Harrisburg, and Rowenna substations

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See photograph HAER PA,51-PHILA,712B-3 one-line diagram details. The tap for the line to Fishing Creek was located here:

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portal and the Union City substation) caused the problem but did not further elaborate on the nature of the malfunction.

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lines and Amtrak's New England division are much shorter and are recognizable due to different design and construction.

8582: 3156: 3092: 9238:, in the Flickr album of the John W. Barriger III National Railroad Library (original photo by John W. Barriger III). 7063: 9457: 10622: 10550: 10351: 9507: 9282: 8913: 8413:

Disconnects each of main line circuits (4) from two spurs that runs via private ROW to Metuchen Frequency Changer.

6061: 1966: 1822:, two wire 44 kV distribution circuits. Tests on the line using experimental electric locomotives such as the 1289: 137: 10514: 10488: 10414: 10207: 8103:. Built 1928 with two circuits, as indicated on PRR ET-1 of 1935; one circuit later removed, probably in 1960s. 1829:

In the 1920s, the PRR decided to electrify major portions of its eastern rail network, and because a commercial

10469: 10419: 10239:"Pennsylvania Station, New York Terminal Service Plant, 250 West Thirty-first Street, New York, New York, NY", 1826:

revealed that the 44 kV distribution lines would be insufficient for heavier loads over longer distances.

9820: 8688: 9907: 10426: 9745: 8894: 2854: 7452:

Demolished; concrete footings still visible. Separate from Conowingo generating station, never connected.

10540: 10519: 10381: 5201: 2983:

correction was needed. In 1917, the PRR installed two 11 kV, 4.5 MVA synchronous converters at

1981: 1819: 130: 9761: 9693: 9611: 9201:"The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Broad Street Terminal, Philadelphia, to Paoli". 9098: 8799: 8172:

Rails removed. Catenary poles removed and transmission lines replaced in 2010/2011. See section below.

2913: 2389: 82: 51:, and several branch lines between New York City and Washington D.C. The system was constructed by the 10300:

Blalock, Thomas (Fall 2003). "The Frequency Changer Era – Interconnecting systems of varying cycles".

8099:

Feeds west end of SEPTA Media/Wawa Line. Utility-style transmission towers roughly paralleling former

3151: 10024:"The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Broad Street Terminal Philadelphia to Paoli", 7811:

The four utility-owned 138 kV circuits from Safe Harbor (Pennsylvania) to Perryville (Maryland).

2223: 1764: 10151: 9485:"Height of poles, safety are concerns at Amtrak meeting; more sessions scheduled tonight and June 6" 6437:

12 kV switching station supplied from Capitol 1935, then Landover c. 1990, then Ivy City 2010.

10509: 9350: 8664: 4920:

138kV step-up only, fed from adjacent PECO Richmond Power Station and rotary converter. Abandoned.

2342: 2242:– 25 MW Motor Generator. Upgrades to transmission lines and circuit breakers are planned for 2010. 2174: 1857: 1429: 10205: 6835:

Phase Break Indicators Holds one of the three sets of 138 kV circuit breakers in the system.

1763:(PRR) began experimenting with electric traction in 1910, coincident with their completion of the 10409: 7924: 6951: 6783: 3100: 1841:

at 132 kV, stepped down to the 11 kV at regularly spaced substations along the tracks.

1752: 614: 514: 433: 105: 97: 10253:"Streetscapes: Long Island City Power Station; A 1906 Railroad Landmark on the Queens Shoreline" 9573: 5888:

Phase Break Indicator. 138 kV circuit breakers segment transmission lines North from West.

8650:

Construction of a new substation, called Hamilton (Sub 34A), between Morrisville and Princeton.

7840:

due to the 138 kV transmission lines. Catenary towers and transmission lines along former

7623: 7175: 4209: 4205: 3108: 2861: 2170: 2162: 71:

that runs between Boston and New Haven, which is known as the Northend Electrification system.

40: 10273: 10189: 10029: 10000: 9447:

See discussion in McElligott for a detailed discussion of reasons for substation construction.

10376: 10138: 8205:

After Rowenna Sub decommissioned, one circuit logically split to run direct to Royalton Sub.

7562:

Step-up station for Safe Harbor supply. Catenary facilities added 1938 then disused c. 1980.

3421: 3079:

One-line diagram of Zoo Sub 9, circa 1997, on the Load Dispatcher mimic board in Philadelphia

2972: 2285: 1760: 78:, the successor to the Pennsylvania Railroad, along with the rest of the NEC infrastructure. 52: 9777: 9547: 9328: 8893:

Transit to operate fewer trains, using modified weekend schedules. With assistance from the

10431: 10344: 8100: 3977: 2178: 1845: 1105: 101: 8965: 1782:

Other railroads had, by this time, experimented with low frequency (less than 60 Hz)

8: 9471: 8898: 8791: 8668: 8631:

Replace the 138 kV transmission line between Safe Harbor (Conestoga Substation) and

7736: 3104: 3067: 3050: 2976: 2802: 2793: 2393: 2121: 1849: 1811: 1783: 1005: 86: 9412: 10555: 10459: 10257: 10114: 10049: 9988: 9167:

The black-out mimic bus is visible to the right of Waterside in HABS NY,31-NEYO,78A-53.

8921:

operates along the northern portions of the Northeast Corridor from New Haven to Boston

6840: 5488: 5205: 3053: 1970: 1838: 60: 44: 30: 7979:

Splits from Main Line south of Holmesburg and follows alignment along Delaware River.

7807: 6547:

Supplied from Capitol. Disused c. 1980 and demolished c. 2000, New Utility Sub built.

3083: 10317: 10226: 10118: 10104: 10053: 9992: 9978: 9719: 9236:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/barrigerlibrary/13413592733/in/album-72157640554479833/

8525: 3096: 1795: 48: 9847:"Key Amtrak electrical substation in New Jersey to come back online Friday, Nov. 16" 9637: 2140: 1844:

The first line to be electrified using this new system was between Philadelphia and

10524: 10479: 10309: 10288:

New York Edison Company, Powerhouse, 686-700 First Avenue, New York, New York, NY,

10206:

Historic American Engineering Record (Survey Number HAER PA-404-B) (January 1997).

10096: 10074: 10041: 9970: 9746:"Blackout on the Rails: Overview; Thousands Are Stuck as Northeast Trains Go Dark." 2660: 2211: 1865: 1853: 1627: 8722:

Harbor to Atglen transmission line replacement, which has already been completed.

2193:

During the twelve-month period ending August 2009, Safe Harbor supplied about 133

10597: 10337: 9045: 8889: 8795: 8347:

High-tension switching stations – located outside substations, i.e. in the field

8079: 7815: 5950: 4317: 2917: 2228: 2206: 2158: 2145: 1896: 1798:

contact with trolley wire is also more tolerant of high speeds and variations in

1787: 1241: 1055: 113: 8653:

Upgrade of the catenary and power system for high-speed operation in New Jersey.

10393: 10388: 10082: 9944: 9038: 8961: 8636: 8625: 7231: 7058:

Supplied Columbia Branch from Mainline catenary (12 kV). Disused c. 1980?

5836: 5779: 5663: 2968: 2440: 2129: 1885: 1861: 1815: 1799: 1772: 26: 10313: 10100: 10045: 9974: 9058: 9056: 9054: 10591: 10474: 10321: 10078: 9381: 9367: 8988: 8974: 8749: 8735: 8554: 8540: 8490: 8476: 8439: 8425: 8387: 8373: 7759: 7745: 7702: 7688: 7647: 7633: 7588: 7574: 7533: 7519: 7478: 7464: 7423: 7409: 7368: 7354: 7313: 7299: 7254: 7240: 7198: 7184: 7142: 7128: 7086: 7072: 7029: 7015: 6975: 6961: 6917: 6903: 6863: 6849: 6806: 6792: 6750: 6736: 6688: 6674: 6633: 6619: 6578: 6564: 6518: 6504: 6463: 6449: 6408: 6394: 6354: 6340: 6300: 6286: 6246: 6232: 6192: 6178: 6138: 6124: 6084: 6070: 6028: 6014: 5974: 5960: 5916: 5902: 5859: 5845: 5803: 5789: 5745: 5731: 5687: 5673: 5629: 5615: 5574: 5560: 5516: 5502: 5458: 5444: 5403: 5389: 5343: 5329: 5288: 5274: 5234: 5220: 5171: 5157: 5111: 5097: 5056: 5042: 5001: 4987: 4946: 4932: 4891: 4877: 4837: 4823: 4779: 4765: 4725: 4711: 4670: 4656: 4616: 4602: 4562: 4548: 4508: 4494: 4454: 4440: 4400: 4386: 4346: 4332: 4287: 4273: 4233: 4219: 4171: 4157: 4116: 4102: 4061: 4047: 4006: 3992: 3947: 3933: 3887: 3873: 3832: 3818: 3778: 3764: 3724: 3710: 3669: 3655: 3614: 3600: 3560: 3546: 3505: 3491: 3450: 3436: 3391: 3377: 3336: 3322: 3281: 3267: 3226: 3212: 3006: 2992: 2939: 2925: 2884: 2870: 2825: 2811: 2798: 2682: 2668: 2512: 2498: 2462: 2448: 2415: 2401: 2364: 2350: 2307: 2293: 2261: 2247: 2215: 2194: 2125: 1880:

12 kV and a corresponding transmission voltage increase to 138 kV.

1830: 1694: 10244: 2750: 2148:

generates 25 Hz railroad power via two turbines in the east end of the

1860:

was completed along with several freight-only lines. Also included were the

10091:

Jones, A.L. (April 1993). "A new power supply for the Northeast Corridor".

10036:

Freeman, B. (April 1990). "Electric Traction Frequency – A Specific Case".

9470:

National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Philadelphia, PA (2010).

9051: 8672: 7819:

Catenary support with 6.9 kV, 100 Hz transformer for signal power

7799: 5893: 2980: 2239: 2149: 1954: 1937:

3.3 kV 100 Hz – Paoli/Chestnut Hill. 60 Hz used 1915/18–1930

1872: 1835: 1807: 1464: 834: 10180:

Reply Testimony of Stanley R. Forczek, August 28, 2009. Case Number 9173.

10038:

Technical Papers Presented at the 1990 ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference

9253:"Amtrak to Re-open Three Tunnels to Penn Station New York, Friday, Nov. 9" 8695:

Original portal and cantilever catenary support (~450 structures) removal.

5200:

Catenary disused c. 1980. Remained for a while to supply signal power for

8853: 5550: 3087:

The Power Dispatcher's view of substation 43 (New York City Penn Station)

2186: 1892: 1791: 767: 109: 10293: 8612:

Completion of the Ivy City substation and 138 kV transmission line.

3091:

The PRR's original 1915 electrification made use of four substations at

3034: 8726: 8632: 7119: 6727: 5721: 3112: 2780: 2181:(four circuits), where it is fed into the lineside 138 kV network. 1776: 1747: 90: 9933:"Amtrak is working on the railroad in 2010 (Press Release ATK-10-062)" 9209:(12). Pittsburgh, PA: The Electric Journal Co.: 536–541 December 1915. 8600:

Ivy City Substation 25 under construction in Washington, D.C., in 2010

8340:

Former route to Capitol Sub 25. Out of service and partially removed.

2663:

system via Wayne Junction. Transmission lines have also been removed.

2592:

Three turbines originally, five from c. 1910. 32.5 MW total capacity.

2484:

has requested funding to rehabilitate portions of the converter in an

1913: 10484: 7507:

Removed. Separate from Holtwood generating station, never connected.

10546:

List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak

10128:"Strengthening Amtrak's South End – the Ivy City Substation Project" 9692:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Archived from 9610:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Archived from 9283:"Federal officials announce new standards for post-Sandy rebuilding" 3142: 2762: 8705:

transmission conductor installation (two circuits, two wires each).

2746:

Long Island City Power Plant under construction in New York in 1905

2557:

The following tables lists sources which are no longer in service:

2117: 1940:

6.9 kV 91⅔ Hz – all electrification work from 1930 onward

1848:

in the late 1920s. By 1930, catenary extended from Philadelphia to

29:

trainset operating under the 25 Hz traction power system near

9683:"Morton Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 15-008-MJP)" 8960:

The 25 Hz system continues through New York Penn Station and

100:(between the NEC and Matawan), along with the entirety of SEPTA's 10562:

Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads

10028:, Vol 12, pp. 536–541, Pittsburgh, PA: 1915. Retrieved from 9915: 9877:"Amtrak asks Congress for emergency funding for flood protection" 9663: 9601:"Lenni Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 14-197-JAB)" 9574:"Lenni Substation Rehabilitation Project (Bid Number 14-197-JAB)" 8925:

Electrification of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad

8802:, allowed for the renewal of all components at Morton and Lenni. 8323:

Portion from Landover (24) to Ivy City (25) constructed in 2010.

2742: 2201: 2165: 1823: 21: 9963: 9062: 7287:

Low-grade Freight Routes (now only used for transmission lines)

3059: 2766:

A picture of one of the 1916 Radnor Synchronous Condensers from

10360: 9417: 8836:

next morning (May 26), the overall capacity became overloaded:

8596: 3643:

Switching Station only since c. 1960. Components replaced 2013

4316:

Temporarily knocked out October 29, 2012, by storm surge from

3976:

Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with

3045: 2116:

Several types of equipment are currently in operation: static

1965:

Electrical power originates at seven generation facilities or

10576:

National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp.

7921: 3075: 2755: 1751:

Old substation built for the 1915 electrification project at

9037:

ET Electrical Operating Instructions (AMT-2) retrieved from

8840:

At 7:55 am, the two Jericho Park converter breakers tripped.

8286:

Runs across Susquehanna River on Cumberland Valley RR Bridge

6717:

Supplied PRR Schuylkill Branch and Trenton Cutoff. Removed.

4699:

New substation was commissioned into service in early 2015.

2545: 10093:

Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE/ASME Joint Railroad Conference

10063:"Single-Phase Electrification on the Pennsylvania Railroad" 9967:

Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/ASME Joint Railroad Conference

9778:"Amtrak Takes Action to Ease Delays During Power Failures." 9546:. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Archived from 8702: 4975:

Also supplied 44 kV to Allen Lane c. 1930 to c. 19??.

3293:

Arsenal Bridge Substation 2 (44 kV portion; abandoned)

2625:

Replaced with co-located 180 MW Static Frequency Converter

2222:

Principal advantages of motor generators include very high

10190:"Power Factor Correction and Voltage Regulation Equipment" 3063:

A one-line diagram of the 1930 era substation at Bowie, MD

10329: 10243:, Survey Number HABS NY,31-NEYO,78A-, retrieved from the 9792: 9219:"The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad", 1915. 9154: 9152: 8877: 7993:

Along Main Line to Frankford Junction, then Delair Branch

1719: 10618:

Electric power transmission systems in the United States

10160:

Forczek, Stanley R.; Coles, Lynn R. (February 5, 1999).

9234:

Lenni-West Chester transmission line at Wawa station at

8933:, also used by commuter trains in the Philadelphia area. 8761:

End of New Construction for Paoli-Zoo Transmission Lines

8682: 7823: 3479:

Station expanded 1938. 44 kV disconnected c. 1960

10126:

McElligott, S.P.; Hornung, E.F. (September 23, 2008).

9149: 8790:

The Morton #01 and Lenni #02 substations are owned by

8663:

the line through Ivy City to the northern approach to

2787: 2540: 2331: 10001:"Electrification of the Pennsylvania at Philadelphia" 9942: 9404: 4200:

Switching only; two sections: 31st St., and 7th Ave.

1871:

Northeast railroads atrophied in the years following

1814:

in 1915. Power was transmitted along the tops of the

9945:"Drawing ET-1, Eastern Region Electric Power System" 9726:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 9720:"Morton Substation (Media/Elwyn Regional Rail Line)" 9644:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 9580:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 9517:. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 7944:

Via Helmetta Sub 47; Out of service, lines removed.

3238:

West Philadelphia Substation 1 (44 kV; Removed)

10292:, Survey HABS NY,31-NEYO,159A-, retrieved from the 9795:"Northeast train problems strand holiday travelers" 9638:"Lenni Substation (Media/Elwyn Regional Rail Line)" 9139: 9137: 8643:Major improvements planned for the future include: 1856:Finally, in 1939, the main line from Paoli west to 10067:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 9410: 9250: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9103: 8222:Line now continuous from Safe Harbor to Royalton. 63:in North America. The system is also known as the 10202:Retrieved from Google Books on November 12, 2010. 10125: 9762:"New Gear, Not Old, Caused 2006 Amtrak Blackout." 9170: 8927:, electrification between New York and New Haven. 8716: 2773: 1852:, by 1933 to New York City, and by 1935 south to 987: 979: 972: 965: 10589: 10187: 9134: 8708:24 miles (39 km) of fiberoptic ground line. 2124:(sometimes called rotary frequency converters), 1908: 1587: 123: 9793:The Associated Press (AP) (December 23, 2009). 9491:. MediaNews Group. May 28, 2013. Archived from 9306: 9304: 9222: 8843:Shortly after, the Sunnyside converter tripped. 5068:Zoo Substation 8 (44 kV Portion); removed) 2962: 2920:) and placed on service in the spring of 1992. 2848: 2736:Power factor correction and voltage regulation 9724:Rebuilding for the Future (Substation Program) 9642:Rebuilding for the Future (Substation Program) 9327:. Mark D. Bej. January 1, 1963. Archived from 8859: 8777: 8657: 2549:Waterside Power station in Manhattan, New York 2202:Motor-generators (rotary frequency converters) 1418: 1410: 1403: 10345: 9664:"Philips Brothers Electrical Contractors Inc" 8942:Railroad electrification in the United States 7788:Demolished; concrete footings still visible. 6662:Demolished; concrete footings still visible. 6607:Demolished; concrete footings still visible. 4183:Penn Station Substation 43 (31st St. Section) 2837:Long Island City Generating Station (Disused) 138: 10608:Railway electrification in the United States 10159: 9827:. USA Today (a division of Gannett Co. Inc.) 9821:"New York, D.C. areas hit with train delays" 9301: 9246: 9244: 9039:http://www.amtrakengineer.net/AMT2111505.pdf 8868: 8698:Installation of 257 new monopole structures. 6492:Demolished; concrete footings still visible 2907: 2152:and an M-G set outside against the Dam face. 1617: 1609: 1602: 1143: 1135: 1128: 646: 638: 631: 10569:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. 10231:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9537:"SEPTA Projects Funded Under Senate Bill 1" 8621:Renew 18 miles of catenary in Pennsylvania. 2135: 583: 575: 568: 483: 475: 468: 402: 394: 387: 10352: 10338: 10011:(20). New York: 889–894. November 12, 1915 9529: 9124:"Siemens equipping Amtrak NJHSRIP project" 8042:Main Line from north of Phil to Washington 3980:in 1987. No longer supplies Amtrak power. 3111:to mount the 132 kV terminations and 1453: 1445: 145: 131: 74:In 1976, Amtrak inherited the system from 10276:. Engineering and Technology History Wiki 10274:"Railway Power Stations of New York City" 9839: 9241: 9122:Vantuono, William C. (October 14, 2014). 8919:Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system 8830: 8647:Upgrade the Metuchen frequency converter. 8615:Replace five traction power transformers. 8256:Served at Enola Yard, then removed 2011. 7842:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 6040:North Point (Baltimore, MD) Substation 19 5123:West Philadelphia Switching Substation 1A 3178:Former Pennsylvania Railroad Substations 2896:Waterside Generating Station (Demolished) 1804:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 1771:. These initial systems were low-voltage 1327: 1319: 1312: 1181: 1173: 1166: 69:Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system 37:Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system 10060: 9121: 8931:SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system 8884:Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey 8595: 7822: 7814: 7806: 7798: 5699:West Yard (Wilmington, DE) Substation 13 3082: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3044: 3033: 2761: 2749: 2741: 2544: 2491:SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System 2139: 2128:(hydroelectric generators) and a static 1912: 1746: 1526: 1518: 1511: 935: 927: 920: 229: 221: 214: 20: 10299: 10035: 9943:Pennsylvania Railroad (June 10, 1935). 9499: 8937:List of railway electrification systems 8618:Renew 40 miles of catenary in Maryland. 5372:Supplied from Waverly. Removed c. 1980 5030:Contains 138 kV circuit breakers. 3049:Old substation remote control panel at 2951:Benning Frequency Changer ( demolished) 1925:Catenary (Traction) Voltage: 12 kV 1264: 1256: 10613:Electric railways in the United States 10590: 9930: 9905: 9711: 9325:Mark D. Bej's – Railroad related stuff 9093: 9091: 9089: 9068: 8878:October–November 2012: Hurricane Sandy 8591: 7512:Safe Harbor (PRR) Conestoga Sub (SHWP) 5183:Journal Square Substation 50 (Disused) 5013:Zoo Substation 9 (138 kV Portion) 4320:; elevation above surge crest planned 3310:44 kV portions abandoned c. 1930 1877:Northeast Corridor Improvement Project 1557: 1549: 342: 334: 57:North American power transmission grid 10333: 10090: 9874: 9818: 9629: 9571: 9321:"PRR Interlocking Diagram of 'Thorn'" 9280: 9176: 9109: 8914:25 kV AC railway electrification 8683:Conestoga to Atglen transmission line 8608:Major improvements in 2010 included: 8155:Frazer SS to Paoli SS dead end line. 7794: 7617:Removed – site partially paved over. 7490:Fishing Creek Substation 54 (Removed) 7380:Providence Substation 52 (Demolished) 3365:Switching Station only since c. 1960 1957:varies between 0.75 and around 0.85. 1904:PRR Rail Line Electrification Project 1684: 1676: 879: 871: 823: 815: 808: 601: 593: 501: 493: 377: 369: 311: 303: 280: 272: 10465:Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line 10452: 10250: 10200:(9). New York: McGraw Hill: 439–440. 9515:Proposed Capital Plan: "Catching Up" 9143: 8320:Main Line Philadelphia to Washington 8270:Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg 8186:Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg 8152:Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg 8061:Tracks removed past Cynwyd Station. 7714:Goldsboro Substation 58 (Demolished) 7435:Conowingo Substation 53 (Demolished) 6722:Philadelphia – Harrisburg Main Line 5377:Philadelphia – Washington Main Line 3899:West Chester Substation 04 (Removed) 3403:Radnor Converter Station 5 (Removed) 3040:Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line 2086:2 water turbines; 1 motor–generator 9760:Wald, Matthew (February 23, 2007). 9411:Camardella Jr., Al (May 13, 2015). 9086: 9031: 8785: 8239:Out of service, then removed 2011. 7917:Perth Amboy & Woodbridge Branch 7903:Out of service, line used by PATH. 7600:Columbia Substation 56 (Demolished) 3698:Step-up capability removed c. 1971 2788:Long Island City Generating Station 2541:Former converter and power stations 2332:Static inverters and cycloconverter 2273:Metuchen Rotary Frequency Converter 1790:could be employed with transformer 187: 179: 13: 10290:Historic American Buildings Survey 10251:Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1998). 10241:Historic American Buildings Survey 9744:McGeehan, Patrick (May 26, 2006). 9413:"Amtrak 188 Crash Scene – 5.13.15" 9130:. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. 8822: 8583:2015 Philadelphia train derailment 7884:Main Line Philadelphia to New York 6475:Capitol Substation 25 (Demolished) 3921:New York – Philadelphia Main Line 2694:PECO Somerset Substation (Disused) 2319:Lamokin Rotary Frequency Converter 14: 10634: 9875:Rouse, Karen (December 6, 2012). 9819:Moore, Martha (August 25, 2010). 9717: 9680: 9635: 9598: 9505: 7659:Rowenna Substation 57 (Abandoned) 6590:Langhorne Substation 61 (Removed) 1967:traction current converter plants 1928:Transmission Voltage: 138 kV 1917:West Philadelphia substation 1915 791: 783: 55:between 1915 and 1938 before the 8624:Continue catenary renewal along 8138:Powers Main Line via Frazer Sub 5757:Davis (Newark, DE) Substation 14 5300:Helmetta Substation 47 (Disused) 5140:Supplied from Arsenal & Zoo 1960: 1709: 1683: 1675: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1616: 1608: 1601: 1577: 1556: 1548: 1525: 1517: 1510: 1452: 1444: 1417: 1409: 1402: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1349: 1326: 1318: 1311: 1302: 1290:Harrisburg Transportation Center 1278: 1271: 1263: 1255: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1172: 1165: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1118: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1068: 1042: 1034: 1025: 1018: 994: 986: 978: 971: 964: 955: 934: 926: 919: 910: 903: 878: 870: 861: 854: 847: 822: 814: 807: 798: 790: 782: 755: 748: 728: 727: 720: 719: 697: 677: 676: 669: 668: 645: 637: 630: 600: 592: 582: 574: 567: 557: 549: 528: 500: 492: 482: 474: 467: 458: 457: 450: 449: 419: 411: 401: 393: 386: 376: 368: 341: 333: 310: 302: 279: 271: 249: 228: 220: 213: 186: 178: 43:for the southern portion of the 9908:"Northeast Corridor Fact Sheet" 9868: 9812: 9786: 9770: 9754: 9738: 9674: 9656: 9592: 9565: 9477: 9464: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9356: 9343: 9313: 9274: 9213: 9194: 9182: 9161: 7325:Bart Substation 51 (Demolished) 6700:Earnest Substation 63 (Removed) 6645:Horsham Substation 62 (Removed) 3844:Cheyney Substation 03 (Removed) 3572:North Philadelphia Substation 6 2862:single-phase turbine generators 2376:Sunnyside Yard Static Converter 1710: 1225: 1086: 1078: 1043: 1035: 558: 550: 420: 412: 10302:IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 9776:Wald, Matthew (June 6, 2006). 9281:Rouse, Karen (April 4, 2013). 9115: 9099:"ARRA Project Summary FY2009." 9077: 9012: 8954: 8847:the entire 25 Hz network. 8717:Zoo to Paoli transmission line 8026:Along Main Line RoW Phil to NY 5355:Greenville Switching (Removed) 3916:Removed between 1965 and 1968 3861:Removed between 1965 and 1968 3517:Greentree Switching Substation 3205:West Philadelphia (44 kV) 3029: 2774:Declining need for 25 Hz power 1755:. Outdoor yard is an addition. 1189: 1: 9898: 9508:"Railroad Substation Program" 9458:"Pennsylvania Public Notices" 8689:Atglen and Susquehanna Branch 7545:PRR Safe Harbor Substation 55 6552:Trenton Cutoff Freight Route 5603:Adjacent to Rotary Converter 4903:Richmond Frequency Changer 31 3681:Arsenal Step-up Substation 2A 3648:Arsenal (138 kV) Step-Up 2524:Jericho Park Static Converter 2474:Jericho Park Static Converter 1974: 1909:Specifications and statistics 1303: 1006:Philadelphia 30th St. Station 862: 10061:Griffith, H.C. (July 1937). 9544:PennDOT Decade of Investment 9025: 8895:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 8520:Located at junction between 8515:164, 264 (Trenton Cutoff W); 8513:163, 263 (Trenton Cutoff E); 7852:switching stations follows. 5317:Disused c. 1980, abandoned. 4128:Sunnyside Yard Substation 44 2963:Radnor synchronous condenser 2855:Waterside Generating Station 2849:Waterside Generating Station 2719:Operating contract expired. 2392:, 60 Hz power from the 1272: 1094: 1026: 7: 10603:Electric power distribution 10520:Rail Passengers Association 10444:60 Hz traction power system 10439:25 Hz traction power system 10021:Retrieved from Google Books 8907: 8860:December 23, 2009, Brownout 8778:Hamilton substation project 8658:Ivy City substation project 6420:Union Switching Station 25A 5090:West Philadelphia Switching 3167:GPX (secondary coordinates) 1578: 1390:Benning Generating Station 1350: 995: 799: 698: 250: 10: 10639: 10470:New Haven–Springfield Line 10359: 9883:. North Jersey Media Group 9353:Retrieved January 3, 2011. 9289:. North Jersey Media Group 8881: 8874:remainder of the morning. 8701:96 miles (154 km) of 7771:Enola Substation 59&73 3959:New Rochelle Substation 47 2914:Baltimore Gas and Electric 2852: 2157:Safe Harbor Dam, PA – The 1901: 1279: 1232: 1218: 1196: 1119: 1069: 1019: 956: 911: 904: 891:SEPTA's 12 kV 25 Hz system 855: 848: 756: 749: 529: 119: 10551:Standard Stations Program 10533: 10502: 10402: 10369: 10314:10.1109/MPAE.2003.1231697 10188:Electrical World (1917). 10101:10.1109/RRCON.1993.292962 10046:10.1109/RRCON.1990.171668 9975:10.1109/RRCON.1997.581348 9931:Amtrak (April 28, 2010). 9382:39.7916194°N 76.2502167°W 8869:August 24, 2010, Brownout 8814: 8135:Runs along Trenton Cutoff 7286: 7098:Landisville Substation 69 6721: 6551: 6150:Loudon Park Substation 21 5376: 5246:South Amboy Substation 48 5144: 4737:Morrisville Substation 34 4671:40.2467292°N 74.7179233°W 3920: 3200:Early Philadelphia Lines 3199: 3162:GPX (primary coordinates) 3137:Map all coordinates using 3038:Frazer substation on the 2908:Benning Frequency Changer 2427:Richmond Static Converter 2110: 1718: 1703: 1693: 1667: 1659: 1633: 1626: 1593: 1586: 1571: 1566: 1540: 1535: 1502: 1462: 1436: 1427: 1394: 1389: 1363: 1358: 1343: 1336: 1296: 1287: 1247: 1240: 1211: 1204: 1157: 1152: 1112: 1102: 1062: 1052: 1012: 1003: 949: 944: 897: 888: 841: 832: 774: 764: 742: 737: 711: 706: 691: 686: 660: 655: 622: 610: 541: 537: 522: 510: 441: 429: 360: 351: 325: 320: 294: 289: 263: 258: 243: 238: 205: 196: 170: 10515:Arrow Reservation System 10510:Amtrak Police Department 10095:. IEEE. pp. 59–66. 10079:10.1049/jiee-1.1937.0116 9914:. Amtrak. Archived from 9251:Amtrak Media Relations. 9083:Forczek 2009, p. 12 8947: 8805: 7984:Cornwells Heights Sub 32 7967:Cornwells Heights Sub 32 7266:Harrisburg Substation 72 6875:Parkesburg Substation 66 5871:Perryville Substation 16 5815:Bacon Hill Substation 15 4245:Hackensack Substation 42 4073:Bowery Bay Substation 45 3145:Download coordinates as: 3109:lattice steel frameworks 2443:modules supplied by GE. 2175:Parkesburg, Pennsylvania 2136:Hydroelectric generators 1430:Washington Union Station 65:Southend Electrification 10623:Traction power networks 9668:www.philipsbrothers.com 9387:39.7916194; -76.2502167 8964:. The system ends at a 8440:40.248454°N 76.888483°W 8388:40.548998°N 74.346318°W 8331:Capitol (Former Sub 25) 8017:Cornwell Heights Sub 32 8012:12kV catenary removed. 7878:Cornwell Heights Sub 32 7864:# 138 kV circuits 7143:40.130704°N 76.566996°W 6818:Thorndale Substation 65 6204:Severn MD Substation 22 6096:Baltimore Substation 20 5975:39.377844°N 76.355243°W 5917:39.462501°N 76.203256°W 5528:Glenolden Substation 10 5517:39.899444°N 75.281603°W 5172:40.733284°N 74.064806°W 4958:Frankford Substation 30 4892:39.986241°N 75.073939°W 4849:Cornwells Substation 32 4682:Hamilton Substation 34A 4676:40.2467292; -74.7179233 4628:Princeton Substation 35 4520:Millstone Substation 37 4117:40.747341°N 73.931370°W 3626:Allen Lane Substation 7 3615:40.062643°N 75.198652°W 3007:40.044725°N 75.359463°W 2979:) also discovered that 2940:38.897534°N 76.959298°W 2365:40.750499°N 73.921753°W 2308:39.843241°N 75.377225°W 2262:40.530743°N 74.347281°W 1753:Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 98:North Jersey Coast Line 10146:Cite journal requires 9783:Retrieved May 3, 2011. 9767:Retrieved May 3, 2011. 9751:Retrieved May 3, 2011. 9690:www.SEPTA.org/business 9608:www.SEPTA.org/business 9578:www.SEPTA.org/business 9572:SEPTA (October 2014). 9474:Retrieved May 3, 2011. 9158:Railway Power Stations 9063:Eitzmann et al. (1997) 9044:July 23, 2011, at the 8831:May 26, 2006, Blackout 8601: 8169:Atglen and Susquehanna 7828: 7820: 7812: 7804: 7210:Royalton Substation 71 7041:Dillersville Switching 7008:Dillersville Switching 6366:Ivy City Substation 25 6312:Landover Substation 24 6258:Bowie MD Substation 23 6139:39.273084°N 76.67689°W 6085:39.30916°N 76.618955°W 5928:Perryman Substation 17 5641:Bellevue Substation 12 5432:138 kV step-down 4617:40.317459°N 74.62145°W 4574:Monmouth Substation 36 4466:Metuchen Substation 38 4018:Van Nest Substation 46 3422:Synchronous Condensers 3348:Bryn Mawr Substation 3 3088: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3042: 2973:synchronous condensers 2770: 2759: 2747: 2727:Synchronous Condensers 2550: 2171:Royalton, Pennsylvania 2153: 2100:Static cycloconverter 1918: 1756: 41:traction power network 33: 10213:. Library of Congress 9699:on September 24, 2015 9351:Timeline of PRR in NJ 8888:On October 29, 2012, 8599: 8491:40.10417°N 75.32083°W 8445:40.248454; -76.888483 8393:40.548998; -74.346318 7894:Journal Square Sub 50 7826: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7760:40.27778°N 76.92028°W 7648:40.06194°N 76.61194°W 7589:40.03278°N 76.50861°W 7534:39.92667°N 76.38500°W 7479:39.78972°N 76.26278°W 7424:39.66861°N 76.17083°W 7369:39.92833°N 76.23083°W 7314:39.91750°N 76.07778°W 7255:40.25472°N 76.87361°W 7199:40.18389°N 76.72583°W 7148:40.130704; -76.566996 7087:40.08972°N 76.38333°W 7030:40.05694°N 76.32111°W 6976:40.04306°N 76.21417°W 6918:39.99861°N 76.06889°W 6864:39.96028°N 75.91611°W 6807:39.99667°N 75.73417°W 6751:40.03111°N 75.57417°W 6689:40.10667°N 75.32611°W 6634:40.14861°N 75.14806°W 6579:40.17500°N 74.96889°W 6519:38.84000°N 77.05083°W 6464:38.88056°N 77.00833°W 6355:38.91833°N 76.98250°W 6301:38.92889°N 76.89750°W 6247:39.00583°N 76.78111°W 6193:39.13889°N 76.69694°W 6029:39.30278°N 76.51722°W 5980:39.377844; -76.355243 5922:39.462501; -76.203256 5860:39.55639°N 76.07667°W 5746:39.67250°N 75.74333°W 5688:39.72861°N 75.57028°W 5630:39.76750°N 75.48389°W 5586:Lamokin Substation 11 5522:39.899444; -75.281603 5459:39.92917°N 75.22389°W 5415:Arsenal Substation 2A 5404:39.94556°N 75.19222°W 5344:40.68667°N 74.09611°W 5235:40.49028°N 74.28750°W 5177:40.733284; -74.064806 5112:39.95750°N 75.18500°W 5057:39.97028°N 75.20000°W 5002:39.97056°N 75.19917°W 4947:40.00194°N 75.09778°W 4897:39.986241; -75.073939 4838:40.07194°N 74.95056°W 4814:Cornwells Heights, PA 4780:40.11861°N 74.83972°W 4726:40.20111°N 74.77722°W 4563:40.37667°N 74.54833°W 4509:40.47917°N 74.46556°W 4455:40.53917°N 74.36361°W 4401:40.60028°N 74.28278°W 4358:Waverly Substation 40 4347:40.69000°N 74.19833°W 4299:Kearney Substation 41 4288:40.74472°N 74.11833°W 4234:40.77167°N 74.04389°W 4122:40.747341; -73.931370 3888:39.95722°N 75.59361°W 3779:39.89389°N 75.44250°W 3670:39.94583°N 75.19194°W 3620:40.062643; -75.198652 3561:39.99694°N 75.15750°W 3506:40.04083°N 75.50111°W 3451:40.04333°N 75.48944°W 3392:40.04361°N 75.36861°W 3337:40.02139°N 75.31417°W 3282:39.94611°N 75.19167°W 3227:39.95667°N 75.18556°W 3157:GPX (all coordinates) 3086: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3048: 3037: 3012:40.044725; -75.359463 2977:Philadelphia Electric 2945:38.897534; -76.959298 2765: 2753: 2745: 2683:39.98639°N 75.11778°W 2548: 2513:39.01556°N 76.76917°W 2463:39.01556°N 76.76917°W 2416:39.98361°N 75.07806°W 2370:40.750499; -73.921753 2313:39.843241; -75.377225 2267:40.530743; -74.347281 2143: 2105:System total capacity 1916: 1769:New York Penn Station 1761:Pennsylvania Railroad 1750: 354:New York Penn Station 53:Pennsylvania Railroad 24: 16:Railroad power system 10296:on January 31, 2011. 10026:The Electric Journal 9918:on September 6, 2015 9553:on December 31, 2013 9203:The Electric Journal 9191:, 1917, pp. 439–440. 9074:Forczek 2009, p. 18. 8669:First Street Tunnels 8566:Frankford HT Sw'g 22 8101:Chester Creek Branch 6987:Witmer Substation 68 6929:Kinzer Substation 67 6762:Frazer Substation 64 6144:39.273084; -76.67689 6090:39.30916; -76.618955 5986:Gunpow Substation 18 5470:Brill Substation 10A 5322:Greenville Switching 5145:New Jersey Branches 4791:Edgely Substation 33 4622:40.317459; -74.62145 4412:Rahway Substation 39 3833:39.92915°N 75.5225°W 3736:Morton Substation 01 3260:Arsenal (44 kV) 2616:Motor-Generators (2) 2179:Perryville, Maryland 2177:(two circuits), and 1846:Wilmington, Delaware 1818:supports using four 1765:trans-Hudson tunnels 199:12.5 kV 60 Hz system 156:on the ex-PRR System 10294:Library of Congress 10245:Library of Congress 10005:Railway Age Gazette 9881:www.NorthJersey.com 9617:on January 30, 2015 9495:on October 6, 2023. 9489:Mainline Media News 9377: / 9287:www.NorthJersey.com 9260:Amtrak news release 9048:on October 9, 2009. 8989:40.7641°N 73.9054°W 8984: / 8899:North River Tunnels 8750:39.9785°N 75.2280°W 8745: / 8592:Recent developments 8555:40.0013°N 75.0943°W 8550: / 8496:40.10417; -75.32083 8486: / 8435: / 8383: / 8348: 8111:West Chester Sub 04 8075:West Chester Branch 7765:40.27778; -76.92028 7755: / 7703:40.1217°N 76.7317°W 7698: / 7653:40.06194; -76.61194 7643: / 7594:40.03278; -76.50861 7584: / 7539:39.92667; -76.38500 7529: / 7484:39.78972; -76.26278 7474: / 7429:39.66861; -76.17083 7419: / 7374:39.92833; -76.23083 7364: / 7319:39.91750; -76.07778 7309: / 7260:40.25472; -76.87361 7250: / 7204:40.18389; -76.72583 7194: / 7154:Rheems Substation70 7138: / 7092:40.08972; -76.38333 7082: / 7035:40.05694; -76.32111 7025: / 6981:40.04306; -76.21417 6971: / 6923:39.99861; -76.06889 6913: / 6869:39.96028; -75.91611 6859: / 6812:39.99667; -75.73417 6802: / 6756:40.03111; -75.57417 6746: / 6694:40.10667; -75.32611 6684: / 6639:40.14861; -75.14806 6629: / 6584:40.17500; -74.96889 6574: / 6524:38.84000; -77.05083 6514: / 6469:38.88056; -77.00833 6459: / 6409:38.9021°N 77.0038°W 6404: / 6360:38.91833; -76.98250 6350: / 6306:38.92889; -76.89750 6296: / 6252:39.00583; -76.78111 6242: / 6198:39.13889; -76.69694 6188: / 6134: / 6080: / 6034:39.30278; -76.51722 6024: / 5970: / 5912: / 5865:39.55639; -76.07667 5855: / 5804:39.6035°N 75.8937°W 5799: / 5751:39.67250; -75.74333 5741: / 5693:39.72861; -75.57028 5683: / 5635:39.76750; -75.48389 5625: / 5575:39.8429°N 75.3759°W 5570: / 5512: / 5464:39.92917; -75.22389 5454: / 5409:39.94556; -75.19222 5399: / 5349:40.68667; -74.09611 5339: / 5289:40.3848°N 74.4044°W 5284: / 5240:40.49028; -74.28750 5230: / 5167: / 5117:39.95750; -75.18500 5107: / 5062:39.97028; -75.20000 5052: / 5007:39.97056; -75.19917 4997: / 4952:40.00194; -75.09778 4942: / 4887: / 4843:40.07194; -74.95056 4833: / 4785:40.11861; -74.83972 4775: / 4731:40.20111; -74.77722 4721: / 4666: / 4612: / 4568:40.37667; -74.54833 4558: / 4514:40.47917; -74.46556 4504: / 4460:40.53917; -74.36361 4450: / 4406:40.60028; -74.28278 4396: / 4352:40.69000; -74.19833 4342: / 4293:40.74472; -74.11833 4283: / 4239:40.77167; -74.04389 4229: / 4172:40.7518°N 73.9979°W 4167: / 4112: / 4062:40.7643°N 73.9054°W 4057: / 4007:40.8420°N 73.8633°W 4002: / 3948:40.9069°N 73.7900°W 3943: / 3893:39.95722; -75.59361 3883: / 3828: / 3790:Lenni Substation 02 3784:39.89389; -75.44250 3774: / 3725:39.9073°N 75.3321°W 3720: / 3675:39.94583; -75.19194 3665: / 3610: / 3566:39.99694; -75.15750 3556: / 3511:40.04083; -75.50111 3501: / 3484:Greentree Switching 3456:40.04333; -75.48944 3446: / 3397:40.04361; -75.36861 3387: / 3342:40.02139; -75.31417 3332: / 3287:39.94611; -75.19167 3277: / 3232:39.95667; -75.18556 3222: / 3179: 3002: / 2935: / 2885:40.7464°N 73.9707°W 2880: / 2826:40.7430°N 73.9581°W 2821: / 2803:Consolidated Edison 2794:North River Tunnels 2688:39.98639; -75.11778 2678: / 2518:39.01556; -76.76917 2508: / 2468:39.01556; -76.76917 2458: / 2421:39.98361; -75.07806 2411: / 2394:PECO Energy Company 2360: / 2303: / 2257: / 2214:used frequently by 2161:has two 28 MW 2072:3 motor–generators 1850:Trenton, New Jersey 1812:Paoli, Pennsylvania 1784:alternating current 154:25Hz Power Supplies 10556:National Train Day 10460:Northeast Corridor 10258:The New York Times 10247:September 1, 2011. 10032:November 10, 2010. 9969:. pp. 21–28. 9128:www.RailwayAge.com 8602: 8346: 8294:Safe Harbor Sub 55 8193:Safe Harbor Sub 55 8177:Landisville Sub 69 8163:Safe Harbor Sub 55 8146:Landisville Sub 69 7949:Morrisville Sub 34 7900:Jersey City Branch 7829: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7795:Transmission lines 5489:SEPTA Airport Line 5267:Helmetta (Outcalt) 5206:Jersey City Branch 3838:39.92915; -75.5225 3539:North Philadelphia 3462:Paoli Substation 4 3424:. Removed c. 1960 3177: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3054:interlocking tower 3043: 2771: 2760: 2748: 2600:Steam Turbines (3) 2583:Steam Turbines (5) 2551: 2154: 1971:nameplate capacity 1919: 1839:transmission lines 1757: 1695:Generating station 106:Chestnut Hill West 61:power transmission 45:Northeast Corridor 34: 31:Claymont, Delaware 10585: 10584: 10498: 10497: 10110:978-0-7803-0963-0 10085:on July 26, 2020. 10040:. IEEE: 111–115. 9984:978-0-7803-3854-8 9799:The Seattle Times 9393:Fishing Creek Tap 9000:Gate Dead Section 8994:40.7641; -73.9054 8755:39.9785; -75.2280 8589: 8588: 8560:40.0013; -75.0943 8533:Frankford HT Sw'g 8526:Schuylkill Branch 8517:1ED, 2ED (to Zoo) 8410:138M through 438M 8344: 8343: 8297:Perryville Sub 16 8280:Harrisburg Sub 72 8264:Harrisburg Sub 72 8160:Parkesburg Sub 66 8058:Schuylkill Branch 7875:Union City Sub 42 7792: 7791: 7708:40.1217; -76.7317 6530:Potomac Switching 6497:Potomac Switching 6414:38.9021; -77.0038 5809:39.6035; -75.8937 5580:39.8429; -75.3759 5294:40.3848; -74.4044 4980:Zoo (138 kV) 4177:40.7518; -73.9979 4067:40.7643; -73.9054 4012:40.8420; -73.8633 3953:40.9069; -73.7900 3730:39.9073; -75.3321 3534:Removed in 2012. 3420:Two 4.5 MVA 3097:West Philadelphia 2890:40.7464; -73.9707 2831:40.7430; -73.9581 2740: 2739: 2710:Frequency Changer 2114: 2113: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1660:Rotary converter 1487: 1486: 290:Long Island City 67:, in contrast to 49:Keystone Corridor 10630: 10525:Trails and Rails 10480:Post Road Branch 10450: 10449: 10363: 10354: 10347: 10340: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10236: 10230: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10212: 10201: 10194:Electrical World 10184:August 15, 2010. 10177: 10175: 10173: 10168:on March 5, 2017 10164:. Archived from 10155: 10149: 10144: 10142: 10134: 10132: 10122: 10086: 10081:. Archived from 10057: 10020: 10018: 10016: 9996: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9951:. Rob Schoenberg 9939: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9851: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9790: 9784: 9774: 9768: 9758: 9752: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9698: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9605: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9541: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9512: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9481: 9475: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9454: 9448: 9445: 9439: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9360: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9257: 9248: 9239: 9231: 9220: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9198: 9192: 9189:Electrical World 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9147: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9049: 9035: 9019: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8958: 8786:Morton and Lenni 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399:Metuchen HT Sw'g 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8366:Metuchen HT Sw'g 8349: 8345: 8078:Power for SEPTA 8033:Frankford Sub 30 8020:Frankford Sub 30 8000:Frankford Sub 30 7941:Jamesburg Branch 7855: 7854: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7018: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5085:Removed c. 1960 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5035:Zoo (44 kV) 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4870:Richmond Step-Up 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3255:Removed c. 1930 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3180: 3176: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2768:Electrical World 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2661:Reading Railroad 2655:c. 1933–c. 1990s 2580:Long Island City 2572:Dates in Service 2560: 2559: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2343:Long Island City 2341:Sunnyside Yard ( 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2212:rotary converter 2207:Motor-generators 2122:motor–generators 2058:Static inverter 2044:Static inverter 2030:Motor–generator 2016:Static inverter 1990: 1989: 1976: 1897:circuit breakers 1866:Port Road Branch 1854:Washington, D.C. 1788:universal motors 1713: 1712: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1678: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1644: 1628:Rotary converter 1620: 1619: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1588:Static converter 1581: 1580: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1374: 1353: 1352: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1258: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1021: 998: 997: 990: 989: 982: 981: 975: 974: 968: 967: 959: 958: 938: 937: 930: 929: 923: 922: 914: 913: 907: 906: 882: 881: 874: 873: 865: 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 826: 825: 818: 817: 811: 810: 802: 801: 794: 793: 786: 785: 759: 758: 752: 751: 731: 730: 723: 722: 701: 700: 680: 679: 672: 671: 649: 648: 641: 640: 634: 633: 604: 603: 596: 595: 586: 585: 578: 577: 571: 570: 561: 560: 553: 552: 532: 531: 504: 503: 496: 495: 486: 485: 478: 477: 471: 470: 461: 460: 453: 452: 423: 422: 415: 414: 405: 404: 397: 396: 390: 389: 380: 379: 372: 371: 345: 344: 337: 336: 321:Waterside No. 1 314: 313: 306: 305: 283: 282: 275: 274: 253: 252: 232: 231: 224: 223: 217: 216: 190: 189: 182: 181: 168: 167: 147: 140: 133: 124: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10529: 10494: 10448: 10398: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10328: 10279: 10277: 10272: 10263: 10261: 10224: 10223: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10171: 10169: 10147: 10145: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10111: 10073:(487): 91–103. 10014: 10012: 9999: 9985: 9954: 9952: 9935: 9921: 9919: 9906:Amtrak (2015). 9901: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9791: 9787: 9781:New York Times. 9775: 9771: 9765:New York Times. 9759: 9755: 9749:New York Times. 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9716: 9712: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9685: 9679: 9675: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9583: 9581: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9510: 9504: 9500: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9469: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9409: 9405: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9331:on July 8, 2012 9319: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9232: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9135: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9052: 9046:Wayback Machine 9036: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9013: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8910: 8890:Hurricane Sandy 8886: 8880: 8871: 8862: 8833: 8825: 8823:Recent problems 8817: 8808: 8796:Media/Wawa Line 8794:and supply the 8788: 8780: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8719: 8685: 8660: 8594: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8516: 8514: 8502:Earnest HT Sw'g 8501: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8469:Earnest HT Sw'g 8450: 8448: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8328:Landover Sub 24 8314:Ivy City Sub 25 8311:Landover Sub 24 8289:Out of service 8261:Royalton Sub 71 8219:Royalton Branch 8213:Royalton Sub 71 8180:Royalton Sub 71 8126:Earnest HT Sw'g 8080:Media/Wawa Line 8052:Earnest HT Sw'g 8036:Ivy City Sub 25 8003:Richmond Sub 31 7987:Richmond Sub 31 7970:Richmond Sub 31 7952:Earnest HT Sw'g 7932:Monmouth Jct 36 7797: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7064:Landisville, PA 7040: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7011: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6387:Union Switching 6365: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6010: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5204:and freight on 5182: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4318:Hurricane Sandy 4298: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4145:Switching only 4127: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3032: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2965: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2918:Bowie, Maryland 2910: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2790: 2776: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2649:Motor Generator 2633:Motor Generator 2543: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2439:two 10 MW 2426: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2229:circuit breaker 2204: 2159:Safe Harbor Dam 2146:Safe Harbor Dam 2138: 2077:Safe Harbor Dam 1963: 1911: 1906: 1714: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1582: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1494: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1449: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1354: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1307: 1292: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1260: 1242:Safe Harbor Dam 1236: 1229: 1222: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1123: 1108: 1098: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1058: 1056:Media/Wawa Line 1048: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1008: 999: 992: 991: 984: 983: 976: 969: 960: 940: 939: 932: 931: 924: 915: 908: 893: 884: 883: 876: 875: 866: 859: 852: 837: 828: 827: 820: 819: 812: 803: 796: 795: 788: 787: 770: 760: 753: 733: 732: 725: 724: 702: 682: 681: 674: 673: 651: 650: 643: 642: 635: 618: 606: 605: 598: 597: 588: 587: 580: 579: 572: 563: 562: 555: 554: 533: 518: 506: 505: 498: 497: 488: 487: 480: 479: 472: 463: 462: 455: 454: 437: 425: 424: 417: 416: 407: 406: 399: 398: 391: 382: 381: 374: 373: 356: 347: 346: 339: 338: 316: 315: 308: 307: 285: 284: 277: 276: 254: 234: 233: 226: 225: 218: 201: 192: 191: 184: 183: 158: 157: 155: 151: 122: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10636: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10406: 10404: 10403:Infrastructure 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10394:Amtrak Express 10391: 10389:Amtrak Thruway 10386: 10385: 10384: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10357: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10334: 10327: 10326: 10297: 10286: 10270: 10248: 10237: 10203: 10185: 10178: 10157: 10148:|journal= 10123: 10109: 10088: 10058: 10033: 10022: 9997: 9983: 9961: 9949:Rob's PRR Page 9940: 9928: 9912:www.amtrak.com 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9867: 9838: 9811: 9785: 9769: 9753: 9737: 9710: 9673: 9655: 9628: 9591: 9564: 9528: 9498: 9476: 9463: 9449: 9440: 9431: 9403: 9355: 9342: 9312: 9300: 9273: 9240: 9221: 9212: 9193: 9181: 9169: 9160: 9148: 9133: 9114: 9102: 9085: 9076: 9067: 9050: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9011: 8962:Sunnyside Yard 8952: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8909: 8906: 8882:Main article: 8879: 8876: 8870: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8832: 8829: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8787: 8784: 8779: 8776: 8718: 8715: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8699: 8696: 8684: 8681: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8641: 8640: 8637:Parkesburg, PA 8635:(just west of 8629: 8626:Hell Gate Line 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8578: 8575: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8522:Trenton Cutoff 8518: 8511: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227:Rowenna Sub 57 8224: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8210:Rowenna Sub 57 8207: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8196:Rowenna Sub 57 8194: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8087:Lamokin Sub 11 8084: 8083: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8066:Arsenal Sub 2A 8063: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976:Industrial RoW 7974: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7958:Trenton Cutoff 7956: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935:South Amboy 48 7933: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7911:South Amboy 48 7909: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7891:Kearney Sub 41 7888: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7627: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7234: 7232:Harrisburg, PA 7228: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6843: 6841:Parkesburg, PA 6837: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5954: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5839: 5837:Perryville, MD 5833: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5783: 5780:North East, MD 5775: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5667: 5664:Wilmington, DE 5659: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5554: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5151: 5150:Journal Square 5147: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4817: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3093:Arsenal Bridge 3031: 3028: 2969:reactive power 2964: 2961: 2909: 2906: 2850: 2847: 2789: 2786: 2775: 2772: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2441:cycloconverter 2436: 2385: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2282: 2203: 2200: 2183: 2182: 2137: 2134: 2130:cycloconverter 2126:water turbines 2112: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007:Sunnyside Yard 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1962: 1959: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931:Signal Power: 1929: 1926: 1910: 1907: 1886:Sunnyside Yard 1862:Trenton Cutoff 1800:track geometry 1794:control gear. 1773:direct current 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1615: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1516: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1416: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338:Perryville Sub 1337: 1335: 1333: 1325: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1206:Parkesburg Sub 1205: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1179: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1141: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1000: 993: 985: 977: 970: 963: 962: 961: 954: 952: 950: 947: 946: 945:Girard Avenue 943: 941: 933: 925: 918: 917: 916: 909: 902: 900: 898: 895: 894: 889: 887: 885: 877: 869: 868: 867: 860: 853: 846: 844: 842: 839: 838: 833: 831: 829: 821: 813: 806: 805: 804: 797: 789: 781: 780: 779: 777: 775: 772: 771: 765: 763: 761: 754: 747: 745: 743: 740: 739: 736: 734: 726: 718: 717: 716: 714: 712: 709: 708: 705: 703: 696: 694: 692: 689: 688: 685: 683: 675: 667: 666: 665: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 652: 644: 636: 629: 628: 627: 625: 623: 620: 619: 612: 609: 607: 599: 591: 590: 589: 581: 573: 566: 565: 564: 556: 548: 547: 546: 544: 542: 539: 538: 536: 534: 527: 525: 523: 520: 519: 512: 509: 507: 499: 491: 490: 489: 481: 473: 466: 465: 464: 456: 448: 447: 446: 444: 442: 439: 438: 431: 428: 426: 418: 410: 409: 408: 400: 392: 385: 384: 383: 375: 367: 366: 365: 363: 361: 358: 357: 352: 350: 348: 340: 332: 331: 330: 328: 326: 323: 322: 319: 317: 309: 301: 300: 299: 297: 295: 292: 291: 288: 286: 278: 270: 269: 268: 266: 264: 261: 260: 257: 255: 248: 246: 244: 241: 240: 237: 235: 227: 219: 212: 211: 210: 208: 206: 203: 202: 197: 195: 193: 185: 177: 176: 175: 173: 171: 164: 163: 160: 159: 153: 152: 150: 149: 142: 135: 127: 121: 118: 27:Avelia Liberty 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10635: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10475:Michigan Line 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10432:Paint schemes 10430: 10429: 10428: 10427:Rolling stock 10425: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10382:Long-distance 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10355: 10350: 10348: 10343: 10341: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10275: 10271: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10140: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9855: 9848: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9800: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9779: 9773: 9766: 9763: 9757: 9750: 9747: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9714: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9532: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9473: 9467: 9459: 9453: 9444: 9435: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9407: 9399: 9369:39°47′29.83″N 9359: 9352: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9307: 9305: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9153: 9145: 9140: 9138: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9112:, p. 66. 9111: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9080: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9015: 9006: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8875: 8866: 8857: 8855: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8728: 8723: 8714: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8665:Union Station 8652: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8598: 8584: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8508: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8339: 8337:Landover Line 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8129:Frazer Sub 64 8128: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8009:Delair Branch 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7908:Rahway Sub 39 7907: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7867:Right of way 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7459: 7457:Fishing Creek 7456: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6956: 6953: 6952:Smoketown, PA 6949: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6787: 6785: 6784:Thorndale, PA 6782: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208:. Abandoned. 5207: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3183:Station Name 3182: 3181: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3140:OpenStreetMap 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3027: 3024: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2957: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2902: 2863: 2856: 2846: 2843: 2804: 2800: 2799:Thomas Edison 2795: 2785: 2782: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2569:Capacity (MW) 2568: 2566:Type (Number) 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2547: 2534: 2530: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2325: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2224:fault current 2220: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996:Capacity (MW) 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1961:Power sources 1958: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1831:electric grid 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1657: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359:Jericho Park 1356: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1334: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1001: 953: 951: 948: 942: 901: 899: 896: 892: 886: 845: 843: 840: 836: 830: 778: 776: 773: 769: 762: 746: 744: 741: 735: 715: 713: 710: 704: 695: 693: 690: 684: 664: 662: 659: 653: 626: 624: 621: 616: 608: 545: 543: 540: 535: 526: 524: 521: 516: 508: 445: 443: 440: 435: 427: 364: 362: 359: 355: 349: 329: 327: 324: 318: 298: 296: 293: 287: 267: 265: 262: 256: 247: 245: 242: 236: 209: 207: 204: 200: 194: 174: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 148: 143: 141: 136: 134: 129: 128: 126: 125: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 28: 23: 19: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10503:Organization 10438: 10308:(5): 72–79. 10305: 10301: 10289: 10278:. Retrieved 10262:. Retrieved 10256: 10240: 10215:. Retrieved 10197: 10193: 10170:. Retrieved 10166:the original 10139:cite journal 10092: 10083:the original 10070: 10066: 10037: 10030:Google Books 10025: 10013:. Retrieved 10008: 10004: 9966: 9953:. Retrieved 9948: 9920:. Retrieved 9916:the original 9911: 9885:. Retrieved 9880: 9870: 9860:November 16, 9858:. Retrieved 9853: 9841: 9829:. Retrieved 9824: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9798: 9788: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9756: 9748: 9740: 9728:. Retrieved 9723: 9713: 9701:. Retrieved 9694:the original 9689: 9676: 9667: 9658: 9646:. Retrieved 9641: 9631: 9619:. Retrieved 9612:the original 9607: 9594: 9582:. Retrieved 9577: 9567: 9557:December 31, 9555:. Retrieved 9548:the original 9543: 9531: 9521:December 31, 9519:. Retrieved 9514: 9501: 9493:the original 9488: 9479: 9466: 9452: 9443: 9434: 9422:. Retrieved 9416: 9406: 9372:76°15′0.78″W 9358: 9345: 9333:. Retrieved 9329:the original 9324: 9315: 9310:Drawing ET-1 9291:. Retrieved 9286: 9276: 9264:. Retrieved 9259: 9215: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9177:Jones (1993) 9172: 9163: 9127: 9117: 9110:Jones (1993) 9105: 9079: 9070: 9033: 9014: 8966:dead section 8956: 8903: 8887: 8872: 8863: 8850: 8834: 8826: 8818: 8809: 8800:Pennsylvania 8789: 8781: 8772: 8724: 8720: 8711: 8686: 8677: 8673:Potomac Yard 8661: 8642: 8628:in New York. 8607: 8603: 8451:Lemo HT Sw'g 8418:Lemo HT Sw'g 8358:Designation 8277:Lemo HT Sw'g 8253:Enola Branch 8247:Enola Sub 59 8244:Lemo HT Sw'g 8236:Enola Branch 8230:Lemo HT Sw'g 8202:Enola Branch 8108:Lenni Sub 02 8090:Lenni Sub 02 8069:Lenni Sub 02 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7624:Marietta, PA 7176:Royalton, PA 5894:Perryman, MD 5778:Bacon Hill ( 4150:Penn Station 3926:New Rochelle 3866:West Chester 3186:Coordinates 3144: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3090: 2981:power factor 2966: 2911: 2865:conditions. 2858: 2791: 2777: 2767: 2733:1917–c. 1930 2606:c. 1910–1978 2556: 2552: 2335: 2240:Metuchen, NJ 2233: 2221: 2210:are not the 2205: 2192: 2184: 2163:single-phase 2150:turbine hall 2115: 2091:Jericho Park 1986: 1982:single-phase 1979: 1964: 1955:power factor 1952: 1948: 1945: 1920: 1893:transformers 1890: 1882: 1873:World War II 1870: 1843: 1836:high voltage 1828: 1820:single phase 1808:Philadelphia 1781: 1758: 1698:(out of use) 1662:(out of use) 1536:Phase break 1465:Potomac Yard 1106:Airport Line 835:Zoo Junction 95: 80: 76:Penn Central 73: 64: 36: 35: 18: 9730:January 15, 9648:January 15, 9438:Amtrak 2010 9385: / 9266:November 8, 9144:Gray (1998) 8992: / 8854:black start 8753: / 8727:rail-trails 8558: / 8494: / 8443: / 8391: / 8303:Private RoW 8143:Paoli Sub 4 8117:Private RoW 8096:Private RoW 7763: / 7706: / 7651: / 7592: / 7537: / 7482: / 7427: / 7372: / 7317: / 7258: / 7202: / 7146: / 7090: / 7033: / 6979: / 6921: / 6867: / 6810: / 6754: / 6692: / 6637: / 6582: / 6522: / 6486:Formerly 25 6467: / 6412: / 6358: / 6304: / 6250: / 6196: / 6142: / 6117:Loudon Park 6088: / 6032: / 6007:North Point 5978: / 5920: / 5863: / 5807: 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9335:August 31, 9293:August 27, 8998: ( 8979:73°54′19″W 8976:40°45′51″N 8759: ( 8740:75°13′41″W 8737:39°58′43″N 8633:Atglen, PA 8564: ( 8545:75°05′39″W 8542:40°00′05″N 8500: ( 8481:75°19′15″W 8449: ( 8430:76°53′19″W 8427:40°14′54″N 8397: ( 8378:74°20′47″W 8375:40°32′56″N 7769: ( 7750:76°55′13″W 7747:40°16′40″N 7712: ( 7693:76°43′54″W 7690:40°07′18″N 7657: ( 7638:76°36′43″W 7635:40°03′43″N 7598: ( 7579:76°30′31″W 7576:40°01′58″N 7543: ( 7521:39°55′36″N 7488: ( 7469:76°15′46″W 7466:39°47′23″N 7433: ( 7414:76°10′15″W 7378: ( 7359:76°13′51″W 7356:39°55′42″N 7347:Providence 7323: ( 7304:76°04′40″W 7301:39°55′03″N 7264: ( 7245:76°52′25″W 7242:40°15′17″N 7208: ( 7189:76°43′33″W 7186:40°11′02″N 7152: ( 7133:76°34′01″W 7130:40°07′51″N 7120:Rheems, PA 7096: ( 7039: ( 7020:76°19′16″W 6985: ( 6966:76°12′51″W 6927: ( 6905:39°59′55″N 6873: ( 6854:75°54′58″W 6851:39°57′37″N 6816: ( 6794:39°59′48″N 6760: ( 6741:75°34′27″W 6738:40°01′52″N 6728:Frazer, PA 6698: ( 6679:75°19′34″W 6676:40°06′24″N 6643: ( 6624:75°08′53″W 6621:40°08′55″N 6588: ( 6569:74°58′08″W 6566:40°10′30″N 6528: ( 6509:77°03′03″W 6506:38°50′24″N 6473: ( 6451:38°52′50″N 6418: ( 6399:77°00′14″W 6396:38°54′08″N 6364: ( 6345:76°58′57″W 6310: ( 6291:76°53′51″W 6288:38°55′44″N 6256: ( 6237:76°46′52″W 6234:39°00′21″N 6202: ( 6183:76°41′49″W 6180:39°08′20″N 6148: ( 6129:76°40′37″W 6126:39°16′23″N 6094: ( 6075:76°37′08″W 6072:39°18′33″N 6038: ( 6019:76°31′02″W 6016:39°18′10″N 5984: ( 5965:76°21′19″W 5962:39°22′40″N 5926: ( 5907:76°12′12″W 5904:39°27′45″N 5869: ( 5850:76°04′36″W 5847:39°33′23″N 5813: ( 5794:75°53′37″W 5791:39°36′13″N 5755: ( 5736:75°44′36″W 5733:39°40′21″N 5722:Newark, DE 5697: ( 5678:75°34′13″W 5675:39°43′43″N 5639: ( 5620:75°29′02″W 5617:39°46′03″N 5584: ( 5565:75°22′33″W 5562:39°50′34″N 5526: ( 5507:75°16′54″W 5504:39°53′58″N 5487:Added for 5468: ( 5449:75°13′26″W 5446:39°55′45″N 5413: ( 5394:75°11′32″W 5391:39°56′44″N 5353: ( 5334:74°05′46″W 5331:40°41′12″N 5298: ( 5279:74°24′16″W 5276:40°23′05″N 5244: ( 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1858:Harrisburg 1796:Pantograph 1777:third rail 259:Sunnyside 114:Media/Wawa 83:NJ Transit 10541:Accidents 10487:(through 10485:Surf Line 10322:1540-7977 10182:Retrieved 10119:109192036 10054:111082777 9993:109062463 9938:. Amtrak. 9825:USA Today 9703:August 5, 9621:August 5, 9584:August 5, 9026:Footnotes 8478:40°6′15″N 8361:Comments 8355:Location 8049:Zoo Sub 9 7920:Used for 7861:Terminus 7858:Terminus 7737:Enola, PA 7681:Goldsboro 7622:Rowenna ( 7524:76°23′6″W 7411:39°40′7″N 7402:Conowingo 7077:76°23′0″W 7074:40°5′23″N 7017:40°3′25″N 6963:40°2′35″N 6797:75°44′3″W 6557:Langhorne 6454:77°0′30″W 6342:38°55′6″N 6062:Baltimore 5951:Chase, MD 5549:Lamokin ( 5495:Glenolden 4937:75°5′52″W 4925:Frankford 4595:Princeton 4487:Millstone 4224:74°2′38″W 4095:Sunnyside 4087:1917/1987 4032:1907/1987 3973:1907/1987 3370:Radnor SC 3315:Bryn Mawr 3195:Comments 3189:Sta. No. 3101:Bryn Mawr 2967:Although 2912:In 1986, 2716:1934–1986 2639:1914–1971 2622:1932–1996 2597:Waterside 2575:Comments 2503:76°46′9″W 2500:39°0′56″N 2450:39°0′56″N 2406:75°4′41″W 2403:39°59′1″N 2284:Lamokin ( 2118:inverters 2002:Comments 738:Somerset 707:Richmond 687:Richmond 656:Metuchen 10410:Stations 10370:Services 10227:cite web 10133:. AREMA. 9856:. Amtrak 9262:. Amtrak 9097:Amtrak. 9042:Archived 8908:See also 7731:Removed 7567:Columbia 7397:Removed 7342:Removed 6950:Witmer ( 6908:76°4′8″W 6333:Ivy City 6279:Landover 5949:Gunpow ( 5608:Bellevue 4649:Hamilton 4541:Monmouth 4433:Metuchen 4194:43A, 43B 3985:Van Nest 2646:Somerset 2613:Richmond 2563:Location 2166:turbines 2049:Richmond 2035:Metuchen 2021:Metuchen 1993:Location 1864:and the 1816:catenary 1567:Station 1153:Lamokin 611:Matawan 10534:History 10415:Busiest 9718:SEPTA. 9681:SEPTA. 9636:SEPTA. 9599:SEPTA. 9506:SEPTA. 9424:May 18, 6667:Earnest 6612:Horsham 6442:Capitol 5720:Davis ( 5382:Arsenal 5260:1932/33 5197:1932/33 4534:1932/33 4480:1932/33 4426:1932/33 4372:1932/33 4325:Waverly 4313:1931/32 4266:Kearney 4259:1931/32 3811:Cheyney 2707:Benning 2586:18 / 32 2286:Chester 2216:subways 2063:Lamokin 1824:PRR FF1 515:M&E 434:M&E 430:Kearny 120:History 116:lines. 102:Airport 25:Amtrak 10598:Amtrak 10420:Former 10377:Routes 10362:Amtrak 10320: 10117: 10107: 10052: 9991: 9981: 9418:Flickr 8815:Morton 7927:power 7870:Notes 7782:59, 73 6896:Kinzer 6377:2nd 25 6171:Severn 4758:Edgely 4379:Rahway 3703:Morton 3103:, and 3018:Radnor 2985:Radnor 2724:Radnor 1969:. The 1802:. The 1493:Legend 1104:SEPTA 1054:SEPTA 766:SEPTA 112:, and 110:Cynwyd 10489:SCRRA 10453:Lines 10211:(PDF) 10131:(PDF) 10115:S2CID 10050:S2CID 9989:S2CID 9936:(PDF) 9850:(PDF) 9697:(PDF) 9686:(PDF) 9615:(PDF) 9604:(PDF) 9551:(PDF) 9540:(PDF) 9511:(PDF) 9256:(PDF) 8948:Notes 8806:Lenni 8792:SEPTA 8352:Name 8093:1 (2) 7922:NJTRO 6225:Bowie 5437:Brill 3757:Lenni 3429:Paoli 3105:Paoli 3051:Paoli 2756:Pepco 1775:(DC) 87:SEPTA 39:is a 10318:ISSN 10282:2015 10266:2015 10233:link 10219:2015 10174:2015 10152:help 10105:ISBN 10017:2015 9979:ISBN 9957:2015 9924:2015 9889:2015 9862:2012 9833:2015 9806:2015 9732:2017 9705:2015 9650:2017 9623:2015 9586:2015 9559:2013 9523:2013 9426:2015 9337:2015 9295:2015 9268:2012 8703:ACSR 8524:and 7925:NJCL 7785:1938 7728:1938 7673:1938 7614:1938 7559:1934 7504:1938 7449:1938 7394:1938 7339:1938 7292:Bart 7280:1938 7224:1938 7168:1938 7112:1938 7055:1938 7001:1938 6943:1938 6889:1938 6832:1938 6776:1938 6714:1930 6659:1938 6604:1938 6544:1935 6489:1935 6434:1935 6380:2010 6326:1935 6272:1935 6218:1935 6164:1935 6110:1935 6054:1935 6000:1935 5942:1935 5885:1935 5829:1935 5771:1935 5713:1928 5655:1928 5600:1928 5542:1928 5484:1981 5429:1928 5369:1935 5314:1938 5202:PATH 5137:1930 5082:1930 5027:1930 4972:1930 4917:1933 4863:1930 4805:1930 4751:1930 4696:2014 4642:1933 4588:1933 4197:1931 4142:1931 3913:1928 3858:1928 3804:1928 3750:1928 3695:1928 3640:1918 3586:1918 3531:1938 3476:1915 3417:1916 3362:1915 3307:1915 3252:1915 2754:The 2486:ARRA 2144:The 2097:1992 2083:1938 2069:1928 2055:2002 2041:2017 2027:1933 2013:1996 1810:and 1767:and 1759:The 615:NJCL 613:NJT 513:NJT 432:NJT 91:MARC 89:and 10310:doi 10097:doi 10075:doi 10042:doi 9971:doi 9207:XII 6431:25A 5481:10A 4693:34A 3152:KML 2730:N/A 2195:GWh 2108:354 2052:180 1720:Dam 10594:: 10316:. 10304:. 10255:. 10229:}} 10225:{{ 10198:69 10196:. 10192:. 10143:: 10141:}} 10137:{{ 10113:. 10103:. 10071:81 10069:. 10065:. 10048:. 10009:59 10007:. 10003:. 9987:. 9977:. 9947:. 9910:. 9879:. 9852:. 9823:. 9797:. 9722:. 9688:. 9666:. 9640:. 9606:. 9576:. 9542:. 9513:. 9487:. 9415:. 9323:. 9303:^ 9285:. 9258:. 9243:^ 9224:^ 9205:. 9151:^ 9136:^ 9126:. 9088:^ 9053:^ 8901:. 8770:. 8639:). 8585:. 8577:22 8082:. 7725:58 7670:57 7611:56 7556:55 7501:54 7446:53 7391:52 7336:51 7277:72 7221:71 7165:70 7109:69 7052:-- 6998:68 6940:67 6886:66 6829:65 6773:64 6711:63 6656:62 6601:61 6541:26 6323:24 6269:23 6215:22 6161:21 6107:20 6051:19 5997:18 5939:17 5882:16 5826:15 5768:14 5710:13 5652:12 5597:11 5539:10 5426:2A 5366:49 5311:47 5257:48 5194:50 5134:1A 4969:30 4914:31 4860:32 4802:33 4748:34 4639:35 4585:36 4531:37 4477:38 4423:39 4369:40 4310:41 4256:42 4139:44 4084:45 4029:46 3970:47 3910:04 3855:03 3801:02 3747:01 3692:2A 3528:-- 3099:, 3095:, 2713:25 2652:18 2636:18 2619:60 2603:24 2493:. 2173:, 2132:. 2120:, 2094:20 2080:81 2066:48 2038:60 2024:25 2010:30 1975:c. 1895:, 108:, 104:, 93:. 85:, 10491:) 10353:e 10346:t 10339:v 10324:. 10312:: 10306:1 10284:. 10268:. 10235:) 10221:. 10176:. 10154:) 10150:( 10121:. 10099:: 10077:: 10056:. 10044:: 10019:. 9995:. 9973:: 9959:. 9926:. 9891:. 9864:. 9835:. 9808:. 9734:. 9707:. 9670:. 9652:. 9625:. 9588:. 9561:. 9525:. 9460:. 9428:. 9395:) 9339:. 9297:. 9270:. 9179:. 9146:. 9065:. 9009:. 9002:) 8763:) 8568:) 8504:) 8453:) 8401:) 8334:2 8317:2 8300:4 8283:2 8267:2 8250:2 8233:1 8216:1 8199:2 8183:1 8166:2 8149:2 8132:2 8114:2 8072:1 8055:2 8039:2 8023:1 8006:2 7990:2 7973:2 7955:1 7938:1 7914:2 7897:2 7881:4 7773:) 7716:) 7661:) 7626:) 7602:) 7547:) 7492:) 7437:) 7382:) 7327:) 7268:) 7212:) 7156:) 7100:) 7043:) 6989:) 6954:) 6931:) 6877:) 6820:) 6764:) 6702:) 6647:) 6592:) 6532:) 6477:) 6422:) 6368:) 6314:) 6260:) 6206:) 6152:) 6098:) 6042:) 5988:) 5953:) 5930:) 5873:) 5817:) 5782:) 5759:) 5724:) 5701:) 5666:) 5643:) 5588:) 5553:) 5530:) 5472:) 5417:) 5357:) 5302:) 5248:) 5185:) 5125:) 5079:8 5070:) 5024:9 5015:) 4960:) 4905:) 4851:) 4816:) 4793:) 4739:) 4684:) 4630:) 4576:) 4522:) 4468:) 4414:) 4360:) 4301:) 4247:) 4212:) 4208:( 4185:) 4130:) 4075:) 4020:) 3961:) 3901:) 3846:) 3792:) 3738:) 3683:) 3637:7 3628:) 3583:6 3574:) 3519:) 3473:4 3464:) 3414:5 3405:) 3359:3 3350:) 3304:2 3295:) 3249:1 3240:) 3020:) 2953:) 2898:) 2839:) 2696:) 2526:) 2476:) 2429:) 2378:) 2321:) 2275:) 146:e 139:t 132:v

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Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system

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