1651:
32:
2230:
20:
483:(VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. The Eastern Interconnection is tied to the Western Interconnection with seven DC ties (ca. 200 MW each) in the US and one in Canada, to the Texas Interconnection with two DC ties, and to the Quebec Interconnection with four DC ties and a VFT.
182:(TSOs), not-for profit companies that are typically owned by the utilities in their respective service areas, where they coordinate, control and monitor the operation of the electrical power system. TSOs are obliged to provide nondiscriminatory transmission access to electricity generators and customers. TSOs can be of two types:
561:(VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. There are seven DC ties (ca. 200 MW each) to the Eastern Interconnection in the US and one in Canada. There are proposals to add four additional HVDC ties. It is not tied to the Alaska Interconnection.
249:(NERC), a nonprofit entity that is in charge of improving the reliability and security of the bulk power system in the U.S., Canada and the northern part of Baja California in Mexico. The members of the Regional Reliability Councils include private, public and cooperative utilities, power marketers and final customers.
716:
Thirty-seven states plus the
District of Columbia took some action to modernize electric grids in the first quarter of 2017, according to the North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center. The states did so to make electricity systems "more resilient and interactive". The most common actions that
130:
required transmission line owners to allow electric generation companies open access to their network and led to a restructuring of how the electric industry operated in an effort to create competition in power generation. No longer were electric utilities built as vertical monopolies, where
744:
that gave five recommendations on ways to modernize the U.S. electric power grid. These recommendations are to streamline the federal permit process for advanced energy projects; encourage grid planners to consider alternatives to investment in transmission; allow energy storage and
414:, and providing educational and training resources as part of an accreditation program to ensure power system operators remain qualified and proficient. NERC also investigates and analyzes the causes of significant power system disturbances in order to help prevent future events.
724:
Legislatively, in the first quarter of the year 82 relevant bills were introduced in different parts of the United States. At the close of the quarter, most of the bills remained pending. For example, legislators in Hawaii introduced a bill that would create an energy storage
608:(VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. The Texas Interconnection is tied to the Eastern Interconnection with two DC ties, and has a DC tie and a VFT to non-NERC systems in
585:
All of the electric utilities in the Texas
Interconnection are electrically tied together during normal system conditions, and they operate at a synchronized frequency operating at an average of 60 Hz. The Texas Interconnection covers most of the state of
444:
All of the electric utilities in the
Eastern Interconnection are electrically tied together during normal system conditions and operate at a synchronized frequency operating at an average of 60 Hz. The Eastern Interconnection reaches from
118:
From 1967, the East and West interconnections were directly connected together. The AC ties did not have high capacity and were subject to oscillations, and so their connection proved unreliable. In 1975 the AC ties were disconnected, because
518:
All of the electric utilities in the
Western Interconnection are electrically tied together during normal system conditions and operate at a synchronized frequency of 60 Hz. The Western Interconnection stretches from Western
99:. The Eastern and Western grids are connected via seven links that allow 1.32 GW to flow between them. A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory found that increasing these interconnections would save energy costs.
131:
generation, transmission and distribution were handled by a single company. Now, the three stages could be split among various companies in an effort to provide fair accessibility to high voltage transmission. The
1018:
1109:
1221:
749:
to compete with additional energy generation; allow large customers to choose their own sources of electricity; and allow utilities and consumers to benefit from cloud computing software.
825:
2259:
344:
995:
Today, in NERC, there are four major interconnected areas: the
Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, the Texas Interconnection, and the Québec Interconnection.
1134:
368:, and formed on March 28, 2006, as the successor to the National Electric Reliability Council (also known as NERC), which formed in the wake of the first large-scale
1010:
2254:
1194:
763:
and
Hitachi Energy indicates that installing charging infrastructure for fleet electrification will require location-specific upgrades to the US electrical grid.
2264:
972:
107:
In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint operations to share peak load coverage and backup power. In 1934, with the passage of the
1039:
838:
Borberly, A. and
Kreider, J. F. (2001). Distributed Generation: The Power Paradigm for the New Millennium. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 400 pgs.
355:
246:
24:
1502:
2175:
1374:
1187:
817:
653:
and operates at an average system frequency of 60 Hz. It connects 18 systems in the US and Canada to one electric utility company:
1095:
949:
756:
calculated that new transmission between the grids could benefit consumers by a factor of 2.5 relative to the transmission investment.
1110:"Preparing grids for EV buses to enable a sustainable future. A contribution by Anthony Allard, Hitachi Energy Head of North America"
737:
406:
NERC's major responsibilities include working with all stakeholders to develop standards for power system operation, monitoring and
326:
The FERC distinguishes between 10 power markets in the U.S., including the seven for which RTOs have been established, as well as:
304:
261:
203:
1180:
226:
317:
238:
135:
allowed incentives and loan guarantees for alternative energy production and to advance innovative technologies that avoided
372:. The original NERC was formed on June 1, 1968, by the electric utility industry to promote the reliability and adequacy of
2233:
1650:
273:
232:
1064:
2072:
860:. (2001). Glover J. D., Sarma M. S., Overbye T. J. (2010) Power System and Analysis 5th Edition. Cengage Learning. Pg 10.
340:
ISOs and RTOs were established in the 1990s, when states and regions established wholesale competition for electricity.
2180:
1495:
1425:
187:
175:
interconnects allowing electrical power to be transmitted throughout the contiguous U.S., Canada and parts of Mexico.
108:
1800:
1435:
1162:
796:
When the Grid Was the Grid:The
History of North America’s Brief Coast-to-Coast Interconnected Machine -By JULIE COHN
1239:
267:
937:
1963:
1888:
1759:
1308:
1272:
1451:
979:
672:
605:
558:
480:
2135:
2067:
2057:
1933:
1833:
1488:
1988:
1948:
1525:
1282:
285:
179:
922:
HVDC ties in: Miles City, MT; Rapid City, SD; Stegall, NE; Sidney, NE; Lamar, CO; Clovis, NM; Artesia, NM
2215:
2210:
1928:
1903:
1893:
1869:
1864:
1570:
1313:
661:
594:
543:
469:
183:
36:
2130:
1848:
1818:
1595:
1359:
1318:
384:
369:
148:
59:
2185:
1674:
1635:
1379:
772:
132:
127:
2160:
1968:
1908:
1565:
1338:
1262:
487:
136:
92:
The regions are not usually directly connected or synchronized to each other, but there exist some
43:
960:
873:
2099:
2089:
2079:
1469:
1384:
1333:
1040:"Five ways to modernize the U.S. electric power grid via Advanced Energy Economy | Solar Builder"
730:
664:
597:
546:
503:
472:
428:
396:
373:
299:
256:
156:
152:
115:
of importance and were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.
112:
67:
63:
1011:"Nearly three quarters of US took steps toward grid modernization in first quarter, study finds"
2020:
1883:
1666:
1555:
1456:
795:
684:
629:
245:
RTOs are similar but not identical to the nine
Regional Reliability Councils associated in the
168:
160:
79:
75:
2155:
1923:
1918:
1898:
1430:
570:
407:
312:
164:
71:
190:(RTOs). ISOs operate within a single state. RTOs cover wider areas, crossing state borders.
1749:
1511:
1254:
746:
291:
215:
171:. The Eastern, Western and Texas Interconnections are tied together at various points with
708:
of North
American grids, so there is not actually, physically, an Alaska Interconnection.
8:
2120:
1953:
1853:
1828:
1781:
1590:
1580:
1545:
694:
639:
576:
554:
509:
434:
380:. NERC's mission is to "ensure the reliability of the North American bulk power system."
209:
1994:
1605:
1244:
490:
was planned to connect the Eastern, Western and Texas Interconnections via three 5 GW
218:(SPP) covering Oklahoma, Kansas and parts of Arkansas, Missouri, Texas and New Mexico.
2145:
2025:
1630:
1089:
760:
717:
states took were "advanced metering infrastructure deployment" (19 states did this),
491:
411:
2094:
2035:
1739:
1734:
1711:
1620:
1560:
1389:
365:
279:
55:
1172:
2125:
2084:
2062:
1943:
1913:
1878:
1838:
1640:
1415:
1405:
1323:
1277:
1267:
1226:
1204:
698:
643:
532:
524:
458:
438:
197:
51:
654:
2150:
2140:
1938:
1550:
1364:
1071:
172:
96:
46:
consists of 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of lines operated by 500 companies.
2248:
2170:
1958:
1843:
1823:
1754:
1744:
1701:
1585:
1540:
1464:
1410:
1166:
906:
617:
613:
388:
383:
NERC oversees eight regional reliability entities and encompasses all of the
377:
39:
660:
The Quebec Interconnection is tied to the Eastern Interconnection with four
2190:
2165:
2030:
1999:
1813:
1615:
1369:
675:(VFTs) line, which isolate the unsynchronized AC frequencies of each side.
536:
446:
2015:
1983:
1776:
1764:
1684:
1610:
1600:
1530:
1328:
1292:
741:
27:(NERC) interconnections, and the nine NERC Regional Reliability Councils.
978:. North American Electric Reliability Council. July 1992. Archived from
553:) as well as containing internal DC connections such as the north-south
31:
1978:
1973:
1786:
1769:
1625:
1480:
1343:
1287:
1234:
818:"Boosting transmission between East, West grids will lower costs: NREL"
726:
718:
579:
512:
1694:
1689:
1575:
1535:
705:
361:
733:
had a bill that would "create a new energy storage rebate program".
1808:
1420:
1135:"Fleet Electrification Provides Great Opportunity — If Done Right"
657:. It is operated as an independent AC grid for physical reasons.
349:
1729:
1719:
668:
601:
454:
345:
Category:Electric power transmission systems in the United States
854:
360:
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a
1724:
1165:, a real-time dashboard displaying the electricity flow in the
721:
deployment and "time-varying rates for residential customers".
650:
609:
550:
528:
520:
476:
450:
400:
392:
120:
19:
849:
Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets
587:
462:
333:
Southwest (covering Arizona, most of New Mexico and Colorado)
1679:
869:
753:
93:
58:
is not a single grid, but is instead divided into multiple
159:. There are three minor power grids in North America: the
913:. NMPP Energy (Nebraska Municipal Power Pool). 2020-09-01
649:
The Quebec Interconnection covers all of the Province of
2260:
Electric power transmission systems in the United States
885:
616:
that has been used only one time in its history, after
85:
16:
Series of electrical grids that power the US and Canada
841:
943:
832:
575:
The Texas Interconnection is one of the three minor
433:
The Eastern Interconnection is one of the two major
1202:
494:links. As of 2021 it has not started construction.
907:"Connecting the Grid: DC Ties Serve Critical Role"
736:In August 2018, Advanced Energy Economy (AEE) and
539:. The USA part has 250 GW of generating capacity.
465:. The USA part has 700 GW of generating capacity.
706:isolated from each other as well as from the rest
70:are the largest. Three other regions include the
2246:
950:High-Temp Superconductors To Connect Power Grids
901:
899:
2255:Electric grid interconnections in North America
738:Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions Forum
593:Interconnections can be tied to each other via
542:Interconnections can be tied to each other via
508:The Western Interconnection is the other major
468:Interconnections can be tied to each other via
356:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
350:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
247:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
25:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
1496:
1188:
896:
2265:Proposed electric power transmission systems
200:(ISO-NE, which is an RTO despite its name);
1503:
1489:
1195:
1181:
938:U.S. Transmission System and B2B HVDC Ties
932:
930:
878:
497:
449:eastward to the Atlantic coast, excluding
422:
193:In 2009 there were four RTOs in the U.S.:
82:. Each region delivers power at a nominal
874:Electric Power Markets: National Overview
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
791:
789:
678:
623:
1510:
711:
564:
305:Western Electricity Coordinating Council
262:Florida Reliability Coordinating Council
204:Midcontinent Independent System Operator
111:, electric utilities were recognized as
30:
18:
973:"Control Area Concepts and Obligations"
927:
815:
252:The Regional Reliability Councils are:
178:The transmission grids are operated by
2247:
1094:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
800:
786:
227:California Independent System Operator
1484:
1176:
1005:
1003:
828:from the original on 20 October 2021.
318:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
239:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
274:Northeast Power Coordinating Council
233:New York Independent System Operator
851:. John Wiley and Sons. Hoboken, NJ.
457:, and back west to the foot of the
417:
376:in the electric utility systems of
188:Regional Transmission Organizations
13:
2181:Renewable energy commercialization
1426:Renewable energy commercialization
1000:
961:Visualizing The U.S. Electric Grid
816:Howland, Ethan (19 October 2021).
123:were found to work more reliably.
109:Public Utility Holding Company Act
14:
2276:
1436:United States energy independence
1156:
2229:
2228:
1649:
612:. There is one AC tie switch in
410:with those standards, assessing
268:Midwest Reliability Organization
1309:Flexible AC transmission system
1127:
1102:
1057:
1032:
1021:from the original on 2018-05-08
965:
954:
673:variable-frequency transformers
606:variable-frequency transformers
559:variable-frequency transformers
481:variable-frequency transformers
212:in the Mid-Atlantic region; and
1222:Smartgrids Technology Platform
863:
142:
23:The two major and three minor
1:
2176:Renewable Energy Certificates
2136:Cost of electricity by source
2058:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1934:High-voltage shore connection
1375:Renewable Energy Certificates
779:
531:, reaching eastward over the
180:transmission system operators
2191:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1989:Transmission system operator
1949:Mains electricity by country
1526:Automatic generation control
1283:Nonintrusive load monitoring
1163:Hourly electric grid monitor
704:It is composed of two grids
385:interconnected power systems
370:blackout in November of 1965
286:SERC Reliability Corporation
280:ReliabilityFirst Corporation
184:Independent System Operators
7:
2216:List of electricity sectors
2211:Electric energy consumption
1929:High-voltage direct current
1904:Electric power transmission
1894:Electric power distribution
1571:Energy return on investment
1302:Other technologies/concepts
766:
662:high-voltage direct current
595:high-voltage direct current
544:high-voltage direct current
470:high-voltage direct current
149:wide area synchronous grids
60:wide area synchronous grids
37:electric power transmission
10:
2281:
2131:Carbon offsets and credits
1849:Three-phase electric power
1360:Carbon capture and storage
693:is one of the three minor
682:
638:is one of the three minor
627:
568:
501:
426:
353:
342:
102:
2224:
2199:
2186:Renewable Energy Payments
2109:
2046:
2008:
1862:
1799:
1710:
1675:Fossil fuel power station
1665:
1658:
1647:
1518:
1444:
1398:
1380:Renewable Energy Payments
1352:
1301:
1253:
1211:
773:Rural Electrification Act
740:(CRES Forum) published a
133:Energy Policy Act of 2005
128:Energy Policy Act of 1992
1969:Single-wire earth return
1909:Electrical busbar system
1566:Energy demand management
1339:Power-line communication
665:power transmission lines
598:power transmission lines
577:alternating current (AC)
547:power transmission lines
510:alternating current (AC)
488:Tres Amigas SuperStation
473:power transmission lines
44:contiguous United States
2100:Residual-current device
2090:Power system protection
2080:Generator interlock kit
1385:Renewable energy policy
1334:Phasor measurement unit
1240:Pickens Plan super grid
1139:www.utilityproducts.com
504:Western Interconnection
498:Western Interconnection
429:Eastern Interconnection
423:Eastern Interconnection
374:bulk power transmission
300:Western Interconnection
257:Eastern Interconnection
157:Western Interconnection
153:Eastern Interconnection
68:Western Interconnection
64:Eastern Interconnection
1884:Distributed generation
1556:Electric power quality
1314:HVDC bulk transmission
1044:Solar Builder Magazine
691:Alaska Interconnection
685:Alaska Interconnection
679:Alaska Interconnection
636:Quebec Interconnection
630:Quebec Interconnection
624:Quebec Interconnection
222:There are three ISOs:
169:Quebec Interconnection
161:Alaska Interconnection
151:in North America: the
80:Alaska Interconnection
76:Quebec Interconnection
47:
28:
2156:Fossil fuel phase-out
1924:Electricity retailing
1919:Electrical substation
1899:Electric power system
1452:Electricity economics
1431:Rural electrification
729:. In California, the
712:Proposed improvements
571:Texas Interconnection
565:Texas Interconnection
364:corporation based in
313:Texas Interconnection
165:Texas Interconnection
72:Texas Interconnection
52:electrical power grid
34:
22:
1512:Electricity delivery
1255:Efficient energy use
1015:Daily Energy Insider
461:, excluding most of
408:enforcing compliance
292:Southwest Power Pool
216:Southwest Power Pool
147:There are two major
137:greenhouse emissions
2121:Availability factor
2073:Sulfur hexafluoride
1954:Overhead power line
1854:Virtual power plant
1829:Induction generator
1782:Sustainable biofuel
1591:Home energy storage
1581:Grid energy storage
1546:Droop speed control
695:alternating-current
640:alternating-current
555:Pacific DC Intertie
435:alternating-current
210:PJM Interconnection
1995:Transmission tower
1606:Nameplate capacity
1245:Unified Smart Grid
985:on January 2, 2011
940:, NREL, 2017-01-12
911:www.nmppenergy.org
847:Mazer, A. (2007).
701:in North America.
646:in North America.
582:in North America.
515:in North America.
441:in North America.
387:of the contiguous
48:
29:
2242:
2241:
2146:Environmental tax
2026:Cascading failure
1795:
1794:
1631:Utility frequency
1478:
1477:
1263:Demand management
936:Billy J. Robert:
761:National Grid plc
747:energy efficiency
412:resource adequacy
395:and a portion of
229:(California ISO);
2272:
2232:
2231:
2141:Energy subsidies
2095:Protective relay
2036:Rolling blackout
1663:
1662:
1653:
1621:Power-flow study
1561:Electrical fault
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1470:Renewable energy
1390:Soft energy path
1203:Modernizing the
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:. Archived from
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1007:
998:
997:
992:
990:
984:
977:
969:
963:
958:
952:
947:
941:
934:
925:
924:
919:
918:
903:
894:
893:
882:
876:
867:
861:
858:
852:
845:
839:
836:
830:
829:
813:
798:
793:
759:A 2022 study by
699:electrical grids
671:), and with one
644:electrical grids
439:electrical grids
418:Interconnections
366:Atlanta, Georgia
241:(ERCOT, an ISO).
88:
56:Northern America
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2220:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2126:Capacity factor
2114:
2112:
2105:
2085:Numerical relay
2063:Circuit breaker
2051:
2049:
2042:
2004:
1944:Load management
1914:Electrical grid
1879:Demand response
1872:
1867:
1858:
1839:Microgeneration
1791:
1706:
1654:
1645:
1641:Vehicle-to-grid
1514:
1509:
1479:
1474:
1440:
1416:Energy security
1406:Electrification
1394:
1348:
1324:Load management
1297:
1268:Demand response
1249:
1227:SuperSmart Grid
1207:
1205:electrical grid
1201:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1114:Sustainable Bus
1108:
1107:
1103:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:"Archived copy"
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1001:
988:
986:
982:
975:
971:
970:
966:
959:
955:
948:
944:
935:
928:
916:
914:
905:
904:
897:
884:
883:
879:
868:
864:
859:
855:
846:
842:
837:
833:
814:
801:
794:
787:
782:
769:
714:
687:
681:
632:
626:
573:
567:
525:Baja California
506:
500:
431:
425:
420:
397:Baja California
358:
352:
347:
198:ISO New England
145:
105:
97:interconnectors
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:Statistics and
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Feed-in tariff
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Interconnector
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Dynamic demand
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Combined cycle
1816:
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2166:Net metering
2113:and policies
2031:Power outage
2000:Utility pole
1964:Pumped hydro
1870:distribution
1865:Transmission
1814:Cogeneration
1616:Power factor
1370:Net metering
1143:. Retrieved
1141:. 2022-05-13
1138:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1116:. 2022-08-12
1113:
1104:
1079:. Retrieved
1072:the original
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1046:. 2018-08-06
1043:
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1023:. Retrieved
1014:
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987:. Retrieved
980:the original
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915:. Retrieved
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834:
822:Utility Dive
821:
758:
751:
742:policy paper
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731:state Senate
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690:
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655:Hydro-Québec
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113:public goods
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54:that powers
49:
2161:Load factor
2016:Black start
1984:Transformer
1685:Natural gas
1636:Variability
1611:Peak demand
1601:Merit order
1531:Backfeeding
1329:Peak demand
1293:Smart meter
604:), or with
580:power grids
479:), or with
453:, south to
186:(ISOs) and
143:Description
89:frequency.
2249:Categories
2203:production
2048:Protective
1979:Super grid
1974:Smart grid
1801:Generation
1735:Geothermal
1626:Repowering
1448:Categories
1344:Power-to-X
1288:Smart grid
1235:Electranet
1145:2022-08-28
1120:2022-08-28
1081:2021-10-21
1050:2018-08-30
1025:2017-06-05
917:2020-12-07
780:References
727:tax credit
719:smart grid
557:, or with
513:power grid
343:See also:
167:, and the
78:, and the
2111:Economics
1834:Micro CHP
1712:Renewable
1695:Petroleum
1690:Oil shale
1576:Grid code
1536:Base load
1278:Negawatts
1212:Proposals
752:In 2019,
523:south to
362:nonprofit
336:Southeast
330:Northwest
2234:Category
2021:Brownout
1809:AC power
1519:Concepts
1421:Peak oil
1353:Policies
1090:cite web
1019:Archived
989:July 18,
890:nerc.com
826:Archived
767:See also
235:(NYISO);
155:and the
66:and the
2050:devices
1760:Thermal
1755:Osmotic
1750:Current
1730:Biomass
1720:Biofuel
1702:Nuclear
1659:Sources
1461:Portals
1169:states.
775:, 1930s
669:DC ties
602:DC ties
551:DC ties
535:to the
533:Rockies
477:DC ties
459:Rockies
455:Florida
320:(ERCOT)
206:(MISO);
121:DC ties
103:History
42:of the
1745:Marine
1725:Biogas
1465:Energy
886:"Home"
651:Quebec
610:Mexico
529:Mexico
521:Canada
451:Quebec
401:Mexico
393:Canada
307:(WECC)
288:(SERC)
276:(NPCC)
264:(FRCC)
163:, the
74:, the
62:. The
2102:(GFI)
1991:(TSO)
1777:Solar
1765:Tidal
1740:Hydro
1075:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
697:(AC)
642:(AC)
588:Texas
463:Texas
437:(AC)
294:(SPP)
282:(RFC)
270:(MRO)
1868:and
1787:Wind
1770:Wave
1680:Coal
1096:link
991:2011
870:FERC
754:NREL
689:The
634:The
126:The
94:HVDC
50:The
40:grid
35:The
1231:USA
527:in
399:in
84:60
2251::
1218:EU
1137:.
1112:.
1092:}}
1088:{{
1042:.
1013:.
1002:^
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929:^
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909:.
898:^
888:.
824:.
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802:^
788:^
620:.
590:.
403:.
391:,
173:DC
139:.
86:Hz
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1098:)
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475:(
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