630:
827:
815:
799:
564:
3776:
965:
843:
3787:
3807:
826:
3817:
53:
3797:
3766:
649:
parasite to the mucosal layer of the host during invasion. The amoebapores destroy the ingested bacteria present in the colonic environment. Cysteine proteases lyse the host tissues. Other molecules such as PATMK, myosins, G proteins, C2PK, CaBP3, and EhAK1 play an important role in the process of phagocytosis.
388:. About 480 million people are currently infected with about 40 million new cases per year with significant symptoms. This results in the death of between 40,000–100,000 people a year. The first case of amoebiasis was documented in 1875. In 1891, the disease was described in detail, resulting in the terms
955:
infections occur in both the intestine and (in people with symptoms) in tissue of the intestine and/or liver. Those with symptoms require treatment with two medications, an amoebicidal tissue-active agent and a luminal cysticidal agent. Individuals that are asymptomatic only need a luminal cysticidal
777:
fecal antigen assay is the proper assay for intestinal infections. Since antibodies may persist for years after clinical cure, a positive serological result may not necessarily indicate an active infection. A negative serological result, however, can be equally important in excluding suspected tissue
669:
or sedimentation procedures have been developed to recover the cysts from fecal matter and stains help to visualize the isolated cysts for microscopic examination. Since cysts are not shed constantly, a minimum of three stools are examined. In symptomatic infections, the motile form (the trophozoite)
648:
causes tissue damage by three main events: direct host cell killing, inflammation, and parasite invasion. The pathogenesis of amoebiasis involves interplay of various molecules secreted by E. histolytica such as LPPG, lectins, cysteine proteases, and amoebapores. Lectins help in the attachment of the
991:
Pulmonary amoebiasis can occur from liver lesions by spread through the blood or by perforation of pleural cavity and lung. It can cause lung abscess, pulmono pleural fistula, empyema lung and broncho pleural fistula. It can also reach the brain through blood vessels and cause amoebic brain abscess
972:
In the majority of cases, amoebas remain in the gastrointestinal tract of the hosts. Severe ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces occurs in less than 16% of cases. In fewer cases, the parasite invades the soft tissues, most commonly the liver. Only rarely are masses formed (amoebomas)
937:
cysts must be distinguished from cysts of other parasitic (but nonpathogenic) protozoa and from cysts of free-living protozoa as discussed above. Recovery procedures are not very accurate; cysts are easily lost or damaged beyond recognition, which leads to many falsely negative results in recovery
1023:
infections and approximately seventy thousand die each year, mostly from liver abscesses or other complications. Although usually considered a tropical parasite, the first case reported (in 1875) was actually in St
Petersburg in Russia, near the Arctic Circle. Infection is more common in warmer
462:. It does not usually come in contact with the intestine itself due to the protective layer of mucus that lines the gut. Disease occurs when amoeba comes in contact with the cells lining the intestine. It then secretes the same substances it uses to digest bacteria, which include
303:
can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under fingernails. Invasion of the intestinal lining results in bloody diarrhea. If the parasite reaches the bloodstream it can spread through the body, most frequently ending up in the liver where it can cause
3396:
446:
Onset time is highly variable and the average asymptomatic infection persists for over a year. It is theorized that the absence of symptoms or their intensity may vary with such factors as strain of amoeba, immune response of the host, and perhaps associated
598:, die quickly after leaving the body but may also be present in stool: these are rarely the source of new infections. Since amoebiasis is transmitted through contaminated food and water, it is often endemic in regions of the world with limited modern
798:
1960:
Mondal D, Petri WA, Sack RB, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, et al. (November 2006). "Entamoeba histolytica-associated diarrheal illness is negatively associated with the growth of preschool children: evidence from a prospective study".
766:. Detection of cysts or trophozoites stools under microscope may require examination of several samples over several days to determine if they are present, because cysts are shed intermittently and may not show up in every sample.
435:. Extra-intestinal complications might also arise as a result of invasive infection which includes colitis, liver, lung, or brain abscesses. The blood comes from bleeding lesions created by the amoebae invading the lining of the
785:
Stool antigen detection tests have helped to overcome some of the limitations of stool microscopy. Antigen detection tests are easy to use, but they have variable sensitivity and specificity, especially in low-endemic areas.
418:
Infections can sometimes last for years if there is no treatment. Symptoms take from a few days to a few weeks to develop and manifest themselves, but usually it is about two to four weeks. Symptoms can range from mild
633:
Tissue damage caused by E. histolytica is a result of three main events, host cell death, inflammation, and parasite invasion. Abbreviations: EhMIF, E. histolytica macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MMP, matrix
2350:
2335:
661:
between these areas can look either healthy or inflamed. Trophozoites may be identified at the ulcer edge or within the tissue, using immunohistochemical staining with specific anti-E. histolytica antibodies.
761:
infection taking place. The WHO recommends that infections diagnosed by microscopy alone should not be treated if they are asymptomatic and there is no other reason to suspect that the infection is actually
992:
and amoebic meningoencephalitis. Cutaneous amoebiasis can also occur in skin around sites of colostomy wound, perianal region, region overlying visceral lesion and at the site of drainage of liver abscess.
689:
Microscopy is still by far the most widespread method of diagnosis around the world. However it is not as sensitive or accurate in diagnosis as the other tests available. It is important to distinguish the
1658:
682:. Serology only becomes positive about two weeks after infection. More recent developments include a kit that detects the presence of amoeba proteins in the feces, and another that detects amoeba
349:, including separating food and water from faeces. There is no vaccine. There are two treatment options depending on the location of the infection. Amoebiasis in tissues is treated with either
3391:
1036:
outbreak in 1933, caused by contaminated drinking water. There were more than a thousand cases, with 98 deaths. It has been known since 1897 that at least one non-disease-causing species of
1076:
of the
Chicago Bureau of Sanitary Engineering brought the outbreak to an end when he found that defective plumbing permitted sewage to contaminate drinking water. In 1998 there was an
832:
Immunohistochemical staining of trophozoites (brown) using specific anti–Entamoeba histolytica macrophage migration inhibitory factor antibodies in a patient with amoebic colitis.
629:
1013:
Amoebiasis caused about 55,000 deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 68,000 in 1990. In older textbooks it is often stated that 10% of the world's population is infected with
973:
that lead to intestinal obstruction.(Mistaken for Ca caecum and appendicular mass) Other local complications include bloody diarrhea, pericolic and pericaecal abscess.
580:, but it can also be transmitted indirectly through contact with dirty hands or objects as well as by anal-oral contact. Infection is spread through ingestion of the
976:
Complications of hepatic amoebiasis includes subdiaphragmatic abscess, perforation of diaphragm to pericardium and pleural cavity, perforation to abdominal cavital
3559:
1644:
1888:"Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding due to Entamoeba histolytica Detected Early by Multiplex PCR: Case Report and Review of the Laboratory Diagnosis of Amebiasis"
2049:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
814:
769:
Typically, the organism can no longer be found in the feces once the disease goes extra-intestinal. Serological tests are useful in detecting infection by
377:. Effective treatment against all stages of the disease may require a combination of medications. Infections without symptoms may be treated with just one
921:
cysts are usually resistant to chlorination, therefore sedimentation and filtration of water supplies are necessary to reduce the incidence of infection.
3524:
2186:
773:
if the organism goes extra-intestinal and in excluding the organism from the diagnosis of other disorders. An Ova & Parasite (O&P) test or an
415:, but this disease has the potential to become serious. It is estimated that about 40,000 to 100,000 people worldwide die annually due to amoebiasis.
3554:
3010:
1084:. Between 26 May and 3 September 1998, 177 cases were reported, including 71 cases of intestinal amoebiasis and 106 probable cases of liver abscess.
666:
3514:
1073:
2691:
3446:
439:. In about 10% of invasive cases the amoebae enter the bloodstream and may travel to other organs in the body. Most commonly this means the
3699:
3413:
2477:
3637:
808:
cyst in a concentrated wet mount stained with iodine. This early cyst has only one nucleus and a glycogen mass is visible (brown stain).
2450:
1142:
1097:, a plant common to India, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.
3475:
3519:
3381:
1524:
Rawat A, Singh P, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK (August 2020). "Averting transmission: A pivotal target to manage amoebiasis".
3841:
3489:
1935:
76:
3480:
3428:
3333:
1862:
1755:
1628:
1493:
1402:
1243:
1775:
3820:
3683:
3494:
3423:
3348:
3167:
1032:
Amoebiasis was first described by Fedor A. Lösch in 1875, in northern Russia. The most dramatic incident in the US was the
458:
In asymptomatic infections, the amoeba lives by eating and digesting bacteria and food particles in the gut, a part of the
3671:
3549:
2684:
2556:
2535:
1297:"Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries"
933:
cysts from feces. Filtration is probably the most practical method for recovery from drinking water and liquid foods.
3688:
3647:
3612:
3597:
3579:
3504:
3283:
1024:
areas, but this is because of both poorer hygiene and the parasitic cysts surviving longer in warm moist conditions.
17:
3693:
3529:
3460:
3455:
2470:
1295:
Carrero JC, Reyes-López M, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M, Unzueta J, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M (January 2020).
3632:
3539:
3403:
3318:
3081:
2500:
913:
Good sanitary practice, as well as responsible sewage disposal or treatment, are necessary for the prevention of
1070:. The reason these species haven't been differentiated until recently is because of the reliance on appearance.
3661:
3534:
3371:
3338:
657:
With colonoscopy it is possible to detect small ulcers of between 3–5mm, but diagnosis may be difficult as the
2296:
3437:
2827:
2677:
2594:
443:, as this is where blood from the intestine reaches first, but they can end up almost anywhere in the body.
3846:
3800:
3666:
2190:
1654:
282:
108:
3720:
3418:
3376:
2730:
2463:
3851:
3715:
1111:
1998:"Significance of amebiasis: 10 reasons why neglecting amebiasis might come back to bite us in the gut"
909:
Avoid eating street foods especially in public places where others are sharing sauces in one container
3745:
3465:
789:
1052:
was two species, despite this having first been proposed in 1925. In addition to the now-recognized
674:
tests exist, and most infected individuals (with symptoms or not) test positive for the presence of
3607:
2968:
2960:
2803:
2365:
1137:
3587:
3499:
2940:
2815:
2550:
305:
99:
665:
Asymptomatic human infections are usually diagnosed by finding cysts shed in the stool. Various
3655:
3575:
3470:
3293:
3172:
2540:
2525:
1747:
896:
618:
459:
374:
206:
147:
2405:
927:
cysts may be recovered from contaminated food by methods similar to those used for recovering
3677:
3627:
3622:
3366:
3114:
2649:
2639:
2623:
1062:
1015:
569:
551:
496:(a process known as erythrophagocytosis) inside when viewed in stool samples. Especially in
484:
241:
123:
1739:
1264:
995:
Urogenital tract amoebiasis derived from intestinal lesion can cause amoebic vulvovaginitis
3790:
3104:
2933:
2788:
2657:
2644:
2561:
2530:
528:
296:
2047:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
8:
3750:
3509:
3207:
2419:
2416:
2354:
1033:
724:
3806:
2083:
1645:"Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Entamoeba histolytica"
1429:"A Review of the Global Burden, New Diagnostics, and Current Therapeutics for Amebiasis"
538:
infection. This bears high mortality: on average more than 50% with severe colitis die.
3408:
3361:
3303:
3187:
2859:
2582:
2278:
2270:
2163:
2146:
2096:
2024:
1997:
1912:
1887:
1822:
1797:
1710:
1683:
1596:
1571:
1549:
1453:
1428:
1375:
1326:
1235:
370:
258:
202:
83:
2064:
1854:
563:
3735:
3544:
3230:
2864:
2849:
2831:
2745:
2634:
2376:
2234:
2168:
2088:
2073:
2029:
1978:
1917:
1868:
1858:
1827:
1751:
1740:
1715:
1624:
1601:
1553:
1541:
1489:
1458:
1398:
1379:
1367:
1330:
1318:
1239:
1088:
1081:
339:
313:
152:
136:
131:
71:
2359:
2282:
1939:
1570:
Nespola B, Betz V, Brunet J, Gagnard JC, Krummel Y, Hansmann Y, et al. (2015).
757:
in most parts of the world this means that there is a lot of incorrect diagnosis of
399:. Further evidence from the Philippines in 1913 found that upon swallowing cysts of
3386:
3298:
3278:
3126:
3096:
2712:
2262:
2224:
2158:
2127:
2100:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2019:
2009:
1970:
1907:
1899:
1850:
1817:
1809:
1705:
1695:
1619:
Day DW, Basil C. Morson, Jeremy R. Jass, Geraint
Williams, Ashley B. Price (2003).
1591:
1583:
1533:
1481:
1448:
1440:
1357:
1308:
1231:
857:
thoroughly with soap and hot running water for at least 10 seconds after using the
737:
577:
534:
Steroid therapy can occasionally provoke severe amoebic colitis in people with any
475:
385:
3602:
3308:
3270:
3240:
3086:
3019:
2884:
2869:
2793:
2760:
2588:
2370:
2014:
1974:
1771:
1700:
1362:
1346:"Endogenous cysteine protease inhibitors in upmost pathogenic parasitic protozoa"
1345:
983:
929:
658:
509:
436:
274:
270:
88:
3810:
1618:
1485:
3725:
2889:
2854:
2750:
2229:
2212:
1587:
1313:
1296:
1106:
792:(PCR) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis but remains underutilized.
696:
493:
432:
362:
262:
189:
92:
2381:
1813:
1005:
infection is associated with malnutrition and stunting of growth in children.
3835:
3730:
3250:
3058:
2919:
2899:
2810:
2775:
2510:
2430:
1572:"First case of amebic liver abscess 22 years after the first occurrence"
1132:
679:
603:
517:
497:
467:
350:
177:
2344:
1684:"Fulminant Amebic Colitis after Corticosteroid Therapy: A Systematic Review"
964:
3780:
3740:
3255:
3076:
3068:
3038:
2909:
2894:
2740:
2519:
2444:
2238:
2120:
Archiv für pathologische
Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin
2092:
2033:
1982:
1921:
1831:
1764:
1719:
1649:
1605:
1545:
1462:
1371:
1322:
854:
705:
489:
479:
412:
358:
334:
may be present in severe cases. The most accurate test is finding specific
331:
185:
2172:
1903:
1872:
1444:
842:
3770:
3356:
3313:
3245:
3225:
3202:
3177:
2981:
2976:
2954:
2947:
2904:
2874:
2844:
2700:
2614:
2573:
2400:
1845:
Reeves RE (1985). "Metabolism of
Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903".
877:
594:
384:
Amoebiasis is present all over the world, though most cases occur in the
366:
286:
254:
193:
862:
3571:
3323:
3288:
3217:
3004:
2879:
2708:
2669:
2425:
2274:
2266:
2131:
1537:
1294:
1093:
947:
719:
is centrally located in the nucleus, while it is usually off-center in
607:
599:
378:
354:
346:
317:
230:
181:
163:
2455:
2327:
1677:
1675:
686:
in feces. These tests are not in widespread use due to their expense.
52:
3617:
3328:
3260:
3235:
3197:
3162:
3154:
3136:
3121:
3109:
3053:
3030:
2998:
2993:
2783:
2486:
2411:
621:, although most traveler's diarrhea is bacterial or viral in origin.
501:
424:
391:
326:
234:
62:
2115:
2048:
312:
abscesses can occur without previous diarrhea. Diagnosis is made by
3592:
3182:
3131:
2987:
2927:
2755:
2725:
1672:
1077:
869:
716:
675:
671:
585:
547:
505:
448:
420:
335:
278:
266:
250:
246:
140:
1963:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
846:
Specimen of the human intestine that was damaged by amoebic ulcer.
3048:
2765:
2735:
2495:
2118:[Massive development of amoebas in the large intestine].
1344:
Roy M, Rawat A, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Srivastava VK (August 2022).
1019:. Nevertheless, this means that there are up to 50 million true
694:
cyst from the cysts of nonpathogenic intestinal protozoa such as
471:
381:, and infections with symptoms are treated with two antibiotics.
104:
850:
To help prevent the spread of amoebiasis around the home :
3192:
3150:
2720:
2610:
2339:
1886:
Madden GR, Shirley DA, Townsend G, Moonah S (28 October 2019).
903:
873:
858:
611:
521:
513:
463:
290:
237:
112:
1657:: Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. 2007-12-28.
474:. This process can lead to penetration and digestion of human
3146:
2798:
2210:
884:
678:. The levels of antibody are much higher in individuals with
589:
452:
440:
428:
309:
3765:
2211:
Kreidl P, Imnadze P, Baidoshvili L, Greco D (October 1999).
1798:"Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome"
1476:
Beiting DP, John AR (2022). "Parasitic diseases: Protozoa".
2253:
Hammer K (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)".
1885:
820:
Amoebae in a colon biopsy from a case of amoebic dysentery.
581:
1959:
899:
areas, as they may have been fertilized using human feces.
638:
Amoebiasis results from tissue destruction induced by the
3043:
1426:
1056:, evidence shows there are at least two other species of
1045:
683:
1569:
2213:"Investigation of an outbreak of amoebiasis in Georgia"
2046:
745:, are also commensals and cannot be distinguished from
1523:
1427:
Shirley DT, Farr L, Watanabe K, Moonah S (July 2018).
1995:
1892:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
245:. Amoebiasis can be present with no, mild, or severe
2317:
1343:
602:
systems, including México, Central
America, western
3525:
2024 United
Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1265:"General Information | Amebiasis | Parasites | CDC"
1091:have attested to the medicinal properties found in
1996:Shirley DT, Watanabe K, Moonah S (November 2019).
1795:
1565:
1563:
1393:Beeching N, Gill G (17 April 2014). "Amoebiasis".
520:cellular response, and is sometimes confused with
338:, but it may remain positive following treatment.
2116:"Massenhafte Entwickelung von Amöben im Dickdarm"
999:, rectovesicle fistula and rectovaginal fistula.
3833:
1796:Ghosh S, Padalia J, Moonah S (21 January 2019).
1560:
1044:), but it was first formally recognized by the
704:cysts have a maximum of four nuclei, while the
293:may develop due to prolonged gastric bleeding.
1621:Morson and Dawson's Gastrointestinal Pathology
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
588:, a semi-dormant and hardy structure found in
2685:
2471:
1681:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
3700:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3515:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3414:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2509:
1392:
731:cysts are rounded, while they are jagged in
3638:United Kingdom food information regulations
1475:
1397:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 177–182.
1105:An outbreak of amoebic dysentery occurs in
711:cyst has up to 8 nuclei. Additionally, in
46:Amoebic dysentery, amebiasis, entamoebiasis
2692:
2678:
2478:
2464:
2451:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1772:"safewateronline.com: Travelers' Diarrhea"
1733:
1731:
1729:
1156:
51:
3476:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2228:
2162:
2082:
2072:
2023:
2013:
1911:
1821:
1709:
1699:
1595:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1452:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1361:
1312:
1290:
1288:
1286:
576:Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by the
546:Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the
320:, but it can be difficult to distinguish
3520:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3382:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2699:
2147:"The 1933 Chicago outbreak of amebiasis"
963:
841:
628:
562:
345:Prevention of amoebiasis is by improved
275:inflammation and ulceration of the colon
3490:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2485:
2144:
2040:
1936:"FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual"
1737:
1726:
1226:Kelly P (2014). "Intestinal Protozoa".
27:Human disease caused by amoeba protists
14:
3834:
3505:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3082:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2252:
1844:
1746:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
1502:
1411:
1283:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1100:
2673:
2459:
2113:
1802:Current Clinical Microbiology Reports
1478:Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology
1228:Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases
1225:
411:Most infected people, about 90%, are
406:
60:The life-cycle of various intestinal
3796:
3684:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3424:Australian meat substitution scandal
3392:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3168:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
369:. Luminal infection is treated with
3816:
3672:Food Information and Control Agency
1252:
876:often; pay particular attention to
24:
2536:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
1849:. Vol. 23. pp. 105–142.
1682:Shirley DA, Moonah S (July 2016).
1526:Chemical Biology & Drug Design
1236:10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00050-9
478:, resulting first in flask-shaped
403:volunteers developed the disease.
25:
3863:
3689:International Food Safety Network
3613:International Food Safety Network
3334:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3284:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3011:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
2313:
617:Amoebic dysentery is one form of
3815:
3805:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3764:
3694:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3530:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3461:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3456:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2002:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1778:from the original on 6 June 2008
1688:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1661:from the original on 9 July 2009
917:infection on an endemic level.
825:
813:
797:
342:can result in similar symptoms.
332:increased white blood cell count
3633:Quality Assurance International
3540:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3510:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3404:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3319:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2557:Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis
2289:
2245:
2204:
2179:
2151:The Western Journal of Medicine
2138:
2107:
1989:
1953:
1928:
1879:
1838:
1789:
1637:
1612:
1008:
624:
592:. Any non-encysted amoebae, or
558:
488:ingests the destroyed cells by
3842:Intestinal infectious diseases
3662:European Food Safety Authority
3535:Food safety incidents in China
3372:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3339:Water fluoridation controversy
1738:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1623:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1469:
1433:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
1386:
1337:
1125:
1060:that look the same in humans:
670:is often seen in fresh feces.
508:) may form in the wall of the
13:
1:
2595:Sappinia amoebic encephalitis
2065:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
1855:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60286-9
1118:
895:Avoid raw vegetables when in
837:
3667:Food and Drug Administration
3349:Food contamination incidents
2015:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007744
1975:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.12.012
1742:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1701:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004879
1655:Food and Drug Administration
1363:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127061
1143:National Library of Medicine
959:
941:
652:
527:The ingestion of one viable
273:. Complications can include
7:
3721:Food and drink prohibitions
3495:Bihar school meal poisoning
3419:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3377:1900 English beer poisoning
2731:Antibiotic use in livestock
1486:10.1002/9781119600206.ch146
891:To help prevent infection:
865:, and before handling food.
610:, and western and southern
10:
3868:
3716:Curing (food preservation)
2789:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
2531:Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis
2230:10.2807/esm.04.10.00040-en
1314:10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358
1112:A Breath of Snow and Ashes
1027:
968:Significance of Amoebiasis
945:
735:. However, other species,
3759:
3746:Genetically modified food
3708:
3646:
3598:Food labeling regulations
3570:
3466:2008 Chinese milk scandal
3347:
3269:
3216:
3145:
3095:
3067:
3029:
2918:
2826:
2774:
2707:
2609:
2572:
2494:
2391:
2321:
2297:"Outlandish Observations"
2187:"Water and Waste Systems"
2114:Lösch F (November 1875).
1814:10.1007/s40588-019-0113-6
902:Boil water or treat with
790:Polymerase chain reaction
753:is much more common than
749:under the microscope. As
229:, is an infection of the
212:
169:
158:
146:
130:
118:
98:
82:
70:
59:
50:
42:
37:
3608:Food safety in Australia
2804:High-fructose corn syrup
2145:Markell EK (June 1986).
1847:Advances in Parasitology
1588:10.1051/parasite/2015020
1350:Microbiological Research
1138:Medical Subject Headings
980:and perforation of skin
863:changing a baby's diaper
806:E. histolytica/E. dispar
541:
531:may cause an infection.
3588:Acceptable daily intake
3500:2013 horse meat scandal
2941:Clostridium perfringens
2551:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1230:. pp. 664–682.e2.
492:and is often seen with
431:, coupled with intense
336:antibodies in the blood
306:amoebic liver abscesses
249:. Symptoms may include
141:antibodies in the blood
3656:Centre for Food Safety
3471:2008 Irish pork crisis
3173:Benzene in soft drinks
2541:Acanthamoeba infection
2526:Acanthamoeba keratitis
1480:. pp. 3022–3038.
969:
847:
635:
573:
460:gastrointestinal tract
285:, which may result in
148:Differential diagnosis
3678:Food Standards Agency
3628:Organic certification
3623:Nutrition facts label
3367:Esing Bakery incident
3155:environment pollution
2650:Amoebic brain abscess
2640:Amoebic liver abscess
2624:Entamoeba histolytica
2074:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
1904:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0237
1094:Glochidion calocarpum
1080:of amoebiasis in the
1068:Entamoeba bangladeshi
1016:Entamoeba histolytica
1003:Entamoeba histolytica
978:(amoebic peritonitis)
967:
845:
632:
570:Entamoeba histolytica
566:
552:Entamoeba histolytica
485:Entamoeba histolytica
397:amoebic liver abscess
242:Entamoeba histolytica
124:Entamoeba histolytica
3447:2006 North American
3105:Acesulfame potassium
2934:Campylobacter jejuni
2828:Intestinal parasites
2701:Consumer food safety
2658:Entamoeba gingivalis
2645:Cutaneous amoebiasis
2562:Balamuthia infection
1034:Chicago World's Fair
700:by its appearance.
516:due to long-lasting
324:from other harmless
199:Intestinal infection
3847:Waterborne diseases
3751:Conspiracy theories
3304:Heterocyclic amines
3208:Shellfish poisoning
1445:10.1093/ofid/ofy161
1301:Int J Med Microbiol
1101:Society and culture
1082:Republic of Georgia
725:chromatoidal bodies
634:metalloproteinases.
619:traveler's diarrhea
259:colonic ulcerations
109:colonic perforation
3409:Toxic oil syndrome
3362:Swill milk scandal
3188:Diethylstilbestrol
2860:Diphyllobothriasis
2583:Sappinia diploidea
2392:External resources
2267:10.1007/bf03183925
2132:10.1007/BF02028799
2059:(9859): 2095–128.
1538:10.1111/cbdd.13699
1271:. 29 December 2021
970:
848:
636:
574:
567:Life-cycle of the
504:mass (known as an
482:in the intestine.
407:Signs and symptoms
371:diloxanide furoate
203:diloxanide furoate
77:Infectious disease
3852:Tropical diseases
3829:
3828:
3736:Food preservation
3545:Foodborne illness
3097:Sugar substitutes
2850:Cryptosporidiosis
2832:parasitic disease
2746:HGH controversies
2713:food contaminants
2667:
2666:
2635:Amoebic dysentery
2605:
2604:
2440:
2439:
2217:Euro Surveillance
1864:978-0-12-031723-3
1757:978-0-8385-8529-0
1630:978-0-632-04204-3
1495:978-1-119-60016-9
1404:978-1-118-73456-8
1395:Tropical Medicine
1245:978-0-7020-5101-2
1089:Nicobarese people
340:Bacterial colitis
314:stool examination
227:amoebic dysentery
220:
219:
153:Bacterial colitis
137:Stool examination
132:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
18:Amoebic dysentery
16:(Redirected from
3859:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3781:Drink portal
3779:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3680:(United Kingdom)
3429:Jack in the Box
3400:
3387:Minamata disease
3299:Food irradiation
3279:4-Hydroxynonenal
3127:Sodium cyclamate
2970:Escherichia coli
2962:Escherichia coli
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2507:
2506:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2251:See p. 412 in:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2076:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2008:(11): e0007744.
1993:
1987:
1986:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1938:. Archived from
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1898:(6): 1380–1383.
1883:
1877:
1876:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1745:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1653:. United States
1641:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1521:
1500:
1499:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1316:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1223:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1129:
984:amoebiasis cutis
887:or face washers.
829:
817:
801:
738:Entamoeba dispar
578:fecal-oral route
386:developing world
55:
35:
34:
21:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3775:
3773:
3771:Food portal
3763:
3755:
3704:
3642:
3603:Food libel laws
3566:
3394:
3343:
3309:Modified starch
3271:Food processing
3265:
3212:
3141:
3091:
3087:Sodium benzoate
3063:
3025:
3020:Vibrio cholerae
2914:
2885:Gnathostomiasis
2870:Fasciolopsiasis
2822:
2770:
2761:Mercury in fish
2703:
2698:
2668:
2663:
2601:
2589:Sappinia pedata
2568:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2387:
2386:
2330:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2255:Economic Botany
2250:
2246:
2223:(10): 103–104.
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2143:
2139:
2112:
2108:
2045:
2041:
1994:
1990:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1884:
1880:
1865:
1843:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1736:
1727:
1694:(7): e0004879.
1680:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1568:
1561:
1522:
1503:
1496:
1474:
1470:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1342:
1338:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1224:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1133:"Entamoebiasis"
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1103:
1030:
1011:
997:(May's disease)
962:
950:
944:
930:Giardia lamblia
840:
833:
830:
821:
818:
809:
802:
721:Entamoeba coli.
713:E. histolytica,
680:liver abscesses
659:mucous membrane
655:
627:
561:
544:
510:ascending colon
494:red blood cells
433:abdominal pains
409:
271:bloody diarrhea
197:
89:Bloody diarrhea
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3783:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Food marketing
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3709:Related topics
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Food additives
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2920:Microorganisms
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Paragonimiasis
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Cyclosporiasis
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2776:Food additives
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Lead poisoning
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2420:article/996092
2417:article/212029
2408:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2347:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:Classification
2315:
2314:External links
2312:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2261:(3): 410–412.
2244:
2203:
2178:
2137:
2126:(2): 196–211.
2106:
2039:
1988:
1969:(11): 1032–8.
1952:
1927:
1878:
1863:
1837:
1788:
1763:
1756:
1725:
1671:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1559:
1532:(2): 731–744.
1501:
1494:
1468:
1410:
1403:
1385:
1336:
1282:
1251:
1244:
1155:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1107:Diana Gabaldon
1102:
1099:
1063:E. moshkovskii
1050:E. histolytica
1042:Entamoeba coli
1029:
1026:
1021:E. histolytica
1010:
1007:
961:
958:
953:E. histolytica
946:Main article:
943:
940:
935:E. histolytica
925:E. histolytica
915:E. histolytica
911:
910:
907:
900:
889:
888:
883:Avoid sharing
881:
866:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
810:
803:
796:
780:E. histolytica
775:E. histolytica
771:E. histolytica
764:E. histolytica
759:E. histolytica
755:E. histolytica
747:E. histolytica
743:E. moshkovskii
733:Entamoeba coli
729:E. histolytica
709:Entamoeba coli
702:E. histolytica
697:Entamoeba coli
692:E. histolytica
654:
651:
646:E. histolytica
640:E. histolytica
626:
623:
560:
557:
543:
540:
536:E. histolytica
468:cell membranes
408:
405:
401:E. histolytica
363:dehydroemetine
322:E. hystolitica
263:abdominal pain
255:loss of weight
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
190:dehydroemetine
174:Tissue disease
171:
167:
166:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
105:Severe colitis
102:
96:
95:
93:abdominal pain
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3864:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Food politics
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:(South Korea)
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3560:United States
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3481:2011 Germany
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3438:1996 Odwalla
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
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2511:Centramoebida
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2193:on 2017-01-19
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2122:(in German).
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1999:
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1980:
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1968:
1964:
1956:
1942:on 2008-04-06
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1074:Joel Connolly
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:in 1997 that
1047:
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919:E.histolytica
916:
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604:South America
601:
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539:
537:
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530:
525:
523:
519:
518:immunological
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:granulomatous
499:
498:Latin America
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:that destroy
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
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430:
426:
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416:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:
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382:
380:
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375:iodoquinoline
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:metronidazole
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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294:
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264:
260:
256:
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232:
228:
224:
215:
211:
208:
207:iodoquinoline
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:metronidazole
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
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145:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
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125:
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110:
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101:
100:Complications
97:
94:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
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3741:Food quality
3648:Institutions
3482:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3314:Nitrosamines
3077:Benzoic acid
3039:Chlorpyrifos
3018:
3012:
3003:
2986:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2910:Trichuriasis
2895:Toxocariasis
2865:Enterobiasis
2839:
2741:Formaldehyde
2656:
2629:
2622:
2587:
2581:
2549:
2520:Acanthamoeba
2518:
2445:
2424:
2410:
2399:
2375:
2364:
2349:
2334:
2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2181:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1930:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1846:
1840:
1808:(1): 51–57.
1805:
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1741:
1691:
1687:
1663:. Retrieved
1650:Bad Bug Book
1648:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1579:
1575:
1529:
1525:
1477:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1394:
1388:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1304:
1300:
1275:13 September
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1227:
1148:20 September
1146:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1110:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1009:Epidemiology
1002:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
981:
977:
975:
971:
952:
951:
934:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
912:
890:
878:toilet seats
849:
805:
788:
784:
779:
778:invasion by
774:
770:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
720:
712:
708:
701:
695:
691:
688:
664:
656:
645:
644:
639:
637:
625:Pathogenesis
616:
595:trophozoites
593:
584:form of the
575:
568:
559:Transmission
550:
545:
535:
533:
526:
490:phagocytosis
483:
457:
445:
417:
413:asymptomatic
410:
400:
396:
389:
383:
359:nitazoxanide
344:
330:species. An
325:
321:
300:
295:
279:tissue death
240:
233:caused by a
226:
222:
221:
216:~480 million
198:
186:nitazoxanide
173:
122:
61:
29:
3821:WikiProject
3658:(Hong Kong)
3395: [
3357:Devon colic
3231:Breast milk
3203:Nonylphenol
3178:Bisphenol A
3115:controversy
2982:Hepatitis E
2977:Hepatitis A
2955:Enterovirus
2948:Cronobacter
2905:Trichinosis
2875:Fasciolosis
2845:Anisakiasis
2816:controversy
2709:Adulterants
2615:Archamoebae
2574:Flabellinia
2501:free-living
2401:MedlinePlus
1269:www.cdc.gov
672:Serological
480:ulcerations
367:chloroquine
287:peritonitis
283:perforation
194:chloroquine
43:Other names
3836:Categories
3572:Regulation
3555:death toll
3324:Shortening
3289:Acrylamide
3218:Food fraud
3198:Mycotoxins
3031:Pesticides
3005:Salmonella
2880:Giardiasis
2840:Amoebiasis
2784:Flavorings
2630:Amoebiasis
2487:Amoebozoal
2446:Amoebiasis
2431:Amoebiasis
2426:Patient UK
2377:DiseasesDB
2302:2020-11-24
2197:2017-01-19
2157:(6): 750.
1946:2008-03-26
1782:2020-06-28
1665:2009-07-13
1356:: 127061.
1119:References
948:Amoebicide
855:Wash hands
838:Prevention
676:antibodies
642:parasite.
608:South Asia
600:sanitation
379:antibiotic
355:tinidazole
347:sanitation
318:microscopy
231:intestines
223:Amoebiasis
182:tinidazole
164:sanitation
159:Prevention
38:Amoebiasis
3618:ISO 22000
3580:watchdogs
3576:standards
3550:outbreaks
3451:outbreaks
3329:Trans fat
3241:Olive oil
3163:Aflatoxin
3137:Sucralose
3122:Saccharin
3110:Aspartame
3054:Malathion
2999:Rotavirus
2994:Norovirus
2412:eMedicine
1554:218475533
1380:248741177
1331:203849436
1109:'s novel
1058:Entamoeba
1054:E. dispar
1040:existed (
1038:Entamoeba
960:Prognosis
942:Treatment
880:and taps.
870:bathrooms
804:Immature
751:E. dispar
723:Finally,
706:commensal
667:flotation
653:Diagnosis
425:dysentery
392:dysentery
327:entamoeba
301:Entamoeba
235:parasitic
213:Frequency
170:Treatment
162:Improved
72:Specialty
63:Entamoeba
3811:Cookbook
3791:Category
3593:E number
3485:outbreak
3442:outbreak
3433:outbreak
3183:Dieldrin
3132:Sorbitol
2988:Listeria
2928:Botulism
2756:Melamine
2726:Aldicarb
2489:diseases
2283:32113455
2239:12631887
2093:23245604
2084:10790329
2034:31725715
1983:16730764
1922:31674299
1832:31008019
1776:Archived
1720:27467600
1659:Archived
1606:26088504
1576:Parasite
1546:32356312
1463:30046644
1372:35605309
1323:31587966
1078:outbreak
906:tablets.
717:endosome
586:parasite
506:amoeboma
472:proteins
449:bacteria
421:diarrhea
390:amoebic
267:diarrhea
251:lethargy
247:symptoms
84:Symptoms
3801:Commons
3674:(Spain)
3483:E. coli
3449:E. coli
3440:E. coli
3431:E. coli
3251:Seafood
3151:poisons
3049:Lindane
3013:E. coli
2972:O157:H7
2964:O104:H4
2766:Sudan I
2736:Cyanide
2496:Lobosea
2371:D000562
2275:4255259
2173:3524005
2164:1306777
2101:1541253
2025:6855409
1913:6896859
1873:6085216
1823:6449278
1711:4965027
1597:4472968
1454:6055529
1028:History
956:agent.
938:tests.
897:endemic
874:toilets
476:tissues
464:enzymes
453:viruses
66:species
3256:Shrimp
3193:Dioxin
3147:Toxins
2721:3-MCPD
2611:Conosa
2406:000298
2281:
2273:
2237:
2171:
2161:
2099:
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2081:
2053:Lancet
2032:
2022:
1981:
1920:
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1871:
1861:
1830:
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1754:
1718:
1708:
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1594:
1582:: 20.
1552:
1544:
1492:
1461:
1451:
1401:
1378:
1370:
1329:
1321:
1242:
904:iodine
885:towels
868:Clean
859:toilet
612:Africa
548:amoeba
522:cancer
514:rectum
316:using
291:Anemia
238:amoeba
119:Causes
113:anemia
3399:]
3246:Prawn
3226:Bread
2799:Sugar
2279:S2CID
2271:JSTOR
2097:S2CID
1550:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1327:S2CID
590:feces
542:Cause
441:liver
437:colon
429:blood
427:with
310:Liver
297:Cysts
277:with
269:, or
225:, or
2794:Salt
2382:4304
2366:MeSH
2355:9-CM
2235:PMID
2169:PMID
2089:PMID
2030:PMID
1979:PMID
1918:PMID
1869:PMID
1859:ISBN
1828:PMID
1752:ISBN
1750:–8.
1716:PMID
1625:ISBN
1602:PMID
1542:PMID
1490:ISBN
1459:PMID
1399:ISBN
1368:PMID
1319:PMID
1277:2022
1240:ISBN
1150:2024
1087:The
1066:and
872:and
741:and
715:the
582:cyst
529:cyst
500:, a
470:and
451:and
395:and
3261:Tea
3236:Egg
3044:DDT
2360:006
2351:ICD
2345:A06
2336:ICD
2263:doi
2225:doi
2159:PMC
2155:144
2128:doi
2079:PMC
2069:hdl
2061:doi
2057:380
2020:PMC
2010:doi
1971:doi
1967:100
1908:PMC
1900:doi
1896:101
1851:doi
1818:PMC
1810:doi
1748:733
1706:PMC
1696:doi
1592:PMC
1584:doi
1534:doi
1482:doi
1449:PMC
1441:doi
1358:doi
1354:261
1309:doi
1305:310
1232:doi
1046:WHO
861:or
727:in
684:DNA
512:or
423:to
373:or
365:or
299:of
281:or
3838::
3578:,
3574:,
3397:ar
3153:,
3149:,
2830:,
2711:,
2449:-
2429::
2415::
2404::
2380::
2369::
2358::
2343::
2340:10
2277:.
2269:.
2259:44
2257:.
2233:.
2219:.
2215:.
2167:.
2153:.
2149:.
2124:65
2095:.
2087:.
2077:.
2067:.
2055:.
2051:.
2028:.
2018:.
2006:13
2004:.
2000:.
1977:.
1965:.
1916:.
1906:.
1894:.
1890:.
1867:.
1857:.
1826:.
1816:.
1804:.
1800:.
1774:.
1728:^
1714:.
1704:.
1692:10
1690:.
1686:.
1674:^
1647:.
1600:.
1590:.
1580:22
1578:.
1574:.
1562:^
1548:.
1540:.
1530:96
1528:.
1504:^
1488:.
1457:.
1447:.
1435:.
1431:.
1413:^
1374:.
1366:.
1352:.
1348:.
1325:.
1317:.
1303:.
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