American urban history

2666: 1934:, with a population of 96,000 in 1810 surged far beyond its rivals, reaching a population of 1,080,000 in 1860, compared to 566,000 in Philadelphia, 212,000 in Baltimore, 178,000 in Boston (289,000 including the Boston suburbs), and 169,000 in New Orleans. Historian Robert Albion identifies four aggressive moves by New York entrepreneurs and politicians that helped it jump to the top of American cities. It set up an auction system that efficiently and rapidly sold imported cargoes; it organized a regular transatlantic packet service to England; it built a large-scale coastwise trade, especially one that brought Southern cotton to New York for reexport to Europe; it sponsored the Erie Canal, which opened a large new market in upstate New York and the Old Northwest. 1544: 2520:(1856–1941), head of public health in Providence Rhode Island, was a tireless campaigner for the germ theory of disease, which he repeatedly validated with his laboratory studies. Chapin emphatically told popular audiences germs were the true culprit, not filth; that diseases were not indiscriminately transmitted through the smelly air; and that disinfection was not a cure-all. He paid little attention to environmental or chemical hazards in the air and water, or to tobacco smoking, since germs were not involved. They did not become a major concern of the public health movement until the 1960s. 1677:(1962), the overwhelming consensus of American intellectuals has been hostile to the city. The main idea is the Romantic view that the unspoiled nature of rural America is morally superior to the over civilized cities, which are the natural homes of sharpsters and criminals. American poets did not rhapsodize over the cities. On the contrary they portrayed the metropolis as the ugly scene of economic inequality, crime, drunkenness, prostitution and every variety of immorality. Urbanites were set to rhyme as crafty, overly competitive, artificial, and as having lost too much naturalness and goodness. 2368: 2322:'s economy before 1870 had been rooted in mining. It then grew by expanding its role in railroads, wholesale trade, manufacturing, food processing, and servicing the growing agricultural and ranching hinterland. Between 1870 and 1890, manufacturing output soared from $ 600,000 to $ 40 million, and the population grew by a factor of 20 times to 107,000. Denver had always attracted miners, workers, whores and travelers. Saloons and gambling dens sprung up overnight. The city fathers boasted of its fine theaters, and especially the Tabor Grand Opera House built in 1881. 1686: 2263: 2513:" which attributed the spread of disease to "bad air" caused by the abundance of dirt and animal waste. It indicated the need for regular garbage pickup. By the 1880s, European discovery of the germ theory of disease proved decisive for the medical community, although popular belief never shook the old "bad air" theory. Medical attention shifted from curing the sick patient to stopping the spread of the disease in the first place. It indicated a system of quarantines, hospitalization, clean water, and proper sewage disposal. 2746: 1784:

transient population of Sailors and visiting businessmen. On the eve of the Revolution, 95 percent of the American population lived outside the cities—much to the frustration of the British, who were able to capture the cities with their Royal Navy, but lacked the manpower to occupy and subdue the countryside. In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution, Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers, taverns, churches, kinship networks, and local politics.

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steel skeleton, developed in the 1880s, replaced the heavy brick walls that were limited to 15 or so stories in height. The skyscraper also required a complex internal structure to solve difficult issues of ventilation, steam heat, gas lighting (and later electricity), and plumbing. Urban housing involved a wide variety of styles, but most of the attention focused on the tenement house for the working class, and the apartment building for the middle class.

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captured in early 1862, and Nashville in 1863. All these cities became major logistic and strategic centers for the Union forces. All the remaining ports were blockaded by the summer of 1861, ending normal commercial traffic, with only very expensive blockade runners getting through. The largest remaining cities were Atlanta, the railroad center which was destroyed in 1864, in the national capital in Richmond which held out to the bitter end.

6006: 2345:. City boosters opened a public library in 1894. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling." It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners the Butte was a cultivated city. Appreciative crowds filled the large, upscale "Belasco" opera house for full-scale operas and top-name artists. 2709:

political machines were primarily interested in controlling their wards and citywide elections. The smaller the turnout on election day, the easier it was to control the system. However, for Roosevelt to win the presidency in 1936 and 1940, he needed to carry the electoral college and that meant he needed the largest possible majorities in the cities to overwhelm the out state vote. The machines came through for him.

2603:, where a devastating hurricane and flood overwhelmed the resources of local government. Reformers abolished political parties in municipal elections, and set up a five-man commission of experts to rebuild the city. The Galveston idea was simple, efficient, and much less conducive to corruption. If lessened the Democratic influences of the average voter, but multiplied the influence of the reform minded middle-class. 2384:

too expensive. In smaller cities, there were many apartments over stores and shops, usually occupied by proprietors of small local businesses. The residents paid rent, and did not own their apartments until the emergence of cooperatives in New York City in the 20th century, and condominiums around the country after World War II. Turnover was very high, and there was seldom was a sense of neighborhood community.

1610:(1915–2011). Schlesinger and his students took a group approach to history, sharply playing down the role of individuals. Handlin added a focus on groups defined by ethnicity (that is Germans, Irish, Jews, Italians Hispanics etc.) or by class (working class or middle class). The Harvard model was that the urban environment, including the interaction with other groups, shaped their history and group outlook. 39: 1801: 2399:

the reforms of 1879, New York tenements lacked running water or indoor toilets. Garbage pickup was erratic until late in the 19th century. Rents were cheap for those who could endure the dust, clutter, smells and noises; the only cheaper alternatives were squalid basement rooms in older buildings. Most of the tenements survived until the urban renewal movement of the 1950s.

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and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century, the middle-class businessmen, professionals, and skilled artisans dominated the cities. He characterizes them as "sensible, shrewd, frugal, ostentatiously moral, generally honest," public spirited, and upwardly mobile, and argues their economic strivings led to "democratic yearnings" for political power.

1975:. However, most were located in smaller cities or large towns such as Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; Cornell in Ithaca, New York; Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor; University of Illinois in Urbana; University of Wisconsin in Madison; University of California in Berkeley, and Stanford in the village of Stanford, California. 2395:

floor. Chicago built thousands of apartment buildings, with the upscale ones close to the lake, where it was warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. In every city, apartment buildings were built along the paths of the street railways, for the middle-class tenants rode the streetcar to work, while the working class saved a nickel each way and walked.

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choices a hallmark of American civilization." It was the diversity of the city, and the support it provided for diverse lifestyles, that set it so dramatically apart from towns and rural areas. By the 1990s there was increased emphasis on racial minorities, outcasts, and gays and lesbians, as well as studies of leisure activities and sports history.

2677:, which were ramshackle assemblages on vacant lots of cardboard boxes, tents, and small rickety wooden sheds built by homeless people. Residents lived in shacks and begged for food or went to soup kitchens. The term was coined by Charles Michelson, publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee, who referred sardonically to President 1706:

leadership roles in promoting trade, land speculation, immigration, and prosperity, and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and new methods in medicine and technology. They sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people meeting welfare.

2457:, and focused on broader principles such as honesty, efficiency, economy, and centralized decision-making by experts. "Efficiency" was their watchword, they believed one of the problems with the machines was that they wasted enormous amounts of tax money by creating useless patronage jobs and payoffs to mid-level politicians. 2533:

Boston dominated New England. Chicago, the nation's railroad hub, dominated the Midwest, New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, as well as popular culture and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered in New York City.

5911:(2006) 32#4 pp 582–597, identifies a loss of influence by such writers as Lewis Mumford, Robert Caro, and Sam Warner, a continuation of the emphasis on narrow, modern time periods, and a general decline in the importance of the field. Comments by Timothy Gilfoyle and Carl Abbott contest the latter conclusion. 1809:

Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston for briefer periods. During the occupations cities were cut off from their hinterland trade and from overland communication. The British departed in 1783, they took out large numbers of wealthy merchants, resuming their business activities elsewhere in the British Empire.

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Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively). The eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. The number of people as of 1860 who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's 1860 population.

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City governments in 1930–31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects, as president Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged. However, tax revenues were plunging, and the cities as well as private relief agencies were totally overwhelmed; by 1931 men were unable to provide significant

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The apartment building came first, as middle-class professionals, businessmen, and white-collar workers realized they did not need and could scarcely afford single-family dwellings of the type that low land costs in the towns permitted. Boarding houses were inappropriate for family; hotel suites were

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The working-class typically walked to nearby factories and patronized small local stores. Big-city streets became paths for faster and larger and more dangerous vehicles, the pedestrians beware. Underground subways were a solution, with Boston building one in the 1890s followed by New York a decade

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The eleven Confederate states in 1860 had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people. Of these, 162 towns and cities with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600), Charleston,

1812:

The older cities restored their economic basis. Growing cities included Salem, Massachusetts (which opened a new trade with China), New London, Connecticut, and especially Baltimore, Maryland. The Washington administration under the leadership of Secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton set up a

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They were more democratic than European cities, in that a large fraction of the men could vote, and class lines were more fluid. Contrasted to Europe, printers, especially as newspaper editors, had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics

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examined in depth five key cities: Boston (population 16,000 in 1760); Newport, Rhode Island (population 7500); New York City (population 18,000), Philadelphia (population 23,000); and Charles Town (Charlestown, South Carolina), (population 8000). He argues they grew from small villages to take major

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Historian Zane Miller argues that urban history was rejuvenated in mid-20th century by the realization that the cultural importance of the city went far beyond art galleries and museums. Historians began to emphasize "the importance of individual choices in the past and made the advocacy of lifestyle

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Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities, 1929–1937. They estimated that every additional $ 153,000 in relief spending in 1935 dollars, or $ 1.95 million in year 2000 dollars, was associated with

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After construction, was the widespread downturn in heavy industry, especially manufacturing of durable goods such as automobiles, machinery, and refrigerators. The impact of unemployment was higher in the manufacturing centers in the East and Midwest, and lower in the South and West, which had less

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was brought over from England and evolved into the "Neighborhood Unit" form of development. In the early 1900s, as cars were introduced to city streets for the first time, residents became increasingly concerned with the number of pedestrians being injured by car traffic. The response, seen first in

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Sanitary conditions were bad throughout urban America in the 19th century. The worst conditions appeared in the largest cities, where the accumulation of human and horse waste built up on the city streets, where sewage systems were inadequate, and the water supply was of dubious quality. Physicians

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concludes that "what the structural reformers wanted to do, then, was to replace a rather mechanical form of public bureaucracy, which was permeated with 'illegitimate' lay influence, with a streamlined 'professional' bureaucracy in which lay control was carefully filtered through a corporate school

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in Chicago. They were less interested in civil service reform or revising the city charter, and concentrated instead on the needs of working class housing, child labor, sanitation and welfare. Protestant churches promoted their own group of reformers, mostly women activists demanding prohibition or

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Cities played a much less important part in the heavily rural Confederacy. When the war started the largest cities in slave states were seized in 1861 by the Union, including Washington, Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville, and St. Louis. The largest and most important Confederate city, New Orleans, was

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The first theater building in America was built in Charleston in 1736, but was later replaced by the 19th-century Planter's Hotel where wealthy planters stayed during Charleston's horse-racing season, now the Dock Street Theatre, known as one of the oldest active theaters built for stage performance

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With the start of full-scale war mobilization in the summer of 1940, the economies of the cities rebounded. Even before Pearl Harbor, Washington pumped massive investments into new factories and funded round-the-clock munitions production, guaranteeing a job to anyone who showed up at the factory

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On the one hand it predicted too much— microscopes demonstrated so many various microorganisms that there was no particular reason to associate any one of them with a specific disease. There was also a political dimension; a contagious theory of disease called for aggressive public health measures,

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The young man in the country no sooner elects for himself his course, than he makes for the nearest town. Scarcely has he grown familiar with his new surroundings, when the subtle attractions of the remoter city begin to tell upon him. There is no resisting it. It draws him like a magnet. Sooner or

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Pure milk, wholesome water, mellow fruit, vegetables, and proper sleep and exercise are lacking in the city; and the "dense centers of population are unfavorable to moral growth as they are to physical development." Sharpness and deception characterize the city merchant, mechanic, and professional

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The working class crowded into tenement houses, with far fewer features and amenities. They were cheap and easy to build, and filled up almost the entire lot. There were typically five story walk-ups, with four separate apartments on each floor. There was minimal air circulation and sunlight. Until

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Business was good; visitors spent lavishly, then left town. As long as madams conducted their business discreetly, and "crib girls" did not advertise their availability too crudely, authorities took their bribes and looked the other way. Occasional cleanups and crack downs satisfied the demands for

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In the largest cities, street railways were elevated, which increased their speed and lessened their dangers. Street-level trolleys moved passengers at 12 miles per hour for 5 cents a ride, with free transfers. They became the main transportation service for middle class shoppers and office workers

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The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the inadequate transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in Confederate cities. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1864, the poor white women of Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops

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America's financial, business and cultural leadership, that is, literature, the arts, and the media, were concentrated in the three or four largest cities. Political leadership was never concentrated. It was divided between Washington and the state capitals, and many states deliberately moved their

1808:

The cities played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution, but they were hard hit during the war itself, 1775–83. They lost their main role as oceanic ports, because of the blockade by the British Navy. Furthermore, the British occupied the cities, especially New York 1776–83, as well as

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The failure of the South to develop an urban infrastructure significantly weakened it during the Civil War, especially as its border cities of Baltimore, Washington, Louisville, and St. Louis, refused to join the Confederacy. The cities were fonts of innovation in democracy, especially in terms of

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Unemployment reached 25 percent in the worst days of 1932–33, but it was unevenly distributed. Job losses were less severe among women than men, among workers in nondurable industries, such as food and clothing, in services and sales, and in government jobs. The least skilled inner city men had

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The economic damage to the cities was most serious in the collapse of 80 to 90 percent of the private sector construction industry. Cities and states started expanding their own construction programs as early as 1930, and they became a central feature of the New Deal, but private construction did

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Urban America had enjoyed strong growth and steady prosperity in the 1920s. Large-scale immigration had ended in 1914, and never fully resumed, so that ethnic communities have become stabilized and Americanized. Upward mobility was the norm, in every sector of the population supported the rapidly

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a coalition of middle-class reform-oriented voters, academic experts and reformers hostile to the political machines introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste and inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative

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In the era 1890–1930, the larger cities were the focus of national attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs existed, but they were largely bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta dominated the South,

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became well organized in cities of every size, and taught middle-class women the techniques of organization, proselytizing, and propaganda. Many of the WCTU veterans graduated into the woman's suffrage movement. Moving relentlessly from West to East, became the vote for women in state after state,

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A study of the small Michigan cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting and the war

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The newly opened regions had few roads, but a very good river system in which everything flowed downstream to New Orleans. With the coming of the steamboat after 1820, it became possible to move merchandise imported from the Northeast and from Europe upstream to new settlements. The opening of the

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of 1803, open up vast frontier lands. New Orleans and St. Louis joined the United States, and entirely new cities were opened in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Nashville and points west. Historian Richard Wade has emphasized the importance of the new cities in the Westward expansion in settlement of the

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By the 1775 the largest city was Philadelphia at 40,000, followed by New York (25,000), Boston (16,000), Charleston (12,000), and Newport (11,000), along with Baltimore, Norfolk, and Providence, with 6000, 6000, and 4400 population. They too were all seaports and on any one day each hosted a large

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The "new urban history" was a short-lived movement that attracted a great deal of attention In the 1960s, then quickly disappeared. It used statistical methods and innovative computer techniques to analyze manuscript census data, person by person, focusing especially on the geographical and social

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has summarized the claims that scholars have made for the importance of the city in American history. The cities were the focal points for the growth of the West, especially those along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The cities, especially Boston, were the seed beds of the American Revolution.

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Starting in the late 20th century and continuing into the 21st century, many cities across the country began creating new public transportation systems. After many public transportation systems, such as streetcars, were scrapped in cities starting in the 1950s, the automobile dominated America's

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The 3.5 million voters on relief payrolls during the 1936 election cast 82% percent of their ballots for Roosevelt. The rapidly growing, energetic labor unions, chiefly based in the cities, turned out 80% for FDR, as did Irish, Italian and Jewish communities. In all, the nation's 106 cities over

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They often formed short-lived citywide organizations, such as The Committee of 70 in New York, the Citizens' Reform Association in Philadelphia, the Citizens' Association of Chicago, and the Baltimore Reform League. They sometimes won citywide elections, but were rarely reelected. Party regulars

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The less-lavish middle-class apartment buildings provided gas lighting, elevators, good plumbing, central heating, and maintenance men on call. Boston contractors build 16,000 "Triple-Deckers" Between 1870 and 1920. They were modern well-equipped buildings with a single large apartments on each

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In Chicago and New York, new inventions facilitated the emergence of the skyscraper in the 1880s—it was a characteristic American style that was not widely copied around the world until the late 20th century. Construction required several major innovations, the elevator, and the steel beam. The

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In 1938, the Republicans made an unexpected comeback, and Roosevelt's efforts to purge the Democratic Party of his political opponents backfired badly. The conservative coalition of Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats took control of Congress, outvoted the urban liberals, and handed the

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used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis. The alphabet agencies ERA, CCC, FERA, WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion, but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector. FERA, CCC and

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By 1890, Denver had grown to be the 26th largest city in America, and the fifth-largest city west of the Mississippi River. The boom times attracted millionaires and their mansions, as well as hustlers, poverty and crime. Denver gained regional notoriety with its range of bawdy houses, from the

1820:

The national capital was at Philadelphia until 1800, when it was moved to Washington. Apart from the murderous Yellow Fever epidemic of 1793, which killed about 10 percent of the population, Philadelphia had a marvelous reputation as the "cleanest, best-governed, healthiest, and most elegant of

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Millions were hired in the Great Depression, but men with weaker credentials were never hired, and fell into a long-term unemployment trap. The migration that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities in the 1920s suddenly reversed itself, as unemployment made the cities

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School reform was high on the agenda, since local machine politicians used the jobs in the contracts, promote the party interest, rather than the needs of the students. After examining late 19th century reform movements in New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Francisco and Chicago, historian

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made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland, Detroit, and especially Chicago. Manufacturing was not a major factor in the growth of the largest cities at this point. Instead factories were chiefly being built in towns and

1709:

The cities were not remarkable by European standards, but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics, according to Bridenbaugh. There was no aristocracy or established church, there was no long tradition of powerful guilds. The colonial governments were much less powerful and

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At the start of the twenty-first century, North American urban history is flourishing. Compared to twenty-five years ago, the field has become more interdisciplinary and intellectually invigorating. Scholars are publishing increasingly sophisticated efforts to understand how the city as space

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The Democrats won easy landslides in 1932 and 1934, and an even bigger one in 1936. The hapless Republican Party seemed doomed. The Democrats capitalized on the magnetic appeal of Roosevelt to urban America. The key groups were low-skilled ethnics, especially Catholics, Jews, and blacks. The

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paving. With London and Paris as models, Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882, and served as a model for Buffalo, Philadelphia and elsewhere. By the end of the century, American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving, followed by brick construction.

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FDR won the vote of practically every group in 1936, including taxpayers, small business and the middle class. However the Protestant middle class voters but turned sharply against him after the recession of 1937–38 undermined repeated promises that recovery was at hand. Historically, local

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were reform-minded Republicans who acted at the national level in the 1870s and 1880s, especially in 1884 when they split their ticket for Democrat Grover Cleveland. The "Goo Goos" were the local equivalent: the middle-class reformers who sought "good government" regardless of party. They

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In a horse-drawn era, streets were unpaved and covered with dirt or gravel. However, they produced uneven wear, opened new hazards for pedestrians and made for dangerous potholes for bicycles and for motor vehicles. Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses in 1900, pulling streetcars, wagons, and

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additional relief. They fell back on the cheapest possible relief, soup kitchens which provided free meals for anyone who showed up. After 1933 new sales taxes and infusions of federal money helped relieve the fiscal distress of the cities, but the budgets did not fully recover until 1941.

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emphasizes the role of the working class, and their distrust of their betters, in northern ports. He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of

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after 1812. The rapidly growing railroad system after 1840 was primarily oriented toward linking together the major cities, which in turn became centers of the wholesale trade. The railroads allowed major cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and San Francisco to dominate

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In most of the South, there were very few cities of any size for miles around, and this held for Texas as well. Railroads arrived in the 1880s and they shipped the cattle out; cattle drives became short-distance affairs. However the passenger trains were often the targets of armed gangs.

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Democrats promised and delivered in terms of beer, political recognition, labor union membership, and relief jobs. The city machines were stronger than ever, for they mobilize their precinct workers to help families who needed help the most navigate the bureaucracy and get on relief.

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typically focused on urban sanitation, better schools, and lower trolley fares for the middle-class commuters. They especially demanded a nonpolitical civil service system to replace the "spoils of victory" approach by which the winners of an election replaced city and school employees.

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Merchants and financiers of the cities were especially sensitive to the weakness of the old Confederation system. When it came time to ratify the much stronger new Constitution in 1788, all the nation's cities, North and South, voted in favor, while the rural districts were divided.

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at Harvard, professional historians began comparative analysis of what cities have in common, and started using theoretical models and scholarly biographies of specific cities. The United States has also had a long history of hostility to the city, as characterized for example by

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growing high school system. After the stock market crash of October 1929, the nation's optimism suddenly turned negative, with both business investments and private consumption overwhelmed by a deepening pessimism that encouraged people to cut back and reduce their expectations.

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carriages, and leaving their waste behind. They were not fast, and pedestrians could dodge and scramble their way across the crowded streets. Small towns continued to rely on dirt and gravel, but larger cities wanted much better streets, so they looked to wood or granite blocks.

1661:; they were also the main base for reformers of those machines. They became the home base for important immigrant groups, especially the Irish and the Jews. Cities were the strongholds of labor unions in the 19th and 20th centuries (although no longer so in the 21st century). 2639:

Radburn, New Jersey, was the Neighborhood Unit-style development, which oriented houses toward a common public path instead of the street. The neighborhood is distinctively organized around a school, with the intention of providing children a safe way to walk to school.

1746:(now Sitka). When their territory was absorbed into the United States, these towns expanded their administrative roles. Numerous historians have explored the roles of working-class men, including slaves, in the economy of the colonial cities, and in the early Republic. 2958:

urban transportation network. However, many cities, especially in the 21st century, have started creating new, rebuilding, or expanding public transportation systems to help combat problems like traffic congestion and air pollution from all of the commuting vehicles.

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expansion of New Deal ideas. Roosevelt survived in 1940 thanks to his margin in the Solid South and in the cities. In the North the cities over 100,000 gave Roosevelt 60% of their votes, while the rest of the North favored the GOP candidate Wendell Willkie 52%-48%.

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The San Francisco area, while overall still experiencing a decent population growth rate, has areas experiencing little to no growth and has more residents leaving than any other U.S. city due to the high cost of living in the region. Meanwhile, cities in the

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and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Initially focused on the draft, the protests quickly expanded into violent attacks on blacks in New York City, with many killed on the streets.

1761:, who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island. As Charleston grew as a port for the shipment of rice and later cotton, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities. The city had a large base of elite merchants and rich planters. 2416:

man as well. How different is the situation of the "sturdy farmer removed from the dust and smoke and filth and vice of the crowded city. ... Content in his cottage ... why should he long for the fare and follies of the madding crowd in the Gay Metropolis?

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After 1860, railroads pushed westward into unsettled territory. They built service towns to handle the needs of railroad construction and repair crews, train crews, and passengers who ate meals at scheduled stops. Gunfights and disorder characterized the

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The second stage of public health, building on the germ theory, brought in engineers to design elaborate water and sewer systems. Their expertise was welcomed, and many became city managers after that reform was introduced in the early 20th century.

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Colonial powers established villages of a few hundred population as administrative centers, providing a governmental presence, as well has trading opportunities, and some transportation facilities. Representative examples include Spanish towns of

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gate. The war brought a restoration of prosperity and hopeful expectations for the future across the nation. It had the greatest impact on the cities of the West Coast, especially Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Portland and Seattle.

2996:. Overall though, public transportation has been an important issue for 21st century American cities, and as a result there has been a large amount of focus on building or expanding various public transportation systems within urban areas. 1828:

World peace only lasted a decade, for in 1793 a two-decade-long war between Britain and France and their allies broke out. As the leading neutral trading partner the United States did business with both sides. France resented it, and the

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government during the revolution. They held power for a while, and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution.

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During the beginning of the 21st century, many cities in the South and West experienced significant growth in terms of population. This was trend that continued from the late 20th century where a lot of growth occurred in cities in the

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much higher unemployment rates, as did young people who had a hard time getting their first job, and men over the age of 45 who if they lost their job would seldom find another one because employers had their choice of younger men.

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Academic and scientific leadership was weak in the United States until the late 19th century, when it began to be concentrated in universities. A few major research-oriented schools were in or close by the largest cities, such as

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took the lead in pointing out problems, and were of two minds on the causes. The older theory of contagion said that germs spread disease, but this theory was increasingly out of fashion by the 1840s or 1850s for two reasons.

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Overall urban history grew rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s, stimulated by the surge of interest in social history. Since the 1990s, however, the field has been aging and has had much less attraction to younger scholars.

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laughed at them for trying to be independent of the political party machines by forming nonpartisan tickets. The ridicule included suggestions that the reformers were not real men: they were sissies and "mollycoddles".

6064:(1981), essays by scholars on the most important mayors of Baltimore, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and St. Louis. 2239:

and warehouses to seize food. The women expressed their anger at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, merchants and planters. As wives and widows of soldiers they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.

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Rivalry between cities, such as between Baltimore and Philadelphia, or between Chicago and St. Louis, stimulated economic innovations and growth, especially regarding the railroads. The cities sponsored

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Rural America was increasingly won over by the prohibitionists, but they rarely had success in the larger cities, where they were staunchly opposed by the large German and Irish elements. However, the

4953:

Price V. Fishback, Michael R. Haines, and Shawn Kantor, "Births, deaths, and New Deal relief during the Great Depression." The Review of Economics and Statistics 89.1 (2007): 1-14, citing page

2278:

In 1890, a third of Chicago's 2000 miles of streets were paved, chiefly with wooden blocks, which gave better traction than mud. Brick surfacing was a good compromise, but even better was

1937:

The main rivals, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, tried to compete with the Erie Canal by opening their own networks of canals and railroads; they never caught up. The opening of the

1749:

There were few cities in the entire South, and Charleston (Charles Town) and New Orleans were the most important before the Civil War. The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by

1833:

of 1798–99 disrupted trade. Outraged at British impositions on American merchant ships, and sailors, the Jefferson and Madison administrations engaged in economic warfare with Britain

2556:

Many cities set up municipal reference bureaux to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. Progressive mayors were important in many cities, such as

2954:, have experienced negative or stagnant growth in terms of population too. Many people from these locations are moving to the booming cities in the Southern and Western states. 2713:

100,000 population voted 70% for FDR in 1936, compared to his 59% elsewhere. Roosevelt worked very well with the big city machines, with the one exception of his old nemesis,

1492: 5866:

Hammack, David C. "Elite Perceptions of Power in the Cities of the United States, 1880-1900: The Evidence of James Bryce, Moisei Ostrogorski, and Their American Informants."

1942:

smaller cities, especially in New England, having waterfalls or fast rivers that were harnessed to generate the power, or were closer to coal supplies, as in Pennsylvania.

1776:

was established in 1748 by some wealthy Charlestonians who wished to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the

1813:

national bank in 1791, and local banks began to flourish in all the cities. Merchant entrepreneurship flourished and was a powerful engine of prosperity in the cities.

7700: 6879: 2776:

region. Texas in particular has experienced a tremendous amount of growth in the 21st century so far as the state with the largest population jump, with cities like

753: 305: 3648:

The totals include suburbs, which were small except in the case of Boston. "George Rogers Taylor, "The Beginnings of Mass Transportation in Urban America: Part 1,"

1710:

intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe. They experimented with new methods to raise revenue, build infrastructure and to solve urban problems.

5432:

Strach, Patricia, Kathleen Sullivan, and Elizabeth Pérez-Chiqués. "The garbage problem: Corruption, innovation, and capacity in four American cities, 1890–1940."

7562: 7381: 2906:

experiencing a slow growth in population, especially compared to other nearby areas. Some areas in the South and West have even seen population loss including

2004: 615: 472: 5059:"San Francisco is losing more residents than any other city in the US, creating a shortage of U-Hauls that puts a rental at $ 2,000 just to move to Las Vegas" 8003: 2186: 1043: 5847: 1951:

state capital out of their largest city, including New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas and California.

7726: 7716: 2136: 1602:

In the United States from the 1920s to the 1990s many influential monographs began as one of the 140 PhD dissertations at Harvard University directed by

779: 769: 1821:

American cities." Washington, built in a fever-ridden swamp with long hot miserable summers, was ranked far behind Philadelphia, although it did escape

7522: 7369: 4966: 4677:

Stefan Couperus, "The managerial revolution in local government: municipal management and the city manager in the USA and the Netherlands 1900–1940",

2855:

seeing a great influx of new residents. Smaller cities in the Southern and Western states have seen a large amount of population growth too, including

1485: 1012: 575: 8527: 8440: 5058: 3066: 2341:

on the frontier. It was an ethnic stronghold, with the Irish Catholics in control of politics and of the best jobs at the leading mining corporation

1417: 5938:

Rabinowitz, Howard N., and James Michael Russell. "What Urban History Can Teach Us About the South and the South Can Teach Us About Urban History."

1861:

made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland, Detroit, and especially Chicago.

1780:

in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina, the oldest municipal college in the United States, and the 13th oldest college in the United States.

7922: 7547: 7496: 2449:

By the 1890s, when historians call "structural reformers" were emerging; they were much more successful at reform, and marked the beginning of the

2093: 970: 600: 549: 2606:

The Galveston plan was quickly copied by many other cities, especially in the West. By 1914 over 400 cities had nonpartisan elected commissions.

7557: 7375: 7270: 6808: 2181: 610: 426: 8532: 8517: 7692: 6271: 2890:

There are exceptions in the Southern and Western states though to this trend of cities having a large influx of new residents with places like

745: 4487:

Stanley K. Schultz, and Clay McShane. "To engineer the metropolis: sewers, sanitation, and city planning in late-nineteenth-century America."

4393:

Elisabeth S. Clemens, "Organizational repertoires and institutional change: Women's groups and the transformation of US politics, 1890-1920."

7679: 1534:

intersects the urbanization process, as well as studies that recognize the full complexity of experiences for different metropolitan cohorts.

1478: 2718: 8522: 7587: 7527: 7426: 7173: 7101: 7002: 6913: 6889: 6795: 6676: 6592: 6515: 6463: 6383: 640: 580: 465: 404: 382: 349: 316: 261: 217: 195: 162: 129: 96: 1765:

in the United States. Benevolent societies were formed by several different ethnic groups: the South Carolina Society, founded by French

8358: 7706: 7468: 7283: 5344:

Crane, Brian D. "Filth, garbage, and rubbish: Refuse disposal, sanitary reform, and nineteenth-century yard deposits in Washington, DC."

3394: 2103: 1434: 1391: 759: 521: 4038:

Daniel F. Ring, "The Origins of the Butte Public Library: Some Further Thoughts on Public Library Development in the State of Montana,"

3174:

Terrence J. McDonald, "Theory and Practice in the 'New' History: Rereading Arthur Meier Schlesinger's The Rise of the City, 1878–1898,"

8049: 7995: 7959: 7532: 6921: 5473: 2973:

that opened in 2012 in Los Angeles. Modern streetcars have been built in various cities across America recently as well, including the

2141: 1997: 1089: 1034: 1007: 585: 5381:

Frost, Lionel. "Water technology and the urban environment: water, sewerage, and disease in San Francisco and Melbourne before 1920."

4136:

New York's Fabulous Luxury Apartments: With Original Floor Plans from the Dakota, River House, Olympic Tower and Other Great Buildings

3687:

Julius Rubin, "Canal or railroad? Imitation and innovation in the response to the Erie canal in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston."

2665: 7605: 7542: 7537: 7490: 6899: 6451: 6411: 5044: 2171: 1619:

mobility of random samples of residents. Numerous monographs appeared, but it proved frustrating to interpret the results. Historian

658: 595: 590: 557: 543: 478: 7964: 7876: 7862: 7721: 7672: 7625: 7620: 7567: 7517: 7462: 6965: 6830: 6642: 2434:

Historians have developed an elaborate typology of reformers in the late 19th century, focusing especially on the urban reformers.

1931: 924: 910: 774: 725: 678: 673: 620: 570: 515: 3916: 2206: 8348: 8008: 7954: 7552: 7511: 7482: 7054: 5656:

Ince, Anthony, Thomas Borén, and Ilda Lindell. "After riots: Toward a research agenda on the long-term effects of urban unrest."

2411:

newspaper warned cautious boys to stay on the farm. As paraphrased by historian Bayrd Still, the editor painted a grim contrast:

2166: 2050: 1381: 1002: 605: 564: 535: 6117: 5714:

Pittman, Cassi. ""Shopping while Black": Black consumers' management of racial stigma and racial profiling in retail settings."

2198:

The cities played a major part in the Civil War, providing soldiers, money, training camps, supplies, and media support for the

7615: 7454: 7439: 7364: 7347: 2496: 2055: 2045: 668: 507: 492: 5620: 3362: 3346: 3190:

Zane L. Miller, "The Crisis of Civic and Political Virtue: Urban History, Urban Life and the New Understanding of the City."

8476: 8044: 7941: 7849: 7594: 7476: 7433: 7298: 6266: 6261: 6248: 4820: 4793: 3511: 2648: 2474: 2420:

The response came from a Milwaukee newspaper editor in 1871, who boasted that the ambitious young man could not be stopped:

2151: 2131: 1990: 1456: 1084: 1048: 989: 897: 647: 529: 486: 294: 84: 7386: 6134: 7260: 6173: 2126: 2088: 2060: 2040: 2030: 5196: 3851:

David O. Whitten, "A Century of Parquet Pavements: Wood as a Paving Material In The United States And Abroad, 1840-1940."

8466: 7883: 7633: 7186: 7126: 6716: 6230: 4079:

Amy Kallman Epstein, "Multifamily Dwellings and the Search for Respectability: Origins of the New York Apartment House,"

3825:

Teresa Crisp Williams, and David Williams, "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women,"

2098: 2083: 2035: 1444: 931: 686: 66: 5806:

Biles, Roger, and Mark H. Rose. "Tribute to Raymond A. Mohl, 1938–2015." Journal of Urban History 41.3 (2015): 360–367.

5147: 8461: 7948: 7711: 7572: 7504: 7444: 7238: 6741: 6731: 6647: 2161: 2070: 1769:

in 1737, the German Friendly Society, founded in 1766, and the Hibernian Society, founded by Irish immigrants in 1801.

1754: 1439: 996: 764: 625: 497: 4555:

Arthur E. DeMatteo, "The Progressive As Elitist: 'Golden Rule' Jones And The Toledo Charter Reform Campaign of 1901",

3838:

Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy,"

7610: 7600: 7136: 6773: 6610: 6193: 5509: 5486: 5446: 4938: 4310: 4283: 4157: 4119: 3257: 2121: 1526: 663: 653: 54: 3288:

Miller, "The Crisis of Civic and Political Virtue: Urban History, Urban Life and the New Understanding of the City."

7909: 7163: 6992: 6825: 6785: 6664: 6198: 6048: 5966:

Sies, Mary Corbin. "North American urban history: the everyday politics and spatial logics of metropolitan life."

2391:

in 1884, affluent tenants discovered that full-time staff handled the upkeep and maintenance, as well as security.

957: 732: 371: 5250:

Rubin, Jasper. "Planning and American Urbanization since 1950." in Craig E. Colten and Geoffrey L. Buckley, eds.

1853:

farmlands. They were the transportation centers, and nodes for migration and financing of the westward expansion.

8110: 7844: 7800: 7196: 6694: 6550: 2469:

sharp reductions in the baleful influence of the saloon in damaging family finances and causing family violence.

2146: 1844:

Not all was gloomy in urban history, however. Although there was relatively little immigration from Europe, the

1150: 892: 843: 3786:

Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865,"

3195: 2969:. Other cities have heavily expanded their already existing transportation networks with new lines, such as the 1623:, the leading promoter of the new approach, soon disavowed it, saying it was neither new nor urban nor history. 7580: 7449: 7216: 5522: 5364: 5354:

Devienne, Elsa. "Urban renewal by the sea: Reinventing the beach for the suburban age in postwar Los Angeles."

5089: 4994: 2658:

not fully recover until after 1945. Many landlords so their rental income drained away and many went bankrupt.

633: 502: 5914:

Mohl, Raymond A. "The History of the American City," in William H. Cartwright and Richard L. Watson Jr. eds.,

5109: 3232:

Raymond A. Mohl, "The History of the American City," in William H. Cartwright and Richard L. Watson Jr. eds.,

2407:

Jeffersonian America distrusted the city, and rural spokesmen repeatedly warned their young men away. In 1881

8295: 7904: 7889: 7824: 7814: 7785: 7775: 7313: 5852:

Glasser, Ruth. "The farm in the city in the recent past: thoughts on a more inclusive urban historiography."

5583: 5551: 5077:

Mark Peters, Jack Nicas. "Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2013, A3.

2113: 1543: 1335: 952: 937: 867: 857: 828: 818: 5651: 4594:

G. Wayne Dowdy, "'A Business Government by a Business Man': E. H. Crump as a Progressive Mayor, 1910–1915",

4014:

Hell's Belles: Prostitution, Vice, and Crime in Early Denver, with a Biography of Sam Howe, Frontier Lawman.

4001:

Hell's Belles: Prostitution, Vice, and Crime in Early Denver, with a Biography of Sam Howe, Frontier Lawman.

7894: 7868: 7854: 7829: 7819: 7770: 7686: 7293: 6803: 6577: 6471: 6256: 6182: 6100: 5391:

Hochfelder, David, and Douglas Appler. "Introduction to special issue on urban renewal in smaller cities."

4638: 2860: 1552: 942: 916: 902: 872: 862: 813: 739: 272: 26: 6129: 5931:

Nickerson, Michelle. "Beyond Smog, Sprawl, and Asphalt: Developments in the Not-So-New Suburban History,"

4634: 4568:

Eugene M. Tobin, "The Progressive as Single Taxer: Mark Fagan and the Jersey City Experience, 1900–1917,"

3773:

Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan,"

2689:

unattractive, and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back.

8324: 8220: 7790: 7059: 6436: 6401: 4651:

Bradley R. Rice, "The Galveston Plan of City Government by Commission: The Birth of a Progressive Idea."

3986: 2749:

Many cities in the U.S. began adding more public transportation systems in the 21st century, such as the

1366: 1260: 833: 823: 2981:. Some cities though have rebuilt their heritage streetcars in the 21st century, such as Tampa with its 2287:

until they bought automobiles after 1945 and commuted from more distant suburbs in privacy and comfort.

7914: 7899: 7764: 7278: 6620: 6396: 6366: 6331: 5573: 5415:

Mohl, Raymond A. "Poverty, pauperism, and social order in the preindustrial American City, 1780-1840."

5322:

The Urban Frontier - Pioneer Life In Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, And St. Louis

5030: 2970: 2880: 2856: 2199: 2022: 1964: 1773: 962: 947: 807: 3637:

The urban frontier: pioneer life in early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis

3624:

The urban frontier: pioneer life in early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis

3249:

Intellect and Public Life: Essays on the Social History of Academic Intellectuals in the United States

8404: 8389: 8379: 8338: 8260: 8225: 7795: 6862: 6689: 6659: 6428: 6139: 5897:

McManus, Ruth, and Philip J. Ethington, "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history,"

4757:

The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929-1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland

4744:

The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929-1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland

4731:

The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929-1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland

2824: 2754: 2623: 2614:, hired by the commissioners to run the bureaucracy; mechanical engineers were especially preferred. 2454: 2210: 2156: 1603: 1371: 1300: 1265: 838: 327: 5661: 1559:. That field of history examines the historical development of cities and towns, and the process of 8409: 8384: 8300: 8205: 8165: 7757: 7303: 7146: 7131: 7032: 6980: 6938: 6926: 6763: 6565: 6166: 5750:

The forging of a black community: Seattle's central district from 1870 through the civil rights era

5498:

The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History

5468: 4980: 4054:

Archie L. Clark, "John Maguire, Butte's" Belasco"." The Montana Magazine of History (1952): 32-40.

3528:

Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution)

3030: 1968: 1750: 1690: 1340: 1245: 1205: 800: 6840: 5605:

De Graaf, Lawrence B. "The city of black angels: Emergence of the Los Angeles ghetto, 1890-1930."

4954: 2796:, and many of their suburbs constantly being ranked as the fastest-growing cities in the country. 2209:

law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. By far the most important were the

8512: 8399: 8394: 8374: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8230: 7780: 7308: 6625: 6570: 6371: 5478: 4187:

A History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Social Change in the American Metropolis

3443: 3035: 2372: 1513: 1305: 1295: 1290: 1270: 6316: 8507: 8414: 8353: 8180: 8095: 8039: 7323: 7255: 7191: 7119: 6884: 6637: 6582: 6493: 6416: 6321: 6306: 5339: 3025: 2915: 2799:

Other cities in the South that have experienced significant population growth recently include

2223: 2078: 1522: 1386: 1220: 1135: 1079: 151: 5812:

Ebner, Michael H. "Re-Reading Suburban America: Urban Population Deconcentration, 1810-1980,"

5398:

Larsen, Lawrence H. "Nineteenth-Century Street Sanitation: A Study of Filth and Frustration,"

3391: 8215: 8210: 8085: 7808: 7359: 7342: 7318: 7211: 7206: 7153: 6975: 6943: 6751: 6736: 6326: 6301: 6286: 5514: 5257: 4300: 4273: 3247: 3127:"North American Urban History: The Everyday Politics and Spatial Logics of Metropolitan Life" 3040: 2993: 2840: 1777: 1568: 1255: 1250: 1125: 851: 415: 360: 338: 5971: 5374:

Eu, Rachel. "Sunlight and Gaslight: Mapping Light in Mid-Nineteenth-Century New York City."

5186: 4928: 4450:

Medicine in Chicago: 1850–1950: A chapter in the social and scientific development of a city

4437:

Medicine in Chicago: 1850–1950: A chapter in the social and scientific development of a city

3126: 1982: 8486: 8305: 8270: 8175: 8150: 7839: 7336: 7288: 7228: 7064: 6985: 6845: 6768: 6726: 6605: 6555: 6540: 6523: 6423: 6311: 6281: 5757:

The African American urban experience: perspectives from the colonial period to the present

3275:

Richard Wade, "The City in History: Some American Perspectives", in Werner Z. Hirsch, ed.,

3060: 3015: 2911: 2767:, like other cities throughout the Southern and Western states, has boomed in recent years. 2635: 2577: 1719: 1636: 1466: 1345: 1310: 1215: 1190: 887: 877: 184: 173: 118: 1644:, especially in terms of export and import markets, banking, finance, and the rise of the 8: 8290: 8240: 8195: 8185: 8170: 8160: 8145: 8125: 8100: 8090: 8080: 7834: 7654: 7644: 7086: 6835: 6528: 6446: 6441: 6391: 6291: 6159: 5007: 4581:

Martin J. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909–1913,"

3755: 2982: 2907: 2903: 2868: 2722: 2581: 2387:

Starting with the Stuyvesant luxury apartment house that opened in New York in 1869, and

1960: 1330: 1280: 1235: 1225: 1210: 1200: 1185: 1165: 1140: 1130: 1120: 882: 707: 697: 107: 43: 5959:

Seligman, Amanda I. "Urban History Encyclopedias: Public, Digital, Scholarly Projects."

4887:

Richard Jensen, "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940."

2610:

Had its great flood in 1913, and responded with the innovation of a paid, non-political

2425:

later, it is tolerably certain, he will be sucked into one of the great centers of life.

2326:

sumptuous quarters of renowned madams to the squalid "cribs" located a few blocks away.

2262: 8310: 8285: 8190: 8130: 8105: 8075: 8065: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7639: 7352: 7330: 6850: 6709: 6684: 6654: 6615: 6498: 6341: 5617:

Veiled Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot and the Reshaping of American Race Relations

5504: 5457: 5221: 4302:

Political Manhood: Red Bloods, Mollycoddles, and the Politics of Progressive Era Reform

4275:

Political Manhood: Red Bloods, Mollycoddles, and the Politics of Progressive Era Reform

3554:

Robert A. East, "The Business Entrepreneur in a Changing Colonial Economy, 1763–1795",

3538:

Robert A. East, "The Business Entrepreneur in a Changing Colonial Economy, 1763–1795",

3020: 3010: 2895: 2589: 2573: 2176: 2014: 1956: 1849: 1620: 1350: 1325: 1230: 1170: 1145: 1115: 1105: 717: 712: 702: 692: 228: 206: 6005: 5988: 5926: 5740:

Race for profit: How banks and the real estate industry undermined black homeownership

5460:

Compares the three cities in terms of geography, economics and race from 1800 to 1990.

2737:

a reduction of one infant death, one suicide, and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease.

2696:

The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by president Roosevelt's

2588:

undertook a major reorganization of state government. Wisconsin was the stronghold of

8482: 8245: 8200: 8140: 8115: 8070: 8013: 7250: 7081: 6894: 6481: 6276: 6237: 5994: 5518: 5482: 5231: 4934: 4463:

The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present

4327:

The politics of efficiency: Municipal administration and reform in America, 1880-1920

4306: 4279: 4153: 4115: 3253: 3005: 2974: 2962: 2943: 2872: 2864: 2517: 2222:

was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union.

1845: 1658: 1592: 1462: 1285: 1240: 1180: 1155: 1110: 1053: 72: 6114:

Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present

5956:

influential manifesto calling for an urban interpretation of all of American history

5890:

Lees, Lynn Hollen. "The Challenge of Political Change: Urban History in the 1990s,"

5276:

Still, Bayrd. "Patterns of Mid-Nineteenth Century Urbanization in the Middle West,"

4108: 3744:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

3524:

The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution

3300:

Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940

1595:

were popular themes for 20th-century historians, often tied to an implicit model of

8275: 8155: 8120: 8018: 7933: 7928: 7419: 6857: 6820: 6746: 6704: 6600: 6560: 6361: 6356: 6038: 5745: 5595:

Davis, D. F., et al. "Before the Ghetto: Black Detroit in the Nineteenth Century."

5562:(2004), with thorough coverage by scholars in 1120 pages of text, maps and photos. 5464: 5264: 5105: 5063: 4808:

Richard J. Jensen, "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression."

4781:

Richard J. Jensen, "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression."

3762: 3141: 3100: 2978: 2848: 2836: 2812: 2600: 2550: 2279: 2226:

called the war a failure and it became more and more a partisan Republican effort.

1702: 1641: 1580: 1518: 1315: 1195: 1160: 1058: 981: 976: 458: 283: 5921:

Montoya, María E. "From Homogeneity to Complexity: Understanding the Urban West."

5832:

Frisch, Michael. "American urban history as an example of recent historiography."

5807: 5769:

Trotter Jr, Joe William. "Black Milwaukee: Reflections on the Past Twenty Years."

4817: 4790: 4607:

William E. Ellis, "Robert Worth Bingham and Louisville Progressivism, 1905–1910",

3084:

Michael Frisch, "American urban history as an example of recent historiography."

2988:

New commuter rail systems have been built in a bunch of cities too like Orlando's

8343: 8280: 8235: 8135: 7141: 7074: 6970: 6931: 6815: 6758: 6630: 6533: 6431: 6351: 6346: 6296: 5827: 5286:

Taylor, George Rogers. "The Beginnings Of Mass Transportation In Urban America."

4824: 4797: 3894:

John D. Fairfield, "Rapid Transit: Automobility and Settlement in Urban America"

3877:

John D. Fairfield, "Rapid Transit: Automobility and Settlement in Urban America"

3398: 3163: 2745: 2701:

especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long-term unemployed men.

2542: 2450: 2342: 1834: 1576: 1572: 1376: 1320: 1275: 1175: 250: 4915:

The Bad City in the Good War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego

1563:. The approach is often multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like 8023: 7091: 7069: 7047: 7025: 7020: 6545: 6476: 6406: 6151: 5334:

Cain, Louis P. "Sanitation in Chicago: A Strategy for a Lakefront Metropolis,"

5297: 5116:

Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742

5020:^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017". 4542:

Kenneth Finegold, "Traditional Reform, Municipal Populism, and Progressivism,"

4338:

Kathryn Kish Sklar, "Hull House in the 1890s: A community of women reformers."

3438:

Seth Rockman, "Class and the History of Working People in the Early Republic."

3264:

urban history, a field marked by deep decline in historiographical significance

2966: 2804: 2750: 2678: 2593: 2561: 2334: 2214: 1645: 1564: 1063: 140: 5563: 1685: 1512:

have always written about their own cities. Starting in the 1920s, and led by

8501: 7233: 7010: 5998: 3940: 3359:

Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742

3343:

Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742

3050: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2510: 2267: 1743: 1739: 1694: 1675:

The Intellectual versus the City: from Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright

1607: 1596: 1556: 1509: 4666:

Progressive Cities: The Commission Government Movement in America, 1901–1920

7222: 7158: 6699: 5935:(2015) 41#1 pp 171–180. covers 1934 to 2011. DOI: 10.1177/0096144214551724. 5904: 5682:

Black Boston: African American life and culture in urban America, 1750–1860

5252:

North American Odyssey: Historical Geographies for the Twenty-first Century

5130:

The City in southern history: The growth of urban civilization in the South

3956:

William C. Holden, "Law and Lawlessness on the Texas Frontier, 1875-1890."

3422: 2919: 2884: 2831:. Western cities have experienced lots of growth as well, with cities like 2714: 2629: 2611: 2607: 2585: 2565: 2305: 1822: 1788: 1588: 1560: 5245:

America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities and Towns, 1780-1980

4027:

The Butte Irish: class and ethnicity in an American mining town, 1875-1925

3674:

Robert G. Albion, "New York Port and its disappointed rivals, 1815-1860."

3314:

City games: The evolution of American urban society and the rise of sports

3221:

America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities and Towns, 1780–1980

2367: 7114: 7042: 6958: 6778: 6503: 5687:

Osofsky, Gilbert. "A Decade of Urban Tragedy: How Harlem Became A Slum."

5193:

Reforming the City: The Contested Origins of Urban Government, 01890–1930

4967:"Not so a-Lone Star State: Why Texas adds almost 1,200 residents per day" 3570:

Richard C. Wade, "An Agenda for Urban History", in Herbert J. Bass, ed.,

2899: 2891: 2876: 2781: 2674: 2569: 2483: 2461: 2338: 1838: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1584: 5943: 5692: 5600: 5420: 5349: 4889:

Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations

4043: 3961: 1841:. The result was additional serious damage to the mercantile interests. 7201: 7109: 7015: 6948: 6721: 6135:

Gilbert A. Stelter, "Introduction to the Study of Urban History" (1996)

5953: 5878: 5837: 5817: 5709: 5610: 5403: 5281: 4692:

The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government

4492: 4398: 4343: 4259: 4229: 4055: 3899: 3882: 3613:(1944) is a wide-ranging social history of the new nation; see pp. 1–73 3559: 3543: 3330: 3179: 3089: 2947: 2789: 2465: 2388: 2354: 2309: 2252: 1938: 1858: 1650: 393: 239: 7037: 6062:

Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980: Big City Mayors

5548:

A History of Chicago, Volume III: The Rise of a Modern City, 1871-1893

5290:(1966) 1#2 pp 35–50; 1#3 pp 31–54; partly reprinted in Wakstein, ed., 4837:

Breadlines knee-deep in wheat: Food assistance in the Great Depression

4813: 4786: 3705: 3145: 2375:, often considered the world's first skyscraper, was completed in 1885 6867: 6486: 6336: 4863:

Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago

4850:

Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago

2939: 2935: 2927: 2852: 2820: 2725:, and based on Jewish and Italian voters mobilized by labor unions. 2557: 2358: 1830: 5780:

From the Edge of the Ghetto: African Americans and the World of Work

5301:

Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest

4926: 4224:

Bayrd Still, "Milwaukee, 1870-1900: The Emergence of a Metropolis",

2596:

used the state university as a major source of ideas and expertise.

2506:

which meant taxes and regulation the business community rejected.

7243: 7181: 6953: 6872: 5883:

Keating, Ann Durkin. "Chicagoland: More Than the Sum of Its Parts"

5873:

Hoover, Dwight W. "The Diverging Paths of American Urban History."

5824:

Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook

5572:(University Press of Kansas; 2012) 248 pages; historical geography 5183:

Industry Comes of Age, Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1860-1897

4876:

City of Ambition: FDR, LaGuardia, and the Making of Modern New York

3055: 2697: 2438: 2362: 2301: 1864: 1766: 1758: 5980:(1977), interviews with leading scholars, previously published in 5634:

Selling the race: Culture, community, and black Chicago, 1940-1955

5137:

Americans against the City: Anti-urbanism in the Twentieth Century

4068:

Skyscrapers: A social history of the very tall building in America

3526:(2nd ed. 1986) pp. 240–47; the first edition of 1979 was entitled 3113:

Americans Against the City: Anti-Urbanism in the Twentieth Century

5764:

Black Milwaukee: The making of an industrial proletariat, 1915-45

5641:

Land of hope: Chicago, black southerners, and the great migration

5558:

Reiff, Janice L., Ann Durkin Keating and James R. Grossman, eds.

5211:

Postwar urban America: Demography, economics, and social policies

4981:"Five of the Nation's Eleven Fastest-Growing Cities are in Texas" 4254:

Gerald W. McFarland, "The New York mugwumps of 1884: A profile."

2989: 2961:

Many cities have added new light rail systems, such as Phoenix's

2951: 2931: 2832: 2828: 2800: 2793: 2773: 1972: 1735: 6021:

American Urban History: An Interpretive Reader with Commentaries

5978:

The making of urban history: Historiography through oral history

4382:

Woman and Temperance: The quest for power and liberty, 1873-1900

3160:

The Making of Urban History: Historiography through Oral History

5045:"Bay Area population growth slows, some counties losing people" 3045: 2844: 2785: 2319: 38: 2580:; and many other cities, especially in the western states. In 5993:, Exchange Bibliography, US: Council of Planning Librarians, 5315:

The Unheralded Triumph: City Government in America, 1870-1900

5144:

1000 city churches: Phases of adaptation to urban environment

4505:

The Unheralded Triumph: City Government in America, 1870–1900

2816: 2808: 2549:

The pace was set in Detroit Michigan, where Republican mayor

2012: 1800: 5427:

The cholera years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866

4995:"Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington Has Largest Growth in the U.S." 4243:

The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920

4200:

The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920

3801:

Confederate Cities: The Urban South during the Civil War Era

3759:

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City

5308:

The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America

6144: 5907:. "The State of the Art in North American Urban History," 4411:

The one best system: A history of American urban education

3425:, "Work in the Cities of Colonial British North America," 3208:

Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History

6107:

As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673-1933

5699:

Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890-1930

5155:

The Cycling City: Bicycles and Urban America in the 1890s

5887:

30##2 (2004) pp 213–30. doi.org/10.1177/0096144203258353

5410:

Garbage in the cities: refuse reform and the environment

4094:

Alone Together: A History of New York's Early Apartments

1599:, or the transformation of rural traditional societies. 5948:

Schlesinger, Arthur M. "The City in American History,"

5648:

Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia

5541:

A History of Chicago from Town to Ciry 1848-1871 Vol II

5454:

New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities

3495:

Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City

3482:

Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City

3469:

Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City

3325:

Robert H. Walker, "The Poet and the Rise of the City".

2673:

One visible effect of the depression was the advent of

1680: 6130:

H-URBAN, daily email discussion group on urban history

5733:

Black Chicago: The making of a Negro ghetto, 1890-1920

5456:(U of Minnesota Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4. 5273:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 1998); comprehensive coverage, 970pp. 4531:

Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics

2348: 6069:

Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs

6028:

Major Problems in American Urban and Suburban History

2460:

Social reformers emerged in the 1890s, most famously

6076:

The Urbanization of America: An Historical Anthology

6013: 5369:

The sanitarians: a history of American public health

5580:

Cities on the Plains: The Evolution of Urban Kansas

5178:(2 vol Sage, 2007); comprehensive coverage; 1056 pp 4705:

The American garden city and the new towns movement

4138:(1987) covers 75 famous buildings starting in 1869. 3700:Lawrence V. Roth, "The Growth of American Cities." 2308:from Texas. The violence was often exaggerated in 5986: 5863:(Sage Publications, 1996), 10 articles by scholars 5629:(Sage Publications, 1996), 10 articles by scholars 5328: 5123:Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743-1776 4927:Robert Whaples and Randall E. Parker, ed. (2013). 4107: 3987:"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890" 3911:John C. Hudson, "Towns of the western railroads." 3803:(University of Chicago Press, 2015). xiv, 302 pp. 3689:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3375:Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743-1776 2464:Enter large complex network of reformers based at 6033:Corey, Steven H., and Lisa Krissoff Boehm, eds. 5668:African American Urban History Since World War II 4718:Garden Cities for America: The Radburn Experience 4424:Newark: the nation's unhealthiest city, 1832-1895 4174:Chicago Apartments: A Century of Lakefront Luxury 3508:Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution 3067:Category:Timelines of cities in the United States 1668: 8499: 6181: 5916:Reinterpretation of American History and Culture 5755:Trotter, Joe, Earl Lewis, and Tera Hunter, eds. 5675:A ghetto takes shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 5493:, The standard scholarly history to 1898, 1390pp 5228:The Emergence of Metropolitan America, 1915-1960 4476:Charles V. Chapin and the Public Health Movement 3234:Reinterpretation of American History and Culture 2509:Before the 1880s, most experts believed in the " 2453:. They used national organizations, such as the 1865:The first stage of rapid urban growth, 1815–1860 5842:Gillette Jr., Howard, and Zane L. Miller, eds. 5238:Urbanization of Modern America: A Brief History 5157:(University of Chicago Press, 2015). x, 267 pp. 4622:Lowden of Illinois: the life of Frank O. Lowden 4298: 4271: 3101:Online review by Andrea Tuttle Kornbluh 1998. 2669:Huts and unemployed men in New York City, 1935. 2536: 2490: 6095:Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. 5918:(1973) pp 165–205, overview of historiography 5463: 5160:Glaab, Charles Nelson, and A. Theodore Brown. 5031:"Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables" 3598:The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 3585:The Cultural Life of the New Nation: 1776–1830 3252:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 11. 3206:Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds., 2592:, who led a wing of the Republican Party. His 1657:building powerful political organizations and 6452:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 6167: 6060:Holli, Melvin G. and Peter D. A. Jones, eds. 6035:The American Urban Reader: History and Theory 5844:American Urbanism: A Historiographical Review 5666:Kusmer, Kenneth L., and Joe W. Trotter, eds. 5100:Boehm, Lisa Krissoff, and Steven Hunt Corey. 4930:Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History 4570:American Journal of Economics & Sociology 3245: 2681:whose policies he blamed for the depression. 1998: 1508:is the study of cities of the United States. 1486: 7376:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 6078:(1970) 510 pp; 37 topical essays by scholars 6023:(3rd ed. 1982) 33 topical essays by scholars 5799:Abbott, Carl. "Urban History for Planners," 5726:Race relations in the urban South, 1865-1890 5167:Goldfield, David R. and Blaine A. Brownell. 5128:Brownell, Blaine A. and Goldfield, David R. 5110:Detailed bibliography online it pages 351-78 5090:Bibliography of suburbs § United States 1795: 6097:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 4516:David R. Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, 3411:Encyclopedia of the North American colonies 2246: 6174: 6160: 5474:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 5204:Urban America: Growth, Crisis, and Rebirth 4105: 3989:. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 15 June 1998. 3600:(1962) remains the best economic overview. 3558:(May, 1946), Vol. 6, Supplement pp. 16–27 3542:(May, 1946), Vol. 6, Supplement pp. 16–27 2266:Horse-drawn trams continued to be used in 2005: 1991: 1630: 1551:American urban history is a branch of the 1493: 1479: 6900:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5704:Osofsky, Gilbert. "The Enduring Ghetto." 5536:(University of Texas Press, 2015) 342 pp. 5434:Studies in American Political Development 3718:American Capitals: A Historical Geography 3611:The Completion of Independence, 1790–1830 2599:One of the most dramatic changes came in 2553:first put together the reform coalition. 2402: 1742:(New York City), and the Russian town of 8528:Histories of cities in the United States 6092:(1963) 491pp; selected primary documents 6090:The American city: a documentary history 6053:Handlin, Oscar, and John Burchard, eds. 5859:Goings, Kenneth, and Raymond Mohl, eds. 5822:Engeli, Christian, and Horst Matzerath. 5625:Goings, Kenneth, and Raymond Mohl, eds. 4147: 3972:Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, 3945:Dodge City: The Most Western Town Of All 3676:Journal of Business and Economic History 3663:The transportation revolution, 1815-1860 2759: 2744: 2664: 2366: 2261: 1799: 1684: 1542: 1529:of the 1890s. Mary Sies (2003) argues: 7055:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 5670:(U. University of Chicago Press, 2009). 5503: 4679:Management & Organizational History 3853:Essays in Economic and Business History 3812:Stephanie McCurry, "'Bread or Blood!'" 3799:Andrew L. Slap, and Frank Towers, eds. 3386:Benjamin L. Carp, "Cities in review," 2642: 2205:In the North, discontent with the 1863 20:This article is part of a series on the 8500: 6045:Encyclopedia of American Urban History 5861:The New African American Urban History 5766:(University of Illinois Press, 1985). 5627:The New African American Urban History 5570:Kansas City and How It Grew, 1822-2011 5218:The urbanization of America, 1860-1915 5176:Encyclopedia of American Urban History 4694:(University of New Mexico Press, 1974) 4635:"Progressivism and the Wisconsin Idea" 2497:History of water supply and sanitation 2337:was the largest, richest and rowdiest 1945: 8533:History of the United States by topic 8518:Economic history of the United States 7983: 7745: 7407: 6211: 6155: 5901:Aug 2007, Vol. 34 Issue 2, pp 317–337 3958:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3609:John Allen Krout and Dixon Ryan Fox, 2649:Great Depression in the United States 1986: 5950:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5278:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4810:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4783:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3327:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3124: 2721:built around the nominal Republican 2304:towns that were the target of major 1804:Trends in economic growth, 1700–1850 1681:Colonial era and American Revolution 1613: 8523:Social history of the United States 5786: 5008:"Fastest-Growing Cities in America" 4902:The twentieth-century American city 2719:supported the complicated coalition 2349:Skyscrapers and apartment buildings 2333:With its giant mountain of copper, 13: 6742:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 6732:Assassination of James A. Garfield 6116:(New York University Press, 1956) 6082: 5294:(1970) pp 128–50; Covers 1820-1960 5195:(Columbia University Press, 2020) 5083: 2475:Women's Christian Temperance Union 436: Modern Era 14: 8544: 6774:Assassination of William McKinley 6123: 6014:Anthologies of scholarly articles 5782:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). 5510:The Encyclopedia of New York City 5447:Category:Bibliographies of cities 5440: 4653:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3974:Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis 2617: 2257: 1538: 8481: 8472: 8471: 8436: 8435: 6993:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 6786:Nadir of American race relations 6665:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 6004: 5589: 5071: 5051: 5037: 5023: 5014: 5000: 4987: 4973: 4959: 4947: 4920: 4907: 4894: 4881: 4868: 4855: 4842: 4829: 4802: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4736: 4723: 4710: 4697: 4684: 4671: 4658: 4645: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4562: 4549: 2478:and finally nationwide in 1920. 1673:As Morton White demonstrated in 1461: 1452: 1451: 1413: 1412: 37: 6695:First transcontinental railroad 6099:(2005), 1015 pages of excerpts 6019:Callow, Alexander B., Jr., ed. 5329:Environment & public health 5261:The rise of the city: 1878-1898 5139:(Oxford University Press, 2014) 4720:(Temple University Press, 1982) 4583:California Historical Quarterly 4536: 4523: 4510: 4497: 4481: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4416: 4403: 4387: 4374: 4361: 4348: 4332: 4319: 4292: 4265: 4248: 4235: 4218: 4205: 4192: 4179: 4166: 4141: 4128: 4099: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4048: 4032: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3979: 3966: 3950: 3934: 3921: 3905: 3888: 3871: 3866:The Rise of the City: 1878-1898 3858: 3845: 3832: 3819: 3806: 3793: 3780: 3767: 3749: 3736: 3733:(1933) pp 82-87, 212-16, 247-48 3731:The Rise of the City: 1878-1898 3723: 3710: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3564: 3548: 3532: 3516: 3500: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3432: 3416: 3403: 3380: 3367: 3351: 3335: 3319: 3306: 3291: 3282: 3269: 3239: 3226: 2740: 2527: 2294: 1839:full-scale warfare 1812 to 1815 6026:Chudacoff, Howard et al. eds. 5288:Smithsonian Journal of History 4596:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 3650:Smithsonian Journal of History 3213: 3200: 3184: 3168: 3152: 3118: 3105: 3094: 3078: 2229: 1846:rapid expansion of settlements 1693:at New Archangel, present day 1669:Intellectuals against the city 1: 6140:The Urban History Association 6037:(2010); 36 essays by experts 5990:Bibliography of Urban History 5816:(1985) 37#3 pp. 368–381 5402:(1969) 52#3 pp. 239–247 5400:Wisconsin Magazine of History 5280:(1941) 28#2 pp. 187–206 5271:Encyclopedia of Urban America 5104:(2014); University textbook; 4609:Filson Club History Quarterly 4395:American journal of sociology 4226:Wisconsin Magazine of History 4150:Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 3827:Georgia Historical Quarterly, 3756:The New York City Draft Riots 3572:The State of American History 3440:Journal of the Early Republic 2213:of July 13 to July 16, 1863. 7863:Hispanic and Latino American 6717:Second Industrial Revolution 6551:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 6257:Exploration of North America 6183:History of the United States 6001:– via Internet Archive 5940:Georgia Historical Quarterly 5923:Western Historical Quarterly 5801:Journal of Planning History, 5534:The City in Texas: A History 4639:Wisconsin Historical Society 4598:, (2001) 60#3 3, pp. 162–175 4152:. Cornell University Press. 4148:Blackmar, Elizabeth (1989). 4106:Birmingham, Stephen (1979). 4042:(1993) 28#4 pp. 430–44 2537:Progressive era: 1890s–1920s 2491:Sanitation and public health 2429: 1978: 1555:and of the broader field of 1553:history of the United States 911:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 7387:Indictments of Donald Trump 6578:First Industrial Revolution 6412:Declaration of Independence 6402:Second Continental Congress 6105:Pierce, Bessie Louise, ed. 5987:Wakstein, Allen M. (1975), 5952:(1940) 27#1 pp. 43–66 5942:(1989) 73#1 pp. 54–66 5894:(1994), 21#1 pp. 7–19. 5794:The Making of Urban America 5716:Journal of Consumer Culture 5706:Journal of American History 5599:(1977) 6#1 pp. 99–106 5560:The Encyclopedia of Chicago 5393:Journal of Planning History 5292:The Urbanization of America 4620:William Thomas Hutchinson, 4489:Journal of American History 4305:. Columbia UP. p. 64. 4278:. Columbia UP. p. 64. 4256:Political Science Quarterly 4092:Elizabeth Collins Cromley, 4081:Urbanism Past & Present 3896:Reviews in American History 3879:Reviews in American History 3556:Journal of Economic History 3540:Journal of Economic History 3456:Origins of American Slavery 3413:(1993) 1: 113–154, 233–244. 3192:Reviews in American History 3176:Reviews in American History 2999: 2568:; Jersey City, New Jersey; 10: 8549: 7984: 7746: 7408: 7279:Killing of Osama bin Laden 6367:First Continental Congress 6212: 6055:The Historian and the City 5738:Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. 5444: 5263:(1933), A social history; 5199:, a major scholarly survey 5094: 5087: 4572:, (1974) 33#3 pp. 287–298 3864:Arthur Maier Schlesinger, 3788:Michigan Historical Review 3775:Michigan Historical Review 3729:Arthur Meier Schlesinger, 3125:Sies, Mary Corbin (2003). 2646: 2627: 2621: 2494: 2352: 2250: 1965:University of Pennsylvania 1774:Charleston Library Society 8457: 8423: 8367: 8331: 8319: 8058: 8032: 7994: 7990: 7979: 7752: 7741: 7414: 7403: 7269: 7172: 7100: 7001: 6912: 6863:Wall Street Crash of 1929 6794: 6675: 6660:Emancipation Proclamation 6591: 6514: 6462: 6429:Articles of Confederation 6382: 6267:Native American epidemics 6247: 6222: 6218: 6207: 6189: 5646:Hornsby, Jr., Alton, ed. 5607:Pacific Historical Review 5269:Shumsky, Neil Larry, ed. 4245:(1985) pp 108-37, 218-220 3442:(2005) 25#4 pp. 527–535. 3409:Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed., 3194:24.3 (1996) pp. 361–368. 2755:Charlotte, North Carolina 2624:History of urban planning 2455:National Municipal League 2211:New York City draft riots 2112: 2069: 2021: 1796:The new nation, 1783–1815 1604:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 8349:Northern Mariana Islands 6922:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6146:Journal of Urban History 6074:Wakstein, Allen M., ed. 5982:Journal of Urban History 5933:Journal of Urban History 5909:Journal of Urban History 5885:Journal of Urban History 5868:Journal of Urban History 5854:Journal of Urban History 5771:Journal of Urban History 5742:(UNC Press Books, 2019). 5658:Journal of Urban Affairs 5417:Social Science Quarterly 5383:Journal of Urban History 5376:Journal of Urban History 5356:Journal of Urban History 5174:Goldfield, David R. ed. 5169:Urban America: A History 5162:History of Urban America 4933:. Routledge. p. 8. 4611:, (1980) 54#2 pp 169–195 4585:, (1975) 534#1, pp:37–56 4557:Northwest Ohio Quarterly 4518:Urban America: A History 4299:Kevin P. Murphy (2013). 4272:Kevin P. Murphy (2013). 4232:, quotes at pp, 143, 139 4228:(1939) 23#2 pp. 138–162 4083:(1980) Issue 2, pp 29-39 3704:(1918) 5#5 pp: 384-398. 3429:(2007) 33#6 pp. 102–1032 3427:Journal of Urban History 3178:(1992) 20#3 pp. 432–445 3072: 3031:History of New York City 2247:Late 19th century growth 1691:Russian-American Company 414: 392: 370: 359: 337: 326: 304: 293: 282: 271: 249: 238: 227: 205: 183: 172: 150: 139: 117: 106: 7884:Middle Eastern American 7701:Technology and industry 6571:Seneca Falls Convention 6372:Continental Association 6272:Settlement of Jamestown 6088:Glaab, Charles N., ed. 6049:excerpt and text search 6047:(2 vol 2006); 1056 pp; 5574:excerpt and text search 5546:Pierce, Bessie Louise. 5539:Pierce, Bessie Louise. 5479:Oxford University Press 5336:Encyclopedia of Chicago 5142:Douglass, Harlan Paul. 5102:America's Urban History 4770:It Seems Like Yesterday 4703:Carol Ann Christensen, 4681:(2014) 9#4 pp: 336–352. 4546:, (1995) 31#1 pp. 20–42 4448:Thomas Neville Bonner, 4435:Thomas Neville Bonner, 4040:Libraries & Culture 3898:23#1 (1995), pp. 80-85 3881:23#1 (1995), pp. 80-85 3036:History of Philadelphia 2753:that opened in 2007 in 2717:in Manhattan. There he 2373:Home Insurance Building 2013:U.S. Cities during the 1753:from the overpopulated 1631:Claims for urban impact 1514:Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. 932:Middle Eastern American 754:Technology and industry 8004:Admission to the Union 7370:Afghanistan withdrawal 7365:January 6 insurrection 7284:Rise in mass shootings 7256:Virginia Tech shooting 6809:Paris Peace Conference 6583:Second Great Awakening 6322:American Enlightenment 6043:Goldfield, David. ed. 5963:(2013) 35#2 pp: 24–35. 5925:42.3 (2011): 344–348. 5803:(2006) 5#4 pp 301–313 5762:Trotter, Joe William. 5724:Rabinowitz, Howard N. 5708:55.2 (1968): 243–255. 5691:46#4 (1965): 330–355. 5615:Godshalk, David Fort. 5609:39.3 (1970): 323–352. 5425:Rosenberg, Charles E. 5346:Historical Archaeology 5258:Schlesinger, Arthur M. 4559:, (1997) 69#1 pp. 8–30 4520:(2nd ed. 1990), p. 299 3960:44.2 (1940): 188-203. 3913:Great Plains Quarterly 3829:(2002) 86#12 pp. 49–83 3661:George Rogers Taylor, 3246:Thomas Bender (1997). 3026:History of Los Angeles 2916:San Francisco Bay Area 2768: 2757: 2670: 2427: 2418: 2403:Lure of the metropolis 2376: 2271: 1886:Boston and its suburbs 1805: 1698: 1548: 1547:Arthur Schlesinger Sr. 1536: 1506:American urban history 1044:Admission to the Union 7996:Territorial evolution 7360:George Floyd Protests 7343:Unite the Right rally 7212:Oklahoma City bombing 7207:Republican Revolution 7154:Space Shuttle program 6976:Civil Rights Movement 6944:North Atlantic Treaty 6752:Sherman Antitrust Act 6737:Chinese Exclusion Act 6327:French and Indian War 6317:Prelude to Revolution 6302:First Great Awakening 6262:European colonization 5976:Stave, Bruce M., ed. 5856:44.3 (2018): 501–518. 5773:33.4 (2007): 562-567. 5578:Shortridge, James R. 5568:Shortridge, James R. 5529:; second edition 2010 5515:Yale University Press 5452:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 5436:33.2 (2019): 209-233. 5395:19.3 (2020): 139-143. 5378:48.2 (2022): 243-264. 5358:45.1 (2019): 99-125. 5181:Kirkland, Edward C. 5088:Further information: 4690:Richard J. Stillman, 3976:(1990) pp. 44–45 3816:(2011) 50#3 pp 36–41. 3777:(2005) 31#2 pp 43–66. 3158:Bruce M. Stave, ed., 3041:History of Pittsburgh 2994:Sounder Commuter Rail 2985:that opened in 2002. 2763: 2748: 2668: 2628:Further information: 2495:Further information: 2422: 2413: 2409:The Evening Wisconsin 2370: 2265: 2251:Further information: 2094:Romney, West Virginia 1848:to the West, and the 1803: 1778:College of Charleston 1688: 1569:architectural history 1546: 1531: 1035:Territorial evolution 328:Post-World War II Era 7910:Palestinian American 7337:Obergefell v. Hodges 7229:September 11 attacks 7065:Second-wave feminism 6986:Cuban Missile Crisis 6846:Bath School disaster 6764:Spanish–American War 6727:The Gospel of Wealth 6606:California Gold Rush 6566:Mexican–American War 6556:Nullification crisis 6524:Era of Good Feelings 6424:Confederation period 6332:Proclamation of 1763 6282:Atlantic slave trade 5970:32.1 (2003): 28–42. 5968:Urban History Review 5870:4.4 (1978): 363-396. 5680:Levesque, George A. 5597:Urban History Review 5385:46.1 (2020): 15-32. 4891:(1981) 8#2: 189-195. 4755:William H, Mullins, 4742:William H, Mullins, 4729:William H, Mullins, 4544:Urban Affairs Review 4213:The rise of the city 3842:(2008) 54#1 pp 35–62 3790:(1992) 18#1 pp 28–69 3134:Urban History Review 3016:History of Cleveland 2643:The Great Depression 2636:Garden city movement 2578:Louisville, Kentucky 2224:Copperhead Democrats 1720:Santa Fe, New Mexico 958:Palestinian American 174:Era of Good Feelings 119:Confederation period 56:Timeline and periods 8359:U.S. Virgin Islands 7845:Lithuanian American 7801:Vietnamese American 7147:End of the Cold War 7137:Invasion of Grenada 7087:Iran hostage crisis 6836:Tulsa race massacre 6643:Election of Lincoln 6638:Dred Scott decision 6626:Kansas–Nebraska Act 6529:Missouri Compromise 6447:Northwest Ordinance 6437:Pennsylvania Mutiny 6432:and Perpetual Union 6392:American Revolution 6307:War of Jenkins' Ear 5718:20.1 (2020): 3-22. 5673:Kusmer, Kenneth L. 5639:Grossman, James R. 5505:Jackson, Kenneth T. 5243:Monkkonen, Eric H. 5121:Bridenbaugh, Carl. 5114:Bridenbaugh, Carl. 4969:. 23 December 2016. 4874:Mason B. Williams, 4835:Janet Poppendieck, 4325:Martin J. Schiesl, 4066:George H. Douglas, 3927:Robert R. Dykstra, 3915:2#1 (1982): 41-54. 3702:Geographical Review 3596:Curtis P. Nettles, 3583:Russel Blaine Nye, 3377:(1955), pp 147, 332 3277:Urban Life and Form 3236:(1973) pp. 165–205 3219:Eric H. Monkkonen, 2983:TECO Line Streetcar 2914:, and parts of the 2723:Fiorello La Guardia 1946:National leadership 1689:The capital of the 893:Lithuanian American 844:Vietnamese American 108:American Revolution 44:St. Louis, Missouri 8009:Historical regions 7965:Transgender people 7523:Capital punishment 7382:Support of Ukraine 7331:Black Lives Matter 7239:War in Afghanistan 7164:Invasion of Panama 7120:Iran–Contra affair 6981:Early–mid Cold War 6851:Harlem Renaissance 6710:Compromise of 1877 6685:Reconstruction era 6621:Fugitive Slave Act 6616:Compromise of 1850 6561:Westward expansion 6499:Louisiana Purchase 6342:Stamp Act Congress 6287:King William's War 6112:Still, Bayrd, ed. 5875:American Quarterly 5834:History and Theory 5814:American Quarterly 5778:Young Jr, Alford. 5697:Osofsky, Gilbert. 5684:(Routledge, 2018). 5408:Melosi, Martin V. 5213:(Routledge, 2014). 5209:McDonald, John F. 5206:(ME Sharpe, 2007). 5202:McDonald, John F. 5185:(1961) esp 237-61 4913:Roger W. Lotchin, 4823:2015-04-16 at the 4796:2015-04-16 at the 4474:James H. Cassedy, 4461:Martin V. Melosi, 4422:Stuart Galishoff, 4110:Life at the Dakota 3855:15 (1997): 209-26. 3840:Civil War History, 3716:Christian Montès, 3678:(1931) 3: 602-629. 3506:Benjamin L. Carp, 3493:Walter J. Fraser, 3480:Walter J. Fraser, 3467:Walter J. Fraser, 3458:(1997), pp. 64–65. 3397:2015-03-15 at the 3373:Carl Bridenbaugh, 3357:Carl Bridenbaugh, 3341:Carl Bridenbaugh, 3086:History and Theory 3021:History of Detroit 3011:History of Chicago 2769: 2758: 2671: 2590:Robert La Follette 2574:Memphis, Tennessee 2560:(especially Mayor 2377: 2272: 2015:American Civil War 1850:Louisiana Purchase 1806: 1730:, French towns of 1699: 1621:Stephan Thernstrom 1549: 1013:Transgender people 576:Capital punishment 229:Reconstruction Era 8495: 8494: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8014:American frontier 7975: 7974: 7905:Lebanese American 7890:Egyptian American 7825:Estonian American 7815:Albanian American 7809:European American 7786:Japanese American 7776:Filipino American 7737: 7736: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7348:COVID-19 pandemic 7251:Hurricane Katrina 7192:Los Angeles riots 7082:Watergate scandal 6927:Start of Cold War 6895:Manhattan Project 6482:Whiskey Rebellion 6312:King George's War 6277:Thirteen Colonies 6238:Pre-Columbian Era 5877:(1968): 296–317. 5836:(1979): 350–377. 5759:(Springer, 2004). 5564:it is online free 5532:McComb, David G. 5496:Homberger, Eric. 5465:Burrows, Edwin G. 5419:(1972): 934–948. 5320:Wade, Richard C. 5226:McKelvey, Blake. 5216:McKelvey, Blake. 4812:(1989): 553-583 4785:(1989): 553-583 4768:Hans Kaltenborn, 4716:Daniel Schaffer, 4664:Bradley R. Rice, 4529:Melvin G. Holli, 4507:(1984) pp. 134–41 4491:(1978): 389–411. 4397:(1993): 755-798. 4198:Raymond A. Mohl, 4025:David M. Emmons, 3742:Barnet Schecter, 3665:(1951) pp 388-89. 3635:Richard C. Wade, 3622:Richard C. Wade, 3587:(1960) pp. 127–28 3312:Steven A. Riess, 3297:George Chauncey, 3146:10.7202/1015740ar 3088:(1979): 350-377. 3006:History of Boston 2975:Atlanta Streetcar 2963:Valley Metro Rail 2518:Charles V. Chapin 2195: 2194: 1927: 1926: 1757:island colony of 1738:; Dutch towns of 1614:New urban history 1593:industrialization 1527:Populist movement 1503: 1502: 1425: 1424: 1054:American frontier 953:Lebanese American 938:Egyptian American 868:Estonian American 858:Albanian American 852:European American 829:Japanese American 819:Filipino American 443: 442: 416:Post-Cold War Era 73:Pre-Columbian Era 29: 8540: 8485: 8475: 8474: 8439: 8438: 8368:Outlying islands 8325:Washington, D.C. 8320:Federal District 8019:Manifest destiny 7992: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7923:Native Americans 7895:Iranian American 7869:Mexican American 7855:Serbian American 7840:Italian American 7830:Finnish American 7820:English American 7771:Chinese American 7758:African American 7743: 7742: 7548:Direct democracy 7538:The Constitution 7497:Higher education 7420:American Century 7405: 7404: 6858:Great Depression 6831:Women's suffrage 6821:Roaring Twenties 6747:Haymarket affair 6705:Enforcement Acts 6494:Jeffersonian era 6442:Shays' Rebellion 6362:Intolerable Acts 6357:Boston Tea Party 6292:Queen Anne's War 6220: 6219: 6209: 6208: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6067:Shumsky, Larry. 6009: 6008: 6002: 5961:Public Historian 5746:Taylor, Quintard 5731:Spear, Allan H. 5689:New York History 5528: 5492: 5313:Teaford, Jon C. 5306:Teaford, Jon C. 5236:Miller, Zane I. 5191:Liazos, Ariane. 5078: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5064:Business Insider 5055: 5049: 5048: 5047:. 23 March 2017. 5041: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4904:(1986) pp 90-96. 4900:Jon C. Teaford, 4898: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4806: 4800: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4655:(1975): 365–408. 4649: 4643: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4503:Jon C. Teaford, 4501: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4452:(1957) pp. 24–39 4446: 4440: 4439:(1957) pp. 24–39 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4409:David B. Tyack, 4407: 4401: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4342:(1985): 658-677 4336: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4269: 4263: 4252: 4246: 4241:Raymond A Mohl, 4239: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4114:. Random House. 4113: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3948: 3938: 3932: 3929:The cattle towns 3925: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3763:Leslie M. Harris 3761:, 1626–1863, by 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3574:(1970) pp. 58–59 3568: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3536: 3530: 3520: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3436: 3430: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3390:(July 2003) 3#4 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279:(1963) pp. 59–77 3273: 3267: 3266: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3223:(1988) pp. 26–27 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3188: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3082: 2979:Dallas Streetcar 2881:Colorado Springs 2601:Galveston, Texas 2551:Hazen S. Pingree 2200:Union war effort 2104:Washington, D.C. 2007: 2000: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1971:(Baltimore) and 1967:(Philadelphia), 1869: 1868: 1703:Carl Bridenbaugh 1642:entrepreneurship 1581:business history 1519:Thomas Jefferson 1510:Local historians 1495: 1488: 1481: 1465: 1455: 1454: 1416: 1415: 1059:Manifest destiny 1049:Historic regions 1031: 1030: 971:Native Americans 943:Iranian American 917:Mexican American 903:Serbian American 888:Italian American 873:Finnish American 863:English American 814:Chinese American 801:African American 601:Direct democracy 591:The Constitution 550:Higher education 459:American Century 361:Civil Rights Era 339:Civil Rights Era 295:Great Depression 284:Roaring Twenties 152:Jeffersonian Era 62: 61: 57: 41: 27: 16: 15: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8445: 8419: 8363: 8327: 8315: 8054: 8028: 7986: 7971: 7877:Jewish American 7850:Polish American 7791:Korean American 7781:Indian American 7748: 7733: 7588:Merchant Marine 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6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6124:External links 6122: 6121: 6120: 6118:online edition 6110: 6103: 6093: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6031: 6024: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5984: 5974: 5964: 5957: 5946: 5936: 5929: 5919: 5912: 5902: 5899:Urban History, 5895: 5892:Urban History, 5888: 5881: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5840: 5830: 5828:in GoogleBooks 5820: 5810: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5787:Historiography 5785: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5760: 5753: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5712: 5702: 5695: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5660:(2021): 1-18. 5654: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5613: 5603: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5576: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5507:, ed. (1995). 5501: 5494: 5487: 5461: 5442: 5441:City histories 5439: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5413: 5406: 5396: 5389: 5379: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5342: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324:(2nd ed. 1976) 5318: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5240:(2nd ed. 1987) 5234: 5230:(1968), 320pp 5224: 5220:(1963), 390pp 5214: 5207: 5200: 5189: 5179: 5172: 5171:(2nd ed. 1990) 5165: 5158: 5151: 5140: 5135:Conn, Steven. 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5096: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5070: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5013: 4999: 4986: 4972: 4958: 4946: 4939: 4919: 4906: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4854: 4841: 4828: 4801: 4774: 4761: 4748: 4735: 4722: 4709: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4657: 4644: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4561: 4548: 4535: 4522: 4509: 4496: 4480: 4467: 4454: 4441: 4428: 4415: 4402: 4386: 4373: 4360: 4347: 4331: 4318: 4311: 4291: 4284: 4264: 4258:(1963): 40-58 4247: 4234: 4217: 4204: 4191: 4178: 4165: 4158: 4140: 4127: 4120: 4098: 4085: 4072: 4059: 4047: 4031: 4018: 4005: 3992: 3978: 3965: 3949: 3933: 3920: 3904: 3887: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3805: 3792: 3779: 3766: 3748: 3735: 3722: 3709: 3693: 3691:(1961): 1-106. 3680: 3667: 3654: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3563: 3547: 3531: 3522:Gary B. Nash, 3515: 3512:online edition 3499: 3486: 3473: 3460: 3447: 3431: 3415: 3402: 3379: 3366: 3363:online edition 3350: 3347:online edition 3334: 3318: 3305: 3290: 3281: 3268: 3258: 3238: 3225: 3212: 3199: 3183: 3167: 3151: 3117: 3104: 3093: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2967:Lynx Blue Line 2751:Lynx Blue Line 2742: 2739: 2679:Herbert Hoover 2647:Main article: 2644: 2641: 2622:Main article: 2619: 2618:Urban planning 2616: 2594:Wisconsin Idea 2562:Tom L. Johnson 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2492: 2489: 2431: 2428: 2404: 2401: 2350: 2347: 2335:Butte, Montana 2296: 2293: 2259: 2258:Street traffic 2256: 2248: 2245: 2231: 2228: 2215:Irish Catholic 2193: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1947: 1944: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1797: 1794: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1646:factory system 1632: 1629: 1615: 1612: 1565:social history 1540: 1539:Historiography 1537: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1448: 1447: 1445:Historiography 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090:The West Coast 1087: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1064:Indian removal 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 993: 986: 985: 984: 979: 967: 966: 965: 963:Saudi American 960: 955: 950: 948:Iraqi American 945: 940: 928: 921: 920: 919: 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 883:Irish American 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 808:Asian American 804: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 750: 749: 748: 746:Sexual slavery 736: 729: 722: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 683: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 644: 637: 630: 629: 628: 623: 618: 616:Postal service 613: 608: 606:Foreign policy 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 561: 554: 553: 552: 540: 539: 538: 526: 525: 524: 512: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 483: 482: 481: 469: 462: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 441: 440: 437: 433: 432: 430: 422: 421: 418: 411: 410: 408: 400: 399: 396: 389: 388: 386: 378: 377: 374: 367: 366: 363: 356: 355: 353: 345: 344: 341: 334: 333: 330: 323: 322: 320: 312: 311: 308: 301: 300: 297: 290: 289: 286: 279: 278: 275: 268: 267: 265: 257: 256: 253: 246: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 224: 223: 221: 213: 212: 209: 202: 201: 199: 191: 190: 187: 185:Jacksonian Era 180: 179: 176: 169: 168: 166: 158: 157: 154: 147: 146: 143: 141:Federalist Era 136: 135: 133: 125: 124: 121: 114: 113: 110: 103: 102: 100: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 76: 60: 53: 52: 49: 48: 42: 34: 33: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8545: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Local history 8506: 8505: 8503: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:List of years 8460: 8459: 8456: 8442: 8434: 8432: 8431:Urban history 8429: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410:Palmyra Atoll 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Jarvis Island 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332:Insular areas 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:West Virginia 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206:New Hampshire 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:Massachusetts 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7978: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Thai American 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7634:Party Systems 7631: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7573:Voting rights 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234:War on terror 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7132:Late Cold War 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Great Society 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Post-war boom 6964: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5905:McShane, Clay 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5650:(2 vol 2011) 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632:Green, Adam. 5631: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5590:Black history 5585: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5513:. New Haven: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5488:0-195-11634-8 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5469:Wallace, Mike 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5265:Online review 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5247:(1990), 336pp 5246: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5153:Friss, Evan. 5152: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5074: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4940:9780415677042 4936: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4864: 4861:Roger Biles, 4858: 4851: 4848:Roger Biles, 4845: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4624:(1957) vol. 2 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4413:(1974) p 168. 4412: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4380:Ruth Bordin, 4377: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4322: 4314: 4312:9780231503501 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4285:9780231503501 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4211:Schlesinger, 4208: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4172:Neil Harris, 4169: 4161: 4159:9780801420245 4155: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4121:9780394410791 4117: 4112: 4111: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3941:Odie B. Faulk 3937: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3259:9780801857843 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3111:Steven Conn, 3108: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3061:Local history 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051:Urban history 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2992:or Seattle's 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2765:Austin, Texas 2762: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546:innovations. 2544: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2511:Miasma theory 2507: 2503: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2306:cattle drives 2303: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2268:New York City 2264: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2167:St. Augustine 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2071:Border states 2068: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2051:New York City 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1969:Johns Hopkins 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744:New Archangel 1741: 1740:New Amsterdam 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1696: 1695:Sitka, Alaska 1692: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1611: 1609: 1608:Oscar Handlin 1605: 1600: 1598: 1597:modernization 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:Urban history 1554: 1545: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1440:List of years 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1408:Urban history 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1349: 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918: 915: 914: 913: 912: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853: 849: 845: 842: 840: 839:Thai American 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 810: 809: 805: 803: 802: 798: 797: 791: 790: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 751: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 737: 735: 734: 730: 728: 727: 723: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687:Party Systems 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 645: 643: 642: 638: 636: 635: 631: 627: 626:Voting rights 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 566: 562: 560: 559: 555: 551: 548: 547: 546: 545: 541: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 527: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 513: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 488: 484: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 470: 468: 467: 463: 461: 460: 456: 455: 449: 448: 438: 435: 434: 431: 429: 428: 424: 423: 419: 417: 413: 412: 409: 407: 406: 402: 401: 397: 395: 391: 390: 387: 385: 384: 380: 379: 375: 373: 369: 368: 364: 362: 358: 357: 354: 352: 351: 347: 346: 342: 340: 336: 335: 331: 329: 325: 324: 321: 319: 318: 314: 313: 309: 307: 303: 302: 298: 296: 292: 291: 287: 285: 281: 280: 276: 274: 270: 269: 266: 264: 263: 259: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 232: 230: 226: 225: 222: 220: 219: 215: 214: 210: 208: 207:Civil War Era 204: 203: 200: 198: 197: 193: 192: 188: 186: 182: 181: 177: 175: 171: 170: 167: 165: 164: 160: 159: 155: 153: 149: 148: 144: 142: 138: 137: 134: 132: 131: 127: 126: 122: 120: 116: 115: 111: 109: 105: 104: 101: 99: 98: 94: 93: 89: 87: 86: 82: 81: 77: 75: 74: 69: 68: 64: 63: 58: 51: 50: 45: 40: 36: 35: 32: 31:United States 25: 24: 21: 18: 17: 8430: 8400:Midway Atoll 8395:Kingman Reef 8375:Baker Island 8354:Puerto Rico 8266:South Dakota 8256:Rhode Island 8251:Pennsylvania 8231:North Dakota 7947: 7940: 7921: 7882: 7875: 7861: 7807: 7763: 7756: 7699: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7632: 7606:Marine Corps 7593: 7586: 7579: 7543:Debt ceiling 7528:Civil Rights 7510: 7503: 7489: 7475: 7461: 7432: 7427:Antisemitism 7425: 7418: 7374: 7335: 7271:2008–present 7223:Bush v. Gore 7221: 7159:War on drugs 7033:Mid Cold War 6885:Pearl Harbor 6880:World War II 6700:Ku Klux Klan 6297:Dummer's War 6236: 6229: 6223:Pre-Colonial 6145: 6113: 6106: 6096: 6089: 6075: 6071:(2 vol 1998) 6068: 6061: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6027: 6020: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5960: 5949: 5939: 5932: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5843: 5833: 5823: 5813: 5800: 5793: 5792:Reps, John. 5779: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5715: 5705: 5698: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5616: 5606: 5596: 5579: 5569: 5559: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5508: 5497: 5477:. New York: 5472: 5453: 5433: 5426: 5416: 5409: 5399: 5392: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5355: 5345: 5335: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5270: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5227: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5192: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5101: 5073: 5062: 5053: 5039: 5025: 5016: 5002: 4989: 4975: 4961: 4949: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4836: 4831: 4809: 4804: 4782: 4777: 4772:(1956) p. 88 4769: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4504: 4499: 4488: 4483: 4475: 4470: 4462: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4436: 4431: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4394: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4369:The New City 4368: 4363: 4356:The New City 4355: 4350: 4339: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4301: 4294: 4274: 4267: 4255: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4173: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4050: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3981: 3973: 3968: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3923: 3912: 3907: 3895: 3890: 3878: 3873: 3865: 3860: 3852: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3720:(2014) & 3717: 3712: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3571: 3566: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3455: 3454:Peter Wood, 3450: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3423:Seth Rockman 3418: 3410: 3405: 3388:Common-Place 3387: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3358: 3353: 3342: 3337: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3293: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3191: 3186: 3175: 3170: 3159: 3154: 3140:(1): 28–42. 3137: 3133: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3096: 3085: 3080: 2987: 2960: 2956: 2924: 2920:Marin County 2889: 2887:, and more. 2861:Myrtle Beach 2798: 2770: 2741:21st century 2735: 2731: 2727: 2715:Tammany Hall 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2675:Hoovervilles 2672: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2633: 2630:Urban sprawl 2612:city manager 2608:Dayton, Ohio 2605: 2598: 2586:Frank Lowden 2566:Toledo, Ohio 2555: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2528:20th century 2522: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2480: 2471: 2459: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2298: 2295:The new West 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2204: 2197: 2056:Philadelphia 2046:Indianapolis 1963:(New York), 1953: 1949: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1914:Philadelphia 1855: 1843: 1827: 1823:yellow fever 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1789:Gary B. Nash 1786: 1782: 1771: 1763: 1748: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1674: 1672: 1663: 1655: 1649:ever-larger 1637:Richard Wade 1634: 1625: 1617: 1601: 1589:Urbanization 1561:urbanization 1550: 1532: 1505: 1504: 1407: 995: 988: 969: 930: 923: 909: 850: 806: 799: 752: 738: 733:Social class 731: 724: 685: 659:Marine Corps 646: 639: 632: 596:Debt ceiling 581:Civil rights 563: 556: 542: 528: 514: 485: 473:Civil unrest 471: 466:Antisemitism 464: 457: 439:2008–present 427:2008–present 425: 403: 381: 348: 315: 306:World War II 260: 216: 194: 161: 128: 95: 85:Colonial Era 83: 71: 65: 19: 8415:Wake Island 8181:Mississippi 8096:Connecticut 8040:New England 7707:Agriculture 7626:Coast Guard 7621:Space Force 7469:Immigration 7197:WTC bombing 7115:Reaganomics 7043:Vietnam War 6959:McCarthyism 6841:Second Klan 6826:Prohibition 6804:World War I 6779:Square Deal 6769:Imperialism 6504:War of 1812 6231:Prehistoric 6039:see website 5365:Duffy, John 5148:online free 5106:see website 4818:online copy 4791:online copy 3652:(1966) 1:36 2900:Albuquerque 2892:Los Angeles 2782:San Antonio 2584:, Governor 2570:Los Angeles 2541:During the 2484:David Tyack 2462:Jane Addams 2339:mining camp 2310:dime novels 2270:until 1917. 2230:Confederacy 2152:New Orleans 2132:Chattanooga 2114:Confederacy 1959:(Boston), 1837:, and then 1732:New Orleans 1728:Los Angeles 1724:San Antonio 1651:hinterlands 1585:archaeology 1583:, and even 1523:agrarianism 1359:Territories 1080:New England 760:Agriculture 679:Coast Guard 674:Space Force 522:Immigration 372:Vietnam War 273:World War I 67:Prehistoric 8502:Categories 8296:Washington 8216:New Mexico 8211:New Jersey 8086:California 7581:Journalism 7533:Corruption 7512:Government 7463:Demography 7450:Newspapers 7299:Sandy Hook 7202:Waco siege 7110:Reagan era 7016:Space Race 6949:Korean War 6890:home front 6722:Gilded Age 6690:Amendments 5524:0300055366 5445:See also: 2948:Pittsburgh 2930:, such as 2908:Montgomery 2904:Birmingham 2869:Cape Coral 2857:Charleston 2805:Washington 2790:Fort Worth 2466:Hull House 2389:The Dakota 2371:Chicago's 2355:skyscraper 2253:Gilded Age 2187:Wilmington 2182:Winchester 2157:Petersburg 2127:Charleston 2089:Louisville 2061:Pittsburgh 2041:Harrisburg 2031:Cincinnati 1939:Erie Canal 1909:1,175,000 1859:Erie Canal 1787:Historian 1701:Historian 1635:Historian 634:Journalism 586:Corruption 565:Government 516:Demography 503:Newspapers 394:Reagan Era 240:Gilded Age 78:until 1607 8306:Wisconsin 8271:Tennessee 8176:Minnesota 8151:Louisiana 8045:The South 7616:Air Force 7491:Education 7353:recession 7309:Las Vegas 7217:Columbine 7174:1991–2008 7102:1980–1991 7003:1964–1980 6914:1945–1964 6868:Dust Bowl 6796:1917–1945 6677:1865–1917 6655:Civil War 6648:Secession 6593:1849–1865 6516:1815–1849 6487:Quasi-War 6464:1789–1815 6384:1776–1789 6337:Sugar Act 5999:0010-9959 4371:pp 115-33 4358:pp 115-33 4215:pp. 53–77 3164:in Google 2971:Expo Line 2940:St. Louis 2936:Cleveland 2928:Rust Belt 2853:Las Vegas 2841:Riverside 2825:Charlotte 2821:Nashville 2558:Cleveland 2430:Reformers 2359:apartment 2177:Vicksburg 2147:Nashville 2099:St. Louis 2084:Lexington 2079:Baltimore 2036:Cleveland 1979:Civil War 1835:1807–1812 1831:Quasi-War 1767:Huguenots 1085:The South 669:Air Force 544:Education 420:1991–2008 405:1991–2008 398:1981–1991 383:1980–1991 376:1964–1975 365:1954–1968 350:1964–1980 343:1954–1968 332:1945–1964 317:1945–1964 310:1941–1945 299:1929–1941 288:1918–1929 277:1917–1918 262:1917–1945 255:1896–1917 244:1877–1896 233:1865–1877 218:1865–1917 211:1849–1865 196:1849–1865 189:1825–1849 178:1817–1825 163:1815–1849 156:1801–1817 145:1788–1801 130:1789–1815 123:1783–1788 112:1765–1783 97:1776–1789 90:1607–1765 8477:Category 8291:Virginia 8241:Oklahoma 8221:New York 8196:Nebraska 8186:Missouri 8171:Michigan 8161:Maryland 8146:Kentucky 8126:Illinois 8101:Delaware 8091:Colorado 8081:Arkansas 7960:Lesbians 7934:Comanche 7929:Cherokee 7722:Medicine 7680:Genocide 7673:Religion 7595:Military 7568:Taxation 7518:Abortion 7434:Cultural 7314:Parkland 7244:Iraq War 7182:Gulf War 6954:Ivy Mike 6873:New Deal 6249:Colonial 6194:Timeline 5954:in JSTOR 5944:in JSTOR 5927:in JSTOR 5879:in JSTOR 5838:in JSTOR 5818:in JSTOR 5710:in JSTOR 5693:in JSTOR 5619:(2006). 5611:in JSTOR 5601:in JSTOR 5471:(1999). 5421:in JSTOR 5404:in JSTOR 5350:in JSTOR 5282:in JSTOR 4821:Archived 4814:in JSTOR 4794:Archived 4787:in JSTOR 4493:in JSTOR 4399:in JSTOR 4344:in JSTOR 4260:in JSTOR 4230:in JSTOR 4056:in JSTOR 4044:in JSTOR 3962:in JSTOR 3706:in JSTOR 3560:in JSTOR 3544:in JSTOR 3395:Archived 3331:in JSTOR 3180:in JSTOR 3090:in JSTOR 3056:Urbanism 3000:See also 2977:and the 2873:Sarasota 2865:Savannah 2849:Portland 2698:New Deal 2582:Illinois 2439:Mugwumps 2363:tenement 2330:reform. 2302:railhead 2162:Richmond 2137:Columbia 1961:Columbia 1932:New York 1923:566,000 1900:New York 1895:289,000 1759:Barbados 1751:planters 1659:machines 1525:and the 1457:Category 1008:Lesbians 982:Comanche 977:Cherokee 775:Medicine 726:Religion 648:Military 621:Taxation 571:Abortion 487:Cultural 8311:Wyoming 8286:Vermont 8191:Montana 8131:Indiana 8111:Georgia 8106:Florida 8076:Arizona 8066:Alabama 8033:Regions 7955:Gay men 7727:Railway 7687:Slavery 7483:Banking 7477:Economy 7319:El Paso 7304:Orlando 7038:Détente 6199:Outline 6101:excerpt 5846:(1987) 5826:(1989) 5752:(2011). 5735:(1967). 5728:(1978). 5701:(1971). 5677:(1978). 5652:excerpt 5643:(1991). 5636:(2007). 5584:Excerpt 5582:(2004) 5552:excerpt 5550:(1957) 5543:(1940) 5338:(2004) 5197:excerpt 5146:(1926) 5095:Surveys 4865:(1984). 4852:(1984). 4707:(1986). 4668:(2014). 4641:. 2008. 4533:(1969). 4478:(1962). 4426:(1988). 4189:(1990). 4029:(1990). 3947:(1977). 3931:(1983). 3639:(1959). 3626:(1959). 3510:(2007) 3361:(1938) 3345:(1938) 3316:(1991). 3162:(1977) 2990:Sunrail 2952:Chicago 2944:Buffalo 2932:Detroit 2912:Jackson 2896:Memphis 2837:Phoenix 2833:Seattle 2829:Raleigh 2813:Orlando 2801:Atlanta 2794:Houston 2774:Sunbelt 2487:board. 2291:later. 2280:asphalt 2122:Atlanta 1973:Chicago 1957:Harvard 1920:258,000 1917:137,000 1906:391,000 1903:152,000 1892:124,000 1736:Detroit 1435:Outline 1072:Regions 1003:Gay men 780:Railway 740:Slavery 536:Banking 530:Economy 8487:Portal 8441:Cities 8424:Cities 8246:Oregon 8201:Nevada 8141:Kansas 8116:Hawaii 8071:Alaska 8059:States 7985:Places 7747:Groups 7717:Lumber 7655:Fourth 7645:Second 7455:Sports 7440:Cinema 7409:Topics 7324:Uvalde 7294:Aurora 7289:Tucson 6213:Events 6109:(1934) 6057:(1963) 6030:(2004) 5997: 5972:online 5848:online 5808:online 5796:(1965) 5720:online 5662:online 5621:online 5521: 5500:(2005) 5485: 5458:online 5429:(1962) 5412:(2004) 5387:online 5371:(1992) 5360:online 5340:online 5317:(1984) 5310:(2006) 5303:(1993) 5232:online 5222:online 5187:online 5164:(1967) 5132:(1977) 5125:(1955) 5118:(1938) 4955:online 4937: 4917:(2003) 4878:(2013) 4839:(2014) 4759:(2000) 4746:(2000) 4733:(2000) 4465:(2000) 4384:(1981) 4367:Mohl, 4354:Mohl, 4329:(1980) 4309: 4282: 4176:(2004) 4156: 4118: 4096:(1990) 4070:(2004) 3917:online 3900:online 3883:online 3746:(2005) 3497:(1991) 3484:(1991) 3471:(1991) 3444:online 3392:online 3303:(1994) 3256: 3210:(1970) 3196:online 3115:(2014) 3046:Suburb 2950:, and 2902:, and 2851:, and 2845:Denver 2827:, and 2786:Dallas 2778:Austin 2361:, and 2320:Denver 2142:Mobile 1889:63,000 1726:, and 1697:, 1837 1467:Portal 1418:Cities 1400:Cities 1098:States 1027:Places 794:Groups 770:Lumber 708:Fourth 698:Second 508:Sports 493:Cinema 452:Topics 46:c.1900 8276:Texas 8156:Maine 8121:Idaho 7949:LGBTQ 7942:Women 7712:Labor 7665:Sixth 7660:Fifth 7650:Third 7640:First 7445:Music 7187:NAFTA 4340:Signs 3130:(PDF) 3073:Notes 2918:like 2885:Boise 2877:Ogden 2817:Miami 2809:Tampa 2207:draft 2172:Selma 2023:Union 1881:1860 1878:1840 1875:1820 1872:City 1755:sugar 997:LGBTQ 990:Women 765:Labor 718:Sixth 713:Fifth 703:Third 693:First 498:Music 8344:Guam 8281:Utah 8236:Ohio 8136:Iowa 7611:Navy 7601:Army 7505:Flag 5995:ISSN 5519:ISBN 5483:ISBN 5467:and 4935:ISBN 4307:ISBN 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Knowledge

American urban history

Index