1228:, think there may be several different characteristics which favor blight resistance. Both Elkins and Griffin have written extensively about the American chestnut. They believe that by making intercrosses among resistant American chestnuts from many locations, they will continue to improve upon the levels of blight resistance to make an American chestnut that can compete in the forest. Griffin, who has been involved with American chestnut restoration for many years, developed a scale for assessing levels of blight resistance, which made it possible to make selections scientifically. He inoculated five-year-old chestnuts with a standard lethal strain of the blight fungus and measured growth of the cankers. Chestnuts with no resistance to blight make rapid-growing, sunken cankers that are deep and kill tissue right to the wood. Resistant chestnuts make slow-growing, swollen cankers that are superficial: live tissue can be recovered under these cankers. The level of blight resistance is judged by periodic measurement of cankers. Grafts from large survivors of the blight epidemic were evaluated following inoculations, and controlled crosses among resistant American chestnut trees were made beginning in 1980. The first "All-American intercrosses" were planted in Virginia Tech's Martin American Chestnut Planting in
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1398:
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reach more than 6 m (20 ft) in height before blight infection returns, so the species is classified as functionally extinct since the chestnut blight only actively kills the above ground portion of the
American chestnut tree, leaving behind the below-ground components such as the root systems. It was recorded in the 1900s that the chestnut blight would commonly reinfect any novel stems that grew from the stumps, therefore maintaining a cycle that would prevent the American chestnut tree from re-establishing. However, some American chestnut trees have survived because of a small natural resistance to the chestnut blight.
1168:, the project's Co-Director, states that the decision to not pursue a patent on the project's transgenic lines was to allow the plant to be more accessible for conservationists and members of the public. Powell posits that a patent would constrain the spread of the oxalate oxidase transgene into American chestnut populations by limiting the ability to freely plant transgenic trees and cross the trees with surviving American chestnuts or the hybrids produced in the backcross program. Powell states that patents would be a barrier to chestnut restoration and in direct opposition to the program's goals of collaboration.
1040:
1482:. The stand encompasses four large flowering trees, the largest of which is about 23 m (75 ft) tall, sited among hundreds of smaller trees that have not begun to flower, located in and around a sandstone quarry. A combination of factors may account for the survival of these relatively large trees, including low levels of blight susceptibility, hypovirulence, and good site conditions. In particular, some stands may have avoided exposure due to being located at a higher altitude than blighted trees in the neighboring area; the fungal spores are not carried to higher altitudes as easily.
1032:
240:
1236:. They were inoculated in 1990 and evaluated in 1991 and 1992. Nine of the trees showed resistance equal to their parents, and four of these had resistance comparable to hybrids in the same test. Many ACCF chestnuts have expressed blight resistance equal to or greater than an original blight survivor but so far, only a handful have demonstrated superior, durable blight control. Time will tell if the progeny of these best chestnuts exhibit durable blight resistance in different stress environments.
756:
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100:
1414:
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844:, where winter sun reflects off of snow, warming the bark on the sun-facing trunk (this is the south-facing trunk in the Northern Hemisphere). This snow-reflected sunlight repeatedly warms and thaws the trunk during the day, resulting in vulnerability of the bark and cambium to freezing cold temperatures during the subsequent night, eventually resulting in bark cankers that resemble chestnut blight. Also, sun scald makes the damaged bark vulnerable to invasion by pathogens.
381:
812:, in 1904, by chief forester Hermann Merkel. Merkel estimated that, by 1906, blight had infected 98 percent of the chestnut trees in the borough. While Asian chestnut species evolved with the blight and developed a strong resistance, the American chestnut and Allegheny chinquapin have little resistance. The airborne bark fungus spread 50 mi (80 km) a year and in a few decades girdled and killed more than three billion American chestnut trees.
1493:. The officials admitted they had known about the tree for seven years, but had kept its existence a secret. The exact location of the tree is still being held secret, both because of the risk of infecting the tree and because an eagle has nested in its branches. They described the tree as being 89 feet (27 m) tall and having a circumference of 5 feet (1.5 m). The American Chestnut Foundation was also only recently told about the tree's existence.
55:
31:
833:, which was an attempt to prevent the importation of other potential plant pathogens. These attempts to contain the spread of chestnut blight were unsuccessful; the devastation of the species was worsened because the chestnut blight resulted in isolation of remaining specimens, resulting in asexual propagation of many isolated American chestnuts, low genetic diversity of stands of American chestnuts and consequent vulnerability to
373:
77:
1584:, in 2014. Over one dozen trees were at least 12 inches in diameter with several measuring nearly 24 inches in diameter. Only one of the larger trees was a seed and pollen producer with numerous pods and pollen strands lying on ground. The site did, however, have a high presence of chestnut blight, although the seed producing tree and several other large ones were relatively blight-free with minimal to no damage.
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dispersed over an area up to 370 meters from the parent trees. The trees appear to be free of chestnut blight. Also in
Western Maine, The University of Maine Foundation believes it has the tallest chestnut in North America on its property in Lovell, Maine. As per a Dec. 2015 measurement, it was 115 feet (35 m) tall, 16 inches (410 mm) in girth and believed to be around 100 years old.
1202:
1522:, a blight-free grove of American chestnut trees approximately 0.33 acres (0.13 ha) in size with the largest tree measuring 128 in (330 cm) in circumference (40 in (100 cm) diameter) has been located. It is believed to be the result of nuts planted by early settlers in the area. The American Chestnut Council, located in the local town of
1104:. Unlike the CAMV 35S promoter which acts at all times, this poplar promoter drives OxO expression at a low level under basal conditions, but elevates to high levels under conditions of wounding or tissue infection. In laboratory bioassays, win3.12-OxO lines showed elevated disease tolerance similar to that exhibited by blight-resistant Chinese chestnut.
303:. It is estimated that the blight killed between three and four billion American chestnut trees in the first half of the 20th century, beginning in 1904. Few mature American chestnuts exist within its former range, although many stumps and root systems continue to send up saplings. Most of these saplings get infected by chestnut blight, which
591:. Two lineages of American chestnut have been identified, one a hybrid between the American chestnut and the Allegheny chinquapin from the southern Appalachians. The other lineage of American Chestnut shows a gradual loss of genetic diversity along a Northward vector, indicating possible expansion of range following the most recent
1430:, which is the world's largest remaining stand of American chestnut. These trees are the descendants of those planted by Martin Hicks, an early settler in the area, who planted fewer than a dozen trees in the late 1800s. Planted outside the natural range of chestnut, these trees escaped the initial onslaught of
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unique traits of the tree, including fire tolerance, highly flammable litter, tall stature, rapid growth, and ability to resprout. Historically, the mean fire return interval was 20 years or less in chestnut-predominant ecologies, with a forest stand pattern that was more open than is currently the case.
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is one of the best examples of naturally occurring hypovirulence. It is a mature
American chestnut that has recovered from severe infections of chestnut blight. The cankers have healed over and the tree continues to grow vigorously. Scientists have discovered that the chestnut blight remaining on the
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and other members of the NNGA developed hybrids with
Chinese varieties which showed limited resistance. Initially the backcrossing method would breed a hybrid from an American chestnut nut and a Chinese chestnut, the hybrid would then be bred with a normal American chestnut, subsequent breeding would
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The tree's abundance was due to a combination of rapid growth, relative fire resistance, and a large annual nut crop, in comparison to oaks, which do not reliably produce sizable numbers of acorns every year. Fire was common in the pre-blight ecosystem of the
American chestnut, perhaps in part due to
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tree. Pre-blight sources give a maximum height of 100 feet (30 m), and a maximum circumference of 13 feet (4.0 m). Post-blight sources erroneously report a greater maximum size of the species compared with pre-blight, likely due to nostalgia, to interpretations of pre-blight measurements of
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requires owners of abandoned coal mines to cover at least 80 percent of their land with vegetation. While many companies planted invasive grasses, others began funding research on planting trees, because they can be more cost-effective, and yield better results. Keith
Gilland began planting American
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mentions the
American chestnut as being "superior in quality to any found in Europe". The wood is straight-grained, strong, and easy to saw and split, and it lacks the radial end grain found on most other hardwoods. The tree was particularly valuable commercially since it grew at a faster rate than
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taken from the tree do not have the fungal viruses found in other isolates. Trees inoculated with isolates taken from the Arner tree have shown moderate canker control. The cankers of hypovirulent
American chestnut trees occur on the outermost tissues of the tree but the cankers do not spread into
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building was still very healthy seven years later; it contains 98% American chestnut DNA and 2% Chinese chestnut DNA. This tree contains enough
Chinese chestnut DNA that encodes for systemic resistance genes to resist the blight. This is essential for restoring the American chestnut trees into the
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blight-resistant
Chinese chestnut into American chestnut trees, to recover the American growth characteristics and genetic makeup, and then finally intercrossing the advanced backcross generations to eliminate genes for susceptibility to blight. The first backcrossed American chestnut tree, called
816:
during the early years of the blight may have unwittingly destroyed trees that had high levels of resistance to the disease and thus aggravated the calamity. New shoots often sprout from the roots when the main stem dies, so the species has not yet become extinct. However, the stump sprouts rarely
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produced by the chestnut blight, reducing damage to the vascular cambium and resisting girdling of the trunk. As of 2021, the researchers who developed this cultivar are working toward applying for government permission to make these trees available to the public. If approved, these chestnut trees
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instead of the Darling 58 cultivar in some field trials. TACF and colleagues have also reported decreased growth rates, and poor heritability of resistance of the Darling 58 cultivar. In response, the American Chestnut Foundation withdrew its support of development of the Darling 58 cultivar in
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may have already been reduced. The potential range of blight-resistant American chestnuts is substantially reduced if those chestnuts are susceptible to ink disease. Further, the range of this pathogen will extend northward as the climate warms, which may further limit the potential range of the
781:
Prior to the Chestnut blight, the American chestnut was a dominant tree in the ecosystem of the eastern deciduous forest. It was said that a squirrel could walk from New England to Georgia solely on the branches of American chestnuts. Once an important hardwood timber tree, the American chestnut
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and nut production in the wild beginning when a tree is 8 to 10 years old. American chestnut burrs often open while still attached to the tree, around the time of the first frost in autumn, with the nuts then falling to the ground. American chestnut typically have three nuts enclosed in a spiny,
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to cross-breed American chestnuts with European and Asian chestnuts erroneously assumed that a large number of genes were responsible for blight resistance, while it is currently believed the number of responsible genes is low. The USDA abandoned their cross-breeding program and destroyed local
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Some 1,348 chestnut trees, varying in size from seedlings to nearly mature trees, are growing in a forest in Western Maine. These chestnuts were originally established in 1982 from four seed-bearing trees sourced from wild stock of a northern Michigan relict population. This grove of trees has
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in the spring, spiny nut pods in the fall, and leaves in the early winter can all be a problem. These characteristics are more or less common to all shade trees, but perhaps not to the same degree as with the chestnut. The spiny seed pods are a particular nuisance when scattered over an area
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but almost entirely undergoing blight-induced dieback without producing chestnuts. Unexpectedly, American chestnut appears to have retained substantial genetic diversity following the population bottleneck, which is at odds with the limited incidence of blight resistance/tolerance in extant
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produced by the blight fungus, preventing the death of the tree. When pollen of transgenic fathers fertilizes an ovule of a native mother in the field, those resulting seedlings that express the oxalate oxidase enzyme show growth similar to non-transgenic full siblings, indicating that the
1018:
The reduced population of American chestnuts directly impacted many species of insects that relied upon the tree species for survival. Of approximately 60 species that feed upon the American chestnut, seven rely entirely on the American chestnut as a food source. Some of these, like the
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and kills them before they attain maturity. There are hundreds of large (2 to 5 ft (0.6 to 1.5 m) in diameter) American chestnuts outside its historical range, some in areas where less virulent strains of the pathogen are more common, such as the 600 to 800 large trees in
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as a host, and while the oak itself is unaffected, American chestnuts nearby will succumb to the blight in approximately a year or more. In addition, the hundreds of chestnut stumps and "living stools" dotting eastern woodlands may still contain active pathogens. It is considered
464:, and leaf size, with leaves being 14β20 cm (5.5β8 in) long and 7β10 cm (3β4 in) broadβslightly shorter and broader than the sweet chestnut. It has larger and more widely spaced saw-teeth on the edges of its leaves, as indicated by the scientific name
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attacks all Chestnut species and causes heavy damage. As this species of wasp is a threat to saplings, and is now widely-present in Eastern North American forests, it is a potential problem for reintroduction of the American chestnut. The Chinese parasitoid chalcid wasp
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The nuts were commonly fed on by various types of wildlife and was also in such a high abundance that they were used to feed livestock by farmers, by allowing those livestock to roam freely into the forests that were predominantly filled with American chestnut trees.
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The high density of American chestnuts within its range and the lack of natural immunity allowed the blight to spread quickly and cause infection and die-off in nearly every tree exposed. Early attempts to treat chestnut blight were both chemical, such as the use of
2929:
Sandercock, Alexander M.; Westbrook, Jared W.; Zhang, Qian; Johnson, Hayley A.; Saielli, Thomas M.; Scrivani, John A.; Fitzsimmons, Sara F.; Collins, Kendra; Perkins, M. Taylor; Craddock, J. Hill; Schmutz, Jeremy; Grimwood, Jane; Holliday, Jason A. (July 26, 2022).
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forest trees released into the wild in the United States. Alternate approaches to developing a blight-resistant cultivar include cross-breeding among partially blight-resistant American chestnuts or crossbreeding with the moderately blight-resistant
767:. While the Columbian exchange moved valuable crops between the Americas, Europe & Asia, there was also a downside, as the rapid introduction of invasive and unfamiliar pathogens resulted in serious damage or extinction of some host species.
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in northwestern Pennsylvania. Many of these trees are large, measuring more than 60 ft (18 m) in height. These trees will be protected from logging if the wilderness area, proposed by Friends of Allegheny Wilderness, is passed into
3124:
Van Drunen, Stephen G.; Schutten, Kerry; Bowen, Christine; Boland, Greg J.; Husband, Brian C. (September 2017). "Population dynamics and the influence of blight on American chestnut at its northern range limit: Lessons for conservation".
1371:. The reduced ability of the fungus to cause disease allowed the European chestnut to regenerate, creating large stands of trees. Hypovirulence has also been found in North America, but has not spread effectively. The "Arner Tree" of
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3998:
Gustafson, Eric J.; Miranda, Brian R.; Dreaden, Tyler J.; Pinchot, Cornelia C.; Jacobs, Douglass F. (February 2022). "Beyond blight: Phytophthora root rot under climate change limits populations of reintroduced American chestnut".
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Gustafson, Eric J.; Miranda, Brian R.; Dreaden, Tyler J.; Pinchot, Cornelia C.; Jacobs, Douglass F. (February 2022). "Beyond blight: Phytophthora root rot under climate change limits populations of reintroduced American chestnut".
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1339:
The B3F3 strain, a product of backcrossing and intercrossing with selection for blight resistance, is approximately 94% American chestnut and 6% Chinese chestnut and has been planted experimentally in Maryland in an orchard.
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Mack, Richard N., Daniel Simberloff, W. Mark Lonsdale, Harry Evans, Michael Clout, and Fakhri A. Bazzaz. "Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control." Ecological applications 10, no. 3 (2000):
488:. The Japanese chestnut has narrow leaves, smaller than either American chestnut or sweet chestnut, with small, sharply-pointed teeth and many hairs on the underside of the leaf and is the most blight-resistant species.
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Avtzis, Dimitrios N.; Melika, George; MatoΕ‘eviΔ, Dinka; Coyle, David R. (January 2019). "The Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus: a global invader and a successful case of classical biological control".
3455:
Charles, Michael A.; McKenna, Duane D. (January 2, 2024). "Did the Functional Extinction of the American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, Result in the Extinction of the Greater Chestnut Weevil, Curculio caryatrypes?".
1702:" because their smell is readily identifiable many blocks away). Chestnuts are edible raw or roasted, though typically preferred roasted. One must peel the brown skin to access the yellowish-white edible portion.
1445:. One, the state champion, has a diameter of 61 cm (24 in) and a height of 23 m (75 ft), and the other tree is nearly as large. One of them has been pollinated with hybrid pollen by members of
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The American chestnut population was reduced to 1β10% of its original size as a result of the chestnut blight and has not recovered. The surviving trees are "frozen in time" with shoots re-sprouting from survivor
979:, they exist in pockets in the blight-free West, where the habitat was agreeable for planting: settlers took seeds of American chestnut with them in the 19th century. Huge planted chestnut trees can be found in
1633:
Children's Foundation Onondaga Farms. The seedlings are grown at a Simcoe, Ont, Canada station. They are then brought in the spring to this test plantation in St. George, Ont., between Brantford and Cambridge.
4342:
1953:
Elliott, Katherine J.; Swank, Wayne T. (August 1, 2008). "Long-term changes in forest composition and diversity following early logging (1919β1923) and the decline of American chestnut (Castanea dentata)".
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involve a hybrid and an American chestnut or two hybrids, which would increase the genetic makeup of the hybrids primarily American chestnut but still retain the blight resistance of the Chinese chestnut.
1763:"Wormy" chestnut refers to a defective grade of wood that has insect damage, having been sawn from long-dead, blight-killed trees. This "wormy" wood has since become fashionable for its rustic character.
1286:
of the tree have been used by The American Chestnut Foundation since 1983. The Pennsylvania chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation, which seeks to restore the American chestnut to the forests of the
479:
in 1773. The European sweet chestnut has hairy twig tips in contrast to the hairless twigs of the American chestnut. This species has been the chief source of commercial chestnuts in the United States.
1070:
4211:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carol-Mapes/publication/360143571_The_Asian_Chestnut_Gall_Wasp_in_North_America/links/626447898cb84a40ac845cd8/The-Asian-Chestnut-Gall-Wasp-in-North-America.pdf
1097:. A deregulation petition for the Darling 58 variant has been submitted. If approved, these trees could be the first genetically modified forest trees released in the wild in the United States.
2377:
Collins, Rachel J.; Copenheaver, Carolyn A.; Kester, Mary E.; Barker, Ethan J.; DeBose, Kyrille Goldbeck (2017). "American Chestnut: Re-Examining the Historical Attributes of a Lost Tree".
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1760:
for tanning leather. Although larger trees are no longer available for milling, much chestnut wood has been reclaimed from historic barns to be refashioned into furniture and other items.
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1216:
among American chestnuts selected for native resistance to the blight, a breeding strategy described by the ACCF as "All-American intercrosses". John Rush Elkins, a research chemist and
284:
with edible nuts. The American chestnut was once one of the most important forest trees throughout its range, however, claims that it was one of the numerically dominant tree species in
5860:
4432:"Bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) survival, pollen usage, and reproduction are not affected by oxalate oxidase at realistic concentrations in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen"
653:
data, the tree was rare or absent in New England prior to 2,500 years before the present, but rapidly established dominance in these forests, becoming a common tree over a range from
1460:, Georgia. One of the trees is approximately 20β30 years old and 13 m (43 ft) tall and is the southernmost American chestnut tree known to be flowering and producing nuts.
1100:
In 2022, the SUNY ESF group has developed transgenic American chestnut trees incorporating both the oxalate oxidase transgene from wheat and the win3.12 promoter transgene from the
800:
were brought to North America in the late 19th century. Chestnut blight was first noticed on American chestnut trees in what was then the New York Zoological Park, now known as the
2839:
Kremer, Antoine; Abbott, Albert G.; Carlson, John E.; Manos, Paul S.; Plomion, Christophe; Sisco, Paul; Staton, Margaret E.; Ueno, Saneyoshi; Vendramin, Giovanni G. (June 2012).
5826:
4497:"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status for Blight-Resistant Darling 58 American Chestnut"
3187:
Tulowiecki, Stephen J. (April 2020). "Modeling the historical distribution of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) for potential restoration in western New York State, US".
3327:
Dorsey, Clarence Wilbur, George Curtis Martin, Oliver Lanard Fassig, Hugh M. Curran, Edwin G. Paul, and Henry Albert Pressey. Garrett County. Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins Press, 1902.
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3852:
Stilwell, Kevin L.; Wilbur, Henry M.; Werth, Charles R.; Taylor, Douglas R. (February 2003). "Heterozygote advantage in the American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Fagaceae)".
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Fernando, Danilo D.; Richards, Javonna L.; Kikkert, Julie R. (May 2006). "In vitro germination and transient GFP expression of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen".
1620:. This was planted in the early 1990s as part of a local soil and water conservation district program to identify blight/resistant specimens. It has borne fruit since 2005.
4393:
3387:
1205:
Large surviving blight-resistant American chestnut in its natural range. Surviving trees passing resistance tests are utilized in ACCF's All American Breeding program.
413:, and to the misapprehension that pre-blight observations of maximum size represented observations of average size. It is considerably larger than the closely related
5731:
5585:
Mazurowski, Jason; Heinrich, Bernd; Heinrich, Lena; Loeb, Carolyn; Rives, Robert (July 20, 2022). "The Continued Spread of a Wild Population of American Chestnuts".
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Fulbright, D. W.; Weidlich, W. H.; Haufler, K. Z.; Thomas, C. S.; Paul, C. P. (December 1983). "Chestnut blight and recovering American chestnut trees in Michigan".
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2987:
Dane, Fenny; Wang, Zhuoyu; Goertzen, Leslie (February 2015). "Analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Castanea pumila var. pumila, the Allegheny chinkapin".
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1363:, the fungus that causes chestnut blight, which has enabled infected trees to recover from the blight. The use of hypovirulence to control blight originated in
2741:
743:
The functional extinction of the American chestnut may have resulted in the extinction of some of the tree's host-specialist insect associates, including the
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plantings around 1960 after failing to produce a blight-resistant hybrid. Burnham's recognition of the USDA's error led to him joining with others to create
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in its leaves than other trees that share its habitat, so they return more nutrients to the soil which helps with the growth of other plants, animals, and
6175:
740:. The American chestnut is preferred by some avian seed hoarders, and was particularly important as a food source during years where the oak mast failed.
3152:
Stoltz, Sophia S.; Husband, Brian C. (November 10, 2022). "High genetic diversity in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) despite a century of decline".
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Agreement, ensuring authorized use of chestnut germplasm. The agreement safeguards TACF's rights and aligns with the organization's restoration goals.
324:
5387:
6158:
3794:
2350:
Jacobs, Douglass F; Severeid, Larry R (April 2004). "Dominance of interplanted American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin, USA".
5281:
Burnham, Charles R. (1988). "The Restoration of the American Chestnut: Mendelian genetics may solve a problem that has resisted other approaches".
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2005:
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5006:"Restoration of American Chestnut to Forest Lands: Proceedings of a Conference and Workshop Held May 4-6, 2004 at The North Carolina Arboretum."
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The pre-blight distribution of the American chestnut was restricted to moist, but well-drained, steep slopes with acid loam soils. According to
503:. The female parts are found near the base of the catkins (near twig) and appear in late spring to early summer. Like all members of the family
829:
and the removal of infected trees from cultivated and wild stands. Quarantine measures were also put into place, with the later support of the
2296:
1157:
gene may provide a means of developing genetically modified American chestnut trees resistant to both the chestnut blight and to ink disease.
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1766:
The American chestnut is not considered a particularly good patio shade tree because its droppings are prolific and a considerable nuisance.
1136:
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5555:
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1359:. Members of this genus infect fungal pathogens and reduce their ability to cause disease (hypovirulence). In particular, the virus infects
4829:
3709:
1209:
1196:
4726:"Transformation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) Using RITA Temporary Immersion Bioreactors and We Vitro Containers"
1626:
The great majority of chestnut trees in the United States are derived from Dunstan chestnuts, developed in Greensboro, N.C., in the 1960s.
1606:, planted by former mayor John Alexander McPhail in the 1920s. Well north of the natural range of the chestnut, it has avoided the blight.
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Newhouse, Andrew E.; Allwine, Anastasia E.; Oakes, Allison D.; Matthews, Dakota F.; McArt, Scott H.; Powell, William A. (June 10, 2021).
5926:
5781:
1533:, Fenner Nature Center is home to a grove of blight-free American chestnuts descended from the aforementioned grove in Missaukee County.
5441:
4664:"First interspecific genetic linkage map for Castanea sativa x Castanea crenata revealed QTLs for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi"
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6587:
6127:
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763:
The appearance of invasive pathogens of the American Chestnut into the eastern deciduous forest ecosystem is just one instance of the
4641:"Nursery Quality and First-Year Response of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Seedlings Planted in the Southeastern United States"
1599:
grown in Europe, away from the blight. They have 16-inch (41 cm) diameter trunks and are approximately 40 feet (12 m) high.
6102:
5318:"Eight-year field performance of backcross American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedlings planted in the southern Appalachians, USA"
5162:
987:
of the West Coast discourages the fungus, which relies on hot, humid summer weather. American chestnut also thrives as far north as
563:
Castanea species from Asia to Europe to North America, with the American chestnut more closely related to the Allegheny chinquapin (
6687:
6421:
5500:
4161:"Transcriptome Analysis of Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) in Response to Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu Infestation"
1780:
5417:
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6759:
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pattern of northeast, central, and southwest populations, with southwest populations showing greatest diversity, reflecting an
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tribes in North America as it served as a food source, both for them and the wildlife they hunted, and also as a component in
1698:, being sold on the streets of towns and cities, as they sometimes still are during the Christmas season (usually said to be "
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does not impede growth under field conditions. The modified chestnut does not affect survival, pollen use, or reproduction of
6527:
4990:
3683:
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1307:, and to date has planted over 5,000 trees. In 2005, a hybrid tree with mostly American genes was planted on the lawn of the
285:
2710:"Identification of the genealogy of interspecific hybrids between Castanea sativa, Castanea crenata and Castanea mollissima"
2510:
1526:, has verified its identity and existence. Efforts have been initiated to protect the property from logging and development.
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2576:
1928:
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1316:
Northeast. The Northern Nut Growers Association (NNGA) has also been active in pursuing viable hybrids. From 1962 to 1990,
484:
was inadvertently introduced into the United States by Thomas Hogg in 1876 and planted on the property of S. B. Parsons in
1187:
December 2023. The American Chestnut Research & Restoration Program at SUNY ESF is continuing to pursue deregulation.
878:). It affected primarily chestnuts in the Southeastern US and at the later time when chestnut blight struck, the range of
5091:
2932:"Frozen in time: rangewide genomic diversity, structure, and demographic history of relict American chestnut populations"
1610:
5672:
5210:
2882:"Small genomes and large seeds: chromosome numbers, genome size and seed mass in diploid Aesculus species (Sapindaceae)"
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in other hardwoods. The disease is found in Europe and Oceania. More recently, it has been reported in North America.
4102:
2559:
1577:
5005:
4970:
677:. Within its range, the American chestnut was the dominant timber of mountain ridges and sandstone soils. Along the
320:, particularly in the southern part of its native range; this likely contributed to the devastation of the species.
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5023:
3812:
2766:
Zon, Raphael. Chestnut in southern Maryland. No. 53. pp 31. US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, 1904.
2745:
2518:
2495:
1785:
1446:
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1270:
1172:
1044:
5045:
4590:
Carlson, Erik; Stewart, Kristen; Baier, Kathleen; McGuigan, Linda; Culpepper, Tobi; Powell, William (March 2022).
1856:
6779:
6460:
2458:
Collins, Rachel J.; Copenheaver, Carolyn A.; Kester, Mary E.; Barker, Ethan J.; DeBose, Kyrille Goldbeck (2017).
2196:"Intentional introgression of a blight tolerance transgene to rescue the remnant population of American chestnut"
84:
6006:
4758:
2105:
6774:
6183:
6041:
5892:
4036:"Potassium Phosphonate Induces Resistance in Sweet Chestnut against Ink Disease Caused by Phytophthora Species"
3813:"High Level of Chestnut Blight Control on Grafted American Chestnut Trees Inoculated with Hypovirulent Strains"
3553:
6605:
6076:
5316:
Clark, Stacy L.; Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Saxton, Arnold M.; Jeffers, Steven N.; Baird, Richard E. (March 2023).
5119:
2035:
956:
is considered an effective control method for the Chinese gall wasp. There are now established populations of
5067:
4724:
McGuigan, Linda; Fernandes, PatrΓcia; Oakes, Allison; Stewart, Kristen; Powell, William (November 13, 2020).
2076:
1547:
Hundreds of healthy American chestnuts have been found in the proposed Chestnut Ridge Wilderness Area in the
1537:
527:
green burr, each lined in a tan velvet. In contrast, the Allegheny chinquapin produces but one nut per burr.
59:
4991:"Integrated use of resistance, hypovirulence, and forest management to control blight on American chestnut."
4639:
Clark, Stacy L.; Schweitzer, Callie Jo; Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Dimov, Luben D.; Hebard, Frederick V. (2009).
1736:, the wood was highly resistant to decay and therefore used for a variety of purposes, including furniture,
499:
producing many small, pale green (nearly white) male flowers found tightly occurring along 6 to 8 inch long
6705:
6413:
6348:
5755:
1887:
1497:
1245:
988:
6154:
5711:"Seeds of hope arise for American Chestnuts, head of Alabama chapter of American Chestnut Foundation says"
5710:
6789:
5464:
2487:
1913:
1405:
1149:
with the Cast_Gnk2-like gene may provide a mechanism for developing American chestnut trees resistant to
461:
4316:
3761:
3705:"The politics of genetic technoscience for conservation: The case of blight-resistant American chestnut"
2250:
6600:
6317:
6259:
3541:
1710:
1602:
A single mature American chestnut can be found on the front lawn of the McPhail house heritage site in
1519:
1165:
1115:, particularly in the southern part of its natural range. Unlike American chestnut, Japanese chestnut (
6439:
4258:
2122:
Brewer, L. G. (1982). "The present status and future prospect for the American chestnut in Michigan".
1834:
720:
were also known to eat the nuts to fatten up for the winter. The American chestnut also contains more
6522:
5484:
4481:"Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status for Blight-Resistant Darling 58 American Chestnut"
3094:
2669:"A plan to diversify a transgenic blight-tolerant American chestnut population using citizen science"
1909:
1556:
1548:
1512:
1479:
1464:
1442:
1434:, but in 1987, scientists found blight in the stand. Scientists are working to try to save the trees.
1048:
99:
5358:
2168:
1324:
A backcross breeding program has integrated desirable American chestnut traits with traits from the
619:), may be ancestral to both the American chestnut and the Allegheny chinquapin. A natural hybrid of
5696:
5146:
2039:
1603:
1581:
1505:
1397:
788:
6592:
6540:
4413:"Advancing American Chestnut (Castanea Dentata) Restoration Through Science, GIS And Partnerships"
6374:
5981:
5760:
4159:
Zhu, Cancan; Shi, Fenghou; Chen, Yu; Wang, Min; Zhao, Yuqiang; Geng, Guomin (February 15, 2019).
3811:
Dierauf, Tom; Artman, Joel; Elkins, John R.; Griffin, S. Lucille; Griffin, Gary J. (March 1997).
3337:
Kane, Jeffrey M.; Varner, J. Morgan; Stambaugh, Michael C.; Saunders, Michael R. (October 2020).
3225:
Russell, Emily W. B. (April 1987). "Pre-Blight Distribution of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh".
2810:
2667:
Westbrook, Jared W.; Holliday, Jason A.; Newhouse, Andrew E.; Powell, William A. (January 2020).
1249:
1039:
584:
6638:
4913:
4803:
4120:"Gnomoniopsis castaneae : An emerging plant pathogen and global threat to chestnut systems"
4034:
Brandano, Andrea; Serra, Salvatorica; Hardy, Giles E. St. J.; Scanu, Bruno (February 22, 2023).
3580:
Newhouse, Andrew E.; Spitzer, Jesse E.; Maynard, Charles A.; Powell, William A. (January 2014).
3493:
3414:
Wright, James R.; Matthews, Stephen N.; Pinchot, Cornelia C.; Tonra, Christopher M. (May 2022).
3260:
Paillet, Frederick L. (October 2002). "Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species".
6478:
6408:
6279:
1501:
1233:
1229:
1123:
1020:
915:
908:
859:
853:
323:
Several groups are attempting to create blight-resistant American chestnuts. Scientists at the
6504:
5843:
3887:
2545:
2540:
Merkle, Scott A.; ViΓ©itez, Francisco Javier; Correidoira, Elena; Carlson, John E. (2020). "10
628:
6058:
5934:
5563:
3416:"Preferences of avian seed-hoarders in advance of potential American chestnut reintroduction"
2880:
KrahulcovΓ‘, Anna; TrΓ‘vnΓΔek, Pavel; Krahulec, FrantiΕ‘ek; RejmΓ‘nek, Marcel (January 8, 2017).
2406:
2235:
1457:
1427:
1161:
984:
942:
936:
883:
American chestnut. Potassium phosphonate has been found to induce resistance to infection of
670:
588:
216:
6566:
5438:
1623:
A lone but "perfect" American Chestnut tree grows on the Oakdale Campus in Coralville, Iowa.
1609:
There is one American chestnut in Pennsylvania in the county of Columbia in the township of
6382:
5786:
5186:
4675:
4528:
4294:
4008:
3964:
3350:
3269:
2943:
2207:
1963:
1714:
1638:
1592:
1570:
1418:
830:
744:
678:
596:
414:
352:
4480:
1381:
the growth tissues of the American chestnut tree, thereby providing it with a resistance.
8:
5715:
5677:
5215:
5159:
3392:
2297:"American chestnut rescue will succeed, but slower than expected | Penn State University"
2271:
1617:
1449:; the progeny will have mostly American chestnut genes and some will be blight resistant.
1325:
1288:
998:
for more than a decade in its native range is almost impossible. The fungus uses various
717:
600:
437:
357:
313:
44:
4862:
4679:
4532:
4062:
4035:
4012:
3968:
3354:
3273:
2947:
2211:
1967:
1811:
1566:'s heritage trees are American chestnuts, along with three Spanish (European) chestnuts.
6726:
6646:
6328:
5602:
5522:
5425:
5339:
5298:
4698:
4663:
4616:
4591:
4458:
4431:
4240:
4187:
4160:
4141:
4094:
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3834:
3740:
3670:
3437:
3368:
3285:
3242:
3204:
3169:
3004:
2969:
2906:
2881:
2862:
2690:
2649:
1987:
1699:
1523:
1368:
1221:
1217:
1035:
American chestnut field trial sapling from the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation
969:
891:
species directly and by improving the host response, inducing resistance to lesions in
764:
485:
94:
6579:
5956:
5800:
3305:
Report on an Examination of a Forest Tract in Western North Carolina (Classic Reprint)
6764:
6561:
6356:
6135:
5606:
5343:
5290:
5257:
5187:"Return of the Native: Biologists revive the chestnut tree at former coal mine sites"
4837:
4703:
4621:
4546:
4463:
4192:
4145:
4098:
4067:
3984:
3936:
3928:
3869:
3744:
3732:
3679:
3662:
3654:
3644:
3603:
3549:
3441:
3372:
3308:
3281:
3208:
3173:
3045:
2973:
2961:
2911:
2694:
2641:
2555:
2551:
1979:
1530:
1101:
976:
709:
701:
696:
The American chestnut was an important tree for wildlife, providing much of the fall
445:
339:
309:
6092:"Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker, and Dutch Elm Disease"
4244:
3838:
3289:
3008:
2866:
2785:
2653:
2610:
2036:"Recent advances in research and management of chestnut blight on American chestnut"
1991:
1895:
6731:
6651:
5648:"Tallest American chestnut tree in North America discovered on Foundation property"
5594:
5534:
5329:
4737:
4693:
4683:
4662:
Santos C, Nelson CD, Zhebentyayeva T, Machado H, Gomes-Laranjo J, Costa RL (2017).
4611:
4603:
4536:
4519:
4453:
4443:
4232:
4182:
4172:
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4090:
4057:
4047:
4016:
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3918:
3861:
3824:
3722:
3674:
3636:
3593:
3516:
3465:
3427:
3358:
3277:
3234:
3196:
3161:
3134:
3035:
2996:
2951:
2901:
2893:
2852:
2721:
2680:
2633:
2606:
2601:
Rutter, Philip A.; Miller, G.; Payne, Jerry A. (May 1991). "Chestnuts (Castanea)".
2467:
2382:
2359:
2215:
2150:
1971:
1829:
1737:
1563:
1372:
1304:
1213:
1160:
The American Chestnut Research and Restoration Project at SUNY-ESF is not pursuing
1117:
1094:
1031:
980:
797:
713:
686:
682:
681:
of North Carolina, the American chestnut dominated the area above the range of the
658:
481:
476:
457:
343:
296:
6361:
5905:
5884:
4592:"Pathogen-induced expression of a blight tolerance transgene in American chestnut"
1629:
The Canadian Chestnut Council has a plot growing and harvesting chestnut trees at
1489:
announced a rare adult American chestnut tree had been discovered in a marsh near
689:, the American chestnut comprised 50% of ridge timber and 36% of forested slopes.
6678:
6514:
6162:
5988:
5867:
5736:
5468:
5445:
5334:
5317:
5264:
5241:
5193:
5166:
5098:
5074:
5049:
5027:
4974:
4759:"After GMO program hits snag, what's the future of restoring American chestnuts?"
4688:
3718:
3432:
3415:
3200:
3138:
2363:
2072:
1929:"Historical Significance of American Chestnut on Appalachian Culture and Ecology"
1749:
1431:
1377:
1273:
in 1983, with the sole purpose of breeding a blight-resistant American chestnut.
1154:
1081:
813:
783:
776:
608:
592:
580:
472:
335:
292:
291:
During the early to mid-20th century, American chestnut trees were devastated by
137:
6628:
4830:"Genetic engineering was meant to save chestnut trees. Then there was a mistake"
1613:. It is a hardy, nut producing tree that has been producing for nearly 30 years.
862:
struck American chestnuts, most likely brought to the southern United States on
6574:
6338:
5992:
4448:
3923:
3906:
3598:
3582:"Chestnut Leaf Inoculation Assay as a Rapid Predictor of Blight Susceptibility"
3581:
3165:
3024:"Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis"
2544:". In Litz, Richard E.; Pliego-Alfaro, Fernando; Hormaza, Jose Ignacio (eds.).
1257:
560:
548:
429:
239:
124:
6253:
5906:"A Citizens' Wilderness Proposal for Pennsylvania's Allegheny National Forest"
4776:
4236:
4052:
3727:
3704:
3640:
3000:
2857:
2840:
2726:
2709:
2637:
1975:
1655:
1559:
has the American chestnut among its collection of trees and ornamental shrubs.
1127:, the fungal pathogen that causes ink disease. The mechanism of resistance of
870:. This fungal pathogen is known to also kill the roots and collars of several
755:
6748:
6499:
6302:
5294:
4841:
3932:
3736:
3658:
3520:
3049:
3040:
3023:
1983:
1820:
1757:
1695:
1659:
1541:
1474:
In the summer of 2007, a stand of trees was discovered near the northeastern
1413:
1225:
1141:
1052:
863:
826:
809:
737:
697:
523:
406:
64:
5043:"American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation 2015 Newsletter: Grower Reports."
4394:"Insects of American chestnut: possible importance and conservation concern"
4085:
Vannini, Andrea; Morales-Rodriguez, Carmen (2022). "Phytophthora diseases".
3388:"A New Generation of American Chestnut Trees May Redefine America's Forests"
1616:
A solitary tree exists in the New York County of Orange, within the Town of
6718:
6618:
6139:
6030:
4707:
4640:
4625:
4550:
4467:
4400:. Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University Press. p. 83β85.
4196:
4071:
3940:
3873:
3829:
3666:
3632:
3607:
3566:
3545:
2965:
2915:
2645:
2088:
1690:
in. (29.8 Γ 22.2 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Harvey Isbitts, 1998.105.157
1389:
1317:
1278:
556:
361:
281:
271:
5539:
3907:"Chestnut Breeding in the United States for Disease and Insect Resistance"
2460:"American Chestnut: Re-Examining the Historical Attributes of a Lost Tree"
1212:(ACCF) is not using crosses with Asian species for blight resistance, but
1071:
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
895:
tissue and formation of callus. Whether or not this effect would occur in
515:
genus. The pollen of the American chestnut is considered a mild allergen.
364:
with the American chestnut, with the goal of retaining most of its genes.
6535:
6447:
6311:
6268:
6264:
6243:
5741:
5598:
4967:
4887:
4177:
3865:
3469:
2897:
2472:
2459:
2386:
1630:
1588:
1569:
At least two American chestnuts live on the side of Skitchewaug Trail in
1356:
1308:
1112:
1085:
913:
Brown nut rot is a destructive plant disease caused by the primary agent
834:
705:
674:
662:
552:
519:
508:
496:
380:
347:
317:
6255:
Rise and Fall of the American Chestnut: Whately Mass. Historical Society
5501:"NE-140 Technical Committee Meeting Biological Improvement of Chestnut (
5302:
5020:
2019:
The European and Japanese chestnuts in the eastern United States. No. 42
274:
native to eastern North America. As is true of all species in the genus
6692:
6426:
5927:"Trees and Ornamental Shrubs: American chestnut [English page]"
5801:"State's largest historic Chestnut tree stands on an Adair County farm"
5042:
3246:
2685:
2668:
1745:
1300:
1074:
1064:
1004:
725:
650:
328:
4742:
4725:
4607:
4136:
4119:
4020:
3976:
3363:
3338:
3220:
3218:
2956:
2931:
858:
Before the onset of chestnut blight and prior to 1824, an epidemic of
6452:
6395:
2433:"Research explains larger-than-life perceptions of American chestnut"
2345:
2343:
2220:
2195:
2021:. Newark, Delaware: Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station.
1490:
1426:
About 2,500 chestnut trees are growing on 60 acres (24 ha) near
1348:
1176:
1090:
924:
841:
822:
805:
801:
733:
729:
642:
395:
267:
6273:
4541:
4514:
3238:
2154:
507:, American chestnut is self-incompatible and requires two trees for
346:
of the Darling 58 cultivar, the oxalate oxidase enzyme degrades the
30:
6713:
6672:
6613:
6296:
5883:
Whately, Cathryn Elizabeth, Daniel E. Wujek and Edwin E. Leuck II.
4412:
3756:
3754:
3621:
3215:
3065:"A legendary Ozark chestnut tree, thought extinct, is rediscovered"
3022:
Huang, Hongwen; Hawkins, Leigh K.; Dane, Fenny (November 1, 1999).
2879:
1283:
1253:
1183:
1012:
867:
721:
666:
536:
504:
425:
410:
398:
372:
331:
304:
276:
193:
183:
150:
6465:
6400:
5719:, December 4, 2010. www.blog.al.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
4500:
3540:. Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society. Vol. 10.
2340:
1662:(American, 1836β1910). Chestnutting, 1870. Wood engraving, Sheet:
6369:
4888:"The American Chestnut Research & Restoration Project at ESF"
1753:
1741:
1596:
1468:
1008:
948:
576:
401:
173:
6387:
5238:"American Chestnut Restoration Breakthrough: The Tale of a Tree"
4661:
3751:
3339:"Reconsidering the fire ecology of the iconic American chestnut"
2402:"In The Maine Woods, A Towering Giant Could Help Save Chestnuts"
2061:"The American Chestnut Tree: Identification and Characteristics"
1058:
923:
species. This pathogen also causes mild disease or exists as an
6248:
5885:"The Vascular Flora of Hog Island, Charlevoix County, Michigan"
4938:
2928:
2666:
2539:
1767:
1733:
1367:
where the fungal virus spread naturally through populations of
1364:
892:
572:
500:
385:
342:
into the genome of an American chestnut. When expressed in the
163:
6238:
5584:
5461:
5142:"Back-Breeding Could Restore Chestnut Trees Ravaged by Blight"
5120:"Chestnut Hybrids from the USDA-Connecticut Breeding Programs"
4638:
3997:
3953:
3631:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1224. New York, NY:
2457:
2376:
2140:
1595:, Sexton Campus and are thriving. The donated trees were from
1182:
A laboratory error resulted in mistaken use of the Darling 54
968:
American chestnuts were a common part of the forest canopy in
4723:
4484:
3123:
1352:
1261:
1244:
Backcrossing as a treatment for blight was first proposed by
1190:
1078:
654:
540:
300:
111:
5315:
4914:"Press Release: TACF Discontinues Development of Darling 58"
4804:"Press Release: TACF Discontinues Development of Darling 58"
4429:
3579:
1441:
Two of the largest surviving American chestnut trees are in
456:
can be distinguished by a few morphological traits, such as
6249:
American Chestnut Research and Restoration Center, SUNY-ESF
4989:
Griffin, G.J., J.R. Elkins, D. McCurdy, and S. L. Griffin.
4589:
3511:
Ronsheim, Margaret L. (February 2022). "Invasive species".
3336:
1900:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1637:
Multiple chestnut trees are still alive and nut bearing in
1511:
In June 2007, a mature American chestnut was discovered in
1475:
1312:
1265:
603:, which is typically considered either a distinct species (
5782:"Rare American chestnut tree discovered in Sandusky marsh"
5547:
5359:"Breeding for Resistance: TACF and the Burnham Hypothesis"
4221:
3810:
3413:
2006:
Did American Chestnut Really Dominate the Eastern Forest?"
1401:
Shoot with fall foliage taken in November in North Georgia
312:. The species is listed as endangered in Canada under the
5523:"Blight Control and Restoration of the American Chestnut"
3917:(10). The American Phytopathological Society: 1392β1403.
3851:
3028:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
2411:
1311:. A tree planted in 2005 in the tree library outside the
1201:
999:
544:
4566:"Like-Minded Rivals Race to Bring Back an American Icon"
4084:
2838:
1077:
chestnut cultivar. This cultivar expresses the gene for
874:
species, including the European species sweet chestnut (
825:, and physical, such as removing infected limbs through
5861:"The American Chestnut Project at Fenner Nature Center"
4033:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
2623:
1894:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
782:
suffered a catastrophic population collapse due to the
6233:
3904:
3703:
Barnes, Jessica C; Delborne, Jason A (June 24, 2021).
2194:
Newhouse, Andrew E.; Powell, William A. (April 2021).
1508:. The Adair County tree is over one hundred years old.
1171:
While patent protection is not sought, the non-profit
1694:
The nuts were once an important economic resource in
1264:
genetics, realized that experiments conducted by the
1023:, are now extinct or severely reduced in population.
5982:"Couple works to save ailing American chestnut tree"
3689:
1720:
1224:, and Gary Griffin, professor of plant pathology at
975:
Although large trees are currently rare east of the
6165:
www.tappanchairs.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
5418:"Featured Species | American chestnut (Episode 46)"
2106:"The American Chestnut Foundation Breeding Program"
1791:
Central and southern Appalachian montane oak forest
759:
Chestnut blight affecting a young American chestnut
6265:Citizen science observations for American chestnut
5700:, February 11, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
5150:, December 29, 2005. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
1296:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
325:SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
6032:. "Iowa now, Tree Freak" Retrieved June 24, 2019.
5844:"Farmington chestnut tree may have saved species"
5271:www.nutgrowing.org. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
5258:"Nut Grower's Guide--Chestnut: American Chestnut"
4118:Dobry, Emily; Campbell, Michael (February 2023).
2805:
2803:
2600:
2323:"Testing Blight Resistance in American Chestnuts"
1835:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004455A62004469.en
1709:The American chestnut tree was important to many
750:
579:range of chestnuts can be roughly divided into a
6746:
5895:Digital Collections. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
3021:
2986:
2818:Appalachian Trail Mega-Transect Chestnut Project
1740:, shingles, home construction, flooring, piers,
1500:have been pollinating a tree found on a farm in
5827:"American tale: Bringing back the perfect tree"
5621:"Tallest American Chestnut Tree Found In Maine"
5511:, October 20, 2001. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
5366:The Journal of the American Chestnut Foundation
5211:"Trying to Light A Fire Under Chestnut Revival"
5124:The Journal of the American Chestnut Foundation
3788:"Evolution of the Chestnut Tree and its Blight"
2707:
1252:in the 1970s. Burnham, a professor emeritus in
5850:, July 21, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
5790:, June 17, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
5248:, June 28, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
4158:
3702:
3454:
2800:
2349:
2193:
1409:Lone American chestnut in late winter in Iowa.
1153:. Stacking of the Cast_Gnk2-like gene and the
518:The American chestnut is a prolific bearer of
460:length, nut size and number of nuts per burr,
316:. American chestnuts are also susceptible to
5681:, May 19, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
4719:
4717:
4503:, August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
4209:Carol Mapes The Nutshell 76(1) Β· Spring 2022
4117:
3151:
2820:. The American Chestnut Foundation. May 2008
2550:(2nd ed.). Wallingfor, Oxfordshire, UK:
1504:, and a specimen found on Henderson Ridge in
1282:"Clapper", survived blight for 25 years, and
1059:Transgenic blight-resistant American chestnut
299:that were introduced into North America from
6004:
3710:Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space
1952:
1897:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1576:Around 300 to 500 trees were spotted in the
994:At present, it is believed that survival of
786:, a disease caused by an Asian bark fungus (
6755:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
6077:"Crossbreeding Aims to Save Chestnut Trees"
6007:"McPhail house registered as heritage home"
5747:
5113:
5111:
4999:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4165:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3494:"The Resurrection Of The American Chestnut"
3087:
1809:
1135:may derive from its expression of the Cast_
840:Chestnut blight is not to be confused with
796:). The fungus was introduced when infected
559:analysis indicates a westward migration of
547:. Chestnuts are not closely related to the
6150:
6148:
6089:
5368:. Vol. 26, no. 2. pp. 11β15
5063:
5061:
4714:
4515:"Plant science: The chestnut resurrection"
3186:
3062:
2320:
1260:who was considered one of the pioneers of
1191:Intercrossing surviving American chestnuts
1026:
238:
75:
53:
29:
5933:. Space for Life Montreal. Archived from
5673:"Rare American Chestnut Trees Discovered"
5538:
5357:Smith, Anna Huckabee (MarchβApril 2012).
5333:
5181:
5179:
4741:
4697:
4687:
4615:
4540:
4457:
4447:
4186:
4176:
4135:
4061:
4051:
3922:
3828:
3726:
3614:
3597:
3431:
3362:
3039:
2955:
2905:
2856:
2811:"How to identify American chestnut trees"
2725:
2708:FernΓ‘ndez-LΓ³pez, Josefa (April 1, 2011).
2684:
2471:
2219:
2175:. Government of Canada. December 12, 2023
2100:
2098:
1833:
1210:American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation
1197:American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation
902:
511:, which can be with other members of the
6239:American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation
6155:"The American Chestnut Foundation Chair"
6120:
6099:Forest Service Northern Research Station
6035:
5995:, July 18, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
5898:
5727:
5725:
5494:
5231:
5108:
5084:
4956:
4911:
4827:
4801:
4512:
4410:
3785:
3537:A Deadly Fungus on the American Chestnut
3510:
2574:
2058:
1781:American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation
1654:
1536:American chestnuts have been located on
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1200:
1038:
1030:
754:
530:
379:
371:
6145:
5520:
5478:
5455:
5432:
5280:
5117:
5058:
5014:
4983:
3905:Sandra L. Anagnostakis (October 2012).
3259:
3224:
2258:Journal of American Chestnut Foundation
2004:Edward K. Faison and David R. Foster: "
1496:Members of the Kentucky chapter of the
1454:Georgia Department of Natural Resources
1328:, achieving intermediate resistance to
475:was introduced in the United States by
6747:
6005:Della-Mattia, Elaine (April 5, 2011).
5756:"Hopes for a Chestnut Revival Growing"
5753:
5732:"Stand of Chestnut Trees Defying Odds"
5684:
5645:
5553:
5269:Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
5176:
3533:
3527:
3379:
2775:
2742:"American Chestnut (Castanea dentata)"
2399:
2321:Jackson, Teresa; Affairs, SRS Public.
2169:"American Chestnut (Castanea dentata)"
2121:
2095:
2030:
2028:
2016:
1456:spotted a stand of several trees near
1452:On May 18, 2006, a biologist with the
1384:
334:of American chestnut by inserting the
6278:
6277:
5775:
5722:
5665:
5646:Hashey, Monique (February 17, 2016).
5356:
5251:
5160:"Planting and growing chestnut trees"
5153:
5134:
4563:
4391:
3227:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
2054:
2052:
1926:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1417:Mature, healthy American chestnut in
1393:American chestnut leaves, late spring
963:
288:eastern forests are unsubstantiated.
6706:A1C0D8F6-F949-4D90-B0C2-6EA1CE6BB547
5560:Wisconsin Natural Resources Magazine
4828:Grandoni, Dino (December 27, 2023).
4756:
3620:
3385:
3303:Reed, Franklin W. (July 28, 2015) .
3302:
3063:Langellier, Robert (June 24, 2019).
2776:Nelson, Hillary (November 3, 2017).
2547:Biotechnology of fruit and nut crops
1920:
1487:Ohio Department of Natural Resources
930:
5754:Haddon, Heather (August 19, 2012).
2577:"Chestnut Importations into the US"
2400:Sharon, Susan (December 17, 2015).
2046:, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
2025:
1821:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1175:(TACF) maintains control through a
13:
4912:Brindley, Hal (December 8, 2023).
4802:Brindley, Hal (December 8, 2023).
4783:. The American Chestnut Foundation
4340:
4095:10.1016/B978-0-323-85042-1.00016-1
3762:"History of the American Chestnut"
3075:from the original on June 26, 2019
2314:
2289:
2264:
2242:
2049:
1874:
770:
712:and (prior to its extinction) the
295:, a fungal disease that came from
38:American chestnut leaves and nuts
14:
6801:
6227:
5904:Friends of Allegheny Wilderness.
5424:. October 8, 2015. Archived from
5068:"Conservation - Genetic Research"
5021:"Breeding for Blight Resistance."
2511:"Chestnut Species ID: The Basics"
2200:Conservation Science and Practice
2059:Detwiler, Samuel (October 1915).
1721:Furniture and other wood products
1578:George Washington National Forest
1291:, has planted over 22,000 trees.
1164:(IP) protection through patents.
1139:-like gene (99.6% identical with
280:, the American chestnut produces
6606:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295320-1
6234:The American Chestnut Foundation
6198:
6168:
6083:
6069:
6051:
6024:
5998:
5974:
5949:
5919:
5877:
5853:
5836:
5819:
5793:
5703:
5639:
5613:
5578:
5514:
5410:
5380:
5350:
5309:
5274:
5203:
5036:
4943:The American Chestnut Foundation
4918:The American Chestnut Foundation
4808:The American Chestnut Foundation
4564:Wines, Michael (July 13, 2013).
4411:Riendeau, Tyler (July 1, 2023).
4291:The American Chestnut Foundation
3766:The American Chestnut Foundation
3282:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00767.x
2519:The American Chestnut Foundation
2496:The American Chestnut Foundation
2276:The American Chestnut Foundation
1786:The American Chestnut Foundation
1587:Two trees were planted 1985, in
1485:In March 2008, officials of the
1463:Another large tree was found in
1447:The American Chestnut Foundation
1343:
1275:The American Chestnut Foundation
1271:The American Chestnut Foundation
1045:The American Chestnut Foundation
384:American chestnut male (pollen)
98:
6206:"Antique Wormy Chestnut Lumber"
5910:Friends of Allegheny Wilderness
5744:. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
5521:Griffin, Gary (February 2000).
5489:www.canadianchestnutcouncil.ca.
4931:
4905:
4880:
4855:
4821:
4795:
4769:
4750:
4655:
4632:
4583:
4557:
4506:
4501:https://www.federalregister.gov
4490:
4474:
4423:
4404:
4398:The American chestnut symposium
4385:
4360:
4334:
4309:
4279:
4251:
4215:
4203:
4152:
4111:
4078:
4027:
3991:
3947:
3898:
3880:
3845:
3804:
3779:
3573:
3504:
3486:
3476:
3448:
3407:
3330:
3321:
3296:
3253:
3180:
3145:
3117:
3056:
3015:
2980:
2922:
2873:
2832:
2769:
2760:
2734:
2701:
2660:
2617:
2611:10.17660/ActaHortic.1991.290.17
2594:
2568:
2533:
2503:
2480:
2451:
2425:
2393:
2370:
2248:
2228:
2187:
2173:Species at Risk Public Registry
2161:
2134:
2115:
1376:tree is hypovirulent, although
1239:
765:Columbian exchange of pathogens
6760:NatureServe vulnerable species
6063:www.canadianchestnutcouncil.ca
6048:. Retrieved September 02, 2020
5893:University of Michigan Library
5652:University of Maine Foundation
5505:spp.) and Management of Pests"
3386:Jabr, Ferris (March 1, 2014).
2017:Powell, George Harold (1898).
2010:
1998:
1946:
1849:
1803:
1145:). Transgenic modification of
1084:enzyme, which breaks down the
1073:(SUNY ESF) have developed the
847:
751:Parasites of American chestnut
428:species, such as the European
367:
1:
6046:www.chestnuthilltreefarm.com.
5961:Portland Parks and Recreation
5874:Retrieved September 23, 2015.
5322:Forest Ecology and Management
5200:Retrieved September 30, 2015.
4392:Opler, P. A. (January 1978).
3420:Forest Ecology and Management
3189:Forest Ecology and Management
3127:Forest Ecology and Management
3105:. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew
2352:Forest Ecology and Management
2077:American Forestry Association
1796:
1756:were also extracted from the
1540:, a large island in northern
394:is a rapidly-growing, large,
376:Young tree in natural habitat
5891:44.1 (Winter, 2005): 29-48.
5554:Childs, Gina (August 2002).
5462:"Frequently Asked Questions"
5335:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120820
4757:Todd, Roxy (March 8, 2024).
4689:10.1371/journal.pone.0184381
4487:, Retrieved August 28, 2020.
4417:All Theses And Dissertations
4341:Garden, Missouri Botanical.
3534:Merkel, Hermann W. (2011) .
3433:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120133
3201:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118003
3139:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.015
2364:10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.015
1498:American Chestnut Foundation
1173:American Chestnut Foundation
989:Revelstoke, British Columbia
571:) than to European or Asian
7:
6059:"Canadian Chestnut Council"
5491:Retrieved October 14, 2015.
5475:Retrieved November 1, 2015.
5452:Retrieved October 14, 2015.
5439:"Notes on Genus: Hypovirus"
5398:. Missouri Botanical Garden
5263:September 23, 2015, at the
5173:Retrieved January 15, 2016.
5118:Burnham, Charles R (1986).
5081:Retrieved January 12, 2016.
5055:Retrieved January 11, 2015.
5033:Retrieved January 11, 2016.
5011:Retrieved January 22, 2016.
4980:Retrieved January 11, 2016.
4347:missouribotanicalgarden.org
2989:Tree Genetics & Genomes
2845:Tree Genetics & Genomes
2112:Retrieved January 15, 2016.
1914:Harvard University Herbaria
1774:
685:and below 1,500 meters. In
651:analysis of old forest dust
266:) is a large, fast-growing
10:
6806:
6090:Schlarbaum, Scott (1998).
5916:Retrieved October 4, 2015.
5105:Retrieved October 5, 2015.
4485:https://www.aphis.usda.gov
4449:10.1007/s11248-021-00263-w
4368:"Cryphonectria_parasitica"
4321:canadianchestnutcouncil.ca
3924:10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0350-FE
3854:American Journal of Botany
3599:10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0047-RE
3166:10.1007/s10592-022-01473-3
3103:Plants of the World Online
2488:"Chinkapins vs. chestnuts"
2143:Canadian Journal of Botany
1857:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1725:The January 1888 issue of
1520:Missaukee County, Michigan
1194:
1062:
934:
906:
851:
774:
6770:Trees of Northern America
6662:
6286:
6244:Canadian Chestnut Council
6142:. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
5987:October 15, 2014, at the
5931:Montreal Botanical Garden
5467:October 20, 2015, at the
5097:October 27, 2016, at the
5048:January 22, 2016, at the
4596:Molecular Plant Pathology
4237:10.1007/s10340-018-1046-1
4053:10.3390/pathogens12030365
3728:10.1177/25148486211024910
3641:10.1007/978-1-4939-1658-0
3515:. McGraw-Hill Education.
3001:10.1007/s11295-015-0840-7
2858:10.1007/s11295-012-0498-3
2638:10.1007/s00299-005-0088-z
2499:. Spring 2010. p. 4.
1976:10.1007/s11258-007-9352-3
1927:Davis, Donald E. (2005).
1910:Missouri Botanical Garden
1908:– via eFloras.org,
1557:Montreal Botanical Garden
1549:Allegheny National Forest
1513:Farmington, New Hampshire
1465:Talladega National Forest
1443:Jackson County, Tennessee
1121:) exhibits resistance to
1049:Tower Hill Botanic Garden
607:) or a subspecies of the
551:, which is in the family
409:as being measurements of
246:
237:
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
6161:October 1, 2015, at the
6134:, 10 (January 1888): 5.
6042:"Dunstan chestnut trees"
5831:www.dailyindependent.com
5697:New Georgia Encyclopedia
5192:October 1, 2015, at the
5147:National Geographic News
5079:www.charliechestnut.org.
4513:Thompson, Helen (2012).
3817:Journal of Arboriculture
3521:10.1036/1097-8542.350480
3041:10.21273/JASHS.124.6.666
2575:Anagnostakis, Sandra L.
1886:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
1861:explorer.natureserve.org
1828:: e.T62004455A62004469.
1700:roasting on an open fire
1604:Sault Ste Marie, Ontario
1582:Augusta County, Virginia
1361:Cryphonectria parasitica
1330:Cryphonectria parasitica
1303:in 2008 as a student at
789:Cryphonectria parasitica
424:There are several other
16:Species of chestnut tree
6785:Native American cuisine
5872:www.mynaturecenter.org.
5761:The Wall Street Journal
5587:Northeastern Naturalist
5574:– via dnr.wi.gov.
5556:"Chestnut's Last Stand"
5073:April 27, 2016, at the
4287:"Oregon Chestnut Trees"
4259:"Mesic Southern Forest"
4225:Journal of Pest Science
3458:Northeastern Naturalist
3262:Journal of Biogeography
2727:10.5424/fs/2011201-9136
2554:. pp. 206 to 237.
1650:
1645:
1250:University of Minnesota
1043:Experimental trials by
1027:Attempts at restoration
798:Japanese chestnut trees
745:Greater Chestnut Weevil
585:evolutionary bottleneck
473:European sweet chestnut
468:, Latin for "toothed".
297:Japanese chestnut trees
6780:Hardwood forest plants
6210:Appalachian Woods, LLC
6128:"Nuts & Nut Trees"
5444:March 4, 2016, at the
5165:March 4, 2016, at the
5026:March 4, 2016, at the
4994:www.ecosystems.psu.edu
4973:March 5, 2016, at the
4863:"Progress Update 2023"
4317:"A Decade of Progress"
3830:10.48044/jauf.1997.013
3786:Anagnostakis, Sandra.
2841:"Genomics of Fagaceae"
2673:Plants, People, Planet
1912:, St. Louis, MO &
1771:frequented by people.
1691:
1422:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1336:in the hybrid genome.
1334:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1299:chestnut trees in old
1234:Beckley, West Virginia
1230:Giles County, Virginia
1206:
1151:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1133:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1124:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1055:
1036:
1021:American chestnut moth
916:Gnomoniopsis castaneae
909:Gnomoniopsis castaneae
903:Chestnut brown nut rot
854:Phytophthora cinnamomi
760:
388:
377:
6775:Edible nuts and seeds
6186:on September 26, 2015
6180:www.wood-database.com
6108:on September 25, 2020
5889:The Michigan Botanist
5866:May 17, 2014, at the
5509:www.ecosystem.psu.edu
3635:. pp. viiβviii.
3154:Conservation Genetics
2407:All Things Considered
1658:
1428:West Salem, Wisconsin
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1204:
1162:intellectual property
1042:
1034:
985:Mediterranean climate
937:Dryocosmus kuriphilus
758:
671:Appalachian Mountains
589:Quaternary glaciation
535:Chestnuts are in the
531:Evolution and ecology
383:
375:
60:Critically Endangered
5842:Ramsdell, Laurenne.
5787:Akron Beacon Journal
5599:10.1656/045.029.0302
5428:on October 29, 2020.
5392:hybrid (15/16 B3F3)"
5053:www.accf-online.org.
5031:www.accf-online.org.
4978:www.accf-online.org.
4777:"TACF Chestnut Chat"
4645:Tree Planters' Notes
4297:on November 28, 2020
4178:10.3390/ijms20040855
3866:10.3732/ajb.90.2.207
3470:10.1656/045.030.0413
3307:. FB&C Limited.
3268:(10β11): 1517β1530.
2778:"Chestnuts reemerge"
2473:10.5849/JOF-2016-014
2387:10.5849/JOF-2016-014
1810:Stritch, L. (2018).
1732:oaks. Being rich in
1715:traditional medicine
1639:Wind River Arboretum
1593:Dalhousie University
1571:Springfield, Vermont
1419:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1111:) is susceptible to
866:trees imported from
831:Plant Quarantine Act
804:, in the borough of
700:for species such as
679:Blue Ridge Mountains
609:Allegheny chinquapin
597:Wisconsin glaciation
415:Allegheny chinquapin
353:genetically modified
6138:: J.T. Lovett. via
5859:Hull, Christopher.
5740:, August 27, 2007.
5716:The Birmingham News
5692:"American Chestnut"
5678:The Washington Post
5540:10.1093/jof/98.2.22
5527:Journal of Forestry
5219:. December 29, 2005
5216:The Washington Post
5092:"My Chestnut Story"
4763:The Allegheny Front
4680:2017PLoSO..1284381S
4533:2012Natur.490...22T
4436:Transgenic Research
4087:Forest Microbiology
4013:2022Ecosp..13E3917G
3969:2022Ecosp..13E3917G
3721:: 251484862110249.
3393:Scientific American
3355:2020Ecosp..11E3267K
3274:2002JBiog..29.1517P
3097:Castanea Γ neglecta
3069:National Geographic
2948:2022MolEc..31.4640S
2788:on January 29, 2023
2748:on October 14, 2023
2464:Journal of Forestry
2379:Journal of Forestry
2251:"Blight Resistance"
2212:2021ConSP...3E.348N
1968:2008PlEco.197..155E
1641:, Washington State.
1385:Surviving specimens
1289:Mid-Atlantic states
1107:American chestnut (
1069:Researchers at the
887:by both inhibiting
794:Endothia parasitica
351:would be the first
314:Species at Risk Act
45:Conservation status
6790:Ark of Taste foods
6132:Orchard and Garden
5980:Smallheer, Susan.
5957:"Castanea dentata"
5627:. December 3, 2015
5566:on August 22, 2010
5283:American Scientist
5090:Galloway, Paul R.
2898:10.1093/aob/mcw261
2686:10.1002/ppp3.10061
2626:Plant Cell Reports
2603:Acta Horticulturae
1728:Orchard and Garden
1692:
1524:Cadillac, Michigan
1423:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1369:European chestnuts
1222:Concord University
1218:professor emeritus
1207:
1056:
1037:
970:southeast Michigan
964:Reduced population
960:in North America.
761:
539:family along with
486:Flushing, New York
389:
378:
24:American chestnut
6742:
6741:
6562:Open Tree of Life
6280:Taxon identifiers
6136:Little Silver, NJ
5937:on August 4, 2014
5805:Columbia Magazine
5709:Spencer, Thomas.
5690:Merkle, Scott A.
4743:10.3390/f11111196
4608:10.1111/mpp.13165
4343:"Chestnut Blight"
4137:10.1111/ppa.13670
4021:10.1002/ecs2.3917
3977:10.1002/ecs2.3917
3684:978-1-4939-1657-3
3650:978-1-4939-1657-3
3364:10.1002/ecs2.3267
2957:10.1111/mec.16629
2942:(18): 4640β4655.
2936:Molecular Ecology
2149:(12): 3164β3171.
2124:Michigan Botanist
2065:American Forestry
1933:ecosystem.psu.edu
1738:split-rail fences
1531:Lansing, Michigan
1166:Dr William Powell
977:Mississippi River
943:Chinese gall wasp
931:Chinese gall wasp
710:Allegheny woodrat
702:white-tailed deer
482:Japanese chestnut
446:Japanese chestnut
310:Northern Michigan
258:American chestnut
254:
253:
247:Natural range of
88:
68:
6797:
6735:
6734:
6722:
6721:
6709:
6708:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6655:
6654:
6642:
6641:
6632:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6595:
6583:
6582:
6570:
6569:
6557:
6556:
6544:
6543:
6531:
6530:
6518:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6495:
6494:
6482:
6481:
6469:
6468:
6456:
6455:
6443:
6442:
6430:
6429:
6417:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6391:
6390:
6378:
6377:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6318:Castanea dentata
6307:
6306:
6305:
6288:Castanea dentata
6275:
6274:
6256:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6182:. Archived from
6176:"Wormy Chestnut"
6172:
6166:
6152:
6143:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6101:. Archived from
6096:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6079:. June 13, 2012.
6073:
6067:
6066:
6055:
6049:
6039:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6002:
5996:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5923:
5917:
5902:
5896:
5881:
5875:
5857:
5851:
5840:
5834:
5833:, July 24, 2009.
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5797:
5791:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5751:
5745:
5729:
5720:
5707:
5701:
5688:
5682:
5671:Minor, Elliott.
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5562:. Archived from
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5518:
5512:
5498:
5492:
5482:
5476:
5459:
5453:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5363:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5278:
5272:
5255:
5249:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5207:
5201:
5185:Barnes, Philip.
5183:
5174:
5157:
5151:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5115:
5106:
5088:
5082:
5065:
5056:
5040:
5034:
5018:
5012:
5009:www.archive.org.
5003:
4997:
4987:
4981:
4965:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4510:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4372:www.columbia.edu
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4293:. Archived from
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4266:mnfi.anr.msu.edu
4263:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3793:. Archived from
3792:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3730:
3700:
3687:
3678:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2959:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2886:Annals of Botany
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2784:. Archived from
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2744:. Archived from
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2605:(290): 761β790.
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2358:(1β3): 111β120.
2347:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:"Record details"
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:10.1111/csp2.348
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2056:
2047:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:, Cambridge, MA.
1907:
1905:
1890:Castanea dentata
1883:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1814:Castanea dentata
1807:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1564:Portland, Oregon
1373:Southern Ontario
1326:Chinese chestnut
1305:Miami University
1220:of chemistry at
1144:
981:Sherwood, Oregon
958:Torymus sinensis
955:
714:passenger pigeon
687:Western Maryland
659:southern Ontario
491:The chestnut is
477:Thomas Jefferson
454:Castanea dentata
438:Chinese chestnut
392:Castanea dentata
358:Chinese chestnut
344:vascular cambium
263:Castanea dentata
249:Castanea dentata
242:
228:
226:Castanea dentata
103:
102:
82:
79:
78:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6712:
6704:
6699:
6691:
6686:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6658:
6650:
6645:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6625:
6617:
6612:
6604:
6599:
6591:
6586:
6578:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6552:
6547:
6539:
6534:
6526:
6521:
6513:
6512:MichiganFlora:
6511:
6503:
6498:
6490:
6485:
6477:
6472:
6464:
6459:
6451:
6446:
6438:
6433:
6425:
6420:
6412:
6407:
6399:
6394:
6386:
6381:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6347:
6345:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6325:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6282:
6254:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6163:Wayback Machine
6153:
6146:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6013:
6003:
5999:
5989:Wayback Machine
5979:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5914:www.pawild.org.
5903:
5899:
5882:
5878:
5868:Wayback Machine
5858:
5854:
5848:www.fosters.com
5841:
5837:
5825:Flavell, John.
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5807:. June 17, 2005
5799:
5798:
5794:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5752:
5748:
5737:The Bryan Times
5730:
5723:
5708:
5704:
5689:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5519:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5485:"Hypovirulence"
5483:
5479:
5469:Wayback Machine
5460:
5456:
5450:www.dpvweb.net.
5446:Wayback Machine
5437:
5433:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5314:
5310:
5279:
5275:
5265:Wayback Machine
5256:
5252:
5246:www.greenxc.com
5242:Wayback Machine
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5194:Wayback Machine
5184:
5177:
5167:Wayback Machine
5158:
5154:
5140:Valigra, Lori.
5139:
5135:
5116:
5109:
5099:Wayback Machine
5089:
5085:
5075:Wayback Machine
5066:
5059:
5050:Wayback Machine
5041:
5037:
5028:Wayback Machine
5019:
5015:
5004:
5000:
4988:
4984:
4975:Wayback Machine
4968:"Bibliography."
4966:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4834:Washington Post
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4755:
4751:
4722:
4715:
4674:(9): e0184381.
4660:
4656:
4637:
4633:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4562:
4558:
4542:10.1038/490022a
4511:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4479:
4475:
4428:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4157:
4153:
4124:Plant Pathology
4116:
4112:
4105:
4083:
4079:
4032:
4028:
3996:
3992:
3952:
3948:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3850:
3846:
3809:
3805:
3800:on May 5, 2017.
3797:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3701:
3690:
3651:
3619:
3615:
3578:
3574:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3532:
3528:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3453:
3449:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3301:
3297:
3258:
3254:
3239:10.2307/2996129
3223:
3216:
3185:
3181:
3150:
3146:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3057:
3020:
3016:
2985:
2981:
2927:
2923:
2878:
2874:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2782:Concord Monitor
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2706:
2702:
2665:
2661:
2622:
2618:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2375:
2371:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2272:"Tree Breeding"
2270:
2269:
2265:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2155:10.1139/b83-354
2139:
2135:
2120:
2116:
2110:www.fs.fed.gov.
2103:
2096:
2082:
2080:
2073:Washington D.C.
2057:
2050:
2034:Griffin, Gary.
2033:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1903:
1901:
1884:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1777:
1750:telephone poles
1723:
1711:Native American
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1471:, in June 2005.
1432:chestnut blight
1387:
1346:
1246:Charles Burnham
1242:
1199:
1193:
1155:oxalate oxidase
1140:
1102:necklace poplar
1082:oxalate oxidase
1067:
1061:
1029:
966:
953:
939:
933:
919:and afflicting
911:
905:
876:Castanea sativa
856:
850:
814:Salvage logging
784:chestnut blight
779:
777:Chestnut blight
773:
771:Chestnut blight
753:
683:Eastern hemlock
665:, and from the
627:has been named
601:Ozark chinkapin
593:Glacial Maximum
565:Castanea pumila
533:
419:Castanea pumila
370:
336:oxalate oxidase
293:chestnut blight
233:
232:(Marsh.) Borkh.
230:
224:
211:
208:C. dentata
97:
89:
80:
76:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6803:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:wfo-0001230934
6723:
6710:
6697:
6684:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6652:wfo-0000811441
6643:
6633:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6584:
6571:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6519:
6509:
6496:
6483:
6470:
6457:
6444:
6431:
6418:
6405:
6392:
6379:
6366:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6323:
6308:
6292:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6272:
6271:
6262:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6229:
6228:External links
6226:
6223:
6222:
6197:
6167:
6144:
6126:Fuller, A. S.
6119:
6082:
6068:
6050:
6034:
6023:
5997:
5993:Rutland Herald
5973:
5948:
5918:
5897:
5876:
5852:
5835:
5818:
5792:
5774:
5746:
5721:
5702:
5683:
5664:
5638:
5612:
5577:
5546:
5513:
5493:
5477:
5454:
5431:
5409:
5379:
5349:
5308:
5289:(5): 478β487.
5273:
5250:
5230:
5202:
5175:
5152:
5133:
5107:
5083:
5057:
5035:
5013:
4998:
4982:
4955:
4930:
4904:
4879:
4854:
4820:
4794:
4768:
4749:
4713:
4654:
4631:
4602:(3): 370β382.
4582:
4570:New York Times
4556:
4527:(748): 22β23.
4505:
4489:
4473:
4442:(6): 751β764.
4422:
4403:
4384:
4359:
4333:
4308:
4278:
4250:
4231:(1): 107β115.
4214:
4202:
4151:
4130:(2): 218β231.
4110:
4103:
4077:
4026:
3990:
3946:
3897:
3879:
3860:(2): 207β213.
3844:
3803:
3778:
3750:
3688:
3649:
3613:
3572:
3554:
3542:Charleston, SC
3526:
3503:
3498:Science Friday
3485:
3475:
3447:
3406:
3378:
3329:
3320:
3314:978-1332066957
3313:
3295:
3252:
3233:(2): 183β190.
3214:
3179:
3144:
3116:
3086:
3055:
3034:(6): 666β670.
3014:
2979:
2921:
2892:(6): 957β964.
2872:
2851:(3): 583β610.
2831:
2799:
2768:
2759:
2733:
2714:Forest Systems
2700:
2659:
2632:(5): 450β456.
2616:
2593:
2567:
2560:
2532:
2502:
2479:
2450:
2439:. May 17, 2018
2424:
2392:
2369:
2339:
2313:
2288:
2263:
2241:
2227:
2186:
2160:
2133:
2114:
2094:
2048:
2044:www.apsnet.org
2040:Phytopathology
2024:
2009:
1997:
1962:(2): 155β172.
1945:
1919:
1873:
1848:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1722:
1719:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1585:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1506:Elliott County
1494:
1483:
1472:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1386:
1383:
1355:in the family
1345:
1342:
1258:plant genetics
1241:
1238:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1028:
1025:
965:
962:
935:Main article:
932:
929:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
899:is uncertain.
852:Main article:
849:
846:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
752:
749:
738:microorganisms
587:likely due to
549:horse chestnut
532:
529:
495:, and usually
430:sweet chestnut
369:
366:
286:pre-settlement
252:
251:
244:
243:
235:
234:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
74:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6802:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6664:Fagus dentata
6661:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
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6585:
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6576:
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6568:
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6555:
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6510:
6506:
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6497:
6493:
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6480:
6475:
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6462:
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6432:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6215:September 25,
6211:
6207:
6201:
6190:September 25,
6185:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6072:
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6060:
6054:
6047:
6043:
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6031:
6027:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5977:
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5958:
5952:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5767:September 23,
5763:
5762:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5706:
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5596:
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5541:
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5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5473:www.tacf.org.
5470:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5199:
5198:www.ohio.edu.
5195:
5191:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5171:www.tacf.org.
5168:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5103:www.tacf.org.
5100:
5096:
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5017:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4979:
4976:
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4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4944:
4940:
4934:
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4915:
4908:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4809:
4805:
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4782:
4778:
4772:
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4760:
4753:
4744:
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4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
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4658:
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4627:
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4455:
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4426:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4104:9780323850421
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3911:Plant Disease
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:Agrobacterium
3626:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:Plant Disease
3583:
3576:
3568:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3513:AccessScience
3507:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3399:September 22,
3395:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2561:9781780648279
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2104:Hebard, F.V.
2101:
2099:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:Plant Ecology
1949:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1904:September 26,
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:North America
1661:
1660:Winslow Homer
1657:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:Lake Michigan
1539:
1538:Beaver Island
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:Hypovirulence
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Virginia Tech
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:intercrossing
1211:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1053:Massachusetts
1050:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
961:
959:
952:
950:
944:
938:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
855:
845:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
815:
811:
810:New York City
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
785:
778:
768:
766:
757:
748:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:coast to the
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
646:populations.
644:
638:
636:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:C. ozarkensis
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
525:
524:inflorescence
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:C. mollissima
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:circumference
403:
400:
397:
393:
387:
382:
374:
365:
363:
359:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
250:
245:
241:
236:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
72:
66:
61:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6663:
6287:
6213:. Retrieved
6209:
6200:
6188:. Retrieved
6184:the original
6179:
6170:
6140:Google Books
6131:
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6103:the original
6098:
6085:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6026:
6014:. Retrieved
6010:
6000:
5976:
5964:. Retrieved
5960:
5951:
5939:. Retrieved
5935:the original
5930:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5900:
5888:
5879:
5871:
5855:
5847:
5838:
5830:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5804:
5795:
5785:
5777:
5765:. Retrieved
5759:
5749:
5735:
5714:
5705:
5695:
5686:
5676:
5667:
5657:December 26,
5655:. Retrieved
5651:
5641:
5631:December 26,
5629:. Retrieved
5625:Maine Public
5624:
5615:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5568:. Retrieved
5564:the original
5559:
5549:
5533:(2): 22β27.
5530:
5526:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5488:
5480:
5472:
5457:
5449:
5434:
5426:the original
5421:
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5396:Plant Finder
5395:
5389:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5365:
5352:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5268:
5253:
5245:
5233:
5221:. Retrieved
5214:
5205:
5197:
5170:
5155:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5102:
5086:
5078:
5052:
5038:
5030:
5016:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4946:. Retrieved
4942:
4939:"Darling 58"
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4891:
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4866:
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4833:
4823:
4811:. Retrieved
4807:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4780:
4771:
4762:
4752:
4736:(11): 1196.
4733:
4729:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4569:
4559:
4524:
4518:
4508:
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