749:
44:
62:
445:
741:
482:
360:, causing root rot, dieback and death of infected plants. Symptoms include wilting, decreased fruit size and yield, collar rot, gum exudation, necrosis, leaf chlorosis, leaf curl, and stem cankers. It can also cause dieback of young shoots and may interfere with transpiration of roots to shoots. Older plants may not display symptoms or only exhibit mild dieback despite having severe root rot.
473:
matter and soil, for example via particles stuck to footwear, vehicles or equipment. Native and feral animals have been known to transport the disease, including through the digestive tract of feral pigs. However human activities such as timber harvesting, mining, bush walking, and road construction are also major methods of dispersal.
472:
Methods of transmission include local invasion via contact between the roots of infected and susceptible plants, downslope movement in surface or subsurface water such as rivers or irrigation water, zoospore dispersal over long distances via wind-blown soil and debris, and transport of infected plant
274:
Once infected soil or water is introduced, the organism can spread rapidly throughout an environment. An infestation can lead to the illness, death, and possible eradication of vulnerable plants, as well as habitat reduction for animals. An outbreak can be challenging to recognize and can inflict
501:
dieback spreads to native plant communities, it kills many susceptible plants, resulting in a permanent decline in the biodiversity and a disruption of ecosystem processes. It can also change the composition of the forest or native plant community by increasing the number of resistant plants and
723:
trees, and is commonly known as "root rot" amongst avocado farmers. Since the 1940s various breeds of root rot-resistant avocados have been developed to minimize tree damage. Damaged trees generally die or become unproductive within three to five years. A 1960 study of the
767:
Gardening practices to restrict spread include restricting soil or water movement from infected areas by using clean bins and equipment, installing watertight drains to prevent surface run off, and working last in diseased areas after harvesting healthy areas first.
468:
was first identified in tropical and subtropical countries, but can survive and develop in cooler climates as well. It spreads as zoospores and/or chlamydospores in soil and water under favourable conditions such as warm temperatures and high soil moisture.
775:. For specific plants such as young avocado plants, soil solarisation by using clear polythene sheets laid on the soil surface to trap radiant heat from the sun can reduce spread, and an integrated approach is generally taken to control disease on avocado.
435:
and nutrients and destroy the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Sporangia and chlamydospores form on the mycelia of the infected root allowing further dispersal.
888:
Gustafson, Eric J.; Miranda, Brian R.; Dreaden, Tyler J.; Pinchot, Cornelia C.; Jacobs, Douglass F. (February 2022). "Beyond blight: Phytophthora root rot under climate change limits populations of reintroduced
American chestnut".
782:, but does not eliminate chlamydospores as they are present deeper in the soil where fumigation may not reach. However, fumigation can potentially worsen disease by reducing the population of competing soil microorganisms, and
793:
administered through direct foliage sprays, aerial application by aircraft or direct injection has been used to limit the disease with some success and has been recognized as a major strategy for disease prevention.
1324:
Cahill, David M.; Rookes, James E.; Wilson, Barbara A.; Gibson, Lesley; McDougall, Keith L. (2008-07-07). "Phytophthora cinnamomi and
Australia's biodiversity: impacts, predictions and progress towards control".
430:
by entering the root behind the root tip. Zoospores need water to move through the soil, therefore infection is most likely in moist soils. After entering the root, mycelia grow throughout the root absorbing
217:
206:
399:
and capable of self-fertilization. Cultures of mating type A2 can be induced to undergo sexual reproduction by damaging conditions such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide or mechanical damage.
228:
801:
is used as a biodegradable fungicide, and calcium or magnesium phosphite may also be used. Overuse of phosphate may harm the treated plant, especially when the plant is phosphate deficient.
322:
538:
can infect thousands of native plants, causing damage to forests and removing habitats for wildlife. Several native plants are at risk of extinction due to the effects of the disease.
1434:
630:). A study in the Perth region found that dieback caused a significant shift in the bird community and affected nectar-feeding species the most, with fewer species such as the
502:
reducing the number of susceptible plant species. Native animals that rely on susceptible plants for survival are reduced in numbers or are eliminated from sites infested by
696:, killing several native oak species and other susceptible vegetation in the surrounding woodlands. It is implicated in the die-off of the rare endemic shrub
1153:
Cahill, David M. (2008). "TURNER REVIEW No. 17. Phytophthora cinnamomi and
Australia's biodiversity: impacts, predictions and progress towards control".
778:
Chemical means of control include fumigation and the use of phosphonate fungistats. Fumigation prior to planting may be effective on some life stages of
771:
Planting in raised beds promotes rapid drainage and reduces prolonged contact of plant roots with water, making the soil environment less hospitable to
1874:
840:
971:
325:
list of "100 of the World's Worst
Invasive Alien Species". Its potential range is expected to extend northward with warming due to climate change.
1769:
410:
lives in the soil and in plant tissues and can spread in water. During periods of harsh environmental conditions, the organisms become dormant
1821:
744:
Warning sign near Mount Dale, Western
Australia advising to keep vehicles out of dieback affected areas to prevent the spread of this fungus.
1000:
Linde C, Drenth A, Kemp GH, Wingfield MJ, von
Broembsen SL (August 1997). "Population Structure of Phytophthora cinnamomi in South Africa".
1652:
1552:
1247:
1438:
1730:
1215:
489:
spp. The tree on the left shows no symptoms of infection while the tree on the right shows stunted leaf growth characteristic of
1360:
1246:
Davis, Robert A.; Valentine, Leonie E.; Craig, Michael D.; Wilson, Barbara; Bancroft, Wesley J.; Mallie, Marnie (March 2014).
1068:
1492:
1454:
1115:
1546:
1187:
1081:
1743:
1630:
1826:
1300:
748:
1879:
1537:
1808:
1229:
1565:
614:
are susceptible. This in turn impacts on animals reliant on these plants for food and shelter, such as the
1782:
1639:
789:
Phosphonate fungistats can improve the ability of a tree to tolerate, resist, or recover from infection.
61:
17:
1465:
979:
570:
Of particular concern is the infection and dieback of large areas of forest and heathland which support
1836:
1722:
697:
615:
1070:
Managing
Phytophthora Dieback in Bushland: A Guide for Landholders and Community Conservation Groups
923:
1505:
1774:
1592:
1556:
191:
1248:"Impact of Phytophthora-dieback on birds in Banksia woodlands in south west Western Australia"
728:, area correlated higher levels of avocado root rot to soils with poorer drainage and greater
1869:
1846:
753:
725:
387:
of opposite mating type interact in host tissue. This interaction leads to the formation of
175:
1678:
1499:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 2009.
43:
8:
1368:
798:
1709:
321:
and a large number of species from many dicotyledonous families, and is included in the
1412:
845:
Australian
Government - Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
571:
564:
56:
1281:
414:. When environmental conditions are suitable, the chlamydospores germinate, producing
1665:
1657:
1533:
1407:
1390:
1342:
1135:
1077:
1017:
667:
631:
575:
548:
457:
1555:. Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia. 2009. Archived from
1416:
1299:
Burns, R. M.; Miner, J. H.; Gustafson, C. D.; Zentmyer, G. A.; Thorn, W. A. (1960).
764:, although an integrated approach can control the spread and impact of the disease.
1670:
1402:
1334:
1262:
1162:
1127:
1048:
1009:
898:
815:
586:
552:
279:
1748:
1644:
1517:
1266:
1087:
790:
560:
449:
142:
51:
A: seven-day-old colony on PARP medium; B: sporangia; C: gametangia; D: oospore.
1813:
1013:
379:
species with two mating types, A1 and A2. Sexual reproduction in heterothallic
257:
that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants variously called "
1717:
1615:
675:
651:
453:
341:
132:
99:
86:
1301:"Correlation of soil series and avocado root rot damage in the Fallbrook area"
1131:
1053:
1036:
1863:
1346:
1139:
866:
689:
647:
411:
376:
345:
444:
293:
is distributed worldwide and can infect a diverse range of hosts, including
1787:
1532:. Monograph (American Phytopathological Society). Vol. 10. APS Press.
1021:
947:
623:
610:
432:
396:
152:
112:
1460:. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia.
1756:
1624:
740:
604:
384:
254:
1391:"Phosphite (phosphorous acid): Fungicide, fertilizer or bio-stimulator?"
1735:
705:
659:
598:
419:
372:
337:
1761:
902:
1800:
1704:
1691:
810:
592:
515:
481:
333:
310:
294:
73:
1586:
1338:
1166:
328:
It affects a range of economic plants, including food crops such as
1795:
1696:
1609:
1518:"Plant Diseases in the south-west of Western Australia – a summary"
1493:"Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by
556:
423:
353:
267:
262:
122:
567:
remains unaffected due to the unfavourability of the environment.
1446:
720:
580:
415:
388:
357:
329:
306:
1683:
693:
666:), and sudden death of a number of native tree species such as
650:
about 200 years ago. Infection can cause littleleaf disease of
349:
318:
1037:"Stimulation of Sexual Reproduction in Phytophthora by Damage"
887:
1469:
1310:. Vol. 44. California Avocado Society. pp. 110–113.
679:
314:
302:
1298:
729:
427:
298:
391:
that can survive for long periods in or outside the host.
1245:
924:"Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Phytophthora cinnamomi"
671:
1484:
1323:
1076:(5th ed.). Australia: Dieback Working Group. 2009.
999:
282:
and is present in over 70 countries around the world.
1566:"List of native garden plants resistant to Dieback (
1227:
1282:"Diseases threaten the survival of Ione manzanita (
1547:fact sheet of the Global Invasive Species database
1447:"Centre for Phytophthora Science & Management"
1114:Robin, C.; Smith, I.; Hansen, E. M. (2012-12-28).
460:, with a dieback-infested valley in the mid ground
1563:
867:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"
336:; as well as trees and woody ornamentals such as
1861:
1279:
1113:
1228:Groves, E.; Hollick, P.; Hardy, G.; McComb, J.
948:"Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback)"
674:populations are affected in areas ranging from
278:The plant pathogen is one of the world's most
1034:
1388:
642:Damage to forests suspected to be caused by
993:
786:is often able to re-invade fumigated soil.
658:), Christmas tree disease in nursery grown
1564:Groves, E.; Hardy, G.; McComb, J. (2003).
42:
1406:
1280:Swiecki, T. J.; Bernhardt, E. A. (2003).
1052:
760:No treatment has been found to eradicate
285:
1875:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
1524:
1506:"Phytophthora in North American forests"
1035:Reeves, RJ; Jackson, RM (October 1974).
747:
739:
480:
476:
443:
1437:. Botanic Gardens Trust. Archived from
756:designed to limit the spread of dieback
14:
1862:
1503:
1152:
1591:
1590:
1515:
1455:"Phytophthora is killing our plants!"
1319:
1317:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1109:
1107:
711:
634:in areas that were dieback-infested.
1837:6ba21796-504a-4c03-bd03-ee15aa553ce3
1511:. Sudden Oak Death Online Symposium.
1435:"Phytophthora root rot — fact sheet"
1382:
1218:. Parks Victoria. parkweb.vic.gov.au
965:
963:
961:
942:
940:
918:
916:
914:
912:
835:
833:
831:
869:. Invasive Species Specialist Group
24:
1353:
1314:
1173:
1104:
969:
719:is the leading cause of damage to
637:
422:. The sporangia ripen and release
25:
1891:
1427:
958:
937:
909:
828:
323:Invasive Species Specialist Group
275:irreversible harm to ecosystems.
27:Species of single-celled organism
1408:10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00365.x
1395:Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
60:
1361:"Avocado Phytophthora Root Rot"
1292:
1273:
1239:
1230:"WA list of susceptible plants"
1221:
1209:
1146:
1041:Journal of General Microbiology
578:. Many plants from the genera
439:
383:species ordinarily occurs when
363:
1061:
1028:
972:"Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands"
881:
859:
13:
1:
1516:Wills, R.T. (November 1995).
821:
402:
1327:Australian Journal of Botany
1267:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.027
1155:Australian Journal of Botany
509:
7:
1197:. April 12, 2023. p. 4
1188:"Arrive Clean, Leave Clean"
1014:10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.8.822
804:
752:A boot cleaning station in
10:
1896:
1530:and the Diseases it Causes
735:
646:was first recorded in the
1599:
1284:Arctostaphylos myrtifolia
1054:10.1099/00221287-84-2-303
702:Arctostaphylos myrtifolia
688:is also a problem in the
616:southwestern pygmy possum
271:species), "ink disease".
203:
198:
181:
174:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
1116:"Phytophthora cinnamomi"
547:s impact is greatest in
1525:Zentmyer, G.A. (1980).
1485:"Dieback Working Group"
1389:Thao; Yamakawa (2008).
1288:. Phytosphere Research.
1255:Biological Conservation
1132:10.5399/osu/fp.2.1.3041
518:, where it is known as
291:Phytophythora cinnamomi
1631:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1601:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1568:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1528:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1495:Phytophthora cinnamomi
841:"Phytophthora dieback"
757:
745:
717:Phytophthora cinnamomi
686:Phytophthora cinnamomi
644:Phytophthora cinnamomi
542:Phytophthora cinnamomi
536:Phytophthora cinnamomi
494:
491:Phytophthora cinnamomi
485:Littleleaf disease in
461:
408:Phytophthora cinnamomi
393:Phytophthora cinnamomi
369:Phytophthora cinnamomi
286:Distribution and hosts
246:Phytophthora cinnamomi
230:Phytophthora cinnamomi
219:Phytophthora cinnamomi
208:Phytophthora cinnamomi
185:Phytophthora cinnamomi
36:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1880:Avocado tree diseases
1449:. Murdoch University.
1235:. Murdoch University.
754:Lesueur National Park
751:
743:
726:Fallbrook, California
620:Cercartetus concinnus
484:
477:Environmental impacts
447:
426:, which infect plant
1575:. Murdoch University
1466:"Dieback Web Portal"
1120:Forest Phytophthoras
520:phytophthora dieback
1504:Hansen, E. (2003).
799:potassium phosphite
1553:"Managing dieback"
1195:environment.gov.au
970:Reuter, Courtney.
758:
746:
712:Commercial effects
628:Tarsipes rostratus
574:in the south-west
572:threatened species
565:Northern Territory
495:
462:
265:", or (in certain
253:, is a soil-borne
1857:
1856:
1593:Taxon identifiers
903:10.1002/ecs2.3917
668:American chestnut
632:Western Spinebill
576:Western Australia
549:Western Australia
458:Western Australia
452:landscape in the
395:is facultatively
242:
241:
167:P. cinnamomi
16:(Redirected from
1887:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1814:BMSSYS0000014441
1804:
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1574:
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1500:
1488:
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1478:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1461:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1441:on 7 March 2005.
1421:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1367:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1350:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
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1271:
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1184:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:. Archived from
1075:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
978:. Archived from
967:
956:
955:
944:
935:
934:
928:
920:
907:
906:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
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857:
856:
854:
852:
847:. 3 October 2021
837:
816:Forest pathology
546:
418:(or hyphae) and
280:invasive species
249:, also known as
187:
65:
64:
46:
32:
31:
21:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
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1853:
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1807:
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1794:
1786:
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1629:
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1623:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1595:
1578:
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1572:
1551:
1540:
1508:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1339:10.1071/bt07159
1322:
1315:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1278:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1216:Cinnamon Fungus
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1167:10.1071/bt07159
1151:
1147:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1033:
1029:
998:
994:
985:
983:
968:
959:
946:
945:
938:
926:
922:
921:
910:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
829:
824:
807:
738:
714:
640:
638:U.S. and Mexico
561:South Australia
544:
532:cinnamon fungus
512:
479:
442:
405:
366:
342:shortleaf pines
288:
251:cinnamon fungus
194:
189:
183:
170:
143:Peronosporaceae
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1636:
1621:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1561:
1559:on 2009-06-12.
1549:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1481:
1462:
1451:
1443:
1429:
1428:External links
1426:
1423:
1422:
1401:(2): 228–234.
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1352:
1333:(4): 279–310.
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1272:
1238:
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1172:
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1103:
1082:
1060:
1047:(2): 303–310.
1027:
1002:Phytopathology
992:
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826:
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819:
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734:
713:
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698:Ione manzanita
676:South Carolina
656:Pinus echinata
652:shortleaf pine
639:
636:
528:jarrah dieback
511:
508:
478:
475:
454:Stirling Range
441:
438:
412:chlamydospores
404:
401:
375:and primarily
365:
362:
346:loblolly pines
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133:Peronosporales
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87:Diaphoretickes
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1472:on 2020-10-21
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1371:on 2018-01-29
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1093:on 2014-03-06
1089:
1085:
1083:9780646493046
1079:
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982:on 2020-05-13
981:
977:
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931:EPPO and CABI
925:
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690:Mexican state
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664:Abies fraseri
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433:carbohydrates
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377:heterothallic
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176:Binomial name
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113:Stramenopiles
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63:
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54:
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37:
33:
30:
19:
1870:Phytophthora
1600:
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:the original
1529:
1526:
1494:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1439:the original
1398:
1394:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1364:
1355:
1330:
1326:
1307:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1223:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1158:
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1148:
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1119:
1095:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1069:
1063:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1008:(8): 822–7.
1005:
1001:
995:
984:. Retrieved
980:the original
975:
951:
930:
894:
890:
883:
871:. Retrieved
861:
849:. Retrieved
844:
796:
788:
784:P. cinnamomi
783:
780:P. cinnamomi
779:
777:
773:P. cinnamomi
772:
770:
766:
762:P. cinnamomi
761:
759:
716:
715:
701:
685:
684:
663:
655:
643:
641:
627:
624:honey possum
619:
611:Xanthorrhoea
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
569:
563:, while the
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
513:
504:Phytophthora
503:
499:Phytophthora
498:
496:
490:
486:
471:
466:P. cinnamomi
465:
463:
440:Transmission
407:
406:
392:
381:Phytophthora
380:
368:
367:
364:Reproduction
327:
290:
289:
277:
273:
266:
258:
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245:
244:
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233:
229:
222:
218:
211:
207:
184:
182:
166:
165:
154:Phytophthora
153:
106:
93:
80:
35:
29:
1757:iNaturalist
1625:Wikispecies
1261:: 136–144.
605:Verticordia
397:homothallic
338:Fraser firs
295:club mosses
255:water mould
18:Ink disease
1864:Categories
1579:2009-10-07
1539:0890540306
1476:2009-06-24
1375:2017-12-12
1161:(4): 279.
1097:2013-09-17
986:2017-12-12
822:References
706:California
660:Fraser fir
622:) and the
599:Leucopogon
493:infection.
403:Life cycle
385:gametangia
223:parvispora
199:Varieties
1705:FloraBase
1347:1444-9862
1201:April 12,
1140:2164-7232
891:Ecosphere
811:Chlorosis
797:Commonly
791:Phosphite
732:content.
593:Grevillea
516:Australia
510:Australia
506:dieback.
464:Although
424:zoospores
420:sporangia
334:pineapple
212:cinnamomi
161:Species:
74:Eukaryota
1796:MycoBank
1775:10950821
1718:Fungorum
1658:60016502
1653:AusFungi
1616:Q2711566
1610:Wikidata
1417:95723306
1308:Yearbook
1022:18945050
851:11 April
805:See also
587:Darwinia
557:Tasmania
553:Victoria
389:oospores
354:camellia
307:conifers
268:Castanea
263:root rot
234:robiniae
139:Family:
123:Oomycota
119:Phylum:
70:Domain:
1847:1273275
1736:3203682
736:Control
721:avocado
581:Banksia
524:dieback
416:mycelia
373:diploid
358:boxwood
350:azaleas
330:avocado
315:grasses
309:, cord
259:dieback
149:Genus:
129:Order:
1844:uBio:
1834:NZOR:
1801:260884
1762:199345
1723:260884
1697:PHYTCN
1684:189469
1645:229548
1536:
1415:
1365:UC IPM
1345:
1138:
1080:
1020:
873:6 June
694:Colima
319:lilies
311:rushes
303:cycads
1788:40957
1770:IRMNG
1710:50971
1671:4HNR4
1573:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1413:S2CID
1304:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
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704:) in
680:Texas
545:'
497:When
487:Pinus
450:heath
428:roots
371:is a
299:ferns
232:var.
221:var.
210:var.
192:Rands
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
1827:4785
1822:NCBI
1744:GISD
1731:GBIF
1692:EPPO
1640:APNI
1534:ISBN
1343:ISSN
1203:2023
1136:ISSN
1078:ISBN
1018:PMID
976:NCSU
952:CABI
875:2019
853:2023
730:clay
608:and
559:and
356:and
332:and
261:", "
1809:NBN
1783:ISC
1749:143
1679:EoL
1666:CoL
1403:doi
1335:doi
1263:doi
1259:171
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