69:
42:
55:
82:
119:. The hooks of the bur are used to latch onto fur or fabric, enabling the bur – which contain seeds – to be transported to another location for dispersal. Another use for the spines and hooks are physical protection against herbivores. Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome.
256:
The bur must be able to easily detach from the plant and easily attach to for example the fur of an animal. The ability to spread the seeds depends both on the number of burs that manage to get attached and on force of attachment. The hook span of the bur has been shown to have a large influence on
265:
Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock, damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Furthermore, because of their ability to compete with crops over moisture and nutrition, bur plants can be labelled as weeds
228:
do, sometimes causing serious injury, but sometimes hooking onto the leg of say, an ostrich, apparently without causing discomfort. It also might penetrate a hoof or foot pad or the tires of a vehicle, only to be shed after being carried for a considerable time and distance; most
257:
the contact separation force. Some studies have also shown force can increase with the size of the bur, although not all large burs have a high contact separation force. Furthermore, the flexibility of the bur might also influence this force which can increase with stiffness.
158:) or machinery as well as by being transported together with water, gravel and grain. The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to vehicle tires.
192:
Spinescent plants repel herbivores mechanically by wounding the herbivore's mouth or digestive system. Moreover, burs' mechanical defence can work alongside the color of the bur that can visually warn off herbivores.
145:
species, are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. The number of burs per fruit along with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants.
222:
produce fruit in the form of trample-burs. As the name suggests, they attach themselves to the animal when trampled. They may hook onto the legs of animals as the large hooks of
266:
and therefore also be subject to removal. Methods of controlling the spread of bur plants include the use of herbicides, slashing and cultivation among others.
649:
Midgley, J.J. and Illing, N. Were
Malagasy Uncarina fruits dispersed by the extinct elephant bird? South African Journal of Science 105, November/December 2009
869:"Daucus carota (Bee's Nest-Plant, Bird's-Nest, Devil's Plague, Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
916:
Gorb, E.; Gorb, S. (2002). "Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking".
1090:
196:
Most epizoochorous burs attach to hair on the body or legs of the host animal, but a special class of epizoochorous bur is known as the
728:
670:
893:"Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)"
845:"Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
784:
690:
493:
586:"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking"
180:
Secondly, plants with burs rely largely on living agents to disperse their seeds; their burs are mechanisms of
237:
species are specialised for such attachment, variously being flat, but with upward-directed spikes as in say,
115:
that has hooks or teeth. The main function of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through
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Xu, Qi; Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Sun, Lu; Chen, Zhe; Song, Bo; Sun, Hang (2020-04-01).
892:
396:
388:
380:
181:
112:
541:
518:"Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China"
494:"Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (
154:
Containing seeds, burs spread through catching on the fur of passing animals (
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974:"Geum urbanum Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)"
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170:
127:
41:
685:
Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. Krieger 1991,
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206:
141:
73:
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Karen van Rheede van
Oudtshoorn; Margaretha W. van Rooyen (1999).
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81:
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Seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth
1083:
500:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2009.
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Burs serve the plants that bear them in two main ways.
130:
also are covered with thorns and may function as burs.
652:
188:(dispersal by attaching to the outside of animals).
515:
269:Some have however been used for such purposes as
1100:
915:
1094:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
253:weeds by sticking to the tires of aircraft.
584:Gorb, Elena; Gorb, Stanislav (2002-04-01).
295:
126:, such as the stems of certain species of
557:
1078:
729:"ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe"
583:
80:
67:
53:
40:
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14:
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753:"Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora"
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511:
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488:
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300:Common bur-bearing plants include:
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662:Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants
25:
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918:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
624:
590:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
574:
504:
477:
249:that have achieved the status of
702:Suddath, Claire (15 June 2010).
1053:
1038:
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885:
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787:from the original on 2021-03-05
769:
745:
721:
806:"Arctium lappa L. GRIN-Global"
695:
679:
643:
13:
1:
1065:University of California IPM.
1050:University of California IPM.
938:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5
834:University of California IPM.
717:– via content.time.com.
610:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5
447:
704:"A Brief History of: Velcro"
133:Bur-bearing plants, such as
7:
277:is a traditional resource.
149:
10:
1130:
665:. Springer. pp. 95–.
465:. Watford, Herts: Merrow.
29:
542:10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002
461:Cook, J. Gordon (1968).
360:(enchanter's nightshade)
284:was the inspiration for
1091:Encyclopædia Britannica
1002:plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
638:San Francisco Chronicle
306:Acanthospermum australe
296:Common plants with burs
169:and tend to repel some
1022:"USDA Plants Database"
998:"USDA Plants Database"
376:(pointed tick-trefoil)
286:hook and loop fastener
245:as in some species of
204:). Several species of
92:
78:
65:
51:
777:"Anthriscus caucalis"
419:(Clayton's sweetroot)
373:Hylodesmum glutinosum
85:Close-up of a single
84:
71:
57:
44:
36:Burr (disambiguation)
963:Ontario Wildflowers
952:Ontario Wildflowers
830:Cenchrus longispinus
810:npgsweb.ars-grin.gov
349:Cenchrus longispinus
311:Paraguayan starburr)
122:Some other forms of
32:Bur (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
1061:Xanthium strumarium
1046:Tribulus terrestris
978:data.canadensys.net
930:2002PlPB...40..373G
897:data.canadensys.net
873:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
849:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
602:2002PlPB...40..373G
534:2020PlDiv..42...83X
440:Xanthium strumarium
432:Tribulus terrestris
424:Phryma leptostachya
368:(Queen Anne's lace)
352:(longspine sandbur)
325:Anthriscus caucalis
317:Agrimonia pubescens
261:Relevance to humans
241:, or shaped like a
175:spines and prickles
136:Tribulus terrestris
635:Plants With Burrs.
463:ABC of Plant Terms
427:(American lopseed)
165:Firstly, burs are
93:
79:
66:
52:
757:michiganflora.net
672:978-3-540-64886-4
357:Circaea lutetiana
336:(greater burdock)
239:Grielum humifusum
16:(Redirected from
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1114:Plant morphology
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1109:Lists of plants
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18:Burr (fruit)
1085:"Bur"
443:(cocklebur)
280:The bur of
198:trample-bur
186:epizoochory
156:epizoochory
117:epizoochory
1103:Categories
1031:2021-11-13
1007:2021-11-13
983:2021-11-13
902:2021-11-13
878:2021-11-13
854:2021-11-13
815:2021-11-13
791:2021-11-13
762:2021-11-13
738:2021-11-13
713:17 October
448:References
384:(cleavers)
171:herbivores
167:spinescent
618:0981-9428
550:2468-2659
498:species)"
471:223208923
416:claytonii
413:Osmorhiza
124:diaspores
64:(Burdock)
785:Archived
568:32373766
496:Xanthium
247:Tribulus
231:Tribulus
207:Tribulus
150:Function
142:Xanthium
74:Xanthium
926:Bibcode
598:Bibcode
559:7195588
530:Bibcode
282:burdock
243:caltrop
235:Grielum
219:Grielum
107:or dry
103:) is a
88:Arctium
61:Arctium
689:
669:
616:
566:
556:
548:
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290:Velcro
216:, and
128:cactus
139:and
109:fruit
715:2018
708:Time
687:ISBN
667:ISBN
614:ISSN
564:PMID
546:ISSN
467:OCLC
233:and
200:(or
105:seed
101:burr
47:Geum
34:and
934:doi
606:doi
554:PMC
538:doi
184:by
177:do.
111:or
97:bur
91:bur
77:bur
50:bur
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
