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4364:. Seed sown early in the year produces seedlings that benefit from a longer growing period. Seed is sown in a moist growing medium and then kept in a covered environment, until 7–10 days after germination, to avoid drying out. A very wet growing medium can cause both seeds and seedlings to rot. A temperature range of 18–30 °C (64–86 °F) is suggested for germination; soil temperatures of around 22 °C (72 °F) promote the best root growth. Low light levels are sufficient during germination, but afterwards semi-desert cacti need higher light levels to produce strong growth, although
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334:
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1747:, i.e., plants in which the stem is the main organ used to store water. Water may form up to 90% of the total mass of a cactus. Stem shapes vary considerably among cacti. The cylindrical shape of columnar cacti and the spherical shape of globular cacti produce a low surface area-to-volume ratio, thus reducing water loss, as well as minimizing the heating effects of sunlight. The ribbed or fluted stems of many cacti allow the stem to shrink during periods of drought and then swell as it fills with water during periods of availability. A mature saguaro (
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143:
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3512:. Cultivated forms are often significantly less spiny or even spineless. The nopal industry in Mexico was said to be worth US$ 150 million in 2007. The Indian fig cactus was probably already present in the Caribbean when the Spanish arrived, and was soon after brought to Europe. It spread rapidly in the Mediterranean area, both naturally and by being introduced—so much so, early botanists assumed it was native to the area. Outside the Americas, the Indian fig cactus is an important commercial crop in
3857:. It has tall stems, up to 6 m (20 ft) high, with a diameter of 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in), which branch from the base, giving the whole plant a shrubby or tree-like appearance. Archaeological evidence of the use of this cactus appears to date back to 2,000–2,300 years ago, with carvings and ceramic objects showing columnar cacti. Although church authorities under the Spanish attempted to suppress its use, this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name "San Pedro cactus"—
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distinction can be made between semidesert cacti and epiphytic cacti, which need different conditions and are best grown separately. This section is primarily concerned with the cultivation of semidesert cacti in containers and under protection, such as in a greenhouse or in the home, rather than cultivation outside in the ground in those climates that permit it. For the cultivation of epiphytic cacti, see
2869:) may have originated in Central America and northern South America, whereas the caulocacti, those with more-or-less succulent stems, evolved later in the southern part of South America, and then moved northwards. Core cacti, those with strongly succulent stems, are estimated to have evolved around 25 million years ago. A possible stimulus to their evolution may have been uplifting in the central
2037:
7948:
351:
4080:(CITES), which "lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled." Control is exercised by making international trade in most specimens of cacti illegal unless permits have been issued, at least for exports. Some exceptions are allowed, e.g., for "naturalized or artificially propagated plants". Some cacti, such as all
1703:, also have succulent leaves. A key issue in retaining water is the ratio of surface area to volume. Water loss is proportional to surface area, whereas the amount of water present is proportional to volume. Structures with a high surface area-to-volume ratio, such as thin leaves, necessarily lose water at a higher rate than structures with a low area-to-volume ratio, such as thickened stems.
956:
4295:, with the addition of soil from earthworm castings. The general recommendation of 25–75% organic-based material, the rest being inorganic such as pumice, perlite or grit, is supported by other sources. However, the use of organic material is rejected altogether by others; Hecht says that cacti (other than epiphytes) "want soil that is low in or free of
2764:, so were not all descendants of a single common ancestor. For example, of the 36 genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research, 22 (61%) were found not monophyletic. Nine tribes are recognized within Cactoideae in the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) classification; one, Calymmantheae, comprises a single genus,
3255:
pollination syndrome associated with bats includes a tendency for flowers to open in the evening and at night, when bats are active. Other features include a relatively dull color, often white or green; a radially symmetrical shape, often tubular; a smell described as "musty"; and the production of a large amount of sugar-rich nectar.
1709:, which are modified leaves, are present on even those cacti with true leaves, showing the evolution of spines preceded the loss of leaves. Although spines have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, at maturity they contain little or no water, being composed of fibers made up of dead cells. Spines provide protection from
3826:), is sunken. Experienced collectors of peyote remove a thin slice from the top of the plant, leaving the growing point intact, thus allowing the plant to regenerate. Evidence indicates peyote was in use more than 5,500 years ago; dried peyote buttons presumed to be from a site on the Rio Grande, Texas, were
3861:
cactus. Anderson attributes the name to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth." It continues to be used for its psychoactive effects, both for spiritual and for healing purposes, often combined with other
3254:
by only two other families, both with very few genera. Columnar cacti growing in semidesert areas are among those most likely to be bat-pollinated; this may be because bats are able to travel considerable distances, so are effective pollinators of plants growing widely separated from one another. The
4385:
Reproduction by cuttings makes use of parts of a plant that can grow roots. Some cacti produce "pads" or "joints" that can be detached or cleanly cut off. Other cacti produce offsets that can be removed. Otherwise, stem cuttings can be made, ideally from relatively new growth. It is recommended that
4307:
Semi-desert cacti need careful watering. General advice is hard to give, since the frequency of watering required depends on where the cacti are being grown, the nature of the growing medium, and the original habitat of the cacti. Brown says that more cacti are lost through the "untimely application
3930:
Cacti were cultivated as ornamental plants from the time they were first brought from the New World. By the early 1800s, enthusiasts in Europe had large collections (often including other succulents alongside cacti). Rare plants were sold for very high prices. Suppliers of cacti and other succulents
3821:
is native to northern Mexico and southern Texas. Individual stems are about 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) high with a diameter of 4–11 cm (1.6–4.3 in), and may be found in clumps up to 1 m (3 ft) wide. A large part of the stem is usually below ground. Mescaline is concentrated in
4278:
The purpose of the growing medium is to provide support and to store water, oxygen and dissolved minerals to feed the plant. In the case of cacti, there is general agreement that an open medium with a high air content is important. When cacti are grown in containers, recommendations as to how this
2185:
should set up a working party, now called the
International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG), to produce consensus classifications down to the level of genera. Their system has been used as the basis of subsequent classifications. Detailed treatments published in the 21st century have divided the
3428:
shows an eagle perched on a cactus while holding a snake, an image at the center of the myth of the founding of
Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs symbolically linked the ripe red fruits of an opuntia to human hearts; just as the fruit quenches thirst, so offering human hearts to the sun god ensured the sun
2152:
to act as definitive references. However, cacti are very difficult to preserve in this way; they have evolved to resist drying and their bodies do not easily compress. A further difficulty is that many cacti were given names by growers and horticulturalists rather than botanists; as a result, the
1347:
Even those cacti without visible photosynthetic leaves do usually have very small leaves, less than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long in about half of the species studied and almost always less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long. The function of such leaves cannot be photosynthesis; a role in the
1255:
bearing leaves or flowers would be separated by lengths of stem (internodes). In an areole, the nodes are so close together, they form a single structure. The areole may be circular, elongated into an oval shape, or even separated into two parts; the two parts may be visibly connected in some way
865:
Smaller cacti may be described as columnar. They consist of erect, cylinder-shaped stems, which may or may not branch, without a very clear division into trunk and branches. The boundary between columnar forms and tree-like or shrubby forms is difficult to define. Smaller and younger specimens of
4325:
Although semi-desert cacti may be exposed to high light levels in the wild, they may still need some shading when subjected to the higher light levels and temperatures of a greenhouse in summer. Allowing the temperature to rise above 32 °C (90 °F) is not recommended. The minimum winter
1118:
species. The stem may also be ribbed or fluted in shape. The prominence of these ribs depends on how much water the stem is storing: when full (up to 90% of the mass of a cactus may be water), the ribs may be almost invisible on the swollen stem, whereas when the cactus is short of water and the
1772:
Many cacti have roots that spread out widely, but only penetrate a short distance into the soil. In one case, a young saguaro only 12 cm (4.7 in) tall had a root system with a diameter of 2 m (7 ft), but no more than 10 cm (4 in) deep. Cacti can also form new roots
4246:
The popularity of cacti means many books are devoted to their cultivation. Cacti naturally occur in a wide range of habitats and are then grown in many countries with different climates, so precisely replicating the conditions in which a species normally grows is usually not practical. A broad
3294:
produced by cacti after the flowers have been fertilized vary considerably; many are fleshy, although some are dry. All contain a large number of seeds. Fleshy, colorful and sweet-tasting fruits are associated with seed dispersal by birds. The seeds pass through their digestive systems and are
2747:
s.s. marks the beginnings of an evolutionary switch to using stems as photosynthetic organs. Stems have stomata and the formation of bark takes place later than in normal trees. The "core cacti" show a steady increase in both stem succulence and photosynthesis accompanied by multiple losses of
1407:
The spines of cacti are often useful in identification, since they vary greatly between species in number, color, size, shape and hardness, as well as in whether all the spines produced by an areole are similar or whether they are of distinct kinds. Most spines are straight or at most slightly
774:. These two groups are rather different from other cacti, which means any description of cacti as a whole must frequently make exceptions for them. Species of the first three genera superficially resemble other tropical forest trees. When mature, they have woody stems that may be covered with
3191:
are the most common pollinators of cacti; bee-pollination is considered to have been the first to evolve. Day-flying butterflies and nocturnal moths are associated with different pollination syndromes. Butterfly-pollinated flowers are usually brightly colored, opening during the day, whereas
1999:
on their stems and began to delay developing bark. However, this alone was not sufficient; cacti with only these adaptations appear to do very little photosynthesis in their stems. Stems needed to develop structures similar to those normally found only in leaves. Immediately below the outer
1717:. They can provide some shade, which lowers the temperature of the surface of the cactus, also reducing water loss. When sufficiently moist air is present, such as during fog or early morning mist, spines can condense moisture, which then drips onto the ground and is absorbed by the roots.
155:
4423:. The grower makes cuts on both stock and scion and joins the two, binding them together while they unite. Various kinds of graft are used—flat grafts, where both scion and stock are of similar diameters, and cleft grafts, where a smaller scion is inserted into a cleft made in the stock.
4308:
of water than for any other reason" and that even during the dormant winter season, cacti need some water. Other sources say that water can be withheld during winter (November to March in the
Northern Hemisphere). Another issue is the hardness of the water; where it is necessary to use
156:
2999:. Tree-living epiphytic and climbing cacti necessarily have different centers of diversity, as they require moister environments. They are mainly found in the coastal mountains and Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil; in Bolivia, which is the center of diversity for the subfamily
3498:, or the Indian fig cactus, has long been an important source of food. The original species is thought to have come from central Mexico, although this is now obscure because the indigenous people of southern North America developed and distributed a range of horticultural varieties (
538:
and long dormancies and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface. Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted with a number of ribs which corresponds to a number in the
2759:
Understanding evolution within the core cacti clade is difficult as of
February 2012, since phylogenetic relationships are still uncertain and not well related to current classifications. Thus, a 2011 study found "an extraordinarily high proportion of genera" were not
2186:
family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies. The ICSG classification of the cactus family recognized four subfamilies, the largest of which was divided into nine tribes. The subfamilies were:
3058:, and regarded as distinct subspecies, supporting the idea that the spread was not recent. The alternative theory is the species initially crossed the Atlantic on European ships trading between South America and Africa, after which birds may have spread it more widely.
5837:
Arakaki, Mónica; Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Nyffeler, Reto; Lendel, Anita; Eggli, Urs; Ogburn, R. Matthew; Spriggs, Elizabeth; Moore, Michael J. & Edwards, Erika J. (2011-05-17), "Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages",
1983:
with inducible CAM." Leafless cacti carry out all their photosynthesis in the stem, using full CAM. As of
February 2012, it is not clear whether stem-based CAM evolved once only in the core cacti, or separately in the opuntias and cactoids; CAM is known to have
1263:
In most cacti, the areoles produce new spines or flowers only for a few years and then become inactive. This results in a relatively fixed number of spines, with flowers being produced only from the ends of stems, which are still growing and forming new areoles. In
153:
4016:. Long used by the peoples of Central and North America, demand fell rapidly when European manufacturers began to produce synthetic dyes in the middle of the 19th century. Commercial production has now increased following a rise in demand for natural dyes.
2722:
is a good model of these early cacti, then, although they would have appeared superficially similar to other trees growing nearby, they had already evolved strategies to conserve water (some of which are present in members of other families in the order
1248:, believed similar to the ancestor of all cacti, the areoles occur in the axils of leaves (i.e. in the angle between the leaf stalk and the stem). In leafless cacti, areoles are often borne on raised areas on the stem where leaf bases would have been.
1936:. CAM uses water much more efficiently at the price of limiting the amount of carbon fixed from the atmosphere and thus available for growth. CAM-cycling is a less water-efficient system whereby stomata open in the day, just as in plants using the C
4326:
temperature required depends very much on the species of cactus involved. For a mixed collection, a minimum temperature of between 5 °C (41 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F) is often suggested, except for cold-sensitive genera such as
588:) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 U.S. gallons (760 L; 170 imp gal) of water during a rainstorm. A few species differ significantly in appearance from most of the family. At least superficially, plants of the genera
3934:
Cacti are often grown in greenhouses, particularly in regions unsuited to the cultivation of cacti outdoors, such the northern parts of Europe and North
America. Here, they may be kept in pots or grown in the ground. Cacti are also grown as
2727:). These strategies included being able to respond rapidly to periods of rain, and keeping transpiration low by using water very efficiently during photosynthesis. The latter was achieved by tightly controlling the opening of stomata. Like
2000:
epidermis, a hypodermal layer developed made up of cells with thickened walls, offering mechanical support. Air spaces were needed between the cells to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse inwards. The center of the stem, the cortex, developed "
1634:. The stamens usually arise from all over the inner surface of the upper part of the floral tube, although in some cacti, the stamens are produced in one or more distinct "series" in more specific areas of the inside of the floral tube.
4426:
Commercially, huge numbers of cacti are produced annually. For example, in 2002 in Korea alone, 49 million plants were propagated, with a value of almost US$ 9 million. Most of them (31 million plants) were propagated by grafting.
3210:
are significant pollinators of cacti. Species showing the typical hummingbird-pollination syndrome have flowers with colors towards the red end of the spectrum, anthers and stamens that protrude from the flower, and a shape that is not
507:, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only
4092:
species, are included in the more restrictive
Appendix I, used for the "most endangered" species. These may only be moved between countries for non-commercial purposes, and only then when accompanied by both export and import permits.
3326:
As of March 2012, there is still controversy as to the precise dates when humans first entered those areas of the New World where cacti are commonly found, and hence when they might first have used them. An archaeological site in
778:
and long-lasting leaves that provide the main means of photosynthesis. Their flowers may have superior ovaries (i.e., above the points of attachment of the sepals and petals) and areoles that produce further leaves. The two species of
2292:. It has features considered closest to the ancestors of the Cactaceae. Plants are trees or shrubs with leaves; their stems are smoothly round in cross section, rather than being ribbed or having tubercles. Two systems may be used in
2442:
of three of these subfamilies (not
Pereskioideae), but have not supported all of the tribes or even genera below this level; indeed, a 2011 study found only 39% of the genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research were
4316:
is recommended to avoid the build up of salts. The general advice given is that during the growing season, cacti should be allowed to dry out between thorough waterings. A water meter can help in determining when the soil is dry.
3834:
to suppress its use after the
Spanish conquest were largely unsuccessful, and by the middle of the 20th century, peyote was more widely used than ever by indigenous peoples as far north as Canada. It is now used formally by the
148:
2748:
leaves, more-or-less complete in the
Cactoideae. One evolutionary question at present unanswered is whether the switch to full CAM photosynthesis in stems occurred only once in the core cacti, in which case it has been lost in
606:
resemble other trees and shrubs growing around them. They have persistent leaves, and when older, bark-covered stems. Their areoles identify them as cacti, and in spite of their appearance, they, too, have many adaptations for
4183:
conservation involves preserving habits through enforcement of legal protection and the creation of specially protected areas such as national parks and reserves. Examples of such protected areas in the United States include
4144:, where valley slopes were planted with vines. Grazing, in many areas by introduced animals, such as goats, has caused serious damage to populations of cacti (as well as other plants); two examples cited by Anderson are the
2873:, some 25–20 million years ago, which was associated with increasing and varying aridity. However, the current species diversity of cacti is thought to have arisen only in the last 10–5 million years (from the late
827:, the branches are covered with leaves, so the species of these genera may not be recognized as cacti. In most other cacti, the branches are more typically cactus-like, bare of leaves and bark and covered with spines, as in
1773:
quickly when rain falls after a drought. The concentration of salts in the root cells of cacti is relatively high. All these adaptations enable cacti to absorb water rapidly during periods of brief or light rainfall. Thus,
1588:
continues the pericarpel, forming a composite tube—the whole may be called a floral tube, although strictly speaking only the part furthest from the base is floral in origin. The outside of the tubular structure often has
3982:, the East Bay Municipal Utility District sponsored the publication of a book on plants and landscapes for summer-dry climates. Cacti are one group of drought-resistant plants recommended for dry landscape gardening.
4279:
should be achieved vary greatly; Miles Anderson says that if asked to describe a perfect growing medium, "ten growers would give 20 different answers". Roger Brown suggests a mixture of two parts commercial soilless
1368:" are distinguished from "thorns": spines are modified leaves, and thorns are modified branches. Cacti produce spines, always from areoles as noted above. Spines are present even in those cacti with leaves, such as
3931:
employed collectors to obtain plants from the wild, in addition to growing their own. In the late 1800s, collectors turned to orchids, and cacti became less popular, although never disappearing from cultivation.
2735:
mechanism, where carbon dioxide is used continuously in photosynthesis, to CAM cycling, in which when the stomata are closed, carbon dioxide produced by respiration is stored for later use in photosynthesis.
3204:, which also lays its eggs among the developing seeds its caterpillars later consume. The flowers of this cactus are funnel-shaped, white to deep pink, up to 4 cm (1.6 in) long, and open at night.
2768:. Only two of the remaining eight – Cacteae and Rhipsalideae – were shown to be monophyletic in a 2011 study by Hernández-Hernández et al. For a more detailed discussion of the phylogeny of the cacti, see
619:(plants that grow on trees). Their stems are typically flattened, almost leaf-like in appearance, with fewer or even no spines, such as the well-known Christmas cactus or Thanksgiving cactus (in the genus
3795:, chemical compounds that can cause changes in mood, perception and cognition through their effects on the brain. Two species have a long history of use by the indigenous peoples of the Americas: peyote,
1256:(e.g. by a groove in the stem) or appear entirely separate (a dimorphic areole). The part nearer the top of the stem then produces flowers, the other part spines. Areoles often have multicellular hairs (
3125:
has a wide variety of ever-increasing, introduced cactus populations. Some of these are cultivated, some are escapes from cultivation, and some are invasives that are presumed to be ornamental escapes.
3990:
Cacti have many other uses. They are used for human food and as fodder for animals, usually after burning off their spines. In addition to their use as psychoactive agents, some cacti are employed in
3939:, many being tolerant of the often dry atmosphere. Cacti in pots may be placed outside in the summer to ornament gardens or patios, and then kept under cover during the winter. Less drought-resistant
2148:, they should be able to compare it with the type specimen to which this name is permanently attached. Type specimens are normally prepared by compression and drying, after which they are stored in
6888:
Seedi, H.R.; De Smet, P.A.; Beck, O.; Possnert, G. & Bruhn, J.G. (2005), "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas",
7710:
Izaguirre-Mayoral, Maria Luisa; Marys, Edgloris; Olivares, Elizabeth & Oropeza, Tamara (1995), "Effect of seasonal drought and cactus X virus infection on the crassulacean acid metabolism of
7573:
2718:
The first cacti are thought to have been only slightly succulent shrubs or small trees whose leaves carried out photosynthesis. They lived in tropical areas that experienced periodic drought. If
563:, retaining it until daylight returns, and only then using it in photosynthesis. Because transpiration takes place during the cooler, more humid night hours, water loss is significantly reduced.
2419:. Leaves are normally absent, although sometimes very reduced leaves are produced by young plants. Stems are usually not divided into segments, and are ribbed or tuberculate. Two of the tribes,
157:
6138:
1242:
are structures unique to cacti. Although variable, they typically appear as woolly or hairy areas on the stems from which spines emerge. Flowers are also produced from areoles. In the genus
2816:
No known fossils of cacti exist to throw light on their evolutionary history. However, the geographical distribution of cacti offers some evidence. Except for a relatively recent spread of
890:
Cacti whose stems are even smaller may be described as globular (or globose). They consist of shorter, more ball-shaped stems than columnar cacti. Globular cacti may be solitary, such as
559:
enters the plant and water escapes, does not take place during the day at the same time as photosynthesis, but instead occurs at night. The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as
151:
2709:
s.s., typically delay forming bark and have stomata on their stems, thus giving the stem the potential to become a major organ for photosynthesis. (The two highly specialized species of
2675:
s.l. was divided into the same clades, but was unable to resolve the members of the "core cacti" clade. It was accepted that the relationships shown above are "the most robust to date."
150:
2402:, with two species, both of which form low-growing mats. It has some features that are primitive within the cacti. Plants have leaves, and crassulean acid metabolism is wholly absent.
1525:, these are considerably larger and of a greater volume than the body. Taproots may aid in stabilizing the larger columnar cacti. Climbing, creeping and epiphytic cacti may have only
4451:, which are very small but can occur in large numbers, constructing a fine web around themselves and badly marking the cactus via their sap sucking, even if they do not kill it; and
1713:
and camouflage in some species, and assist in water conservation in several ways. They trap air near the surface of the cactus, creating a moister layer that reduces evaporation and
1386:, so they clearly evolved before complete leaflessness. Some cacti only have spines when young, possibly only when seedlings. This is particularly true of tree-living cacti, such as
2368:
Some 15 genera are included in this subfamily. They may have leaves when they are young, but these are lost later. Their stems are usually divided into distinct "joints" or "pads" (
1292:; photosynthesis takes place in the stems (which may be flattened and leaflike in some species). Exceptions occur in three (taxonomically, four) groups of cacti. All the species of
7041:
6274:
Hartmann, Stefanie; Nason, John D. & Bhattacharya, Debashish (2002), "Phylogenetic Origins of Lophocereus (Cactaceae) and the Senita Cactus–senita Moth Pollination Mutualism",
6041:
Belgacem, Azaiez Ouled; Al-Farsi, Safaa Mohammed; Wawi, Hayel Al; Al-Yafei, Hadi Abdullah Shaif; Al-Sharari, M.; Al-Hamoudi, Ahmed Mohamed; Louhaichi, Mounir (March 26–30, 2017).
152:
3974:
Cacti may also be planted outdoors in regions with suitable climates. Concern for water conservation in arid regions has led to the promotion of gardens requiring less watering (
1427:, that are barbed along their length and easily shed. These enter the skin and are difficult to remove due to being very fine and easily broken, causing long-lasting irritation.
2155:
149:
5990:
4917:
1063:
3543:(usually considered to have been taken into Spanish from Haitian creole) can be applied to a range of "scaly fruit", particularly those of columnar cacti. The fruit of the
2125:
had become so confused as to its meaning (was it the genus or the family?) that it should not be used as a genus name. The 1905 Vienna botanical congress rejected the name
1753:) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 U.S. gallons (760 L; 170 imp gal) of water during a rainstorm. The outer layer of the stem usually has a tough
4990:
4539:
Although the spellings of botanical families have been largely standardized, there is little agreement among botanists as to how these names are to be pronounced. The
3331:
has been dated to around 15,000 years ago, suggesting cacti would have been encountered before then. Early evidence of the use of cacti includes cave paintings in the
154:
6104:
3167:
by insects, birds and bats. None are known to be wind-pollinated and self-pollination occurs in only a very few species; for example the flowers of some species of
146:
6015:
3185:, which are defined as groups of "floral traits, including rewards, associated with the attraction and utilization of a specific group of animals as pollinators."
1779:
reportedly can take up a significant amount of water within 12 hours from as little as 7 mm (0.3 in) of rainfall, becoming fully hydrated in a few days.
1106:) or covered with protuberances of various kinds, which are usually called tubercles. These vary from small "bumps" to prominent, nipple-like shapes in the genus
872:, for example, are columnar, whereas older and larger specimens may become tree-like. In some cases, the "columns" may be horizontal rather than vertical. Thus,
628:
Cacti have a variety of uses: many species are used as ornamental plants, others are grown for fodder or forage, and others for food (particularly their fruit).
147:
6480:
3454:
by Joseph Pitton de Tourneville in the early 18th century. Cacti, both purely ornamental species and those with edible fruit, continued to arrive in Europe, so
1597:, which gradually change into sepal-like and then petal-like structures, so the sepals and petals cannot be clearly differentiated (and hence are often called "
6320:
Fenster, Charles B.; Armbruster, W. Scott; Wilson, Paul; Dudash, Michele R. & Thomson, James D. (2004), "Pollination Syndromes and Floral Specialization",
4197:
2971:. A number of centers of diversity exist. For cacti adapted to drought, the three main centers are Mexico and the southwestern United States; the southwestern
1408:
curved, and are described as hair-like, bristle-like, needle-like or awl-like, depending on their length and thickness. Some cacti have flattened spines (e.g.
6751:
566:
Many smaller cacti have globe-shaped stems, combining the highest possible volume for water storage with the lowest possible surface area for water loss from
2415:
Divided into nine tribes, this is the largest subfamily, including all the "typical" cacti. Members are highly variable in habit, varying from tree-like to
4868:
4234:
2182:
1473:
4696:
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
1991:
To carry out photosynthesis, cactus stems have undergone many adaptations. Early in their evolutionary history, the ancestors of modern cacti (other than
4168:, Mexico, was virtually denuded of plants, which were dug up for sale in Europe. Illegal collecting of cacti from the wild continues to pose a threat.
4096:
The three main threats to cacti in the wild are development, grazing and over-collection. Development takes many forms. The construction of a dam near
1975:
mechanism with CAM restricted to stems. More recent studies show that "it is highly unlikely that significant carbon assimilation occurs in the stem";
6868:
2063:
Naming and classifying cacti has been both difficult and controversial since the first cacti were discovered for science. The difficulties began with
1757:, reinforced with waxy layers, which reduce water loss. These layers are responsible for the grayish or bluish tinge to the stem color of many cacti.
908:. Their stems are typically flattened and almost leaf-like in appearance, with few or even no spines. Climbing cacti can be very large; a specimen of
543:(2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 etc.). This allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain, followed by retention over long
2687:
s.l. Clade A) always lack two key features of the stem present in most of the remaining "caulocacti": like most non-cacti, their stems begin to form
3351:, with dates estimated at 12,000–9,000 years ago. Hunter-gatherers likely collected cactus fruits in the wild and brought them back to their camps.
515:, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of true leaves, cacti's enlarged
477:
for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. They are native to the Americas, ranging from
11659:
5379:
4824:
1667:), but the first ancestors of modern cacti were already adapted to periods of intermittent drought. A small number of cactus species in the tribes
3446:
species were present in English collections of cacti before the end of the 16th century (by 1570 according to one source,) where they were called
2853:. Precisely when after this split cacti evolved is less clear. Older sources suggest an early origin around 90 – 66 million years ago, during the
1310:
are superficially like normal trees or shrubs and have numerous leaves with a midrib and a flattened blade (lamina) on either side. This group is
11441:
7642:
1760:
The stems of most cacti have adaptations to allow them to conduct photosynthesis in the absence of leaves. This is discussed further below under
7579:
2163:, in particular, is said to have named or renamed 1,200 species without one of his names ever being attached to a specimen, which, according to
6581:
3886:
7690:
3502:), including forms of the species and hybrids with other opuntias. Both the fruit and pads are eaten, the former often under the Spanish name
11480:
7980:
4390:
forms over the cut surface. Rooting can then take place in an appropriate growing medium at a temperature of around 22 °C (72 °F).
3695:
1009:
973:
6798:
4523:
species, cactus virus X has been shown to reduce growth, particularly when the roots are dry. There are no treatments for virus diseases.
3555:. It can be preserved by boiling to produce syrup and by drying. The syrup can also be fermented to produce an alcoholic drink. Fruits of
2137:
the name Cactaceae, leading to the unusual situation in which the family Cactaceae no longer contains the genus after which it was named.
7050:
3408:, whose empire, lasting from the 14th to the 16th century, had a complex system of horticulture. Their capital from the 15th century was
1855:
mechanism lose as much as 97% of the water taken up through their roots in this way. A further problem is that as temperatures rise, the
1693:(which is close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved) does have long-lasting leaves, which are, however, thickened and
615:
is considered close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved. In tropical regions, other cacti grow as forest climbers and
1835:
is continually drawn out of the air present in spaces inside leaves and converted first into a compound containing three carbon atoms (
1100:). The stem is typically succulent, meaning it is adapted to store water. The surface of the stem may be smooth (as in some species of
503:, one of the driest places on Earth. Because of this, cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. For example, almost all cacti are
5971:
5451:
Sonnante, G.; Pignone, D. & Hammer, K (2007), "The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age",
4908:
3246:
Bat-pollination is relatively uncommon in flowering plants, but about a quarter of the genera of cacti are known to be pollinated by
6538:
Aveni, A. F.; Calnek, E. E. & Hartung, H. (1988), "Myth, Environment, and the Orientation of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan",
6366:
Fleming, Theodore H; Geiselman, Cullen & Kress, W. John (2009), "The Evolution of Bat Pollination: A Phylogenetic Perspective",
4946:
991:
11649:
11389:
8028:
6696:
Griffith, M. Patrick (2004), "The origins of an important cactus crop, Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae): new molecular evidence",
11454:
11402:
4208:
conservation aims to preserve plants and seeds outside their natural habitats, often with the intention of later reintroduction.
3432:
Europeans first encountered cacti when they arrived in the New World late in the 15th century. Their first landfalls were in the
955:
7130:
4055:). The very fine spines and hairs (trichomes) of some cacti were used as a source of fiber for filling pillows and in weaving.
1455:
1027:
4779:
4348:
survives temperatures down to −9 °C (16 °F) in cultivation) and may flower better when exposed to a period of cold.
11644:
11285:
7892:
7874:
7852:
7834:
7816:
7798:
7771:
7753:
7268:
7026:
6940:& Sharon, D. (2006), "Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture",
6518:
5568:
5435:
5255:
5033:
3802:
3768:
3551:) has long been important to the indigenous peoples of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States, including the
1096:
The leafless, spiny stem is the characteristic feature of the majority of cacti (all belonging to the largest subfamily, the
3662:
2895:
in the Americas, appear to have diversified at the same time, which coincided with a global expansion of arid environments.
2500:
1414:). Other cacti have hooked spines. Sometimes, one or more central spines are hooked, while outer spines are straight (e.g.,
11654:
11459:
7928:
6861:
Zimmerman, Allan D. & Parfitt, Bruce D., "Lophophora williamsii", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.),
1967:
species investigated exhibit some degree of CAM-cycling, suggesting this ability was present in the ancestor of all cacti.
1490:
1340:
also relies on leaves for photosynthesis. The structure of the leaves varies somewhat between these groups. Opuntioids and
6112:
5750:
3822:
the photosynthetic portion of the stem above ground. The center of the stem, which contains the growing point (the apical
7214:
896:, or their stems may form clusters that can create large mounds. All or some stems in a cluster may share a common root.
6021:
530:, a kind of highly reduced branch. Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to
5196:
3094:
industry. They rapidly became a major weed problem, but are now controlled by biological agents, particularly the moth
2769:
3404:
It is not known when cacti were first cultivated. Opuntias (prickly pears) were used for a variety of purposes by the
3066:
Many other species have become naturalized outside the Americas after having been introduced by people, especially in
914:
was reported as 100 meters (330 ft) long from root to the most distant stem. Epiphytic cacti, such as species of
7973:
6423:
4847:
4648:
4616:
4578:
1940:
mechanism. At night, or when the plant is short of water, the stomata close and the CAM mechanism is used to store CO
651:(euphorbias) – are also spiny stem succulents and because of this are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "cactus".
7181:
3680:
465:
11634:
11601:
11570:
4403:
Grafting is used for species difficult to grow well in cultivation or that cannot grow independently, such as some
3192:
moth-pollinated flowers are often white or pale in color, opening only in the evening and at night. As an example,
1851:
during photosynthesis means the stomata must be open, so water vapor is continuously being lost. Plants using the C
1045:
11485:
11428:
3332:
2865:
periods, around 35–30 million years ago. Based on the phylogeny of the cacti, the earliest diverging group (
294:
11534:
7908:
4419:), growers choose one that grows strongly in cultivation and is compatible with the plant to be propagated: the
3998:
in this way has spread from the Americas, where they naturally occur, to other regions where they grow, such as
3712:
2121:
placed in his newly created family Cactaceae. By the early 20th century, botanists came to feel Linnaeus's name
1823:, cacti reduce this water loss by the way in which they carry out photosynthesis. "Normal" leafy plants use the
1423:
In addition to normal-length spines, members of the subfamily Opuntioideae have relatively short spines, called
937:
11565:
3575:, now widely grown in Asia under the name dragon fruit. Other cacti providing edible fruit include species of
3111:
5653:
Edwards, Erika J.; Nyffeler, Reto & Donoghue, Michael J. (2005), "Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of
5598:
Bárcenas, Rolando T.; Yesson, Chris & Hawkins, Julie A. (2011), "Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae",
4751:
4201:
3090:, were introduced in the 19th century for use as natural agricultural fences and in an attempt to establish a
11467:
8007:
3634:
1782:
Although in most cacti, the stem acts as the main organ for storing water, some cacti have in addition large
1515:, which spread out around the base of the plant for varying distances, close to the surface. Some cacti have
2167:, ensured he "left a trail of nomenclatural chaos that will probably vex cactus taxonomists for centuries."
1260:) that give the areole a hairy or woolly appearance, sometimes of a distinct color such as yellow or brown.
680:
The 1,500 to 1,800 species of cacti mostly fall into one of two groups of "core cacti": opuntias (subfamily
11208:
8033:
8023:
7966:
6862:
5904:
Nyffeler, Reto (2002), "Phylogenetic relationships in the cactus family (Cactaceae) based on evidence from
3520:
and other North African countries. Fruits of other opuntias are also eaten, generally under the same name,
1917:
1706:
1365:
1268:, a genus close to the ancestor of cacti, areoles remain active for much longer; this is also the case in
1130:(small structures that can open and close to allow passage of gases). Cactus stems are often visibly waxy.
740:
548:
508:
2460:
11272:
7677:
Duarte, L.M.L.; Alexandre, M.A.V.; Rivas, E.B.; Harakava, R.; Galleti, S.R. & Barradas, M.M. (2008),
5348:
4862:
4511:
may be of limited value in combating these diseases. Several viruses have been found in cacti, including
4158:. Over-collection of cacti for sale has greatly affected some species. For example, the type locality of
3912:
6759:
6132:
Al-Robai, Sami Asir; Howladar, Saad Mohammed; Mohamed, Haidar Abdalgadir; Ahmed, Abdelazim Ali (2018), "
5158:
Mauseth, James D. (2007), "Tiny but complex foliage leaves cccur in many 'leafless' cacti (Cactaceae)",
4800:
1863:
starts to capture more and more oxygen instead, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis by up to 25%.
11529:
11381:
11355:
11290:
7938:
4377:
4160:
4124:
4068:
3703:
3561:
3115:
2484:
2319:
2305:
2118:
1924:
mechanism. In full CAM, the stomata open only at night, when temperatures and water loss are lowest. CO
1481:
1438:
1410:
839:
257:
7636:
3830:
to around 3780–3660 BC. Peyote is perceived as a means of accessing the spirit world. Attempts by the
878:
can be described as columnar even though it has stems growing along the ground, rooting at intervals.
181:
11606:
11495:
11407:
6045:. IX International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal – "CAM crops for a hotter and drier world".
5282:
Raven, J.A. & Edwards, D. (2001), "Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance",
4189:
3907:
3619:
3231:, have flowers that correspond closely to this syndrome. Other hummingbird-pollinated genera include
2431:
forms with a rather different appearance; their stems are flattened and may be divided into segments.
2176:
904:
Other cacti have a quite different appearance. In tropical regions, some grow as forest climbers and
340:
17:
6587:
6451:
4216:
conservation; for example, seeds of cacti and other succulents are kept in long-term storage at the
3650:
1122:
The stems of most cacti are some shade of green, often bluish or brownish green. Such stems contain
8018:
7678:
4482:
Fungi, bacteria and viruses attack cacti, the first two particularly when plants are over-watered.
3901:
2465:
1156:
11376:
4255:
4217:
3878:
2435:
2315:
2081:
in 1753—the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature—he relegated them all to one genus,
1775:
1070:
578:
31:
6792:
3617:. The bodies of cacti other than opuntias are less often eaten, although Anderson reported that
1786:. These may be several times the length of the above-ground body in the case of species such as
1222:
11639:
11521:
11350:
11225:
6446:
6186:
sp. nov., a new record of the subfamily Phthiriinae (Bombyliidae, Diptera) from Saudi Arabia",
4456:
4185:
4165:
4035:
3836:
3425:
3390:
3227:
1638:
1212:
1088:
807:
Cacti can be tree-like (arborescent), meaning they typically have a single more-or-less woody
11516:
11446:
6333:
4407:-free forms with white, yellow or red bodies, or some forms that show abnormal growth (e.g.,
4387:
4239:
4193:
4150:
4106:
4023:
are employed as barricades around buildings to prevent people breaking in. They also used to
3747:
3096:
2492:
2164:
1642:
926:, often hang downwards, forming dense clumps where they grow in trees high above the ground.
892:
868:
11508:
4940:
3472:" (with larger fruit ... now in Spain and Portugal), indicative of its early use in Europe.
3296:
3295:
deposited in their droppings. Fruit that falls to the ground may be eaten by other animals;
1932:). The stomata remain closed throughout the day, and photosynthesis uses only this stored CO
333:
11311:
6438:
5847:
4667:
4519:(pale green) spots and mosaic effects (streaks and patches of paler color). However, in an
3732:
3567:
3494:
3394:
3194:
3182:
3106:
3075:
2933:
2269:
2144:". Ultimately, if botanists want to know whether a particular plant is an example of, say,
1985:
1945:
1788:
1731:
1556:
963:
849:
829:
572:
4371:
4368:
is needed to conditions in a greenhouse, such as higher temperatures and strong sunlight.
4145:
4063:
3760:
1920:(CAM) is a mechanism adopted by cacti and other succulents to avoid the problems of the C
1697:
in many species. Other species of cactus with long-lasting leaves, such as the opuntioid
8:
11368:
11263:
6043:
Spineless cactus in the Arabian Peninsula: adaptive behaviors and production performances
5779:
Lodé dans sa propre sous-famille, Leuenbergerioideae Mayta & Mol. Nov., subfam. nov."
4492:
4448:
4386:
any cut surfaces be allowed to dry for a period of several days to several weeks until a
4248:
3366:
3015:
2914:
2818:
2252:
1573:
1328:
species) or produced only during the growing season and then lost (as in many species of
1251:
Areoles are highly specialized and very condensed shoots or branches. In a normal shoot,
724:
487:
11342:
7958:
6442:
5851:
3896:
2794:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
11588:
11363:
11048:
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6721:
6563:
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6062:
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5371:
5331:
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5025:
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2297:
2230:
1956:
1836:
1824:
1749:
1725:
1498:
1053:
1017:
999:
847:, with several stems coming from the ground or from branches very low down, such as in
736:
688:). Most members of these two groups are easily recognizable as cacti. They have fleshy
608:
584:
302:
176:
2261:
1928:
enters the plant and is captured in the form of organic acids stored inside cells (in
11503:
11298:
11005:
10804:
10356:
10216:
10145:
10068:
9949:
9835:
9752:
9117:
8108:
8044:
7913:
7888:
7870:
7848:
7830:
7812:
7794:
7767:
7749:
7264:
7136:
7100:
7022:
7015:
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6905:
6713:
6624:
6567:
6514:
6464:
6393:
6291:
6217:
6209:
6157:
6136:(DC.) Backeb, (Cactaceae): a new generic alien record in the flora of Saudi Arabia",
6066:
5929:
5875:
5774:
5674:
5617:
5612:
5564:
5478:
5431:
5301:
5251:
5017:
4843:
4710:
4344:
3944:
3792:
3485:
3313:. Drier spiny fruits may cling to the fur of mammals or be moved around by the wind.
3122:
2210:
2140:
The difficulties continued, partly because giving plants scientific names relies on "
2077:
1645:) in some species. Flower colors range from white through yellow and red to magenta.
1463:
1416:
945:
874:
837:. Some cacti may become tree-sized but without branches, such as larger specimens of
582:, only about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter at maturity. A fully grown saguaro (
540:
6725:
6525:
6476:
6229:
6169:
5629:
5375:
5296:
5179:
4675:
cactus which blew over in a windstorm in July 1986; it was 78 feet (24 m) tall.
4110:. Urban development and highways have destroyed cactus habitats in parts of Mexico,
3436:, where relatively few cactus genera are found; one of the most common is the genus
2857:. More recent molecular studies suggest a much younger origin, perhaps in very Late
2025:
547:
periods. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called "
11593:
10889:
10879:
10839:
10819:
10595:
10525:
10500:
10447:
10221:
10211:
9974:
9911:
9855:
9830:
9576:
9481:
9448:
9238:
9152:
9147:
9122:
9023:
8985:
8893:
8557:
8420:
8395:
8390:
8183:
8100:
7723:
7090:
7082:
6959:
6949:
6897:
6705:
6547:
6456:
6383:
6375:
6329:
6283:
6201:
6147:
6054:
5921:
5865:
5855:
5666:
5607:
5468:
5460:
5363:
5327:
5291:
5167:
5009:
4814:
4773:
4743:
4715:
4705:
4627:
4589:
4551:
4420:
4416:
4209:
3145:
2960:
2843:
2447:. Classification of the cacti currently remains uncertain and is likely to change.
1963:
is taken up at night and how much in the daytime. Using this approach, most of the
451:), a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species of the order
404:
38:
5972:"Seed morphology, polyploidy and the evolutionary history of the epiphytic cactus
5029:
4486:
can gain entry through a wound and cause rotting accompanied by red-violet mold. "
2903:
2752:, or separately in Opuntioideae and Cactoideae, in which case it never evolved in
2352:
is then placed on its own in a separate monogeneric subfamily, Leuenbergerioideae.
1687:
The absence of visible leaves is one of the most striking features of most cacti.
1082:
576:, with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m (63 ft), and the smallest is
11580:
11303:
11277:
11170:
10957:
10824:
10809:
10389:
10276:
10256:
10251:
10241:
10206:
10022:
10017:
9817:
9787:
9757:
9641:
9606:
9566:
9541:
9531:
9491:
9243:
9132:
9015:
8990:
8885:
8857:
8847:
8640:
8610:
8552:
8537:
8400:
8226:
8133:
7990:
4365:
4357:
4040:
4029:
4024:
3991:
3831:
3781:
3559:
species have also been important food sources in similar parts of North America;
3212:
3200:
3086:
3040:
3004:
2854:
2309:
2241:
1820:
1694:
1631:
792:
696:
689:
636:
219:
11472:
2159:(which governs the names of cacti, as well as other plants) were often ignored.
1529:, produced along the stems where these come into contact with a rooting medium.
1204:
11629:
11557:
11162:
11152:
11134:
11106:
11068:
11058:
11010:
10977:
10967:
10962:
10884:
10834:
10781:
10766:
10651:
10565:
10505:
10495:
10399:
10301:
10236:
10226:
10186:
10168:
9969:
9896:
9684:
9646:
9601:
9536:
9511:
9486:
9430:
9344:
9112:
9059:
8995:
8852:
8744:
8721:
8683:
8660:
8650:
8453:
8315:
8254:
8118:
7073:
Shetty, Anoop; Rana, M. & Preetham, S. (2011), "Cactus: a medicinal food",
6197:
6152:
5727:
4819:
4512:
4280:
4119:
4078:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
3767:
1000 BC, showing a figure carrying what is thought to be the San Pedro cactus,
3595:
3552:
3526:
3134:
3044:
2948:
2724:
2696:
2388:
2293:
2247:
2219:
2160:
2141:
2134:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1744:
1569:
1537:
1174:
1127:
808:
732:
712:
700:
556:
535:
520:
500:
452:
357:
277:
242:
206:
7204:
7086:
6901:
6205:
4412:
3359:
3104:
species in Australia continues however, leading to all opuntioid cacti except
1148:
11623:
11144:
11073:
11043:
11020:
11015:
11000:
10952:
10919:
10914:
10849:
10643:
10628:
10575:
10555:
10515:
10510:
10490:
10452:
10404:
10351:
10341:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10261:
10176:
10153:
10135:
10103:
10088:
10050:
9954:
9934:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9772:
9767:
9747:
9732:
9694:
9689:
9636:
9626:
9621:
9571:
9551:
9526:
9516:
9417:
9339:
9319:
9258:
9253:
9233:
9167:
9137:
9097:
9005:
9000:
8947:
8817:
8779:
8754:
8726:
8711:
8655:
8635:
8630:
8547:
8514:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8445:
8435:
8425:
8405:
8375:
8307:
8274:
8264:
8231:
8221:
8211:
8080:
8062:
7994:
7952:
6658:
6213:
6161:
6058:
5318:
Sharkey, Thomas (1988), "Estimating the rate of photorespiration in leaves",
4435:
A range of pests attack cacti in cultivation. Those that feed on sap include
3970:. The hot and relatively dry climate of the territory allows cacti to thrive.
3949:
3455:
3282:
3233:
3221:
3140:
2831:
2827:
2731:
species today, early ancestors may have been able to switch from the normal C
2688:
2679:
2530:
2374:
2332:
2205:
2199:
2114:
2086:
2064:
2009:
2001:
1816:
1754:
1714:
1603:
1550:
1394:
1294:
1244:
981:
922:
775:
748:
648:
621:
590:
567:
552:
460:
287:
94:
42:
7578:, Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, archived from
6628:
6460:
6252:
6080:
5860:
5202:
2834:. This suggests the family must have evolved after the ancient continent of
1593:
that produce wool and spines. Typically, the tube also has small scale-like
783:
have succulent but non-photosynthetic stems and prominent succulent leaves.
659:
11547:
11248:
11083:
11078:
11063:
11053:
10992:
10874:
10859:
10829:
10786:
10776:
10730:
10707:
10697:
10669:
10570:
10550:
10520:
10462:
10409:
10331:
10286:
10246:
10201:
10191:
10181:
10073:
10042:
10007:
9992:
9906:
9901:
9807:
9561:
9556:
9521:
9501:
9476:
9463:
9453:
9425:
9382:
9377:
9334:
9301:
9286:
9248:
9225:
9162:
9157:
9142:
9107:
9089:
9041:
8980:
8975:
8967:
8842:
8802:
8736:
8716:
8706:
8698:
8665:
8625:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8504:
8499:
8463:
8380:
8259:
8216:
8113:
8090:
8054:
7727:
7104:
6973:
6954:
6909:
6717:
6709:
6662:
6468:
6397:
6295:
6221:
5933:
5879:
5678:
5621:
5482:
5305:
5021:
4440:
4020:
4009:
3864:
3613:
3577:
3409:
3374:
3269:
3000:
2996:
2886:
2761:
2496:
2444:
2424:
2358:
2225:
2099:
1840:
1699:
1672:
1655:
All cacti have some adaptations to promote efficient water use. Most cacti—
1376:
1353:
1324:
1319:
1276:
1186:
681:
474:
282:
6287:
5670:
5428:
Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning
3565:
is cultivated for its fruit. In more tropical southern areas, the climber
2929:
1847:, which are able to open and close. The need for a continuous supply of CO
1166:
11415:
11257:
11038:
10934:
10894:
10869:
10864:
10854:
10722:
10712:
10702:
10684:
10633:
10585:
10580:
10560:
10540:
10467:
10394:
10336:
10291:
10231:
10196:
10093:
10083:
10027:
9939:
9878:
9873:
9825:
9797:
9777:
9737:
9719:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9586:
9581:
9546:
9440:
9397:
9372:
9296:
9268:
9263:
9102:
9079:
9064:
9033:
8952:
8827:
8807:
8769:
8620:
8615:
8592:
8577:
8519:
8509:
8415:
8410:
8362:
8279:
8203:
8188:
8165:
8160:
8085:
8072:
7171:
6379:
5925:
5464:
4801:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
4468:
4404:
4393:
4334:
4088:
4044:
3975:
3858:
3853:) is native to Ecuador and Peru. It is very different in appearance from
3607:
3601:
3589:
3442:. Thus, melocacti were possibly among the first cacti seen by Europeans.
3433:
3413:
3383:
3309:
3263:
3207:
3174:
3164:
3008:
2848:
2701:
2695:—structures that control admission of air into a plant and hence control
2559:
2420:
2338:
2005:
1897:
1679:, often in tropical forests, where water conservation is less important.
1668:
1609:
1306:
1123:
1108:
760:
596:
69:
7261:
The cactus hunters: desire and extinction in the illicit succulent trade
6341:
4541:
2473:, possesses leaves, and is thought similar to the ancestor of all cacti.
2004:" – a plant tissue made up of relatively unspecialized cells containing
1228:
Flowers appear from the upper part of an areole, spines from the lower (
727:(the part of the stem from which the flower parts grow). All cacti have
11121:
11111:
11088:
10972:
10909:
10844:
10771:
10748:
10674:
10620:
10530:
10384:
10371:
10346:
10326:
10078:
10060:
10032:
10002:
9997:
9929:
9888:
9865:
9802:
9792:
9742:
9727:
9656:
9611:
9596:
9506:
9407:
9387:
9349:
9329:
9051:
8957:
8837:
8822:
8812:
8542:
8491:
8430:
8385:
8236:
8193:
8152:
8143:
7829:, London: Cassell for the Royal Horticultural Society, pp. 11–70,
7825:
Innes, Clive (1995), "Cacti", in Innes, Clive & Wall, Bill (eds.),
6676:
5407:
4720:
4508:
4408:
4328:
4313:
4309:
4284:
4271:
4111:
4082:
3979:
3936:
3916:
3670:
3583:
3438:
3239:
3215:, with a lower lip that bends downwards; they produce large amounts of
3178:
3028:
2408:
2053:
1843:. The access of air to internal spaces within a plant is controlled by
1664:
1660:
1577:
1543:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1446:
1400:
1252:
1194:
1114:
1097:
910:
746:
The remaining cacti fall into only two groups: three tree-like genera,
692:
685:
669:
664:
560:
516:
272:
114:
79:
6559:
4128:
in Mexico, where dry plains were plowed for maize cultivation, and of
3755:
3416:); one explanation for the origin of the name is that it includes the
3276:
2507:
from this study is shown below with subsequent generic changes added.
2499:, i.e., did not include all the descendants of a common ancestor. The
11420:
11337:
11324:
11129:
11098:
11030:
10899:
10758:
10740:
10692:
10661:
10590:
10535:
10472:
10457:
10442:
10379:
10361:
10296:
10271:
10108:
10012:
9964:
9944:
9591:
9496:
9471:
8942:
8934:
8832:
8797:
8774:
8764:
8749:
8688:
8645:
8605:
8582:
8352:
8284:
8175:
7709:
4840:
Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation, Derivation & Meaning
4805:
4516:
4464:
4136:
4005:
3967:
3812:
3091:
3067:
3055:
3032:
3020:
2988:
2956:
2882:
2862:
2823:
2711:
2504:
2470:
2439:
2327:
2149:
1710:
1627:
1388:
1382:
1336:
1311:
916:
770:
644:
640:
512:
504:
496:
478:
119:
63:
11433:
11394:
11219:
4747:
4735:
4228:
4122:. The conversion of land to agriculture has affected populations of
534:, which are usually tubular and multipetaled. Many cacti have short
499:. Cacti are adapted to live in very dry environments, including the
11542:
11242:
10982:
10904:
10814:
10796:
10545:
10482:
10434:
10424:
10281:
10098:
9984:
9959:
9921:
9762:
9631:
9616:
9402:
9392:
9367:
9324:
9291:
9200:
9127:
8924:
8907:
8759:
8675:
8529:
8344:
8334:
8246:
6551:
6046:
5657:(Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form",
5367:
5171:
5013:
4942:
Views of the National Parks: Stop #3 - Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea)
4444:
4436:
4361:
4266:
4130:
4104:, caused the destruction of a large part of the natural habitat of
3962:
3940:
3922:
3823:
3499:
3251:
2952:
2951:
to high mountain areas. With one exception, they are native to the
2937:
2878:
2835:
2495:
within the Cactaceae, but confirmed earlier suggestions it was not
2479:
2428:
2416:
2344:
1876:
1689:
1676:
1615:
1370:
1300:
1257:
905:
754:
616:
602:
232:
109:
104:
89:
84:
74:
11329:
7679:"Potexvirus diversity in Cactaceae from São Paulo State in Brazil"
6422:
Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R. & O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008),
1889:
enters and is stored as malic acid; water vapor is able to escape.
10944:
10610:
9709:
9664:
9359:
9311:
9278:
9192:
8916:
8862:
8370:
6424:"The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas"
6188:
6081:"Prickly pear cactus is "miracle" crop for dry regions - experts"
4672:
4292:
4115:
4097:
4048:
3955:
3723:
3641:
3544:
3517:
3417:
3370:
3261:
is an example of a bat-pollinated cactus, as are many species of
3257:
3169:
3156:
3151:
3080:
2980:
2964:
2874:
2369:
2103:
2046:
1929:
1783:
1656:
1601:"). Some cacti produce floral tubes without wool or spines (e.g.
1516:
1424:
1330:
1270:
1102:
1035:
834:
708:
673:
629:
544:
511:, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against
362:
124:
99:
4299:", and recommends coarse sand as the basis of a growing medium.
3742:
3480:
2788:
Parts of this article (those related to "Phylogeny") need to be
2671:
A 2011 study using fewer genes but more species also found that
9215:
9182:
8789:
8600:
7572:
Jeong, Myeong Il; Cho, Chang-Hui & Lee, Jung-Myung (2009),
6347:
5970:
Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo & Bomfim-Patrício, Márcia C. (2010),
4545:
4515:. These appear to cause only limited visible symptoms, such as
4452:
4288:
4101:
3797:
3686:
3535:
3513:
3405:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3216:
3071:
3024:
2992:
2968:
2858:
2839:
2156:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
1856:
1663:—specialize in surviving in hot and dry environments (i.e. are
1623:
1590:
1565:
1239:
812:
795:, which are difficult to divide into clear, simple categories.
728:
720:
716:
531:
527:
492:
482:
131:
4639:
4569:
1955:
By studying the ratio of C to C incorporated into a plant—its
526:
Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called
434:
27:
Family of mostly succulent plants, adapted to dry environments
11316:
7947:
7210:
7177:
6319:
6258:
6050:
5836:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
4476:
4455:, which particularly attack flowers. Some of these pests are
4339:
4296:
4141:
4077:
3999:
3508:
3328:
3291:
3054:
are adapted for bird distribution. Old World populations are
2984:
2972:
2891:
2870:
2692:
2133:
was the type genus of the family Cactaceae. It did, however,
2089:
2036:
1996:
1844:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1349:
1322:) also have visible leaves, which may be long-lasting (as in
1315:
844:
394:
350:
193:
7676:
7049:, Desert Botanical Garden (Phoenix, Arizona), archived from
7021:, Oakland, California: East Bay Municipal Utility District,
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6131:
6040:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
3019:
is the exception; it is native to both the Americas and the
2117:
in 1754, divided cacti into several genera, which, in 1789,
1792:, which grows in one of the driest places in the world, the
30:
This article is about the plant family. For other uses, see
7845:
Cacti and Succulents : step-by-step to growing success
7495:
Sheader, Martin (2012), "Show Reports: Summer Show South",
6639:
5969:
5215:
4633:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4563:
4557:
4472:
4155:
4072:, an endangered species protected under Appendix I of CITES
3959:(the Easter cactus), are widely cultivated as houseplants.
3348:
3047:
3036:
2976:
2941:
1948:
for use later in photosynthesis. CAM-cycling is present in
1289:
704:
443:
428:
422:
7328:
7326:
6182:
El-Hawagry, Magdi S.; Dhafer, Hathal M. Al (2014-10-10), "
5524:
5126:
5124:
5111:
5109:
4695:
3159:
showing flattish white flowers adapted for bat pollination
2181:
In 1984, it was decided that the Cactaceae Section of the
7988:
7447:
7445:
7420:
7418:
7277:
7240:
7228:
7149:
7110:
6994:
6823:
6811:
6772:
6731:
6679:. Modern genus names taken from synonyms in the index of
6403:
6273:
6242:
6240:
6238:
5939:
5885:
5500:
5349:"Evolution of CAM and C4 Carbon‐Concentrating Mechanisms"
5141:
5139:
5049:
4838:
Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019),
3304:
3247:
3188:
1126:
and are able to carry out photosynthesis; they also have
410:
7660:
7658:
6887:
6421:
4945:, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior,
4463:
available. Roots of cacti can be eaten by the larvae of
4039:, are used in buildings and in furniture. The frames of
3791:
A number of species of cacti have been shown to contain
2067:. In 1737, he placed the cacti he knew into two genera,
1607:) or completely devoid of any external structures (e.g.
7616:
7604:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7323:
6915:
6842:
6301:
5951:
5811:
5799:
5652:
5413:
5263:
5227:
5121:
5106:
3623:
is prepared and eaten like potatoes in upland Bolivia.
3458:
was able to name 22 species by 1753. One of these, his
1910:
and used to make carbohydrate; water vapor is confined.
1637:
The flower as a whole is usually radially symmetrical (
7575:
Production and Breeding of Cacti for Grafting in Korea
7457:
7442:
7415:
7386:
7362:
7338:
7313:
7311:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
6490:
6235:
5512:
5488:
5395:
5136:
4742:(Data Set), GBIF Secretariat: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy,
4447:, which are said to be an "infrequent" pest of cacti;
3307:
appear to disperse the seeds of a few genera, such as
2085:. The word "cactus" is derived through Latin from the
632:
is the product of an insect that lives on some cacti.
7936:
7655:
7374:
6984:
6982:
6365:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5597:
5575:
5450:
4888:
Salak, M. (2000), "In search of the tallest cactus",
4837:
4831:
4649:
4636:
4617:
4604:
4598:
4579:
4560:
1648:
1344:
have leaves that appear to consist only of a midrib.
440:
425:
413:
407:
7764:
Cacti and Succulents : Illustrated Encyclopedia
7592:
7553:
7541:
7524:
7507:
7430:
7398:
7350:
6752:"Cactus-eating moth threatens favorite Mexican food"
6322:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4792:
3035:. One theory is it was spread by being carried as
2183:
International Organization for Succulent Plant Study
419:
7703:
7670:
7476:Amos, Robert (2012), "Show Reports: Malvern Show",
7308:
7289:
6600:
6586:, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, archived from
6175:
6034:
5772:
5709:
4842:, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, p. 26,
4630:
4592:
4554:
3533:Almost any fleshy cactus fruit is edible. The word
1906:: stomata close; malic acid is converted back to CO
416:
7199:
7197:
7072:
7014:
6979:
6881:
6537:
6513:(Revised ed.), University of Oklahoma Press,
6313:
6073:
5823:
4671:. The tallest cactus ever measured was an armless
2372:). Plants vary in size from the small cushions of
6269:
6267:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5430:, Buckenhill, Herefordshire: Landsmans Bookshop,
4799:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016),
4019:Cacti are used as construction materials. Living
1630:, which may branch at the end into more than one
11621:
7869:(p/b ed.), Sherbourne, Dorset: David Hunt,
7628:
7565:
6181:
6125:
4798:
2699:. By contrast, caulocacti, including species of
1398:, but also of some ground-living cacti, such as
7860:
7194:
6353:
6014:"Weed Identification – Prickly Pear (common)",
6007:
5840:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5773:Mayta, Luis & Molinari-Novoa, E.A. (2015),
5347:Keeley, Jon E. & Rundel, Philip W. (2003),
5246:Gibson, Arthur C. & Nobel, Park S. (1990),
4988:
4864:Windstorm Fells 78-Foot Cactus—Tallest in World
4338:. Some cacti, particularly those from the high
3469:fructu majore ... nunc in Hispania et Lusitania
3198:is pollinated by a particular species of moth,
2308:(CAM)—an "advanced" feature of cacti and other
1572:is surrounded by material derived from stem or
145:
8884:
7263:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7066:
6936:
6531:
6415:
6359:
6264:
5635:
5580:
5444:
4984:
4982:
3926:Cacti ornamental at Hampton Court Flower Show.
3887:Legal status of psychoactive cactus by country
3801:, in North America, and the San Pedro cactus,
3250:—an unusually high proportion, exceeded among
2288:The only genus in the ICSG classification was
2015:
37:"Cacti" redirects here. For the software, see
7974:
7017:Plants and Landscapes for Summer-Dry Climates
6932:
6930:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5342:
5340:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4765:
4734:Org, Registry-Migration.Gbif (Feb 14, 2017),
4507:species also cause similar rotting in cacti.
4076:All cacti are included in Appendix II of the
1318:. Many cacti in the opuntia group (subfamily
8306:
7166:
7164:
7043:Recommended Plant List for Desert Landscapes
7013:Harlow, Nora & Coate, Barrie D. (2004),
6860:
6020:, Australian Weeds Committee, archived from
5726:Asai, Issaku & Miyata, Kazunori (2016),
5425:
5346:
5281:
5191:
5189:
4342:, are fully frost-hardy when kept dry (e.g.
3424:, referring to the fruit of an opuntia. The
3144:cut in half, showing typical adaptations to
1288:The great majority of cacti have no visible
1119:stems shrink, the ribs may be very visible.
7809:The Complete Book of Cacti & Succulents
7571:
7012:
6573:
5245:
4989:Edwards, E.J. & Donoghue, M.J. (2006),
4665:The tallest living cactus is a specimen of
4566:
4196:, Arizona. Latin American examples include
4027:animals. The woody parts of cacti, such as
3994:. The practice of using various species of
3953:(the Thanksgiving or Christmas cactus) and
3467:
3365:The central image in this extract from the
3286:cut in half; the length is 1.0~1.5 cm.
2382:, rising to 10 m (33 ft) or more.
2330:, and it has been split into three genera,
2102:for a spiny plant, which may have been the
2012:" where most of the photosynthesis occurs.
1675:have become adapted to life as climbers or
1613:). Unlike the flowers of most other cacti,
431:
7981:
7967:
7714:plants growing in a neotropical savanna",
7006:
6927:
6854:
6651:
5963:
5766:
5725:
5714:
5419:
5337:
5275:
5239:
4959:
3900:Cacti and other succulents growing in the
2450:
2057:, likely the first genus seen by Europeans
1815:). As they do so, they lose water through
7847:, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press,
7780:Brown, Roger, "Cultivation of Cacti", in
7258:
7161:
7094:
6963:
6953:
6942:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
6691:
6689:
6623:, Mill Valley, Calif.: Strawberry Press,
6450:
6387:
6151:
5869:
5859:
5689:
5687:
5611:
5472:
5295:
5186:
4818:
4719:
4709:
4689:
7861:McMillan, A.J.S.; Horobin, J.F. (1995),
7781:
7761:
7743:
7332:
7283:
7246:
7234:
7155:
7122:
7116:
7000:
6921:
6848:
6836:
6817:
6778:
6737:
6695:
6680:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6496:
6409:
6334:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347
6307:
6246:
5957:
5945:
5903:
5891:
5817:
5805:
5543:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5426:Johnson, A.T. & Smith, H.A. (1972),
5401:
5269:
5233:
5221:
5130:
5115:
5100:
4698:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
4392:
4370:
4320:
4265:
4227:
4062:
3961:
3921:
3906:
3895:
3780:
3754:
3741:
3488:of different varieties on sale in Mexico
3479:
3397:perched on an opuntia, devouring a snake
3275:
3150:
3133:
2928:
2902:
2691:early in the plants' life and also lack
2459:
2008:, arranged into a "spongy layer" and a "
1724:
1549:
1536:
1081:
1069:There is a wide variety of cacti at the
703:. They have absent, small, or transient
658:
356:Many species of cactus have long, sharp
11660:Western (genre) staples and terminology
10422:
7882:
7494:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7392:
6784:
6579:
6508:
5414:Edwards, Nyffeler & Donoghue (2005)
5356:International Journal of Plant Sciences
5317:
5160:International Journal of Plant Sciences
5157:
5145:
4995:and the origin of the cactus life-form"
4900:
4727:
4254:(Christmas or Thanksgiving cacti), and
3129:
2881:). Other succulent plants, such as the
2811:
1641:), but may be bilaterally symmetrical (
1160:showing its position relative to leaves
14:
11622:
9191:
7806:
7635:"Bipolaris cactivora (Petr.) Alcorn",
7451:
7424:
7344:
7225:; see "Cactaceae" and linked footnotes
7129:"Cultivation of Cochineal in Oaxaca",
7075:Journal of Food Science and Technology
6749:
6743:
6686:
6667:, Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii
6618:
6612:
6502:
5897:
5684:
5549:
5311:
5201:, Dalhousie University, archived from
5151:
4935:
4933:
4855:
4754:from the original on February 19, 2017
3868:and tobacco. Several other species of
3737:
3061:
1971:leaves are claimed to only have the C
1348:production of plant hormones, such as
570:. The tallest free-standing cactus is
11224:
11223:
9180:
7962:
7930:Cactaceae observations at iNaturalist
7824:
7788:
7779:
7664:
7622:
7610:
7598:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7518:
7436:
7409:
7380:
7356:
7317:
7302:
6606:
6097:
4887:
4881:
4430:
3219:with a relatively low sugar content.
1959:—it is possible to deduce how much CO
1576:tissue, forming a structure called a
1112:and outgrowths almost like leaves in
169:Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon v. 2
11571:523b1564-82fb-415a-8445-2289d4de7788
11496:120d98c6-8ebd-48f3-9fd0-ecad33439bfa
7842:
7793:(p/b ed.), New York: Sterling,
7475:
7368:
6988:
6139:Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity
5693:
5555:
3891:
2947:Cacti inhabit diverse regions, from
2774:
1682:
1178:showing areoles with spines and wool
791:Cacti show a wide variety of growth
723:, often deeply sunken into a fleshy
485:in the north, with the exception of
7034:
6583:The Aztecs: A Pre-Columbian History
5576:Bárcenas, Yesson & Hawkins 2011
4930:
4906:
4775:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
4733:
2049:, possibly once known as "cactus";
1511:Most ground-living cacti have only
551:" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis.
378:
24:
11535:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000028-2
7748:, Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press,
6105:"Cactus endangers Faifa landscape"
5332:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb09205.x
4439:, living on both stems and roots;
1979:species are described as having "C
1739:, showing ribbing and waxy coating
1649:Adaptations for water conservation
1619:flowers may be borne in clusters.
997:Shorter clustered columnar habit (
141:
25:
11671:
7901:
7863:Christmas Cacti : The genus
6750:Daniel, Frank Jack (2007-02-19),
6511:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl
5710:Mayta & Molinari-Novoa (2015)
4443:, generally only found on stems;
4356:Cacti can be propagated by seed,
4261:
4256:Cultivation of epiphyllum hybrids
3811:, in South America. Both contain
2955:, where their range extends from
2477:A 2005 study suggested the genus
2318:studies showed that when broadly
2170:
1839:) and then into products such as
1622:Cactus flowers usually have many
843:. Cacti may also be described as
481:in the south to parts of western
459:derives, through Latin, from the
11204:
11203:
7946:
7827:Cacti, Succulents and Bromeliads
5698:, un nouveau genre de cactées",
5613:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x
4711:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
4626:
4588:
4550:
4415:forms). For the host plant (the
4398:Trichocereus bridgesii monstrose
3711:
3694:
3679:
3661:
3649:
3633:
3382:
3358:
3321:
3303:seeds in the Galápagos Islands.
3023:, where it is found in tropical
2779:
2715:are something of an exception.)
2260:
2240:
2218:
2198:
2035:
2024:
1896:
1875:
1489:
1472:
1454:
1437:
1221:
1203:
1185:
1165:
1147:
1062:
1044:
1026:
1008:
990:
979:Tall unbranched columnar habit (
972:
954:
936:
403:
349:
332:
180:
67:
11650:Extant Eocene first appearances
7811:, London: Covent Garden Books,
7737:
7693:from the original on 2012-09-14
7645:from the original on 2013-05-14
7252:
7217:from the original on 2012-10-09
7184:from the original on 2012-04-14
6871:from the original on 2012-03-11
6801:from the original on 2012-06-10
6486:from the original on 2017-09-22
5996:from the original on 2013-10-29
5756:from the original on 2019-06-09
5385:from the original on 2012-04-27
4949:from the original on 2011-10-26
4920:from the original on 2012-01-31
4871:from the original on 2015-10-29
4827:from the original on 2016-07-29
4782:from the original on 2012-02-02
4497:
4058:
4047:of Mexico may use parts of the
3524:. Flower buds, particularly of
2898:
2830:and mainly southern regions of
2770:Classification of the Cactaceae
2045:(Above) The spiny heads of the
1761:
786:
295:Classification of the Cactaceae
7716:Journal of Experimental Botany
5700:Cactus-Aventures International
5284:Journal of Experimental Botany
4659:
4533:
4457:resistant to many insecticides
4351:
4223:
3112:Weeds of National Significance
2907:Native distribution of cacti;
2436:Molecular phylogenetic studies
743:, normal shoots, and flowers.
13:
1:
6621:A History of Succulent Plants
6354:McMillan & Horobin (1995)
5297:10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.381
4682:
4171:Conservation of cacti can be
3985:
3862:psychoactive agents, such as
3339:, and seeds found in ancient
3003:; and in forested regions of
2838:split into South America and
2705:and the remaining species of
2342:and a narrowly circumscribed
2075:. However, when he published
1869:Schematic illustration of CAM
1799:
1568:are variable. Typically, the
654:
473:), a name originally used by
11645:Priabonian first appearances
7744:Anderson, Edward F. (2001),
7259:Margulies, Jared D. (2023).
6890:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
6509:Andrews, J. Richard (2003),
6111:, 2009-05-21, archived from
5250:, Harvard University Press,
4890:Cactus and Succulent Journal
4198:Parque Nacional del Pinacate
4148:generally and the effect on
3530:species, are also consumed.
3506:, the latter under the name
3181:has led to the evolution of
2889:in Madagascar and the genus
2842:, which occurred during the
2455:
1918:Crassulacean acid metabolism
1479:Unusual flattened spines of
684:) and "cactoids" (subfamily
549:crassulacean acid metabolism
7:
11655:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
7766:, Oxford: Sebastian Kelly,
5563:, Milborne Port: dh books,
4302:
4202:Pan de Azúcar National Park
4008:is a red dye produced by a
3913:Mission San Juan Capistrano
3656:Edible fruit of the saguaro
3299:are reported to distribute
3078:. In Australia, species of
2192:The four cactus subfamilies
2016:Taxonomy and classification
1831:: during daylight hours, CO
1807:requires plants to take in
10:
11676:
7683:Journal of Plant Pathology
6794:Collins English Dictionary
6698:American Journal of Botany
6664:Species Plantarum, Tomus I
6619:Rowley, Gordon D. (1997),
6580:Barroqueiro, Silvério A.,
6276:American Journal of Botany
6153:10.1016/j.japb.2018.04.001
5914:American Journal of Botany
5743:Journal of Japanese Botany
5732:, a Genus Segregated from
5659:American Journal of Botany
4820:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
4378:Gymnocalycium mihanovichii
4212:play an important role in
4161:Pelecyphora strobiliformis
4125:Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus
4069:Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus
3884:
3882:, also contain mescaline.
3730:
3704:Stenocereus queretaroensis
3562:Stenocereus queretaroensis
3116:Australian Weeds Committee
2975:, where they are found in
2306:crassulean acid metabolism
2174:
2119:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
2090:
1767:
1743:The majority of cacti are
1720:
1580:. Tissue derived from the
1564:Like their spines, cactus
1532:
1482:Sclerocactus papyracanthus
1461:Hooked central spine (cf.
1411:Sclerocactus papyracanthus
1133:
1033:Clustered globular habit (
840:Echinocactus platyacanthus
811:topped by several to many
731:—highly specialized short
464:
36:
29:
11232:
11199:
11161:
11143:
11120:
11097:
11029:
10991:
10943:
10932:
10795:
10757:
10739:
10721:
10683:
10660:
10642:
10619:
10608:
10481:
10433:
10370:
10167:
10144:
10133:
10059:
10041:
9983:
9920:
9887:
9864:
9816:
9718:
9707:
9655:
9462:
9439:
9416:
9358:
9310:
9277:
9224:
9213:
9209:
9088:
9077:
9050:
9032:
9014:
8966:
8933:
8915:
8906:
8875:
8788:
8735:
8697:
8674:
8591:
8528:
8490:
8462:
8444:
8361:
8343:
8328:
8297:
8245:
8202:
8174:
8151:
8142:
8131:
8099:
8071:
8053:
8042:
8002:
7885:Cacti for the Connoisseur
7087:10.1007/s13197-011-0462-5
6902:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022
6206:10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.6
4910:Mauseth Cactus research:
4501:Helminosporium cactivorum
4287:clay and one part coarse
4270:Cacti in a greenhouse in
4190:Joshua Tree National Park
4012:that lives on species of
3620:Neowerdermannia vorwerkii
2621:
2606:
2599:
2586:
2579:
2552:
2545:
2523:
2516:
2177:Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
2113:Later botanists, such as
1359:
1283:
1210:Close-up of an areole of
1015:Solitary globular habit (
491:, which is also found in
341:Singapore Botanic Gardens
308:
301:
269:
264:
177:Scientific classification
175:
166:
139:
55:
7762:Anderson, Miles (1999),
7206:Appendices I, II and III
5775:"L'intégration du genre
5556:Hunt, D.R., ed. (2006),
4526:
3902:Huntington Desert Garden
3100:. The weed potential of
2466:Rhodocactus grandifolius
2280:Subfamily Pereskioideae
1506:
1314:, forming two taxonomic
1157:Rhodocactus grandifolius
1077:
768:), and the much smaller
764:(all formerly placed in
339:Cultivated cacti in the
11635:Drought-tolerant plants
11578:Watson & Dallwitz:
6461:10.1126/science.1153569
5861:10.1073/pnas.1100628108
5558:The New Cactus Lexicon
5002:The American Naturalist
4912:Blossfeldia liliputiana
4218:Desert Botanical Garden
3843:Trichocereus macrogonus
3804:Trichocereus macrogonus
3770:Trichocereus macrogonus
3718:Salad including sliced
3492:The plant now known as
3475:
3316:
3177:). The need to attract
2451:Phylogeny and evolution
2378:to treelike species of
2146:Mammillaria mammillaris
1776:Ferocactus cylindraceus
1071:Desert Botanical Garden
579:Blossfeldia liliputiana
167:Various Cactaceae from
32:Cactus (disambiguation)
7883:Pilbeam, John (1987),
7807:Hewitt, Terry (1993),
7791:Cacti & Succulents
6955:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47
6864:Flora of North America
6710:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1915
4400:
4382:
4275:
4243:
4186:Big Bend National Park
4073:
4036:Echinopsis atacamensis
3971:
3927:
3919:
3904:
3837:Native American Church
3788:
3778:
3752:
3489:
3468:
3426:coat of arms of Mexico
3391:coat of arms of Mexico
3287:
3160:
3148:
2944:
2926:
2826:, cacti are plants of
2474:
2427:, contain climbing or
2316:Molecular phylogenetic
1819:. Like other types of
1740:
1561:
1547:
1213:Astrophytum capricorne
1093:
1089:Mammillaria longimamma
930:Growth habits of cacti
677:
160:
11517:Paleobiology Database
7909:"Cactaceae Programme"
6288:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1085
6259:Fenster et al. (2004)
5671:10.3732/ajb.92.7.1177
5320:Physiologia Plantarum
4459:, although there are
4396:
4374:
4321:Light and temperature
4269:
4240:San Diego County Fair
4231:
4200:, Sonora, Mexico and
4194:Saguaro National Park
4151:Browningia candelaris
4107:Echinocactus grusonii
4066:
3965:
3925:
3910:
3899:
3832:Roman Catholic church
3798:Lophophora williamsii
3786:Trichocereus pachanoi
3784:
3758:
3748:Lophophora williamsii
3745:
3484:Peeled fruits of the
3483:
3466:), was described as "
3450:, later shortened to
3373:used as a symbol for
3279:
3183:pollination syndromes
3154:
3137:
3097:Cactoblastis cactorum
3007:, where the climbing
2932:
2924: All other cacti
2906:
2885:in South Africa, the
2739:The clade containing
2463:
2312:that conserves water.
2129:and instead declared
1728:
1554:Style and stamens of
1553:
1540:
1085:
961:Tall treelike habit (
893:Ferocactus latispinus
869:Cephalocereus senilis
735:with extremely short
662:
393:) is a member of the
159:
41:. For the album, see
7887:, London: Batsford,
7789:Hecht, Hans (1994),
7728:10.1093/jxb/46.6.639
7173:The CITES Appendices
7132:Go-Oaxaca Newsletter
6134:Cylindropuntia rosea
5926:10.3732/ajb.89.2.312
4668:Pachycereus pringlei
4043:houses built by the
3966:A planted cactus in
3733:List of edible cacti
3701:Fruit prepared from
3568:Selenicereus undatus
3495:Opuntia ficus-indica
3464:Opuntia ficus-indica
3395:Mexican golden eagle
3377:(now in Mexico City)
3213:radially symmetrical
3195:Lophocereus schottii
3130:Reproductive ecology
3076:Mediterranean region
2934:Opuntia ficus-indica
2849:145 to 101
2812:Evolutionary history
2296:, both the "normal"
2270:Mammillaria elongata
1986:evolved convergently
1789:Copiapoa atacamensis
1732:Cereus hildmannianus
1626:, but only a single
1557:Mammillaria beneckei
1541:Large flowers of an
1519:; in genera such as
1356:has been suggested.
964:Pachycereus pringlei
850:Stenocereus thurberi
830:Pachycereus pringlei
573:Pachycereus pringlei
389:, or less commonly,
319:Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.
7843:Keen, Bill (1990),
7497:The Alpine Gardener
7478:The Alpine Gardener
6524:, p. 502 (cited at
6443:2008Sci...319.1497G
6437:(5869): 1497–1502,
5974:Rhipsalis baccifera
5852:2011PNAS..108.8379A
4907:Mauseth, James D.,
4493:Bipolaris cactivora
4461:biological controls
3978:). For example, in
3851:Echinopsis pachanoi
3793:psychoactive agents
3759:Stone carving from
3738:Psychoactive agents
3429:would keep moving.
3163:Cactus flowers are
3062:Naturalized species
3016:Rhipsalis baccifera
2915:Rhipsalis baccifera
2819:Rhipsalis baccifera
2438:have supported the
2253:Maihuenia poeppigii
1995:species) developed
1796:in northern Chile.
1444:Varied spines of a
1334:). The small genus
1092:, showing tubercles
715:that lie below the
488:Rhipsalis baccifera
317:Leuchtenbergiaceae
11049:Pentaphragmataceae
10267:Stegnospermataceae
10159:Berberidopsidaceae
9783:Pentadiplandraceae
8270:Atherospermataceae
6648:, pp. 456–459
6632:, p. 43, cited in
6540:American Antiquity
6380:10.1093/aob/mcp197
5728:"An Emendation of
5694:Lodé, J. (2013), "
5465:10.1093/aob/mcm127
5290:(90001): 381–401,
5224:, pp. 347–348
4548:can be pronounced
4490:rot" is caused by
4431:Pests and diseases
4401:
4383:
4276:
4244:
4235:Notocactus warasii
4192:, California; and
4074:
4053:Carnegiea gigantea
3972:
3945:epiphyllum hybrids
3928:
3920:
3905:
3855:L. williamsii
3789:
3779:
3753:
3689:for sale in Taiwan
3549:Carnegiea gigantea
3490:
3288:
3258:Carnegiea gigantea
3161:
3149:
3011:are most diverse.
2945:
2927:
2475:
2398:The only genus is
2231:Opuntia chlorotica
2153:provisions of the
2108:Cynara cardunculus
2098:), a name used by
1957:isotopic signature
1885:: stomata open; CO
1837:3-phosphoglycerate
1750:Carnegiea gigantea
1741:
1562:
1548:
1527:adventitious roots
1499:Opuntia microdasys
1352:, and in defining
1094:
1054:Rhipsalis paradoxa
1051:Epiphytic cactus (
1018:Ferocactus echidne
1000:Ferocactus pilosus
678:
609:water conservation
585:Carnegiea gigantea
161:
11617:
11616:
11504:Open Tree of Life
11226:Taxon identifiers
11217:
11216:
11195:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11006:Cardiopteridaceae
10928:
10927:
10805:Plocospermataceae
10604:
10603:
10418:
10417:
10357:Anacampserotaceae
10217:Ancistrocladaceae
10146:Berberidopsidales
10129:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10069:Biebersteiniaceae
9950:Sphaerosepalaceae
9836:Strasburgeriaceae
9753:Setchellanthaceae
9703:
9702:
9176:
9175:
9118:Cercidiphyllaceae
9073:
9072:
8902:
8901:
8871:
8870:
8324:
8323:
8293:
8292:
8127:
8126:
8109:Austrobaileyaceae
7914:Rhodes University
7894:978-0-7134-4861-0
7876:978-0-9517234-6-3
7854:978-1-85223-264-1
7836:978-0-304-32076-9
7818:978-1-85605-402-7
7800:978-0-8069-0549-5
7773:978-1-84081-253-4
7755:978-0-88192-498-5
7746:The Cactus Family
7270:978-1-4529-6998-5
7028:978-0-9753231-0-6
6797:, Collins, 2011,
6704:(11): 1915–1921,
6659:Linnaeus, Carolus
6526:wikt:Tenochtitlan
6520:978-0-8061-3452-9
6412:, pp. 35–36.
6059:20.500.11766/9182
5846:(20): 8379–8384,
5570:978-0-9538134-4-5
5546:, pp. 99–103
5437:978-0-900513-04-6
5257:978-0-674-08991-4
5248:The cactus primer
4375:Grafted forms of
4345:Rebutia minuscula
4210:Botanical gardens
4146:Galápagos Islands
3892:Ornamental plants
3828:radiocarbon dated
3761:Chavín de Huantar
3486:Indian fig cactus
3369:of 1565 shows an
3343:(waste dumps) in
3333:Serra da Capivara
3225:species, such as
3123:Arabian Peninsula
2851:million years ago
2809:
2808:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2393:
2363:
2283:
2211:Pereskia aculeata
2078:Species Plantarum
1683:Leaves and spines
1464:Mammillaria rekoi
1417:Mammillaria rekoi
1216:showing fine wool
1172:Cross-section of
946:Pereskia aculeata
875:Stenocereus eruca
801:Arborescent cacti
541:Fibonacci numbers
326:
325:
320:
314:
260:
16:(Redirected from
11667:
11610:
11609:
11597:
11596:
11584:
11583:
11574:
11573:
11561:
11560:
11551:
11550:
11538:
11537:
11525:
11524:
11512:
11511:
11499:
11498:
11489:
11488:
11476:
11475:
11473:BMSSYS0000694711
11463:
11462:
11450:
11449:
11437:
11436:
11424:
11423:
11411:
11410:
11398:
11397:
11385:
11384:
11372:
11371:
11359:
11358:
11346:
11345:
11333:
11332:
11320:
11319:
11307:
11306:
11294:
11293:
11281:
11280:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11253:
11252:
11251:
11221:
11220:
11207:
11206:
10941:
10940:
10890:Thomandersiaceae
10880:Lentibulariaceae
10840:Scrophulariaceae
10820:Tetrachondraceae
10617:
10616:
10606:
10605:
10596:Mitrastemonaceae
10526:Pentaphylacaceae
10501:Tetrameristaceae
10448:Hydrostachyaceae
10431:
10430:
10420:
10419:
10222:Rhabdodendraceae
10212:Dioncophyllaceae
10142:
10141:
9975:Dipterocarpaceae
9912:Dipentodontaceae
9856:Crossosomataceae
9831:Geissolomataceae
9716:
9715:
9577:Chrysobalanaceae
9482:Ctenolophonaceae
9449:Lepidobotryaceae
9239:Anisophylleaceae
9222:
9221:
9211:
9210:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9177:
9153:Tetracarpaeaceae
9148:Aphanopetalaceae
9123:Daphniphyllaceae
9086:
9085:
9075:
9074:
9024:Trochodendraceae
8986:Circaeasteraceae
8913:
8912:
8894:Ceratophyllaceae
8882:
8881:
8558:Alstroemeriaceae
8421:Potamogetonaceae
8396:Scheuchzeriaceae
8391:Hydrocharitaceae
8341:
8340:
8304:
8303:
8184:Aristolochiaceae
8149:
8148:
8140:
8139:
8101:Austrobaileyales
8051:
8050:
8047:
8045:Basalangiosperms
8029:Acrogymnospermae
7991:flowering plants
7983:
7976:
7969:
7960:
7959:
7951:
7950:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7897:
7879:
7857:
7839:
7821:
7803:
7785:
7784:, pp. 85–92
7776:
7758:
7731:
7730:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7638:Species Fungorum
7632:
7626:
7625:, pp. 90–91
7620:
7614:
7613:, pp. 31–32
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7522:
7516:
7505:
7504:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7413:
7407:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7371:, pp. 27–28
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7321:
7315:
7306:
7300:
7287:
7286:, pp. 79–81
7281:
7275:
7274:
7256:
7250:
7249:, pp. 77–79
7244:
7238:
7237:, pp. 73–75
7232:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7201:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7168:
7159:
7158:, pp. 69–72
7153:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7135:, archived from
7126:
7120:
7119:, pp. 61–62
7114:
7108:
7107:
7098:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7055:
7048:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7020:
7010:
7004:
7003:, pp. 24–41
6998:
6992:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6967:
6957:
6934:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6896:(1–3): 238–242,
6885:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6839:, pp. 45–49
6834:
6821:
6820:, pp. 55–59
6815:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6788:
6782:
6781:, pp. 57–58
6776:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6758:, archived from
6747:
6741:
6740:, pp. 51–54
6735:
6729:
6728:
6693:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6454:
6428:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6391:
6374:(6): 1017–1043,
6368:Annals of Botany
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6282:(7): 1085–1092,
6271:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6233:
6232:
6184:Phthiria sharafi
6179:
6173:
6172:
6155:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6011:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5980:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5948:, pp. 39–40
5943:
5937:
5936:
5901:
5895:
5894:, pp. 37–38
5889:
5883:
5882:
5873:
5863:
5834:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5740:
5723:
5712:
5707:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5665:(7): 1177–1188,
5650:
5633:
5632:
5615:
5595:
5578:
5573:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5509:, pp. 93–94
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5459:(5): 1095–1100,
5453:Annals of Botany
5448:
5442:
5440:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5299:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5198:Biology of Cacti
5193:
5184:
5182:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5134:
5128:
5119:
5113:
5104:
5103:, pp. 15–37
5098:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5032:, archived from
4999:
4986:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4693:
4676:
4663:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4537:
4499:
4479:also eat cacti.
4449:red spider mites
4118:, including the
3715:
3698:
3683:
3665:
3653:
3637:
3573:pitahaya orejona
3471:
3448:Echinomelocactus
3386:
3362:
3146:bird pollination
3041:digestive tracts
2995:, away from the
2961:British Columbia
2923:
2911:
2852:
2844:Early Cretaceous
2822:to parts of the
2804:
2801:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2602:
2601:
2582:
2581:
2577:core cacti
2548:
2547:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2491:sensu lato) was
2391:
2361:
2281:
2264:
2244:
2222:
2202:
2093:
2092:
2039:
2028:
1900:
1879:
1859:that captures CO
1493:
1476:
1458:
1441:
1225:
1207:
1189:
1169:
1151:
1066:
1048:
1030:
1012:
994:
976:
958:
943:Treelike habit (
940:
886:
885:
861:
860:
815:. In the genera
803:
802:
672:, in its native
637:succulent plants
468:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
380:
353:
336:
318:
312:
256:
185:
184:
144:
129:
66:
59:Temporal range:
53:
52:
39:Cacti (software)
21:
11675:
11674:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11605:
11600:
11592:
11587:
11579:
11577:
11569:
11564:
11556:
11554:
11546:
11541:
11533:
11528:
11520:
11515:
11507:
11502:
11494:
11492:
11484:
11479:
11471:
11466:
11458:
11453:
11445:
11440:
11432:
11427:
11419:
11414:
11406:
11401:
11393:
11388:
11380:
11375:
11367:
11362:
11354:
11349:
11341:
11336:
11328:
11323:
11315:
11310:
11302:
11297:
11289:
11284:
11276:
11271:
11262:
11261:
11256:
11247:
11246:
11241:
11228:
11218:
11213:
11175:
11171:Paracryphiaceae
11157:
11139:
11116:
11093:
11025:
10987:
10958:Torricelliaceae
10937:
10924:
10825:Calceolariaceae
10810:Carlemanniaceae
10791:
10753:
10735:
10717:
10679:
10656:
10638:
10613:
10600:
10477:
10427:
10414:
10390:Balanophoraceae
10366:
10277:Lophiocarpaceae
10257:Achatocarpaceae
10252:Caryophyllaceae
10242:Macarthuriaceae
10207:Drosophyllaceae
10163:
10138:
10113:
10055:
10037:
10023:Crypteroniaceae
10018:Melastomataceae
9979:
9916:
9883:
9860:
9818:Crossosomatales
9812:
9788:Gyrostemonaceae
9758:Koeberliniaceae
9712:
9699:
9651:
9642:Picrodendraceae
9607:Lacistemataceae
9567:Dichapetalaceae
9542:Centroplacaceae
9532:Lophopyxidaceae
9492:Erythroxylaceae
9458:
9435:
9412:
9354:
9306:
9273:
9244:Corynocarpaceae
9218:
9205:
9185:
9172:
9133:Grossulariaceae
9082:
9069:
9046:
9028:
9016:Trochodendrales
9010:
8991:Lardizabalaceae
8962:
8929:
8898:
8886:Ceratophyllales
8877:Ceratophyllidae
8867:
8858:Ecdeiocoleaceae
8848:Flagellariaceae
8784:
8731:
8693:
8670:
8641:Tecophilaeaceae
8611:Blandfordiaceae
8587:
8553:Petermanniaceae
8538:Campynemataceae
8524:
8486:
8458:
8440:
8401:Aponogetonaceae
8357:
8332:
8320:
8289:
8241:
8227:Himantandraceae
8198:
8170:
8136:
8134:Mesangiospermae
8123:
8095:
8067:
8043:
8038:
8019:Marchantiophyta
7998:
7987:
7957:
7945:
7937:
7927:
7920:
7918:
7907:
7904:
7895:
7877:
7867:and its hybrids
7855:
7837:
7819:
7801:
7782:Anderson (2001)
7774:
7756:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7708:
7704:
7696:
7694:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7656:
7648:
7646:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7583:
7570:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7534:
7525:
7517:
7508:
7493:
7489:
7474:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7423:
7416:
7408:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7333:Anderson (1999)
7331:
7324:
7316:
7309:
7301:
7290:
7284:Anderson (2001)
7282:
7278:
7271:
7257:
7253:
7247:Anderson (2001)
7245:
7241:
7235:Anderson (2001)
7233:
7229:
7220:
7218:
7203:
7202:
7195:
7187:
7185:
7170:
7169:
7162:
7156:Anderson (2001)
7154:
7150:
7142:
7140:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7117:Anderson (2001)
7115:
7111:
7071:
7067:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7011:
7007:
7001:Anderson (1999)
6999:
6995:
6987:
6980:
6935:
6928:
6922:Anderson (2001)
6920:
6916:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6872:
6859:
6855:
6849:Anderson (2001)
6847:
6843:
6837:Anderson (2001)
6835:
6824:
6818:Anderson (2001)
6816:
6812:
6804:
6802:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6779:Anderson (2001)
6777:
6773:
6765:
6763:
6748:
6744:
6738:Anderson (2001)
6736:
6732:
6694:
6687:
6670:
6668:
6656:
6652:
6646:Anderson (2001)
6644:
6640:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6591:
6578:
6574:
6536:
6532:
6521:
6507:
6503:
6497:Anderson (2001)
6495:
6491:
6483:
6452:10.1.1.398.9315
6426:
6420:
6416:
6410:Anderson (2001)
6408:
6404:
6364:
6360:
6356:, p. 49ff.
6352:
6348:
6318:
6314:
6308:Anderson (2001)
6306:
6302:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6247:Anderson (2001)
6245:
6236:
6180:
6176:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6116:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6025:
6017:Weeds Australia
6013:
6012:
6008:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5978:
5968:
5964:
5958:Anderson (2001)
5956:
5952:
5946:Anderson (2001)
5944:
5940:
5902:
5898:
5892:Anderson (2001)
5890:
5886:
5835:
5824:
5818:Anderson (2001)
5816:
5812:
5806:Anderson (2001)
5804:
5800:
5792:
5790:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5738:
5724:
5715:
5692:
5685:
5651:
5636:
5596:
5581:
5571:
5554:
5550:
5544:Anderson (2001)
5542:
5525:
5519:Anderson (2001)
5517:
5513:
5507:Anderson (2001)
5505:
5501:
5495:Anderson (2001)
5493:
5489:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5402:Anderson (2001)
5400:
5396:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5351:
5345:
5338:
5316:
5312:
5280:
5276:
5270:Anderson (2001)
5268:
5264:
5258:
5244:
5240:
5234:Anderson (2001)
5232:
5228:
5222:Anderson (2001)
5220:
5216:
5208:
5206:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5137:
5131:Anderson (2001)
5129:
5122:
5116:Anderson (2001)
5114:
5107:
5101:Anderson (2001)
5099:
5050:
5042:
5040:
5036:
4997:
4987:
4960:
4952:
4950:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4921:
4905:
4901:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4867:, August 1986,
4861:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4836:
4832:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4755:
4748:10.15468/39omei
4732:
4728:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4553:
4549:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4433:
4381:grown in Israel
4366:acclimatization
4354:
4323:
4305:
4264:
4249:Cultivation of
4226:
4061:
4041:wattle and daub
4030:Cereus repandus
3992:herbal medicine
3988:
3894:
3889:
3879:E. lageniformis
3740:
3735:
3727:
3716:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3684:
3675:
3668:Fruits of some
3666:
3657:
3654:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3478:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3363:
3324:
3319:
3297:giant tortoises
3201:Upiga virescens
3132:
3118:in April 2012.
3110:being declared
3107:O. ficus-indica
3087:Opuntia stricta
3084:, particularly
3064:
3050:; the seeds of
3005:Central America
2925:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2901:
2855:Late Cretaceous
2847:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2734:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2557:s.l. Clade B →
2528:s.l. Clade A →
2458:
2453:
2301:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2018:
1982:
1974:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1802:
1770:
1745:stem succulents
1723:
1685:
1651:
1535:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1362:
1286:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
883:
882:
858:
857:
800:
799:
789:
695:that are major
657:
647:– such as some
555:, during which
536:growing seasons
439:
406:
402:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
354:
345:
344:
343:
337:
255:
179:
162:
158:
142:
135:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
61:
60:
57:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11673:
11663:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11611:
11598:
11594:wfo-7000000098
11585:
11575:
11562:
11552:
11539:
11526:
11513:
11500:
11490:
11477:
11464:
11451:
11438:
11425:
11412:
11399:
11386:
11373:
11360:
11347:
11334:
11321:
11308:
11295:
11282:
11269:
11254:
11238:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11200:
11197:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11173:
11167:
11165:
11163:Paracryphiales
11159:
11158:
11156:
11155:
11153:Escalloniaceae
11149:
11147:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11135:Caprifoliaceae
11132:
11126:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11107:Columelliaceae
11103:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11069:Argophyllaceae
11066:
11061:
11059:Alseuosmiaceae
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11011:Phyllonomaceae
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10978:Myodocarpaceae
10975:
10970:
10968:Pittosporaceae
10965:
10963:Griseliniaceae
10960:
10955:
10949:
10947:
10938:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10885:Schlegeliaceae
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10835:Plantaginaceae
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10801:
10799:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10782:Sphenocleaceae
10779:
10774:
10769:
10767:Convolvulaceae
10763:
10761:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10751:
10745:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10733:
10727:
10725:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10689:
10687:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10677:
10672:
10666:
10664:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10652:Metteniusaceae
10648:
10646:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10625:
10623:
10614:
10609:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10566:Sarraceniaceae
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10506:Fouquieriaceae
10503:
10498:
10496:Marcgraviaceae
10493:
10487:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10439:
10437:
10428:
10423:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10400:Misodendraceae
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10302:Phytolaccaceae
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10237:Asteropeiaceae
10234:
10229:
10227:Simmondsiaceae
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10187:Plumbaginaceae
10184:
10179:
10173:
10171:
10169:Caryophyllales
10165:
10164:
10162:
10161:
10156:
10150:
10148:
10139:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10065:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10047:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9989:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9970:Sarcolaenaceae
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9926:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9897:Gerrardinaceae
9893:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9822:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9724:
9722:
9713:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9685:Elaeocarpaceae
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9661:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9647:Phyllanthaceae
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9602:Passifloraceae
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9537:Putranjivaceae
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9512:Calophyllaceae
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9487:Rhizophoraceae
9484:
9479:
9474:
9468:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9445:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9431:Zygophyllaceae
9428:
9422:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9345:Ticodendraceae
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9283:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9186:
9181:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9113:Hamamelidaceae
9110:
9105:
9100:
9094:
9092:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9070:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9060:Myrothamnaceae
9056:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9020:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8996:Menispermaceae
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8921:
8919:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8853:Joinvilleaceae
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8794:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8745:Strelitziaceae
8741:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8722:Pontederiaceae
8719:
8714:
8709:
8703:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8684:Dasypogonaceae
8680:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8661:Amaryllidaceae
8658:
8653:
8651:Xeronemataceae
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8454:Petrosaviaceae
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8349:
8347:
8338:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8316:Chloranthaceae
8312:
8310:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8255:Calycanthaceae
8251:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8180:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8146:
8137:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8119:Schisandraceae
8116:
8111:
8105:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8059:
8057:
8048:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:Polypodiophyta
8021:
8016:
8011:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7956:
7955:
7935:
7934:
7925:
7903:
7902:External links
7900:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7880:
7875:
7858:
7853:
7840:
7835:
7822:
7817:
7804:
7799:
7786:
7777:
7772:
7759:
7754:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7722:(6): 639–646,
7712:Agave sisalana
7702:
7689:(3): 545–551,
7669:
7654:
7627:
7615:
7603:
7591:
7564:
7552:
7540:
7523:
7506:
7487:
7468:
7464:Pilbeam (1987)
7456:
7441:
7429:
7414:
7397:
7393:Pilbeam (1987)
7385:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7322:
7307:
7288:
7276:
7269:
7251:
7239:
7227:
7193:
7160:
7148:
7121:
7109:
7081:(5): 530–536,
7065:
7033:
7027:
7005:
6993:
6978:
6938:Bussmann, R.W.
6926:
6924:, pp. 277
6914:
6880:
6853:
6851:, pp. 397
6841:
6822:
6810:
6783:
6771:
6742:
6730:
6685:
6650:
6638:
6611:
6599:
6572:
6552:10.2307/281020
6546:(2): 287–309,
6530:
6519:
6501:
6489:
6414:
6402:
6358:
6346:
6312:
6310:, p. 537.
6300:
6263:
6251:
6234:
6198:Magnolia Press
6174:
6146:(2): 320–323,
6124:
6096:
6072:
6033:
6006:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5920:(2): 312–326,
5896:
5884:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5765:
5713:
5683:
5634:
5606:(5): 470–489,
5579:
5569:
5548:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5487:
5443:
5436:
5418:
5416:, p. 1184
5406:
5394:
5368:10.1086/374192
5336:
5326:(1): 147–152,
5310:
5274:
5262:
5256:
5238:
5226:
5214:
5185:
5172:10.1086/518273
5166:(6): 845–853,
5150:
5146:Mauseth (2007)
5135:
5120:
5105:
5048:
5014:10.1086/504605
5008:(6): 777–793,
4958:
4929:
4899:
4880:
4854:
4848:
4830:
4791:
4764:
4726:
4704:(2): 105–121,
4687:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4658:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4513:cactus virus X
4488:Helminosporium
4432:
4429:
4353:
4350:
4322:
4319:
4304:
4301:
4281:growing medium
4263:
4262:Growing medium
4260:
4225:
4222:
4120:Sonoran Desert
4060:
4057:
3987:
3984:
3893:
3890:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3596:Myrtillocactus
3553:Sonoran Desert
3527:Cylindropuntia
3477:
3474:
3460:Cactus opuntia
3388:
3381:
3380:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3131:
3128:
3063:
3060:
2991:; and eastern
2949:coastal plains
2920:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2732:
2725:Caryophyllales
2697:photosynthesis
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2389:Maihuenioideae
2384:
2383:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2313:
2299:
2294:photosynthesis
2285:
2284:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2248:Maihuenioideae
2246:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2175:Main article:
2172:
2171:Classification
2169:
2161:Curt Backeberg
2142:type specimens
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:palisade layer
1980:
1972:
1960:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1812:
1809:carbon dioxide
1805:Photosynthesis
1801:
1798:
1794:Atacama Desert
1769:
1766:
1729:Stem of young
1722:
1719:
1684:
1681:
1650:
1647:
1534:
1531:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1364:Botanically, "
1361:
1358:
1285:
1282:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1192:Areoles of an
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:Cactus areoles
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1007:
1005:
996:
989:
987:
978:
971:
969:
960:
953:
951:
942:
935:
928:
902:
901:
888:
887:
884:Globular cacti
863:
862:
859:Columnar cacti
833:or the larger
805:
804:
788:
785:
701:photosynthesis
656:
653:
557:carbon dioxide
521:photosynthesis
501:Atacama Desert
453:Caryophyllales
355:
348:
347:
346:
338:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
315:
306:
305:
299:
298:
291:
290:
285:
280:
278:Maihuenioideae
275:
267:
266:
262:
261:
250:
246:
245:
243:Caryophyllales
240:
236:
235:
230:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
173:
172:
164:
163:
140:
137:
136:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11672:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11640:Eocene plants
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11608:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11576:
11572:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11553:
11549:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11491:
11487:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11430:
11426:
11422:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11274:
11270:
11265:
11259:
11255:
11250:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11222:
11210:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11160:
11154:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11146:
11145:Escalloniales
11142:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11125:
11123:
11119:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11096:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11074:Menyanthaceae
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11044:Campanulaceae
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11028:
11022:
11021:Aquifoliaceae
11019:
11017:
11016:Helwingiaceae
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
11001:Stemonuraceae
10999:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10953:Pennantiaceae
10951:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10939:
10936:
10931:
10921:
10920:Orobanchaceae
10918:
10916:
10915:Paulowniaceae
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10850:Linderniaceae
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10720:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10653:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10644:Metteniusales
10641:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10629:Oncothecaceae
10627:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10607:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10576:Actinidiaceae
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10556:Diapensiaceae
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10516:Lecythidaceae
10514:
10512:
10511:Polemoniaceae
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10491:Balsaminaceae
10489:
10488:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10453:Hydrangeaceae
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10426:
10421:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10405:Schoepfiaceae
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10352:Portulacaceae
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:Halophytaceae
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:Molluginaceae
10320:
10318:
10317:Nyctaginaceae
10315:
10313:
10312:Sarcobataceae
10310:
10308:
10307:Petiveriaceae
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10262:Amaranthaceae
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10177:Frankeniaceae
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10154:Aextoxicaceae
10152:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10136:Superasterids
10132:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:Simaroubaceae
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10089:Anacardiaceae
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10051:Picramniaceae
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10040:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9982:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9955:Thymelaeaceae
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9935:Muntingiaceae
9933:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9919:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9851:Stachyuraceae
9849:
9847:
9846:Guamatelaceae
9844:
9842:
9841:Staphyleaceae
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9773:Emblingiaceae
9771:
9769:
9768:Salvadoraceae
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9748:Limnanthaceae
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9733:Tropaeolaceae
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9706:
9696:
9695:Brunelliaceae
9693:
9691:
9690:Cephalotaceae
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9637:Ixonanthaceae
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9627:Euphorbiaceae
9625:
9623:
9622:Rafflesiaceae
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9572:Euphroniaceae
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9552:Malpighiaceae
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9527:Caryocaraceae
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9517:Podostemaceae
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9418:Zygophyllales
9415:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9340:Casuarinaceae
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9320:Nothofagaceae
9318:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9259:Tetramelaceae
9257:
9255:
9254:Cucurbitaceae
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9234:Apodanthaceae
9232:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9179:
9169:
9168:Cynomoriaceae
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9138:Saxifragaceae
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9098:Peridiscaceae
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9084:
9081:
9076:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9006:Ranunculaceae
9004:
9002:
9001:Berberidaceae
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8948:Nelumbonaceae
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8874:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8818:Eriocaulaceae
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8780:Zingiberaceae
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8755:Heliconiaceae
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8727:Haemodoraceae
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8712:Commelinaceae
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8656:Asphodelaceae
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8636:Ixioliriaceae
8634:
8632:
8631:Doryanthaceae
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8548:Melanthiaceae
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8515:Cyclanthaceae
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8482:Dioscoreaceae
8480:
8478:
8477:Burmanniaceae
8475:
8473:
8472:Nartheciaceae
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8446:Petrosaviales
8443:
8437:
8436:Cymodoceaceae
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:Posidoniaceae
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8406:Juncaginaceae
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8376:Tofieldiaceae
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8331:
8327:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8308:Chloranthales
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:Chloranthidae
8296:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8275:Hernandiaceae
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8265:Gomortegaceae
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8232:Eupomatiaceae
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:Degeneriaceae
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:Myristicaceae
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8135:
8130:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Hydatellaceae
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8063:Amborellaceae
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7984:
7979:
7977:
7972:
7970:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7896:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7878:
7872:
7868:
7865:Schlumbergera
7864:
7859:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7667:, p. 152
7666:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7595:
7582:on 2013-05-28
7581:
7577:
7576:
7568:
7561:
7556:
7549:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7520:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7460:
7454:, p. 150
7453:
7452:Hewitt (1993)
7448:
7446:
7438:
7433:
7427:, p. 151
7426:
7425:Hewitt (1993)
7421:
7419:
7411:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7383:, p. 140
7382:
7377:
7370:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7347:, p. 147
7346:
7345:Hewitt (1993)
7341:
7335:, p. 217
7334:
7329:
7327:
7319:
7314:
7312:
7304:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7285:
7280:
7272:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7243:
7236:
7231:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7198:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7167:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7139:on 2008-06-08
7138:
7134:
7133:
7125:
7118:
7113:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7056:on 2012-12-03
7052:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7009:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6923:
6918:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6819:
6814:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6762:on 2012-09-04
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6682:
6681:Anderson 2001
6678:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6635:
6634:Anderson 2001
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6590:on 2012-05-20
6589:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6499:, pp. 43
6498:
6493:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6304:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6268:
6261:, p. 376
6260:
6255:
6249:, p. 33.
6248:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6128:
6115:on 2009-05-21
6114:
6110:
6109:Saudi Gazette
6106:
6100:
6086:
6085:Saudi Gazette
6082:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6024:on 2012-05-04
6023:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6004:, pp. 117–118
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5960:, p. 611
5959:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5820:, p. 485
5819:
5814:
5808:, p. 399
5807:
5802:
5788:
5785:(in French),
5784:
5783:Succulentopi@
5780:
5778:
5777:Leuenbergeria
5769:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5702:(in French),
5701:
5697:
5696:Leuenbergeria
5690:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5560:(two volumes)
5559:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5272:, p. 174
5271:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5236:, p. 572
5235:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5205:on 2012-02-20
5204:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5190:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5148:, p. 845
5147:
5142:
5140:
5133:, p. 398
5132:
5127:
5125:
5118:, p. 566
5117:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5039:on 2012-02-13
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4849:9781910455067
4845:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4813:(3): 201–17,
4812:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4688:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4465:sciarid flies
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4441:scale insects
4438:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:Schlumbergera
4241:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4021:cactus fences
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:Schlumbergera
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3911:Cacti at the
3909:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3819:L. williamsii
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3644:fruit in 1907
3643:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:Cacti as food
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:(now part of
3461:
3457:
3456:Carl Linnaeus
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3322:Early history
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3283:Schlumbergera
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:Cleistocactus
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:Schlumbergera
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:do not open (
3172:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3141:Schlumbergera
3136:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:Leuenbergeria
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:North America
2829:
2828:South America
2825:
2821:
2820:
2803:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:Calymmanthium
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2720:Leuenbergeria
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:Leuenbergeria
2676:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:Opuntioideae
2584:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:Leuenbergeria
2527:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:circumscribed
2482:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:Maihueniopsis
2371:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:Leuenbergeria
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:Leuenbergeria
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:circumscribed
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:Pereskioideae
2201:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Philip Miller
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2087:Ancient Greek
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:Carl Linnaeus
2056:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2027:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:Leuenbergeria
1989:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1931:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1841:carbohydrates
1838:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1817:transpiration
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1715:transpiration
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:actinomorphic
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:Gymnocalycium
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:Cactus spines
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:Schlumbergera
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1354:axillary buds
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:Leuenbergeria
1291:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:Leuenbergeria
1241:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
988:
984:
983:
982:Cephalocereus
975:
970:
966:
965:
957:
952:
948:
947:
939:
934:
933:
931:
927:
925:
924:
923:Schlumbergera
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
881:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
870:
856:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
842:
841:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
817:Leuenbergeria
814:
810:
798:
797:
796:
794:
784:
782:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
762:
757:
756:
751:
750:
749:Leuenbergeria
744:
742:
739:that produce
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
652:
650:
649:Euphorbiaceae
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
623:
622:Schlumbergera
618:
614:
613:Leuenbergeria
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
591:Leuenbergeria
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:transpiration
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:Transpiration
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
462:
461:Ancient Greek
458:
454:
448:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
365:
364:
359:
352:
342:
335:
316:
310:
309:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
289:
288:Pereskioideae
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
268:
263:
259:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Tracheophytes
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
174:
170:
165:
138:
133:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
54:
51:
47:
45:
40:
33:
19:
11233:
11084:Calyceraceae
11079:Goodeniaceae
11064:Phellinaceae
11054:Stylidiaceae
10993:Aquifoliales
10875:Bignoniaceae
10860:Martyniaceae
10830:Gesneriaceae
10787:Hydroleaceae
10777:Montiniaceae
10731:Boraginaceae
10708:Gelsemiaceae
10698:Gentianaceae
10670:Eucommiaceae
10571:Roridulaceae
10551:Symplocaceae
10521:Sladeniaceae
10463:Curtisiaceae
10410:Loranthaceae
10332:Didiereaceae
10287:Barbeuiaceae
10247:Microteaceae
10202:Nepenthaceae
10192:Polygonaceae
10182:Tamaricaceae
10074:Nitrariaceae
10043:Picramniales
10008:Vochysiaceae
9993:Combretaceae
9907:Tapisciaceae
9902:Petenaeaceae
9808:Brassicaceae
9562:Trigoniaceae
9557:Balanopaceae
9522:Hypericaceae
9502:Bonnetiaceae
9477:Irvingiaceae
9464:Malpighiales
9454:Celastraceae
9426:Krameriaceae
9383:Elaeagnaceae
9378:Dirachmaceae
9335:Juglandaceae
9302:Polygalaceae
9287:Quillajaceae
9249:Coriariaceae
9226:Cucurbitales
9163:Haloragaceae
9158:Penthoraceae
9143:Crassulaceae
9108:Altingiaceae
9090:Saxifragales
9042:Dilleniaceae
8981:Papaveraceae
8976:Eupteleaceae
8968:Ranunculales
8876:
8843:Restionaceae
8803:Bromeliaceae
8737:Zingiberales
8717:Philydraceae
8707:Hanguanaceae
8699:Commelinales
8666:Asparagaceae
8626:Hypoxidaceae
8573:Ripogonaceae
8568:Philesiaceae
8563:Colchicaceae
8505:Velloziaceae
8500:Triuridaceae
8464:Dioscoreales
8381:Alismataceae
8329:
8298:
8260:Siparunaceae
8217:Magnoliaceae
8114:Trimeniaceae
8091:Nymphaeaceae
8055:Amborellales
8034:Angiospermae
7989:Families of
7929:
7919:, retrieved
7917:, 2018-05-14
7912:
7884:
7866:
7862:
7844:
7826:
7808:
7790:
7763:
7745:
7738:Bibliography
7719:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7695:, retrieved
7686:
7682:
7672:
7665:Hecht (1994)
7647:, retrieved
7637:
7630:
7623:Brown (2001)
7618:
7611:Innes (1995)
7606:
7601:, p. 32
7599:Innes (1995)
7594:
7584:, retrieved
7580:the original
7574:
7567:
7562:, p. 29
7560:Innes (1995)
7555:
7550:, p. 27
7548:Innes (1995)
7543:
7538:, p. 92
7536:Brown (2001)
7521:, p. 28
7519:Innes (1995)
7500:
7496:
7490:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7466:, p. 11
7459:
7439:, p. 85
7437:Brown (2001)
7432:
7412:, p. 88
7410:Brown (2001)
7395:, p. 10
7388:
7381:Hecht (1994)
7376:
7364:
7359:, p. 23
7357:Innes (1995)
7352:
7340:
7320:, p. 87
7318:Brown (2001)
7305:, p. 22
7303:Innes (1995)
7279:
7260:
7254:
7242:
7230:
7219:, retrieved
7205:
7186:, retrieved
7172:
7151:
7141:, retrieved
7137:the original
7131:
7124:
7112:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7058:, retrieved
7051:the original
7042:
7036:
7016:
7008:
6996:
6991:, p. 15
6948:(1): 47–64,
6945:
6941:
6917:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6873:, retrieved
6863:
6856:
6844:
6813:
6803:, retrieved
6793:
6791:"pitahaya",
6786:
6774:
6764:, retrieved
6760:the original
6755:
6745:
6733:
6701:
6697:
6669:, retrieved
6663:
6653:
6641:
6636:, p. 96
6620:
6614:
6609:, p. 17
6607:Innes (1995)
6602:
6592:, retrieved
6588:the original
6582:
6575:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6510:
6504:
6492:
6434:
6430:
6417:
6405:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6349:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6303:
6279:
6275:
6254:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6117:, retrieved
6113:the original
6108:
6099:
6089:, retrieved
6087:, 2017-11-27
6084:
6075:
6042:
6036:
6026:, retrieved
6022:the original
6016:
6009:
5998:, retrieved
5986:
5983:Polibotanica
5982:
5976:(Cactaceae)"
5973:
5965:
5953:
5941:
5917:
5913:
5912:sequences",
5909:
5905:
5899:
5887:
5843:
5839:
5813:
5801:
5791:, retrieved
5786:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5758:, retrieved
5746:
5742:
5736:(Cactaceae)"
5733:
5729:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5603:
5599:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5521:, p. 98
5514:
5502:
5497:, p. 96
5490:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5427:
5421:
5409:
5404:, p. 37
5397:
5387:, retrieved
5359:
5355:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5265:
5247:
5241:
5229:
5217:
5207:, retrieved
5203:the original
5197:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5041:, retrieved
5034:the original
5005:
5001:
4992:
4951:, retrieved
4941:
4922:, retrieved
4913:
4909:
4902:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4873:, retrieved
4863:
4857:
4839:
4833:
4810:
4804:
4794:
4784:, retrieved
4774:
4767:
4756:, retrieved
4739:
4729:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4666:
4661:
4540:
4535:
4520:
4505:Phytophthora
4504:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4484:Fusarium rot
4481:
4469:fungus gnats
4434:
4425:
4402:
4397:
4384:
4376:
4355:
4343:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4306:
4277:
4250:
4245:
4242:, California
4233:
4213:
4205:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4159:
4149:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4105:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4059:Conservation
4052:
4034:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4010:scale insect
4004:
3995:
3989:
3973:
3954:
3948:
3933:
3929:
3877:
3874:E. peruviana
3873:
3872:, including
3869:
3865:Datura ferox
3863:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3746:
3719:
3702:
3687:Dragon fruit
3669:
3626:
3618:
3614:Selenicereus
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3578:Echinocereus
3576:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3421:
3410:Tenochtitlan
3403:
3375:Tenochtitlan
3325:
3308:
3300:
3289:
3281:
3270:Pilosocereus
3268:
3262:
3256:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3208:Hummingbirds
3206:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3139:
3120:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3065:
3051:
3014:
3013:
3001:Rhipsalideae
2997:Amazon Basin
2946:
2913:
2899:Distribution
2890:
2887:Didiereaceae
2866:
2817:
2815:
2797:
2789:
2765:
2762:monophyletic
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2622:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2497:monophyletic
2488:
2478:
2476:
2464:
2445:monophyletic
2434:
2425:Rhipsalideae
2399:
2379:
2373:
2359:Opuntioideae
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2328:monophyletic
2323:
2289:
2268:
2267:Cactoideae:
2251:
2229:
2226:Opuntioideae
2209:
2180:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2100:Theophrastus
2095:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2006:chloroplasts
2002:chlorenchyma
1992:
1990:
1988:many times.
1976:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:produced by
1916:
1903:
1882:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1705:
1700:Pereskiopsis
1698:
1688:
1686:
1673:Rhipsalideae
1654:
1652:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1563:
1555:
1542:
1520:
1510:
1497:
1496:Glochids of
1480:
1462:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1377:Pereskiopsis
1375:
1369:
1363:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1325:Pereskiopsis
1323:
1320:Opuntioideae
1312:paraphyletic
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1277:Neoraimondia
1275:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1211:
1193:
1173:
1155:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1052:
1034:
1016:
998:
980:
962:
944:
929:
921:
915:
909:
903:
891:
889:
873:
867:
864:
848:
838:
828:
824:
820:
816:
806:
790:
787:Growth habit
780:
769:
765:
759:
753:
747:
745:
707:. They have
682:Opuntioideae
679:
663:
639:in both the
634:
627:
620:
612:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
525:
486:
475:Theophrastus
470:
456:
398:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
361:
360:, like this
311:Opuntiaceae
292:
283:Opuntioideae
265:Subfamilies
252:
226:
213:
200:
168:
50:
43:
11416:iNaturalist
11258:Wikispecies
11039:Rousseaceae
10935:Campanulids
10895:Verbenaceae
10870:Acanthaceae
10865:Pedaliaceae
10855:Byblidaceae
10723:Boraginales
10713:Apocynaceae
10703:Loganiaceae
10685:Gentianales
10634:Icacinaceae
10586:Cyrillaceae
10581:Clethraceae
10561:Styracaceae
10541:Primulaceae
10468:Grubbiaceae
10395:Santalaceae
10337:Basellaceae
10292:Gisekiaceae
10232:Physenaceae
10197:Droseraceae
10094:Sapindaceae
10084:Burseraceae
10028:Alzateaceae
9940:Neuradaceae
9879:Francoaceae
9874:Geraniaceae
9826:Aphloiaceae
9798:Capparaceae
9778:Tovariaceae
9738:Moringaceae
9720:Brassicales
9680:Cunoniaceae
9675:Oxalidaceae
9670:Connaraceae
9587:Achariaceae
9582:Humiriaceae
9547:Elatinaceae
9441:Celastrales
9398:Cannabaceae
9373:Barbeyaceae
9297:Surianaceae
9269:Begoniaceae
9264:Datiscaceae
9103:Paeoniaceae
9080:Superrosids
9065:Gunneraceae
9034:Dilleniales
8953:Platanaceae
8828:Thurniaceae
8808:Rapateaceae
8770:Marantaceae
8621:Lanariaceae
8616:Asteliaceae
8601:Orchidaceae
8593:Asparagales
8578:Smilacaceae
8520:Pandanaceae
8510:Stemonaceae
8416:Zosteraceae
8411:Maundiaceae
8363:Alismatales
8280:Monimiaceae
8204:Magnoliales
8189:Saururaceae
8166:Winteraceae
8161:Canellaceae
8144:Magnoliidae
8086:Cabombaceae
8073:Nymphaeales
8006:Supergroup
7369:Keen (1990)
6989:Keen (1990)
6328:: 375–403,
6200:: 387–392,
5989:: 107–129,
5730:Rhodocactus
5708:, cited in
5574:, cited in
5362:(S3): S55,
4736:"Cactaceae"
4721:10654/18083
4405:chlorophyll
4352:Propagation
4335:Discocactus
4283:, one part
4232:Cultivated
4224:Cultivation
4220:, Arizona.
4089:Discocactus
4045:Seri people
3976:xeriscaping
3937:houseplants
3859:Saint Peter
3763:, dated to
3751:in the wild
3674:are edible.
3608:Peniocereus
3602:Pachycereus
3590:Mammillaria
3557:Stenocereus
3434:West Indies
3414:Mexico City
3367:Codex Osuna
3310:Blossfeldia
3264:Pachycereus
3228:S. truncata
3179:pollinators
3175:cleistogamy
3155:Flowers of
3009:Hylocereeae
2967:in western
2741:Rhodocactus
2702:Rhodocactus
2623:Cactoideae
2560:Rhodocactus
2543:caulocacti
2421:Hylocereeae
2362:K. Schumann
2339:Rhodocactus
2282:K. Schumann
2131:Mammillaria
1946:respiration
1737:uruguayanus
1669:Hylocereeae
1643:zygomorphic
1610:Mammillaria
1307:Rhodocactus
1124:chlorophyll
1109:Mammillaria
900:Other forms
825:Rhodocactus
761:Rhodocactus
668:species, a
597:Rhodocactus
455:. The word
220:Angiosperms
11624:Categories
11434:30000028-2
11122:Dipsacales
11112:Bruniaceae
11089:Asteraceae
10973:Araliaceae
10910:Phrymaceae
10845:Stilbaceae
10772:Solanaceae
10749:Vahliaceae
10675:Garryaceae
10621:Icacinales
10531:Sapotaceae
10385:Opiliaceae
10372:Santalales
10347:Talinaceae
10327:Montiaceae
10079:Kirkiaceae
10061:Sapindales
10033:Penaeaceae
10003:Onagraceae
9998:Lythraceae
9930:Cytinaceae
9889:Huerteales
9866:Geraniales
9803:Cleomaceae
9793:Resedaceae
9743:Caricaceae
9728:Akaniaceae
9657:Oxalidales
9612:Salicaceae
9597:Goupiaceae
9507:Clusiaceae
9408:Urticaceae
9388:Rhamnaceae
9350:Betulaceae
9330:Myricaceae
9052:Gunnerales
8958:Proteaceae
8838:Cyperaceae
8823:Mayacaceae
8813:Xyridaceae
8543:Corsiaceae
8492:Pandanales
8431:Ruppiaceae
8386:Butomaceae
8237:Annonaceae
8194:Piperaceae
8153:Canellales
7921:2021-12-02
7697:2012-03-30
7649:2012-03-30
7586:2012-03-28
7503:(1): 88–91
7484:(1): 80–83
7221:2012-04-16
7188:2012-04-16
7143:2012-03-21
7060:2012-03-21
6875:2012-03-16
6805:2012-03-13
6766:2012-03-07
6677:p. 466–470
6671:2012-03-08
6594:2012-03-07
6119:2021-03-29
6091:2021-03-29
6028:2012-02-14
6000:2012-05-15
5906:trnK/ matK
5793:2015-01-20
5760:2021-04-25
5600:Cladistics
5389:2012-02-19
5209:2012-02-13
5043:2012-02-08
4953:2012-02-19
4924:2012-02-13
4875:2015-08-04
4786:2012-02-13
4772:"cactus",
4683:References
4509:Fungicides
4445:whiteflies
4329:Melocactus
4314:re-potting
4312:, regular
4310:hard water
4285:hydroponic
4272:Darjeeling
4166:Miquihuana
4112:New Mexico
4083:Ariocarpus
3986:Other uses
3980:California
3943:, such as
3917:California
3885:See also:
3870:Echinopsis
3731:See also:
3671:Ferocactus
3640:Gathering
3584:Ferocactus
3452:Melocactus
3444:Melocactus
3439:Melocactus
3393:depicts a
3240:Disocactus
3165:pollinated
3138:Flower of
3074:, and the
3029:Madagascar
2514:Cactaceae
2503:consensus
2469:is weakly
2409:Cactoideae
2407:Subfamily
2387:Subfamily
2357:Subfamily
2310:succulents
2165:David Hunt
2054:Melocactus
2051:(below) A
1821:succulents
1800:Metabolism
1762:Metabolism
1711:herbivores
1665:xerophytes
1578:pericarpel
1574:receptacle
1544:Echinopsis
1522:Ariocarpus
1513:fine roots
1447:Ferocactus
1401:Ariocarpus
1195:Echinopsis
1154:Areole of
1115:Ariocarpus
1098:Cactoideae
911:Hylocereus
737:internodes
725:receptacle
686:Cactoideae
665:Ferocactus
655:Morphology
561:malic acid
519:carry out
513:herbivores
505:succulents
273:Cactoideae
62:35–0
11369:Cactaceae
11338:FloraBase
11291:Cactaceae
11264:Cactaceae
11234:Cactaceae
11130:Adoxaceae
11099:Bruniales
11031:Asterales
10900:Lamiaceae
10759:Solanales
10741:Vahliales
10693:Rubiaceae
10662:Garryales
10591:Ericaceae
10536:Ebenaceae
10473:Cornaceae
10458:Loasaceae
10443:Nyssaceae
10380:Olacaceae
10362:Cactaceae
10297:Aizoaceae
10272:Limeaceae
10109:Meliaceae
10013:Myrtaceae
9965:Cistaceae
9945:Malvaceae
9592:Violaceae
9497:Ochnaceae
9472:Pandaceae
8943:Sabiaceae
8935:Proteales
8833:Juncaceae
8798:Typhaceae
8775:Costaceae
8765:Cannaceae
8750:Lowiaceae
8689:Arecaceae
8646:Iridaceae
8606:Boryaceae
8583:Liliaceae
8353:Acoraceae
8285:Lauraceae
8176:Piperales
8014:Bryophyta
6568:162323851
6447:CiteSeerX
6214:1175-5334
6162:2287-884X
6067:199636444
6049:, Chile:
5910:trnL-trnF
4806:Phytotaxa
4758:April 16,
4517:chlorotic
4437:mealybugs
4413:monstrose
4204:, Chile.
4188:, Texas;
4137:Eulychnia
4006:Cochineal
3968:Gibraltar
3941:epiphytes
3813:mescaline
3571:provides
3500:cultivars
3280:Fruit of
3092:cochineal
3068:Australia
3056:polyploid
3052:Rhipsalis
3045:migratory
3033:Sri Lanka
3021:Old World
2989:Argentina
2957:Patagonia
2883:Aizoaceae
2877:into the
2863:Oligocene
2861:to early
2846:, around
2824:Old World
2754:Maihuenia
2750:Maihuenia
2712:Maihuenia
2683:species (
2609:Maihuenia
2505:cladogram
2471:succulent
2456:Phylogeny
2440:monophyly
2429:epiphytic
2417:epiphytic
2400:Maihuenia
2302:mechanism
1952:species.
1829:mechanism
1695:succulent
1677:epiphytes
1389:Rhipsalis
1383:Maihuenia
1342:Maihuenia
1337:Maihuenia
1258:trichomes
917:Rhipsalis
906:epiphytes
781:Maihuenia
771:Maihuenia
690:succulent
645:New World
630:Cochineal
617:epiphytes
497:Sri Lanka
479:Patagonia
399:Cactaceae
293:See also
253:Cactaceae
190:Kingdom:
18:Cactaceae
11581:cactacea
11566:VicFlora
11555:VASCAN:
11548:42000071
11543:Tropicos
11243:Wikidata
11209:Category
10983:Apiaceae
10905:Mazaceae
10815:Oleaceae
10797:Lamiales
10546:Theaceae
10483:Ericales
10435:Cornales
10425:Asterids
10282:Kewaceae
10099:Rutaceae
9985:Myrtales
9960:Bixaceae
9922:Malvales
9763:Bataceae
9632:Linaceae
9617:Peraceae
9403:Moraceae
9393:Ulmaceae
9368:Rosaceae
9325:Fagaceae
9292:Fabaceae
9201:Vitaceae
9128:Iteaceae
8925:Buxaceae
8908:Eudicots
8760:Musaceae
8676:Arecales
8530:Liliales
8345:Acorales
8335:Monocots
8247:Laurales
7691:archived
7643:archived
7215:archived
7182:archived
7105:24082263
6974:17090303
6910:15990261
6869:archived
6799:archived
6726:10454390
6718:21652337
6661:(1753),
6629:37830942
6481:archived
6477:36149744
6469:18339930
6398:19789175
6342:30034121
6296:21665708
6230:29010023
6222:25544092
6170:89705346
6047:Coquimbo
5991:archived
5934:21669740
5880:21536881
5751:archived
5749:: 7–12,
5734:Pereskia
5679:21646140
5655:Pereskia
5630:83525136
5622:34875796
5483:17611191
5380:archived
5376:85186850
5306:11326045
5183:, p. 845
5180:84247762
5022:16649155
4993:Pereskia
4947:archived
4918:archived
4869:archived
4825:archived
4780:archived
4752:archived
4740:gbif.org
4409:cristate
4362:grafting
4358:cuttings
4303:Watering
4274:, India
4131:Copiapoa
3847:pachanoi
3824:meristem
3808:pachanoi
3774:pachanoi
3541:pitahaya
3252:eudicots
2953:Americas
2938:Behbahan
2879:Pliocene
2836:Gondwana
2800:May 2021
2745:Pereskia
2729:Pereskia
2707:Pereskia
2685:Pereskia
2673:Pereskia
2565:Pereskia
2555:Pereskia
2526:Pereskia
2501:Bayesian
2489:Pereskia
2483:as then
2480:Pereskia
2392:P. Fearn
2370:cladodes
2345:Pereskia
2326:was not
2324:Pereskia
2290:Pereskia
2150:herbaria
2135:conserve
2073:Pereskia
1977:Pereskia
1969:Pereskia
1965:Pereskia
1950:Pereskia
1930:vacuoles
1784:taproots
1690:Pereskia
1661:cactoids
1657:opuntias
1616:Pereskia
1517:taproots
1425:glochids
1371:Pereskia
1301:Pereskia
1266:Pereskia
1232:species)
1086:Stem of
1039:species)
835:opuntias
821:Pereskia
813:branches
766:Pereskia
755:Pereskia
603:Pereskia
387:cactuses
303:Synonyms
249:Family:
233:Eudicots
134:- Recent
10945:Apiales
10611:Lamiids
9710:Malvids
9665:Huaceae
9360:Rosales
9312:Fagales
9279:Fabales
9193:Vitales
8917:Buxales
8863:Poaceae
8371:Araceae
8330:Lilidae
7096:3550841
6965:1637095
6756:Reuters
6439:Bibcode
6431:Science
6389:2766192
6189:Zootaxa
5871:3100969
5848:Bibcode
5706:: 26–27
5474:2759203
5441:, p. 19
4673:saguaro
4621:-see-ay
4583:-see-ee
4293:perlite
4238:at the
4214:ex situ
4206:Ex situ
4181:In situ
4177:ex situ
4173:in situ
4116:Arizona
4098:Zimapan
4049:saguaro
4014:Opuntia
3996:Opuntia
3956:Hatiora
3724:opuntia
3720:nopales
3642:saguaro
3545:saguaro
3518:Algeria
3422:nōchtli
3418:Nahuatl
3371:opuntia
3341:middens
3301:Opuntia
3170:Frailea
3157:saguaro
3114:by the
3102:Opuntia
3081:Opuntia
3039:in the
2981:Bolivia
2965:Alberta
2875:Miocene
2790:updated
2693:stomata
2380:Opuntia
2104:cardoon
2047:cardoon
1997:stomata
1845:stomata
1811:gas (CO
1755:cuticle
1735:subsp.
1624:stamens
1591:areoles
1566:flowers
1533:Flowers
1331:Opuntia
1271:Opuntia
1240:Areoles
1198:species
1134:Areoles
1128:stomata
1103:Opuntia
1036:Rebutia
845:shrubby
729:areoles
713:ovaries
709:flowers
676:habitat
674:Arizona
670:cactoid
545:drought
532:flowers
528:areoles
397:family
363:Opuntia
239:Order:
194:Plantae
46:(album)
11607:414774
11509:584111
11493:NZOR:
11447:115980
11249:Q14560
9216:Fabids
9183:Rosids
8790:Poales
7995:APG IV
7953:Plants
7939:Portal
7891:
7873:
7851:
7833:
7815:
7797:
7770:
7752:
7267:
7103:
7093:
7025:
6972:
6962:
6908:
6724:
6716:
6627:
6566:
6560:281020
6558:
6517:
6475:
6467:
6449:
6396:
6386:
6340:
6294:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6168:
6160:
6065:
5932:
5878:
5868:
5677:
5628:
5620:
5567:
5481:
5471:
5434:
5374:
5304:
5254:
5178:
5030:832909
5028:
5020:
4846:
4624:), or
4546:suffix
4542:-aceae
4477:snails
4453:thrips
4388:callus
4289:pumice
4102:Mexico
4025:corral
3849:(syn.
3536:pitaya
3514:Sicily
3406:Aztecs
3345:Mexico
3337:Brazil
3292:fruits
3217:nectar
3072:Hawaii
3031:, and
3025:Africa
2993:Brazil
2969:Canada
2922:
2912:
2910:
2859:Eocene
2840:Africa
2127:Cactus
2123:Cactus
2096:kaktos
2091:κάκτος
2083:Cactus
2069:Cactus
1857:enzyme
1707:Spines
1632:stigma
1599:tepals
1595:bracts
1586:sepals
1582:petals
1560:flower
1366:spines
1360:Spines
1316:clades
1290:leaves
1284:Leaves
1230:Cereus
1175:Cereus
793:habits
741:spines
733:shoots
721:petals
717:sepals
705:leaves
697:organs
509:spines
493:Africa
483:Canada
471:káktos
466:κάκτος
457:cactus
391:cactus
375:cactus
358:spines
132:Eocene
56:Cactus
11630:Cacti
11602:WoRMS
11522:55420
11460:19685
11442:IRMNG
11421:47903
11382:10141
11364:FoAO2
11356:10141
11343:22872
11330:1CACF
11278:54610
8008:Plant
7211:CITES
7178:CITES
7054:(PDF)
7047:(PDF)
6722:S2CID
6564:S2CID
6556:JSTOR
6484:(PDF)
6473:S2CID
6427:(PDF)
6338:JSTOR
6226:S2CID
6196:(4),
6166:S2CID
6063:S2CID
6051:CGIAR
5994:(PDF)
5979:(PDF)
5789:: 6–7
5754:(PDF)
5739:(PDF)
5626:S2CID
5383:(PDF)
5372:S2CID
5352:(PDF)
5176:S2CID
5037:(PDF)
5026:S2CID
4998:(PDF)
4527:Notes
4521:Agave
4473:Slugs
4421:scion
4417:stock
4340:Andes
4297:humus
4164:near
4142:Chile
4000:India
3845:var.
3806:var.
3772:var.
3765:circa
3726:pads)
3509:nopal
3420:word
3412:(now
3329:Chile
3048:birds
3037:seeds
2985:Chile
2973:Andes
2892:Agave
2871:Andes
2567:s.s.
2493:basal
1883:Night
1768:Roots
1721:Stems
1628:style
1570:ovary
1507:Roots
1350:auxin
1253:nodes
1078:Stems
809:trunk
711:with
693:stems
635:Many
517:stems
463:word
395:plant
383:cacti
313:Desv.
258:Juss.
227:Clade
214:Clade
201:Clade
171:1892
130:Late
44:Cacti
11530:POWO
11486:3593
11481:NCBI
11455:ITIS
11429:IPNI
11403:GRIN
11395:2519
11390:GBIF
11325:EPPO
11317:4228
11286:ATRF
11273:APNI
7889:ISBN
7871:ISBN
7849:ISBN
7831:ISBN
7813:ISBN
7795:ISBN
7768:ISBN
7750:ISBN
7265:ISBN
7101:PMID
7023:ISBN
6970:PMID
6906:PMID
6714:PMID
6625:OCLC
6515:ISBN
6465:PMID
6394:PMID
6292:PMID
6218:PMID
6210:ISSN
6194:3872
6158:ISSN
5930:PMID
5908:and
5876:PMID
5675:PMID
5618:PMID
5565:ISBN
5479:PMID
5432:ISBN
5302:PMID
5252:ISBN
5018:PMID
4844:ISBN
4760:2017
4653:-see
4498:syn.
4475:and
4467:and
4332:and
4156:Peru
4134:and
4114:and
4086:and
4033:and
3876:and
3611:and
3522:tuna
3504:tuna
3476:Food
3389:The
3349:Peru
3347:and
3317:Uses
3305:Ants
3290:The
3267:and
3248:bats
3237:and
3189:Bees
3121:The
2987:and
2977:Peru
2963:and
2942:Iran
2918:only
2743:and
2689:bark
2423:and
2304:and
2071:and
1671:and
1659:and
1584:and
1392:and
1380:and
1304:and
1274:and
823:and
776:bark
758:and
719:and
643:and
600:and
495:and
70:PreꞒ
11589:WFO
11558:102
11468:NBN
11408:186
11377:FoC
11351:FNA
11312:EoL
11304:7HS
11299:CoL
7724:doi
7091:PMC
7083:doi
6960:PMC
6950:doi
6898:doi
6894:101
6706:doi
6548:doi
6457:doi
6435:319
6384:PMC
6376:doi
6372:104
6330:doi
6284:doi
6202:doi
6148:doi
6055:hdl
5922:doi
5866:PMC
5856:doi
5844:108
5667:doi
5608:doi
5469:PMC
5461:doi
5457:100
5364:doi
5360:164
5328:doi
5292:doi
5168:doi
5164:168
5010:doi
5006:167
4896:(3)
4815:doi
4811:261
4744:doi
4716:hdl
4706:doi
4702:161
4586:),
4503:);
4411:or
4360:or
4291:or
4175:or
4154:in
4140:in
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3335:in
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1904:Day
1420:).
920:or
699:of
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