20:
630:, was deeply moved by the speech, "not only for its eloquence and content, but also for its relevance to today's global challenges. For in it Kennedy tells us about transforming our deepest aspirations—in this case for peace—into practical realities. He almost presents a method, a dream-and-do combination that soars with high vision and yet walks on earth with practical results." In reviewing the history and context of Kennedy's speech at American University, Sachs' esteem for Kennedy grew further, concluding, "I have come to believe that Kennedy's quest for peace is not only the greatest achievement of his presidency, but also one of the greatest acts of world leadership in the modern era."
368:
1664:
40:
1671:
361:
374:
415:
2421:
490:, on Monday, June 10, 1963. Widely considered one of the most powerful speeches Kennedy delivered, he not only outlined a plan to curb nuclear arms, but also "laid out a hopeful, yet realistic route for world peace at a time when the U.S. and Soviet Union faced the potential for an escalating nuclear arms race." In the speech, Kennedy announced his agreement to negotiations "toward early agreement on a comprehensive test ban treaty" (which resulted in the
494:) and also announced, for the purpose of showing "good faith and solemn convictions", his decision to unilaterally suspend all U.S. atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons as long as all other nations would do the same. Noteworthy are his comments that the United States was seeking a goal of "complete disarmament" of nuclear weapons and his vow that America "will never start a war".
599:
as well as historical references and quotations. Although
Kennedy often interposed off-the-cuff ad-libs to his speeches, he did not deviate from the final draft of the address. Anca Gata described Ted Sorensen as "the chief architect of the speech in language, style, composition, and rhetoric. One of
608:
and declared that no nation had "ever suffered more than the Soviet Union in the Second World War," a fact that had gone largely unheralded in the West due to the onset of the Cold War. Kennedy sought to draw similarities between the United States and the Soviet Union several times and called for a
547:
On
November 19, 1962, Khrushchev had submitted a report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party that implicitly called for a halt in foreign intervention to concentrate on the economy. One month later, Khrushchev wrote Kennedy a letter stating "the time has come now to put an end once and
643:
Kennedy's speech was made available, in its entirety, in the Soviet press so that the people in the Soviet Union could read it without hindrance. Additionally, the speech could be heard in the Soviet Union without censorship because jamming measures against the western broadcast agencies such as
578:
Sorensen had been
Kennedy's aide since the 1952 Massachusetts Senatorial election, and eventually served as his primary campaign speechwriter and as Special Counsel during and after the 1960 Presidential election. By 1963 he had written drafts for nearly every speech Kennedy delivered in office,
551:
However, Kennedy faced opposition for any test ban from
Republican leaders and his own State Department. After several months the opposition in the Senate lessened and gave the Kennedy Administration the opportunity to pursue the ban with the Soviet Union. In May 1963, the president informed his
564:
In the days before the speech, Kennedy was committed to addressing the U.S. Conference of Mayors in
Honolulu and asked Sorensen to construct the initial draft with input from several members of Kennedy's staff. The speech was reviewed and edited by Kennedy and Sorensen on the return flight from
603:
The content of the speech was unapologetically "dovish" in its pursuit of peace. Kennedy noted that almost uniquely among the "major world powers" the United States and Russia had never been at war with each other. He also acknowledged the massive human casualties that Russia suffered during
687:
The speech was met with little response in the United States; after one week, only 896 letters were sent to the White House concerning its content (in contrast to over 28,000 related to a bill affecting the price of freight). The response from
Republicans in
644:
Voice of
America didn't take place upon rebroadcast of Kennedy's speech. Khrushchev was deeply moved and impressed by Kennedy's speech, telling Undersecretary of State Averell Harriman that it was "the greatest speech by any American President since
731:
that the speech was "one of the great documents of the 20th century." He later commented that it "laid out exactly what
Kennedy's intentions were." Ted Sorensen considered the address Kennedy's most important speech and Kennedy's best speech.
435:
600:
the most original issues in the speech was the reintroduction of the
Russian people to the Americans as a great culture with important achievements in science and space, and as promoting economic and industrial growth on their own."
1414:
569:
observed in his diary, "from the viewpoint of orderly administration, this was a bad way to prepare a major statement on foreign policy. But the State
Department could never in a thousand years have produced this speech."
609:"reexamination" of American attitudes towards Russia. He warned that adopting a course towards nuclear confrontation would be "evidence only of the bankruptcy of our policy—or of a collective death-wish for the world."
775:
560:
the speech was kept confidential in fear that the unprecedented tone would "set off alarm bells in more bellicose quarters in Washington" and allow political attacks against Kennedy in advance of the speech.
614:"For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal." — John F. Kennedy
434:
548:
for all to nuclear tests." Kennedy greeted this response with enthusiasm and suggested that technical discussions for nuclear inspections begin between representatives of the two governments.
436:
373:
1409:
2097:
536:
in October 1962, Kennedy was determined to construct a better relationship with the Soviet Union to discourage another threat of nuclear war. He believed that Soviet Premier
1599:
2002:
325:
2072:
2042:
1347:
1404:
1975:
313:
1774:
1769:
1764:
679:
on September 24, 1963, by a vote of 80–19 and the treaty was signed into law by Kennedy on October 7, 1963. The treaty went into effect on October 10, 1963.
1447:
155:
2179:
1985:
1785:
1780:
1644:
1392:
254:
1497:
808:
2466:
2199:
2169:
1980:
1339:
398:
2030:
728:
696:
accused Kennedy of taking a "soft stance" on the Soviet Union. The speech was met with some skepticism within the US. The speech was endorsed by
342:
2491:
2139:
1834:
1614:
1351:
424:
2334:
2107:
1970:
1704:
308:
186:
122:
1609:
1387:
221:
1790:
969:
273:
145:
1125:
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749:
2124:
1795:
1687:
1377:
1368:
337:
268:
129:
1307:
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1811:
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541:
288:
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1328:
283:
71:
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2209:
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709:
352:
2149:
1218:
1028:
957:
935:
915:
895:
249:
2451:
2087:
1755:
1559:
1492:
580:
391:
76:
19:
2159:
1806:
1801:
1460:
278:
2471:
2154:
863:
724:
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1263:
1242:
1194:
1171:
2174:
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1992:
1965:
347:
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1844:
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1465:
1382:
652:
384:
193:
134:
1331:
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476:
1280:
2009:
1908:
1902:
1717:
1619:
1604:
1536:
1363:
1300:
816:
332:
200:
117:
1126:"Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's inaugural address was world-changing"
1079:
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2241:
1886:
1854:
2232:
1867:
1698:
1564:
213:
2461:
2268:
2204:
1860:
700:
and other Democrats, but labeled a "dreadful mistake" by Goldwater and "another case of concession" by
864:"Letter to Chairman Khrushchev on Nuclear Testing. Released January 20, 1963. Dated December 28, 1962"
837:
2189:
1879:
1634:
1204:
1163:
Kennedy's Kitchen Cabinet and the Pursuit of Peace: The Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1961–1963
1133:
566:
1663:
1502:
39:
2424:
2346:
2047:
2035:
1629:
1293:
861:
1234:"Let the Word Go Forth" - The Speeches, Statements, and Writings of John F. Kennedy - 1947 to 1963
2286:
2102:
1624:
1087:
491:
360:
2486:
2340:
2134:
1944:
689:
98:
2184:
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2310:
1872:
1670:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1531:
1455:
645:
2403:
2062:
1849:
1710:
1518:
1508:
584:
533:
472:
181:
174:
8:
2298:
2280:
2092:
1934:
1639:
1487:
627:
483:
443:
91:
24:
655:
was completed. The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed by the governments of the
651:
After 12 days of negotiations and less than two months after the president's speech the
2376:
2358:
2224:
2214:
1997:
1728:
1183:
705:
2410:
2388:
2352:
1924:
1649:
1472:
1259:
1238:
1214:
1190:
1167:
1024:
953:
931:
911:
891:
537:
509:
84:
512:
liked this speech so much that he ordered its full Russian translation published in
2328:
2304:
2292:
2274:
2077:
1891:
1839:
1477:
1232:
712:
Republican, warned that the renewed negotiations might end in "virtual surrender."
556:
that he wished to deliver a major address on peace. According to Special Assistant
487:
160:
1316:
1253:
1208:
1161:
1019:
948:
720:
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623:
479:
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54:
2260:
2114:
1594:
1437:
660:
553:
236:
231:
106:
970:"COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, D.C., JUNE 10, 1963"
2440:
2370:
2219:
2067:
1589:
1541:
1513:
1429:
1281:
American Rhetoric: John F. Kennedy - American University Commencement Address
664:
619:
505:, and is remembered as one of Kennedy's finest and most important speeches.
2316:
1551:
1228:
1121:
656:
605:
588:
557:
498:
150:
2364:
2250:
1482:
1424:
862:
Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley from The American Presidency Project.
676:
205:
776:"Obama will echo Kennedy's American University nuclear speech from 1963"
455:
2052:
668:
2382:
1419:
949:
Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture
596:
520:
502:
1285:
565:
Honolulu days before the address. Historian and Special Assistant
1523:
672:
514:
587:
speech. Common elements of the Kennedy-Sorensen speeches were
1114:
1033:
809:"Obama to follow in John F. Kennedy's historic footsteps"
1050:
1048:
1258:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Simon and Schuster.
1020:
JFK and the Unspeakbale. Why he died and why it matters
497:
The speech was unusual in its peaceful outreach to the
23:
President Kennedy delivers the commencement address at
928:
White House Ghosts: Presidents and their Speechwriters
1102:
1060:
1045:
852:. Houghton Mifflin Co, Boston 1965. First printing C.
750:"American History TV | Series | C-SPAN.org"
987:
704:, the leader of the Senate Republicans. Dirksen and
692:
was mostly dismissive in nature. Republican Senator
1645:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
1210:
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
999:
974:
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
850:
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
802:
800:
798:
796:
675:on August 5, 1963. US ratification occurred by the
1182:
446:by John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963. Duration 26:47.
2200:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
1255:Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years
2438:
2073:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
793:
2031:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
729:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1023:. Maryknoll, NY, Orbis Books, 2008, p. 45-46.
2335:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
1705:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
1301:
392:
1120:
890:. Harper-Collins Publishers, New York 2008.
1203:
1039:
727:, declared at a 2003 memorial event at the
583:, the Cuban Missile Crisis speech, and the
1308:
1294:
399:
385:
2145:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
1763:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
1615:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
622:, American economist and director of the
524:, which was unprecendented at that time.
1779:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
1227:
1185:To Move the World: JFK's Quest for Peace
1108:
888:Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History
18:
2058:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
930:. Simon & Schuster, New York 2008.
2439:
2140:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
1724:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1251:
1159:
1066:
1054:
882:
880:
773:
2492:June 1963 events in the United States
2150:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1289:
1180:
1005:
993:
2467:Soviet Union–United States relations
2205:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
1493:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
806:
671:), named the "Original Parties", at
16:1963 speech given by John F. Kennedy
1461:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
1315:
877:
113:35th President of the United States
13:
1213:. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
1080:"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ratified"
1072:
838:Джон Кеннеди, наш западный партнер
682:
638:
413:
14:
2503:
1800:Democratic National Conventions:
1620:University of Alabama integration
1274:
910:. New York, Penguin Books, 2007.
2420:
2419:
1669:
1662:
774:Mufson, Steve (August 4, 2015).
540:was also interested in renewing
454:Problems playing this file? See
432:
372:
366:
359:
38:
2477:1963 in international relations
2195:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
1812:U.S. presidential election 1960
1585:Federal housing segregation ban
1466:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1340:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1011:
962:
940:
807:Wang, Joy Y. (August 4, 2015).
653:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
194:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1332:President of the United States
1160:Goduti, Philip A. Jr. (2009).
920:
900:
855:
842:
831:
767:
742:
1:
2457:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
1909:John F. Kennedy document hoax
1903:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
1897:Coretta Scott King phone call
1835:Birthplace and childhood home
1718:A rising tide lifts all boats
1605:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1205:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr.
1152:
952:. Greenwood, 2011, p. 29-30.
527:
2108:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
1560:Communications Satellite Act
735:
633:
7:
2452:Speeches by John F. Kennedy
2010:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
1868:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
1791:1960 presidential primaries
1699:We choose to go to the Moon
1565:Community Mental Health Act
906:Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M.
848:Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M.
214:We choose to go to the Moon
10:
2508:
1796:1960 presidential campaign
1729:State of the Union Address
1693:American University speech
1580:Federal affirmative action
1410:Presidential Proclamations
1189:. New York: Random House.
1181:Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2013).
552:National Security Advisor
465:American University speech
2472:1963 in the United States
2398:
2259:
2190:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
2123:
2018:
1958:
1917:
1827:
1754:
1678:
1660:
1635:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
1550:
1537:Moscow–Washington hotline
1446:
1362:
1323:
715:
567:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
2482:1963 in Washington, D.C.
2347:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2048:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2036:Profile in Courage Award
1630:All-Channel Receiver Act
1600:Pilot Food Stamp Program
573:
299:Assassination and legacy
72:Military service in WWII
47:This article is part of
27:, Monday, June 10, 1963.
2287:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
2210:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2043:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1625:Voter Education Project
1088:Congressional Quarterly
492:Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
477:United States President
2404:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
2341:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2135:Harvard Kennedy School
2053:Apollo 11 Moon landing
1946:A Nation of Immigrants
1420:Presidential limousine
1252:Talbot, David (2007).
616:
418:
99:A Nation of Immigrants
28:
2323:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
2311:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2003:attending dignitaries
1575:Executive Order 11110
1456:Alliance for Progress
1393:Judicial appointments
1229:Sorensen, Theodore C.
926:Schlesinger, Robert.
708:, the second-ranking
612:
542:U.S.–Soviet relations
501:at the height of the
417:
263:Presidential campaign
170:"A Strategy of Peace"
22:
2103:U.S. five cent stamp
2063:Kennedy Space Center
1711:Ich bin ein Berliner
1519:Cuban Missile Crisis
1509:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1415:Presidential pardons
725:Secretary of Defense
585:Ich bin ein Berliner
534:Cuban Missile Crisis
473:commencement address
187:Civil Rights Address
182:Cuban Missile Crisis
2447:American University
2411:Lyndon B. Johnson →
2299:Tatiana Schlossberg
2281:John F. Kennedy Jr.
2098:U.S. postage stamps
2093:Kennedy half dollar
2083:Cultural depictions
1936:Profiles in Courage
1640:Revenue Act of 1962
1488:Trade Expansion Act
1348:U.S. Representative
1237:. Delacorte Press.
1017:Douglass, James W.
780:The Washington Post
628:Columbia University
484:American University
469:A Strategy of Peace
444:American University
353:Cultural depictions
92:Profiles in Courage
25:American University
2377:John F. Fitzgerald
2359:Jean Kennedy Smith
2269:Jacqueline Bouvier
2215:Kennedy Expressway
2185:Runnymede memorial
1986:in popular culture
1887:Castle Hot Springs
1425:Presidential yacht
1136:on August 15, 2021
1124:(April 22, 2007).
908:Journals 1952–2000
706:Charles A. Halleck
419:
29:
2462:Cold War speeches
2434:
2433:
2389:Billie and Debbie
2353:Robert F. Kennedy
2180:Portland memorial
2160:Brooklyn memorial
1950:
1940:
1930:
1926:Why England Slept
1688:Inaugural address
1658:
1657:
1650:Wetlands Loan Act
1473:Flexible response
1220:978-0-618-21927-8
1029:978-1-57075-755-6
958:978-0-313-32944-9
936:978-0-7432-9169-9
916:978-0-14-311435-2
896:978-0-06-079871-0
754:series.c-span.org
581:inaugural address
538:Nikita Khrushchev
510:Nikita Khrushchev
437:
409:
408:
146:Executive actions
85:Why England Slept
77:Electoral history
64:
63:
2499:
2423:
2422:
2329:Rosemary Kennedy
2305:Jack Schlossberg
2293:Rose Schlossberg
2275:Caroline Kennedy
2170:Hyannis memorial
1948:
1938:
1928:
1892:Hammersmith Farm
1840:Kennedy Compound
1673:
1666:
1590:Fifty-mile hikes
1478:Kennedy Doctrine
1444:
1443:
1405:Executive Orders
1355:
1343:
1335:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1269:
1248:
1224:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1040:Schlesinger 2002
1037:
1031:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
966:
960:
944:
938:
924:
918:
904:
898:
884:
875:
874:
872:
870:
859:
853:
846:
840:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
819:on 3 August 2016
815:. Archived from
804:
791:
790:
788:
786:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
746:
667:(represented by
488:Washington, D.C.
439:
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394:
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370:
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60:
59:
57:
50:
42:
35:
34:
31:
30:
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2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
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2496:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2394:
2317:Rose Fitzgerald
2301:(granddaughter)
2295:(granddaughter)
2255:
2244:John F. Kennedy
2235:John F. Kennedy
2227:John F. Kennedy
2175:London memorial
2165:Dallas memorial
2126:
2119:
2014:
1998:Riderless horse
1954:
1913:
1823:
1750:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1546:
1442:
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1358:
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1338:
1327:
1319:
1317:John F. Kennedy
1314:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1174:
1155:
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1149:
1139:
1137:
1119:
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976:
968:
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945:
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886:Sorensen, Ted.
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868:
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856:
847:
843:
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832:
822:
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784:
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772:
768:
758:
756:
748:
747:
743:
738:
721:Robert McNamara
718:
702:Everett Dirksen
698:Hubert Humphrey
694:Barry Goldwater
685:
683:Other reactions
641:
639:Soviet response
636:
624:Earth Institute
617:
576:
530:
508:Soviet Premier
480:John F. Kennedy
461:
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56:John F. Kennedy
55:
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51:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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2115:Operation Sail
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1008:, p. xv.
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2026:Bibliography
1945:
1935:
1925:
1880:
1873:Arthur Evans
1861:
1845:Hickory Hill
1692:
1679:Presidential
1610:Space policy
1552:New Frontier
1430:
1383:Inauguration
1254:
1233:
1209:
1184:
1162:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1130:The Guardian
1129:
1122:Ted Sorensen
1116:
1111:, p. 2.
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1062:
1035:
1018:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:
964:
947:
946:Gata, Anca.
942:
927:
922:
907:
902:
887:
867:. Retrieved
857:
849:
844:
833:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
812:
783:. Retrieved
779:
769:
757:. Retrieved
753:
744:
723:, Kennedy's
719:
686:
657:Soviet Union
650:
642:
618:
613:
606:World War II
602:
589:alliteration
577:
563:
558:Ted Sorensen
550:
546:
531:
519:
513:
507:
499:Soviet Union
496:
468:
464:
462:
453:
442:Speech from
425:
365:
244:Appointments
169:
151:New Frontier
135:Inauguration
97:
90:
83:
2365:Ted Kennedy
2251:Yad Kennedy
1503:Vietnam War
1483:Peace Corps
1354:(1947–1953)
1342:(1953–1960)
1334:(1961–1963)
1067:Goduti 2009
1055:Talbot 2007
979:October 31,
677:U.S. Senate
426:World Peace
326:dignitaries
206:Peace Corps
175:Bay of Pigs
2441:Categories
2391:(hamsters)
2307:(grandson)
2277:(daughter)
2125:Memorials,
1850:La Querida
1378:Transition
1364:Presidency
1153:References
1140:August 15,
1084:CQ Almanac
1006:Sachs 2013
994:Sachs 2013
869:August 29,
593:repetition
532:After the
528:Background
467:, titled "
456:media help
279:convention
130:Transition
118:Presidency
2367:(brother)
2355:(brother)
2325:(brother)
2242:USS
2233:USS
2127:namesakes
1981:reactions
1756:Elections
1094:11 August
813:msnbc.com
736:Citations
669:Dean Rusk
646:Roosevelt
634:Aftermath
471:", was a
338:Memorials
274:primaries
201:Clean Air
2425:Category
2383:Pushinka
2361:(sister)
2349:(sister)
2343:(sister)
2337:(sister)
2331:(sister)
2319:(mother)
2313:(father)
1971:timeline
1681:speeches
1431:Resolute
1369:timeline
1231:(1988).
1207:(2002).
823:6 August
785:6 August
690:Congress
663:and the
597:chiasmus
521:Izvestia
503:Cold War
309:timeline
289:election
161:Doctrine
123:timeline
1855:Wexford
1817:debates
1388:Cabinet
759:May 19,
482:at the
343:Library
284:debates
250:Cabinet
227:Mercury
2271:(wife)
2261:Family
2019:Legacy
1949:(1958)
1939:(1956)
1929:(1940)
1862:PT-109
1524:ExComm
1507:Cuba:
1262:
1241:
1217:
1193:
1170:
1090:. 1964
1027:
956:
934:
914:
894:
716:Legacy
673:Moscow
659:, the
515:Pravda
428:Speech
348:Legacy
255:Judges
237:Apollo
232:Gemini
141:Tenure
107:Family
2385:(dog)
2289:(son)
2283:(son)
2088:films
2078:VISTA
1959:Death
1918:Books
1881:PT-59
1498:USAID
1352:MA–11
710:House
574:Style
1807:1960
1802:1956
1786:1958
1781:1952
1775:1950
1770:1948
1765:1946
1744:1963
1739:1962
1734:1961
1433:desk
1350:for
1329:35th
1260:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1142:2021
1096:2016
1025:ISBN
981:2022
954:ISBN
932:ISBN
912:ISBN
892:ISBN
871:2019
825:2015
787:2015
761:2020
595:and
518:and
463:The
2225:MV
648:."
626:at
486:in
2443::
1128:.
1086:.
1082:.
1047:^
972:.
879:^
811:.
795:^
778:.
752:.
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544:.
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1367:(
1309:e
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1144:.
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983:.
873:.
827:.
789:.
763:.
458:.
400:e
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216:"
212:"
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