435:, where he would try to advance both the sciences and humanities. However, Oppenheimer would eventually humiliate Strauss in a congressional hearing, increasing animosity between the two. Seeking revenge, Strauss began investigating Oppenheimer with the help of the FBI and initiated a campaign to suppress Oppenheimer's political influence and smear his reputation. As chairman of the AEC, Strauss pushed forward with nuclear secrecy and proliferation. Eventually,
712:"Nolan covers in a very deft way the argument among the physicists over whether the bomb was necessary or not and has Oppenheimer after Hiroshima saying the bomb was used on a virtually already defeated enemy," Bird adds. "People who know nothing about Oppenheimer will go thinking they're going to see a movie about the father of the atomic bomb." Instead, "they're going to see this mysterious figure and a deeply mysterious biographical story."
590:, noted that Sherwin had an advantage in writing Oppenheimer's biography in 1979. Many friends and colleagues of Oppenheimer were, at that time, still alive. Powers described the book as "clear in its purpose, deeply felt, persuasively argued, disciplined in form, and written with a sustained literary power", and notes the complex character of Oppenheimer:
510:, and his son Peter, who refused a formal interview. Sherwin gathered "some 50,000 pages of interviews, transcripts, letters, diaries, declassified documents and F.B.I. dossiers, stored in seemingly endless boxes in his basement, attic and office". After the deadline had come, and after his editor's retirement, Sherwin had still not finished the book.
522:, who had already written two political biographies, to join him and put it together in a cohesive and readable format. At first Bird refused, but eventually agreed to work on the book, and both authors signed a new contract with Knopf, for a further $ 290,000. Bird wrote drafts that were then reviewed and rewritten by Sherwin.
598:, that dominates these pages. Oppenheimer emerges in all his complexity — a brainy theorist but also an "underdogger", quick in his sympathy for those at the bottom of the social ladder; a sometime revolutionary who irritated former students like Philip Morrison with his talk after the war about "Dean" and "George"—
470:. According to Bird and Sherwin, the hearing was a crucial turning point in the relations between scientists and the government and proved a defeat for American liberalism. Although an "exiled intellectual," he would continue to lecture, write and give speeches. Oppenheimer would eventually receive the
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hearing and became an informant regarding former students' communist relations. In another meeting, Oppenheimer criticized communism and claimed he was "a resolute anti-communist" but continued to face suspicions and accusations of communist ties. The book shows how
Oppenheimer, amidst a stalemate of
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aligns its subject's most critical decisions with both his early education and his ultimate unraveling. It succeeds in deeply fathoming his most damaging, self-contradictory behavior." She noted that it is "a thorough examination and synthesis, sometimes overwhelming in its detail". Another reviewer
462:
orchestrated by Lewis
Strauss, in which Oppenheimer was intentionally humiliated. The hearing board concluded that Oppenheimer was a security threat due to his past conduct and associations, stance on the hydrogen bomb, and less than candid responses. A following letter claimed that "Dr. Oppenheimer
340:
Part two ends by portraying what would be called the
Chevalier Affair. Although many versions of the story exist, sources confirm that a friend asked Oppenheimer to provide confidential information for the Soviets, which Oppenheimer outright rejected. The affair would later become a crucial issue in
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came to Los Alamos to discuss the implications of the bomb. He argued for openness to avoid a post-war nuclear arms race with Russia, a policy
Oppenheimer would later promote. As one student noted, "Bohr was God, and Oppie was his prophet." The scientists at Los Alamos continued discussions on the
322:
With new developments in fission research and the United States' entrance into the war, Oppenheimer shifted away from union organization and cut off communist friends, believing that otherwise, the government would not allow him to work on a fission bomb project. Oppenheimer was convinced that the
364:
After the defeat of the Nazis, colleagues of
Oppenheimer began to doubt the purpose of the bomb and debated whether to use the bomb without warning or have a demonstration of the bomb for Japan. Oppenheimer supported the immediate use of the bomb, believing it might end all wars. Bird and Sherwin
349:
At Los Alamos, Oppenheimer became the scientific director of the
Manhattan Project and transformed into a charismatic, effective, organized administrator and patriotic leader. The book highlights how tight security, excess secrecy, and constant military surveillance burdened Oppenheimer and other
353:
Despite suspicion and doubts by subordinates, Oppenheimer eventually acquired a security clearance but soon after told authorities about the
Chevalier incident. While Groves believed Oppenheimer and Oppenheimer asserted there was no security threat, Oppenheimer's decision to tell the story would
187:
to undermine
Oppenheimer. The bomb is regarded as a crucial turning point and a significant meeting between science and wartime weapons. This pivots Oppenheimer as an important historical figure and a symbol for atomic bomb ethics and political discourse about nuclear power. The book delves into
29:
188:
various components of
Oppenheimer's life inside and outside the Manhattan Project. His early life, ambitions, ideas, political activities, marriage, relationships with other women and physicists, misgivings about the bomb, complexities, and shortcomings are also discussed in the book.
750:
What I wanted to do was take the audience into the mind and the experience of a person who sat at the absolute center of the largest shift in history. Like it or not, J. Robert
Oppenheimer is the most important person who ever lived. He made the world we live in, for better or for
400:
with Russia. He urged for a transparent international regulation of atomic weapons and energy but soon supported a more conservative defensive stance to proliferate American nuclear weapons due to apparent ideological differences between Russia and the United States.
224:
The prologue describes Oppenheimer's funeral and frames Oppenheimer's life as one of triumph and tragedy, a life of enigma, complexity, humanity, and love for his country. The prologue explains that the book is an attempt to elucidate Oppenheimer's life.
514:
writes that "historians of the subject, a small gossiping group, suggested that Sherwin was the latest victim of the curse of Oppenheimer". The book became a joke in Sherwin's family, and he said "that he was going to take the book to the grave".
323:
acquisition of the bomb before the Nazis was essential, even if there were a remote possibility the bomb could ignite the atmosphere. In spite of having no army security clearance, he became a key intellectual leader in the top secret research "
486:. Frank became a successful theoretical physicist. Kitty took up sailing but later died of an embolism. Peter, Oppenheimer's son, would settle in New Mexico and start a family, and Toni, Oppenheimer's daughter, would eventually commit suicide.
729:
Nolan said that "I don't think I ever would have taken this on without Kai and Martin's book", and Murphy said to Bird during production that the book is "mandatory reading around here". According to Nolan, "he envisioned
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become disastrous for his security hearing. Bird and Sherwin argue that Oppenheimer was committed to his trustworthiness as a scientist and the project's success rather than to an invariable loyalty to the United States.
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1050:
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Considered the father of the atomic bomb, Oppenheimer became a celebrity, icon, and a scientist-statesman who was now influential in American politics. Oppenheimer hoped using the bombs would prevent a
264:. Versatile in many subjects, Oppenheimer formed his own cult of admirers, established an international reputation as a scientist, and developed an interest in the humanities and literature, including
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637:
Thomas A. Julian critiqued the book and the authors, writing that "hey still assert, despite the conclusive evidence to the contrary ... that Japan was already defeated and wanted to 'surrender
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wrote that the book "stands as an Everest among the mountains of books on the bomb project and Oppenheimer, and is an achievement not likely to be surpassed or equaled." Janet Maslin wrote in her
384:
The book continues by exploring the events following the Trinity Test. Oppenheimer was aware of possible targets in Japan and would play a vital part in the efficiency of the atomic bombings of
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641:", and that they "ignore disturbing evidence provided from former Soviet sources that Oppenheimer might have provided information to the Soviet Union about the U.S. atomic bomb project".
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in September 1945: "Modern Prometheans have raided Mount Olympus again and have brought back for man the very thunderbolts of Zeus." Some reviewers also connected the name of the book to
337:
to develop the first nuclear bomb. Impressed by Oppenheimer, Groves appointed him director of the Radiation Lab despite significant opposition that Oppenheimer was too impractical.
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calls the book "well written and almost free of serious errors", and that "reading this worthy book is a gripping experience: It stimulates the mind and stirs the emotions."
300:. At Berkeley, Oppenheimer held union meetings at his home and maintained an inner circle of students who became associated with left-wing activities. Oppenheimer's brother
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1009:
245:, and passion for physics. Oppenheimer commented on his childhood, "My life as a child did not prepare me for the fact that the world is full of cruel and bitter things."
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630:
Frank A. Settle called the book "meticulously researched" and "the most comprehensive biography to date". Braham Dabscheck notes the "scholarship of the highest order".
446:
and Oppenheimer, in which Kitty appears extremely passionate and intense and Oppenheimer more disengaged. Kitty's desire for Oppenheimer to gain fame is also mentioned.
368:
The book describes the influential presence of Oppenheimer in the physical production of the bomb. After some crisis about the bomb design, Oppenheimer pressed for the
578:
notes that "there is no mathematics and very little physics. There is little about the engineering of the 'gadget' tested in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945."
307:
Despite Oppenheimer's activism, the book points out that his exact relationship with the communist party remains unclear. Reports of friends and associates such as
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171:
The book chronicles Oppenheimer's rise to fame as "the father of the atomic bomb" and director of the Manhattan Project, as well as his tragic downfall due to his
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319:. Never formally having a card and later denying he ever had a membership, Oppenheimer described his interaction with the party as "very brief and very intense."
408:). Despite the government's decision to move forward with the bomb, Oppenheimer continued his role as chairman but remained an outspoken critic of the bomb.
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As chairman of the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, Oppenheimer opposed the accelerated construction of the Super (
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scientists. Nevertheless, Oppenheimer met Jean Tatlock several times before discontinuing the relationship, after which she committed suicide.
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506:, on March 13, 1980, for $ 70,000. Between 1979 and 1985 he conducted interviews "with 112 persons in his orbit", including his friend
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attempted to cut off Oppenheimer from all government contacts and create a "blank wall" between the scientist and classified material.
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1354:"Cillian Murphy Confirmed to Star As J. Robert Oppenheimer In Christopher Nolan's Next Film At Universal, Film Will Bow in July 2023"
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Nolan met with Bird as Sherwin had been diagnosed with cancer and was not able to travel. Bird read the script prior to filming:
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independently suggested the same title. First comparison of the physicists who made the bomb possible to Prometheus was in the
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388:. The authors recount Oppenheimer's serious qualms about the implications of the bombings and nuclear weapons. He later told
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began work on an Oppenheimer biopic in 2019 following a gift, a book of Oppenheimer's speeches, from British actor
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Brotherhood of the bomb: the tangled lives and loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
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1258:"Reviews: 'Robert Oppenheimer' by Ray Monk and 'An Atomic Love Story' by Shirley Streshinsky and Patricia Klaus"
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502:(1975), started to work on the Oppenheimer biography in 1979, and signed the first contract with the publisher,
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705:. Since 2015, the adaptation rights were owned by producer J. David Wargo, who agreed to work alongside Nolan.
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Oppenheimer's security clearance was revoked, and he became in the public eye a scientist-martyr and victim of
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policy, became more estranged from politics in Washington, while still fatefully trying to remain an insider.
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Dabscheck, Braham (2007). "Review of American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer".
722:, was released on July 21, 2023, to critical and commercial acclaim. Written and directed by Nolan, it stars
216:
The book includes five parts on different stages of Oppenheimer's life, as well as a prologue and epilogue.
1051:"New Film Offers Chance To Grapple With Oppenheimer's Communist Ties, Beyond the Martyrology of McCarthyism"
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284:, Oppenheimer developed an appeal for the unemployed and migrant farmers and later gave donations for
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533:… fire … the bomb is this fire. And you could put 'American' there." Sherwin said that his friend
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not as a biography ('a formula that you write into can be creatively stifling') but more like "a
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While a professor at Berkeley, Oppenheimer began an intense relationship with graduate student
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but blind to her ego-crushing treatment of their son, Peter; lifelong friend of students like
529:, but that was vetoed by their editor. Susan Goldmark, Bird's wife, suggested the new title: "
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392:, "I feel I have blood on my hands," a statement that would alienate the president from him.
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was a Communist in every respect except for the fact that he did not carry a party card."
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to investigate Oppenheimer's communist connections. Oppenheimer was asked to testify at a
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The epilogue covers the lives of Oppenheimer's family and children after his death from
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Oppie—"A very mysterious and delphic character." Interview with Kai Bird, co-author of
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Part one of the book begins tracing Oppenheimer's childhood and early education at the
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1002:"Oppenheimer's big screen odyssey: The man, the book and the film's 50-year journey"
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1212:"American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (review)"
1119:"American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (review)"
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776:"Christopher Nolan goes deep on 'Oppenheimer', his most 'extreme' film to date"
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280:, which instilled a new interest in social and political activism. Amidst the
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1074:"The Physics, Philosophy and, Literally, Dirty Laundry of Robert Oppenheimer"
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Increased political influence led to greater surveillance by the FBI led by
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claim that Oppenheimer was unaware of any surrender talks by the Japanese.
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The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer: And the Birth of the Modern Arms Race
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and its aftermath. The authors argue that the proceedings constituted a
260:, and his role as the founder of the theoretical physics program at the
1380:"Here's How Close 'Oppenheimer' Sticks to J. Robert Oppenheimer's Life"
1173:"American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer"
936:"Behind 'Oppenheimer,' a Prizewinning Biography 25 Years in the Making"
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over a period of 25 years. It won numerous awards, including the 2006
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American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer
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American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer
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701:, and decided to base his screenplay on the book, centering on the
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moral and political ramifications of the "gadget" or atomic bomb.
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405:
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Martin J. Sherwin Collection Relating to J. Robert Oppenheimer
697:. Nolan continued a newfound interest in Oppenheimer, reading
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The last part of the book deals primarily with Oppenheimer's
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Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography-winning works
1328:"The Real History Behind Christopher Nolan's 'Oppenheimer'"
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But it is Oppenheimer the man, not general ideas about the
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248:
The authors recount Oppenheimer's emotional crisis at the
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184:
1418:(First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books.
584:, in his review of several Oppenheimer biographies for
1024:"Why Oppenheimer Was Called the 'American Prometheus'"
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Budgeted at $ 100 million, the resulting film, titled
518:
In 1999 Sherwin invited his friend, writer and editor
474:, but only over fifteen years after the Trinity Test.
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The book also covers the stormy relationship between
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joined the Communist Party to Robert's disapproval.
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626:, whom he simply threw to the Red-hunting wolves.
427:Oppenheimer accepted an offer as director of the
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1692:(Research material gathered for the writing of
1552:J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century
372:with lenses. Part three ends by detailing the
658:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography
500:A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and Its Legacies
166:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography
1763:Cultural depictions of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1461:Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center
1440:Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center
1415:Robert Oppenheimer: a life inside the center
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1620:J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds
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315:recordings could merely portray him as a
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970:Australasian Journal of American Studies
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546:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
16:2005 biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer
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1463:. London: Jonathan Cape/Random House.
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561:The biography was praised by critics.
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1665:Presentation by Bird and Sherwin on
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191:The book served as inspiration for
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1554:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1530:Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma
1401:
1378:McCluskey, Megan (July 21, 2023).
1098:Buchan, James (February 2, 2008).
887:
669:
652:National Book Critics Circle Award
525:The working title of the book was
262:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1784:
1758:Books about the Manhattan Project
1685:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1647:
1485:Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect
1352:Kroll, Justin (October 8, 2021).
1325:
1171:Rigden, John S. (November 2005).
252:, his Academic flourishment as a
1444:. New York; Toronto: Doubleday.
1072:Maslin, Janet (April 21, 2005).
1049:Rollyson, Carl (July 17, 2023).
774:Turan, Kenneth (July 11, 2023).
614:, and betrayer of students like
341:Oppenheimer's security hearing.
1773:Biographies about American Jews
1704:
1488:. University of Chicago Press.
1371:
1345:
1319:
1306:The Pol Roger Duff Cooper Prize
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1216:The Journal of Military History
1203:
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1123:The Journal of Military History
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1000:Amsden, David (July 18, 2023).
1753:Biographies adapted into films
1711:Maslin, Janet (May 27, 2013).
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852:
843:
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825:
816:
807:
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691:, who starred in Nolan's film
33:First edition cover, photo by
1:
1597:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
934:Kifer, Andy (July 10, 2023).
822:Bird and Sherwin, p. 169, 268
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498:, who had previously written
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1713:"Rough-Edged Atomic Pioneer"
1288:National Book Critics Circle
556:
429:Institute for Advanced Study
179:. The book shows efforts by
7:
703:security clearance hearings
683:British-American filmmaker
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376:of the first nuclear bomb.
219:
10:
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1637:Pharr Davis, Nuel (1968).
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290:Communist Party of America
243:southwestern United States
211:
1210:Julian, Thomas A (2006).
1117:Settle, Frank A. (2006).
644:
449:
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333:was selected to lead the
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152:which produced the first
144:of theoretical physicist
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109:
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83:
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65:
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26:
1639:Lawrence and Oppenheimer
1600:. Simon & Schuster.
1482:Thorpe, Charles (2006).
1100:"The burden of the bomb"
867:Bird and Sherwin, p. 558
858:Bird and Sherwin, p. 543
849:Bird and Sherwin, p. 480
840:Bird and Sherwin, p. 436
831:Bird and Sherwin, p. 332
813:Bird and Sherwin, p. 135
370:plutonium implosion bomb
1641:. Simon & Schuster.
804:Bird and Sherwin, p. 21
250:University of Cambridge
1743:2005 non-fiction books
1504:McMillan, Priscilla J.
753:
714:
628:
386:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
235:Ethical Culture School
1748:Alfred A. Knopf books
1228:10.1353/jmh.2006.0010
1135:10.1353/jmh.2006.0024
1006:The Los Angeles Times
890:"An American Tragedy"
748:
710:
592:
254:theoretical physicist
146:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1669:, September 30, 2006
1622:. Houghton Mifflin.
1576:. New York: H.Holt.
1332:Smithsonian Magazine
746:". Nolan also said:
437:President Eisenhower
148:, the leader of the
1698:Library of Congress
1694:American Prometheus
1680:American Prometheus
1667:American Prometheus
1655:American Prometheus
1264:. November 10, 2013
1189:2005PhT....58k..51B
1061:on August 15, 2023.
894:The New York Review
699:American Prometheus
587:The New York Review
575:American Prometheus
292:(CPUSA) and funded
23:
1717:The New York Times
1459:Monk, Ray (2012).
1078:The New York Times
940:The New York Times
570:The New York Times
540:Scientific Monthly
472:Enrico Fermi Award
35:Alfred Eisenstaedt
21:
1629:978-0-395-30530-0
1607:978-0-671-65719-2
1583:978-0-8050-6588-6
1561:978-0-8018-9317-9
1548:Cassidy, David C.
1539:978-0-7156-3330-4
1526:Bernstein, Jeremy
1517:978-1-4214-2567-2
1495:978-0-226-79848-6
1451:978-0-385-50407-2
1197:10.1063/1.2155759
1012:on July 18, 2023.
780:Los Angeles Times
685:Christopher Nolan
664:Duff Cooper Prize
496:Martin J. Sherwin
398:nuclear arms race
335:Manhattan Project
325:Uranium Committee
197:biographical film
193:Christopher Nolan
162:Martin J. Sherwin
150:Manhattan Project
133:
132:
129:QC16.O62 B57 2005
90:978-0-375-72626-2
50:Martin J. Sherwin
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1057:. Archived from
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1008:. Archived from
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946:on July 11, 2023
942:. Archived from
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896:. Archived from
888:Powers, Thomas.
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786:on July 15, 2023
782:. Archived from
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726:as Oppenheimer.
689:Robert Pattinson
640:
564:The Boston Globe
508:Haakon Chevalier
456:security hearing
390:President Truman
309:Haakon Chevalier
282:Great Depression
266:Hindu scriptures
208:as Oppenheimer.
173:security hearing
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67:Publication date
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1720:. Retrieved
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719:Oppenheimer
677:Oppenheimer
596:nuclear age
468:McCarthyism
204:, starring
201:Oppenheimer
1737:Categories
1179:(review).
1028:MovieMaker
756:References
740:heist film
531:Prometheus
494:Historian
490:Production
358:Niels Bohr
140:is a 2005
1696:) at the
1434:Monk, Ray
1410:Monk, Ray
1244:159842110
1236:1543-7795
1151:159516609
1143:1543-7795
557:Reception
444:Katherine
258:Göttingen
142:biography
104:249029647
56:Publisher
1722:July 23,
1683:for the
1618:(1980).
1594:(1986).
1572:(2002).
1550:(2004).
1528:(2004).
1506:(2005).
1436:(2012).
1412:(2014).
1389:July 23,
1363:July 28,
1358:Deadline
1337:July 23,
1311:July 23,
1268:July 23,
1156:July 15,
1083:July 12,
1034:July 16,
982:41054066
950:July 12,
904:July 16,
790:July 23,
736:thriller
520:Kai Bird
478:Epilogue
422:Cold War
294:refugees
220:Prologue
195:'s 2023
183:and the
158:Kai Bird
46:Kai Bird
1658:at the
1185:Bibcode
239:Harvard
212:Summary
175:in the
117:530.092
1673:C-SPAN
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679:(film)
645:Awards
622:, and
612:Serber
450:Part 5
406:H-bomb
380:Part 4
345:Part 3
272:Part 2
229:Part 1
42:Author
1240:S2CID
1147:S2CID
978:JSTOR
694:Tenet
662:2008
656:2006
650:2005
608:Kitty
527:Oppie
504:Knopf
431:from
302:Frank
296:from
76:Pages
1724:2023
1624:ISBN
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738:, a
602:and
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