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employees. In some highly unionized cities, NAM members would fund deputized armed "patrols." While ostensibly charged with keeping the peace, these "imported thugs" were accused of intimidating striking workers and breaking up peaceful demonstrations by force. They would also pursue court-ordered injunctions against labor leaders, such as
Illinois labor leader
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in 1921. The employers agreed not to negotiate with unions, and to require that employees sign a pledge that they would not join a union. Some hardline employers refused to recognize or negotiate with union leaders, and some boycotted unionized vendors and refused to sell supplies to striking
73:, to prevent them from organizing protests. When Soderstrom and his fellow Labor Council members protested, they were issued injunctions and charged with conspiracy. The American Plan implied a connection between union activity and the
88:, union membership fell from 5.1 million in 1920 to 3.6 million in 1929. In the 1930s, successful organizing drives by industrial unions weakened the American Plan, and employer resistance to unions.
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As a result, the
American Plan drove down union membership by at least 25% between 1921 and 1923. From companies' participation in the American Plan, as well as anti-union decisions from the
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in the 1920s. The
American Plan deemed unions to be "un-American," and the resulting anti-union efforts of employers decreased union membership and efficacy until the 1930s. During
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mills, calling union organizers "German propagandists." U.S. Steel also required that steelworkers sign a "Pledge of
Patriotism," promising not to
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The
Americanization of labor. The employers' offensive against the trade unions. With an introd. by S. Nearing
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For the economic program of Henry Clay and the Whig Party that Clay called his
American Plan, see
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Kenesaw
Mountain Landis § Building trades award, controversy, and resignation (1920–1922)
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Wakstein, Allen M. (December 1964). "The
Origins of the Open-Shop Movement, 1919-1920".
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20:. For the U.S. presidential primary allocation system known as the American Plan, see
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Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018).
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Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben
Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO
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This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a
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