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them closer still to their culture, though it resulted in physical abuse which was feared; resistance continued in this form in order to cause frustration. They wanted to show their language and culture were deeply rooted in them and that they could not be replaced with force. Another form of resistance used was misbehavior, acting very foolishly and making it hard for them to be handled. Misbehaving meant consistently breaking the rules, acting out of character, and starting fires or fights. This was all an act in hopes of being sent home. The students wanted to be difficult enough to not suffer abuse but to be expelled. Resistance was a form of courage used to go against the boarding schools. These efforts were inspired by each other and from times of colonization. It was a way to keep their mother tongue, culture, and Native identities still attached and restored to civilization. Resistance tactics helped slow down the intelligence of
American culture being understood and taught.
282:
486:
682:"The boarding school movement began after the Civil War, when reformers turned their attention to the plight of Indian people and advocated for proper education and treatment so that Indians could become like other citizens. One of the first efforts to accomplish this goal was the establishment of the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, founded in 1879." The leader of the school, General Pratt also employed the "outing system" which placed Indians in non-Indian homes during the summers and for three years following high school to learn non-Indian culture (ibid). Government subsidies were made to participating families. Pratt believed that this was both educating American Indians and making them Americans. In 1900, 1,880 Carlisle students participated in this system, each with his or her own bank account.
843:
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866:
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names for use at the school. Sometimes the names were based on their own; other times they were assigned at random. The children were not allowed to speak their own languages, even between each other. They were required to attend church services and were often baptized as
Christians. As was typical of the time, discipline was stiff in many schools. It often included assignment of extra chores for punishment, solitary confinement and corporal punishment, including beatings by teachers using sticks, rulers and belts. The treatment of these children was abusive. They suffered physical, sexual, cultural and spiritual abuse and neglect, and experienced treatment that in many cases constituted torture for speaking their Native languages.
875:
standing. Just as I began to rise, looking shyly around to see how chairs were to be used, a second bell was sounded. All were seated at last, and I had to crawl back into my chair again. I heard a man's voice at one end of the hall, and I looked around to see him. But all the others hung their heads over their plates. As I glanced at the long chain of tables, I cause the eyes of a paleface woman upon me. Immediately I dropped my eyes, wondering why I was so keenly watched by the strange woman. The man ceased his mutterings, and then a third bell was tapped. Everyone picked up his knife and fork and began eating. I began crying instead, for by this time I was afraid to venture anything more.
582:
435:
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136:, and replacing their tribal names with English language names (saints' names under some religious orders) for use at the schools, as part of assimilation and to Christianize them. The schools were usually harsh, especially for younger children who had been forcibly separated from their families and forced to abandon their Native American identities and cultures. Children sometimes died in the school system due to infectious disease. Investigations of the later 20th century revealed cases of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
636:"Many parents had no choice but to send their kids, when Congress authorized the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to withhold rations, clothing, and annuities of those families that refused to send students. Some agents even used reservation police to virtually kidnap youngsters, but experienced difficulties when the Native police officers would resign out of disgust, or when parents taught their kids a special "hide and seek" game. Sometimes resistant fathers found themselves locked up for refusal. In 1895, nineteen men of the
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657:. One particular article in the Fort Laramie Treaty illustrates the attention the federal government paid to the "civilizing" nature of education: "Article 7. In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering in this treaty the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years to attend school"
664:, a body appointed by an act of Congress in 1867. The report stated that the difference of languages was a major problem and advocated elimination of Indian languages and replacement of them with English. This report created a controversy in Indian education because the missionaries who had been responsible for educating Native youth used a bilingual instructional policy. In 1870, President Grant criticized this, beginning a new policy with eradication of Native languages as a major goal.
755:(JOM) was passed, which provided for the reimbursement of states for the cost of educating Indian students in public schools. This federal-state contract provided that a specified sum be paid by the federal government and held the state responsible for the education and welfare of Indians within its boundaries. Funds made available from the O'Malley act were designated to assist in reducing the enrollment of Indian boarding schools, placing them in public schools instead.
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tribal languages, the acting out of traditional gender roles". School administrators argued that young women needed to be specifically targeted due to their important place in continuing assimilation education in their future homes. Educational administrators and teachers were instructed that "Indian girls were to be assured that, because their grandmothers did things in a certain way, there was no reason for them to do the same".
553:. By 1902 it authorized 25 federally funded off-reservation schools in 15 states and territories, with a total enrollment of over 6,000 students. Federal legislation required Native American children to be educated according to Anglo-American standards. Parents had to authorize their children's attendance at boarding schools and, if they refused, officials could use coercion to gain a quota of students from any given reservation.
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girls would be so scared that we would jump into each other's bed as soon as the lights went out. The sustained terror in our hearts further tested our endurance, as it was better to suffer with a full bladder and be safe than to walk through the dark, seemingly endless hallway to the bathroom. When we were older, we girls anguished each time we entered the classroom of a certain male teacher who stalked and molested girls.
44:
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labor, will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving, than a man by hunting. Compared with you, we are but as of yesterday in this land. Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry, and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us. Follow then our example, brethren, and we will aid you with great pleasure ...
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class, they were expected to maintain the upkeep of the schools. Unclean and overpopulated living conditions led to the spread of disease and many students did not receive enough food. Bounties were offered for students who tried to run away and many students committed suicide. Students who died were sometimes placed in coffins and buried in the school cemetery by their own classmates.
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health from the rest of the student body". Tuberculosis was especially deadly among students. Many children died while in custody at Indian schools. Often students were prevented from communicating with their families, and parents were not notified when their children fell ill; the schools also failed sometimes to notify them when a child died. "Many of the Indian deaths during the
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government to fund a school that would require Native children to move away from their homes to attend a school far away. The
Carlisle Indian school, which became the template for over 300 schools across the United States, opened in 1879. Carlisle Barracks, an abandoned Pennsylvanian military base, was used for the school. It became the first school that was not on a reservation.
497:, essentially a kind of immersion. While he required changes: the men had to cut their hair and wear common uniforms rather than their traditional clothes, he also granted them increased autonomy and the ability to govern themselves within the prison. Pleased by his success, he was said to have supported the motto, "Kill the Indian, Save the Man." Pratt said in a speech in 1892:
377:. As part of the treaties signed for land cessions, the United States was supposed to provide education to the tribes on their reservations. Some religious orders and organizations established missions in Kansas and what later became Oklahoma to work on these new reservations. Some of the Southeast tribes established their own schools, as the Choctaw did for both girls and boys.
1043:, giving Native American parents the legal right to refuse their child's placement in a school. Damning evidence related to years of abuses of students in off-reservation boarding schools contributed to the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act. Congress approved this act after hearing testimony about life in Indian boarding schools.
176:... instead of exterminating a part of the human race ... we had persevered ... and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country ... But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America β This opinion is probably more convenient than just.
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able to produce goods to sell at the market. Carlisle students produced a newspaper, had a well-regarded chorus and orchestra, and developed sports programs. In the summer students often lived with local farm families and townspeople, reinforcing their assimilation, and providing labor at low cost to the families.
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all the rights and prerogatives pertaining to
American citizenship" The federal government implemented another new policy, aimed at relocating Indian people to urban cities and away from the reservations, terminating the tribes as separate entities. There were sixty-one tribes terminated during that period.
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Besides mealtime routines, administrators "educated" Indigenous students on how to farm using
European-based methods, which they considered superior to indigenous methods. Given the constraints of rural locations and limited budgets, boarding schools often operated supporting farms, raising livestock
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A small bell was tapped, and each of the pupils drew a chair from under the table. Supposing this act meant that they were to be seated, I pulled out mine and at once slipped into it from one side. But when I turned my head, I saw that I was the only one seated, and all the rest at our table remained
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In 1953, Congress passed House
Concurrent Resolution 108, which set a new direction in federal policy toward Indians. The major spokesperson for the resolution Senator Arthur Watkins (Utah), stated: "As rapidly as possible, we should end the status of Indians as wards of the government and grant them
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As a result of these changes, many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some located on reservations were taken over by tribes. By 2007, the number of
American Indian children living in Indian boarding school dormitories had declined to 9,500. This figure includes those
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The ongoing effects of forced boarding schools on
Indigenous communities was hardly forgivable by the various groups. According to Mary Annette Pember, whose mother was forced to attend St. Mary's Catholic Boarding school in Wisconsin, her mother often recollected "the beatings, the shaming, and the
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Jacqueline Emery, introducing an anthology of boarding school writings, suggests that these writings prove that the children showed a cultural and personal resilience "more common among boarding school students than one might think". Although school authorities censored the material, it demonstrates
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Major legislation aimed at improving Indian education occurred in the 1970s. In 1972, Congress passed the Indian
Education Act, which established a comprehensive approach to meeting the unique needs of American Indians and Alaska Native students. This Act recognizes that American Indians have unique
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of 1934 ended the allotment period of history, confirmed the rights to Indian self-government, and made
Indians eligible to hold Bureau of Indian Affairs posts, which encouraged Indians to attend vocational schools and colleges." During this period there was an effort to encourage the development of
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In 1918, Carlisle boarding school was closed because Pratt's method of assimilating American Indian students through off-reservation boarding schools was perceived as outdated. That same year Congress passed new Indian education legislation, the Act of May 25, 1918. It generally forbade expenditures
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when students arrived at boarding schools, their lives altered dramatically. They were given short haircuts (a source of shame for boys of many tribes, who considered long hair part of their maturing identity), required to wear uniforms, and to take English
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The Carlisle curriculum was heavily based on the culture and society of rural America. The classes included vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls. Students worked to carry out chores that helped sustain the farm and food production for the self-supporting school. They were also
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in the West, more tribes were forced onto reservations after ceding vast amounts of land to the US. With the goal of assimilation, believed necessary so that tribal Indians could survive to become part of American society, the government increased its efforts to provide education opportunities. Some
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When students arrived at boarding schools, the routine was typically the same. First, the students were forced to give up their tribal clothing and their hair was cut. Second, "o instill the necessary discipline, the entire school routine was organized in martial fashion, and every facet of student
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The overcrowding of the schools contributed to the rapid spread of disease within the schools. "An often-underpaid staff provided irregular medical care. And not least, apathetic boarding school officials frequently failed to heed their own directions calling for the segregation of children in poor
344:, in 1816, was set up for male students from a variety of non-Christian peoples, mostly abroad. Native Hawaiians, Muslim and Hindu students from India and Southeast Asia were among the nearly 100 total who attended during its decade of operation. Also enrolled were Native American students from the
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who yielded in abilities to few Europeans, when competing for the honour of being first in their class. So that not gold, nor silver, nor the other products of the earth alone, but men also are gathered from thence to bring those regions, which foreigners have unjustly called ferocious, to a higher
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Since those years, tribal nations have carried out political activism and gained legislation and federal policy that gives them the power to decide how to use federal education funds, how they educate their children, and the authority to establish their own community-based schools. Tribes have also
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Attendance in Indian boarding schools generally increased throughout the first half of the 20th century, doubling by the 1960s. In 1969, the BIA operated 226 schools in 17 states, including on reservations and in remote geographical areas. Some 77 were boarding schools. A total of 34,605 children
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A famous resistance tactic used by students in boarding schools was speaking and responding back in their mother tongue. The schools stressed the importance of enforcing the extinction of their first language and adapting to English. Speaking their language symbolized a bond that strictly attached
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As mentioned by historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child, "A remote Indian population living in Northern Minnesota who, in 1900, took a radical position against the construction of a government school." This Indigenous population, the Ojibwe people, showed hostility to construction on their land
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People formerly separated by language, culture, and geography lived and worked together in residential schools. Students formed close bonds and enjoyed a rich cross-cultural change. Graduates of government schools often married former classmates, found employment in the Indian Service, migrated to
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Girls and young women taken from their families and placed into boarding schools, such as the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, were urged to accomplish the U.S. federal government's vision of "educating Indian girls in the hope that women trained as good housewives would help their mates
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Intimidation and fear were very much present in our daily lives. For instance, we would cower from the abusive disciplinary practices of some superiors, such as the one who yanked my cousin's ear hard enough to tear it. After a nine-year-old girl was raped in her dormitory bed during the night, we
143:
Boarding schools embodied both victimization and agency for Native people and they served as sites of both cultural loss and cultural persistence. These institutions, intended to assimilate Native people into mainstream society and eradicate Native cultures, became integral components of American
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Students at boarding schools faced hardship, but that did not stop them from building a foundation of resistance. Native students utilized what was taught at school to speak up and perform activism. They were very intelligent and resourceful, becoming knowledgeable in activism and political work.
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From the moment students arrived at school, they could not "be Indian" in any way. Boarding school administrators "forbade, whether in school or on reservation, tribal singing and dancing, along with the wearing of ceremonial and 'savage' clothes, the practice of native religions, the speaking of
332:
from various denominations developed the first schools as part of their missions near indigenous settlements, believing they could extend education and Christianity to Native Americans. East of the Appalachian Mountains, most Indians had been forced off their traditional lands before the American
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operates approximately 183 schools, primarily non-boarding, and primarily located on reservations. The schools have 46,000 students. Modern criticisms focus on the quality of education provided and compliance with federal education standards. In March 2020 the BIA finalized a rule to create the
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noted that infectious disease was often widespread at the schools due to malnutrition, overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and students weakened by overwork. The report said that death rates for Native American students were six and a half times higher than for other ethnic groups. A report
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The children who were admitted into boarding schools experienced several forms of abuse. They were given white names, forced to speak English, and were not allowed to practice their culture. They took classes on how to conduct manual labor such as farming and housekeeping. When they were not in
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Pratt continued the assimilation model in developing the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Pratt felt that within one generation Native children could be integrated into Euro-American culture. With this perspective he proposed an expensive experiment to the federal government. Pratt wanted the
218:
I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families. Be assured you will support them better and with less labor, by raising stock and bread, and by spinning and weaving clothes, than by hunting. A little land cultivated, and a little
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When faculty visited former students, they rated their success based on the following criteria: "orderly households, 'citizen's dress', Christian weddings, 'well-kept' babies, land in severalty, children in school, industrious work habits, and leadership roles in promoting the same 'civilized'
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From 1810 to 1917, the U.S. federal government subsidized mission and boarding schools. By 1885, 106 Indian schools had been established, many of them on abandoned military installations. Using military personnel and Indian prisoners, boarding schools were seen as a means for the government to
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As claimed by Dr. Jon Reyhner, he described methods of discipline by mentioning that: "The boys were laid on an empty barrel and whipped with a long leather strap". Methods such as these have left physical injuries and made the institutions dangerous for these children as they lived in fear of
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Following the Indian Wars, missionaries founded additional schools in the West with boarding facilities. Given the vast areas and isolated populations, they could support only a limited number of schools. Some children necessarily had to attend schools that were distant from their communities.
254:. He said the purpose of the mission, as an interpreter told the chief of a Native American tribe there, was "to extend civilization and instruction to his ignorant race, and show them the way to heaven." The mission's annual records report that by 1640, they had founded a community they named
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of 1819 promoted this policy by providing funding to societies (mostly religious missionaries) who worked on Native American education, often at schools established in or near Native American communities. The reformers believed this policy would help the Indians survive increasing contact with
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was common in European American society. Archuleta et al. (2000) noted cases where students had "their mouths washed out with lye soap when they spoke their native languages; they could be locked up in the guardhouse with only bread and water for other rule violations; and they faced corporal
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Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and admitted to these boarding schools. Their cultural traditions were discarded when they were taught about American ideas of refinement and civilization. This forced assimilation increased substance abuse and suicides among these
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Boarding schools were also established on reservations, where they were often operated by religious missions or institutes, which were generally independent of the local diocese, in the case of Catholic orders. Because of the distances, often Native American children were separated from their
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were enrolled in the boarding schools; 15,450 in BIA day schools; and 3,854 were housed in dormitories "while attending public schools with BIA financial support. In addition, 62,676 Indian youngsters attend public schools supported by the Johnson-O'Malley Act, which is administered by BIA."
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in 1887 eventually took nearly 50 million acres of land from Indian control. On-reservation schools were either taken over by Anglo leadership or destroyed. Indian-controlled school systems became non-existent while "the Indians made captives of federal or mission education".
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In 1891, a compulsory attendance law enabled federal officers to forcibly take Native American children from their homes and reservations. The American government believed they were rescuing these children from a world of poverty and depression and teaching them "life skills".
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on reservations. Tribal control over their schools has been supported by federal legislation and changing practices by the BIA. By 2007, most of the boarding schools had been closed down, and the number of Native American children in boarding schools had declined to 9,500.
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Native Americans, adopted the practice of assimilating Native American children in current American culture. At the time the society was dominated by agriculture, with many yeomen subsistence farmers, and rural society made up of some small towns and few large cities. The
648:
Between 1778 and 1871, the federal government signed 389 treaties with American Indian tribes. Most of these treaties contained provisions that the federal government would provide education and other services in exchange for land. The last of these treaties, the
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Forcibly removed from their families, many later refused to allow their children to be forcefully taken from them by hiding them and encouraging them to run away. It was not always successful but it was a form of resistance that was present during this period.
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The Ojibwe men stood as armed guards surrounding the construction workers and their building, indicating the workmen were not welcome to build on their land. This type of armed resistance was common throughout Native society during the boarding school period.
271:"a school for humanities was opened by our Society in the centre of Maryland, directed by two of the Fathers; and the native youth, applying themselves assiduously to study, made good progress. Maryland and the recently established school sent two boys to
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in 45 on-reservation boarding schools, seven off-reservation boarding schools, and 14 peripheral dormitories. From 1879 to the present day, it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of Native Americans attended Indian boarding schools as children.
1036:. This emphasized authorizing tribes to contract with federal agencies in order to take over management of programs such as education. It also enabled the tribes to establish community schools for their children on their reservations.
4422:
Child, Brenda J., et al. βComparing Histories of Education for Indigenous Peoples.β Indian Subjects: Hemispheric Perspectives on the History of Indigenous Education, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, California, 2014, pp.
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Child, Brenda J., et al. βComparing Histories of Education for Indigenous Peoples.β Indian Subjects: Hemispheric Perspectives on the History of Indigenous Education, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, California, 2014, pp.
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Through the 19th century, the encroachment of European Americans on Indian lands continued. From the 1830s, tribes from both the Southeast and the Great Lakes areas were pushed west of the Mississippi, forced off their lands to
101:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries especially, the government paid Church denominations to provide basic education to Native American children on reservations, and later established its own schools on reservations. The
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In 1819, Congress appropriated $ 10,000 to hire teachers and maintain schools. These resources were allocated to the missionary church schools because the government had no other mechanism to educate the Indian population.
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301:. Its few Native American students came from New England. In this period higher education was very limited for all classes, and most 'colleges' taught at a level more similar to today's high schools. In 1665,
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After release or graduation from Indian boarding schools, students were expected to return to their tribes and induce European assimilation there. Many students who returned to their reservations experienced
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chief. She was likely an exception because of her father's status, as girls were generally not educated with boys in English Catholic schools of the period. Other students discussed in the records were male.
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In 1871, the United States government prohibited further treaties with Indian nations and also passed the Appropriations Act for Indian Education requiring the establishment of day schools on reservations.
401:, only one religious organization or order was permitted on any single reservation. The various denominations lobbied the government to be permitted to set up missions, even in competition with each other.
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withholding of food" done by the nuns. The same effects continue on for generations of Native people who never attended the schools themselves, such as on families with surviving and missing loved ones.
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argued in a report to Congress that days schools were ineffective at teaching Indian children English because they spent 20 hours per day at home speaking their native language. The Senate and House
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joined in the criticism of day schools a year later arguing that they operated too much to perpetuate "the Indian as special-status individual rather than preparing for him independent citizenship"
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ended this practice and the termination period. He also directed the Secretary of the Interior to establish Indian school boards for federal Indian schools comprising members of the communities.
4511:"Going back to the blanket: New outlooks on art instruction at the Carlisle Indian Industrial school. In Visualizing a mission: Artifacts and imagery of the Carlisle Indian School, 1879β1918"
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5011:"Preliminary Inventory of the Office of the Five Civilized Tribes Agency Muscogee Area of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Record Group 75). Appendix VI: List of Schools (Entry 600 and 601)"
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1013:, an administrator who had founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, began to believe that "o civilize the Indian, get him into civilization. To keep him civilized, let him stay."
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501:"A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one. In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead."
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1910:. Boarding and Indian Industrial School in 1891β1935. Became a Community and Day School from 1940 to 1959. Now a Historic Site run by the State Historic Society of North Dakota.
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for separate education of children less than 1/4 Indian whose parents are citizens of the United States when they live in an area where adequate free public schools are provided.
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Day schools were also created to implement federal mandates. Compared to boarding schools, day schools were a less expensive option that usually received less parental pushback.
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784:, which guaranteed tribes the opportunity to determine their own futures and the education of their children through funds allocated to and administrated by individual tribes.
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educational and culturally related academic needs and distinct language and cultural needs. The most far-reaching legislation to be signed during the 1970s, however, was the
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Standards, Assessments and Accountability System (SAAS) for all BIA schools. The motivation behind the rule is to prepare BIA students to be ready for college and careers.
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In 1776, the Continental Congress authorized the Indian commissioners to engage ministers as teachers to work with Indians. This movement increased after the War of 1812.
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urban areas, returned to their reservations and entered tribal politics. Countless new alliances, both personal and political, were forged in government boarding schools.
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Given the lack of public sanitation and the often crowded conditions at boarding schools in the early 20th century, students were at risk for infectious diseases such as
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opened in 1886 under the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, later renamed the Stephan Indian School. Came under control of the Crow Creek tribe in 1970 and is now the
132:. Schools forced removal of indigenous cultural signifiers: cutting the children's hair, having them wear American-style uniforms, forbidding them from speaking their
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said, "In December of 1899, measles broke out at the Phoenix Indian School, reaching epidemic proportions by January. In its wake, 325 cases of measles, 60 cases of
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movement, which believed the only way for the tribal peoples to make their way was to become assimilated, as American society was rapidly changing and urbanizing.
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achieve assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream American culture. Assimilation efforts included forcibly removing Native Americans from their families,
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Wahpeton Indian School, Wahpeton, North Dakota, 1904β93. In 1993 its name was changed to Circle of Nations School and came under tribal control. Currently open.
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Enrollment reached its highest point in the 1970s. In 1973, 60,000 American Indian children are estimated to have been enrolled in an Indian boarding school.
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Szasz, Margaret Connell. " 'I Knew How to Be Moderate. And I Knew How to Obey': The Commonality of American Indian Boarding School Experiences, 1750s-1920s"
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Corporatism, social control, and cultural domination in education : from the radical right to globalization : the selected works of Joel Spring
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If we were not finished when the 8 a.m. whistle sounded, the dining room matron would go around strapping us while we were still on our hands and knees.
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This list is incomplete: It includes schools directly operated by the BIE and those in association with the BIE along with those of predecessor agencies
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students as they suffered mental illnesses such as depression and PTSD. These illnesses also increased the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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families and tribes when they attended such schools on other reservations. At the peak of the federal program, the BIA supported 350 boarding schools.
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punishment and other rigid discipline on a daily basis". Beyond physical and mental abuse, some school authorities sexually abused students as well.
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to conduct a survey of the overall conditions of American Indians and to assess federal programs and policies. The Meriam Report, officially titled
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The rise of pan-Indian activism, tribal nations' continuing complaints about the schools, and studies in the late 1960s and mid-1970s (such as the
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The school was founded in 1924 as St. Paul's Indian Mission School and has been tribally owned and operated by the Yankton Sioux Tribe since 1975.
1490:, (Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation), opened in 1872 and paid for by federal funds, but run by the Hicksite (Liberal) Friends and Orthodox
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from abuse. They struggled to respect elders, but also met resistance from family and friends when trying to initiate Anglo-American changes.
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Jennifer Jones, Dee Ann Bosworth, Amy Lonetree, "American Indian Boarding Schools: An Exploration of Global Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing"
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Indian Education: A National Tragedy--A National Challenge. 1969 Report of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate
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In the late 1800s, the federal government pursued a policy of total assimilation of the American Indian into mainstream American society.
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culture and made children give up their languages and religion. At the same time the schools provided a basic Western education. These
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4013:"History: Annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the year 1891 (60th): Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs"
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Educate younger children at community schools near home, and have older children attend non-reservation schools for higher grade work;
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8252:
8169:
8096:
3017:
3006:
1997:
1840:
1613:
837:
804:. None of these diseases was yet treatable by antibiotics or controlled by vaccines, and epidemics swept schools as they did cities.
410:
364:
students. It was intended to train young people as missionaries, interpreters, translators, etc. who could help guide their peoples.
336:
In the early nineteenth century, the new republic continued to deal with questions about how Native American peoples would live. The
157:
Although there are hundreds of deceased Indigenous children yet to be found, investigations are increasing across the United States.
67:
31:
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9613:
9525:
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opened in 1873 as the Sisseton Manual Labor Boarding School, later named the Sisseton Industrial school in 1902, and closed by 1919
1219:
3431:
He has a list of historic terms and what is known to be the true name of the tribe: "Pascataway, Pascatawaye, Pascatoe=Piscataway"
3358:
3313:
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soon after the Civil War. Following Pratt's sponsored students, Hampton in 1875 developed a program for Native American students.
272:
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Tar Creek : A History of the Quapaw Indians, the World's Largest Lead and Zinc Discovery, and the Tar Creek Superfund Site
4163:"Native American History and Culture: Boarding Schools - American Indian Relief Council is now Northern Plains Reservation Aid"
3591:"Native American History and Culture: Boarding Schools - American Indian Relief Council is now Northern Plains Reservation Aid"
935:
and made possible cross-tribal coalitions that helped many different tribes collaborate in the later 20th century. She argues:
737:) provide American Indians the education and skills they need to adapt both in their own communities and United States society.
7835:
5010:
4331:
842:
312:
In the early colonial years, other Indian schools were created by local New England communities, as with the Indian school in
9561:
8723:
8038:
7996:
Collins, Cary (Winter 2000β2001). "Hard Lessons in America: Henry Sicade's History of Puyallup Indian School, 1860 to 1920".
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125:. These sometimes drew children from a variety of tribes. In addition, religious orders established off-reservation schools.
75:
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opened in 1874 by Congregationalists until construction of the Oahe Dam in the 1950s closed the school and flooded the land.
10297:
9924:
8465:
8085:
3970:
3853:"Indian Boarding School Experience, Substance Use, and Mental Health among Urban Two-Spirit American Indian/Alaska Natives"
2877:
opened as the Hope Indian Mission in 1879, renamed the St. Mary's Indian School for Girls in 1902, and closed by the 1970s.
1680:
8182:
6443:
10267:
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8651:
8213:
5822:"United States. Office of Indian Affairs / Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1899 Part I"
5141:
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1472:
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community day schools; however, public school attendance for Indian children was also encouraged. In the same year, the
144:
Indian identities and eventually fueled the drive for political and cultural self-determination in the late 20th century.
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Constitution and Laws of the Chickasaw Nation together with the Treaties of 1832, 1833, 1834, 1837, 1852, 1855 and 1866
5340:
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2545:
2518:
2492:
1197:
1113:
865:
855:, preventing them from learning or practicing indigenous culture and customs, and living in a strict military fashion.
7817:
7035:"Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Osage Agency. Osage Boarding School. (01/01/1874 β 12/31/1922)"
6534:
5264:
McKellips, Karen K (October 1992). "Educational Practices in Two Nineteenth Century American Indian Mission Schools".
4845:
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3657:
3590:
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9144:
8847:
8661:
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http://www.mtpr.org/montana-news/2022-05-11/department-of-interior-report-lists-18-indian-boarding-schools-in-montana
5720:
5297:
3459:
3014:, an institution in South Dakota in which Native Americans were held against their will, one-third of whom died there
2556:
2314:
2213:
2118:
1663:
1582:
453:
445:
48:
4325:
Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present
2759:
1385:
10079:
8682:
4614:
2853:
150:
62:, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "
4699:
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3180:
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Use of the English language in the education of American Indian children was first mentioned in the report of the
10277:
8583:
5063:. Readings in Diocesan Heritage. Vol. 8. San Bernardino, Calif.: Diocese of San Bernardino. pp. iβ137.
3821:
3766:
3001:
1890:
1501:
514:
320:, which has retained some programs for Native Americans. Other schools were also created in the East, such as in
7861:
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9571:
8645:
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8328:
4146:
4121:
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opened in 1872 as a mission school and then as a boarding school in 1890. As of 2022, it is still in operation.
2198:, replaced the burned Asbury Manual Labor School. Open in 1892β1952, when the name changed to Eufaula Dormitory
2114:
1978:
1762:
1415:
978:
625:
35:
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3908:
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8333:
8318:
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2368:
2130:
2079:
2024:
1963:
906:
Although schools did use verbal correction to enforce assimilation, more violent measures were also used, as
672:
598:
violence. Many children did not recover from their wounds caused by abuse as they were often left untreated.
581:
105:(BIA) also founded additional off-reservation boarding schools. Similarly to schools that taught speakers of
8382:
8205:
5795:
5605:
4637:
3851:
Evans-Campbell, Teresa; Walters, Karina L.; Pearson, Cynthia R.; Campbell, Christopher D. (September 2012).
3822:"Journalist unearths family history while reporting on boarding school trauma, family, cultural destruction"
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2008:
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History of San Jose Quakers, West Coast Friends : Based on Joel Bean's Diaries in Iowa and California
4348:
258:. Native Americans were sending their children there to be educated, including the daughter of Tayac, the
9011:
8995:
8955:
8867:
8367:
8362:
8349:
8323:
8163:
Carolyn J. Marr, "Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest Essay"
8104:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary β Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior.
7530:
6280:
6152:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007:214. (Retrieved through Google Books, 23 July 2009.)
3011:
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2147:
1732:
1278:
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Listed of Native American boarding schools by present-day state or territory, and in alphabetical order.
945:
multiple methods of resistance to school regimes. Several students educated in boarding schools, such as
752:
650:
3380:
2537:
1996:, open 1854β1887 when name changed to Chickasaw Orphan Home and Manual Labor School and operated by the
541:
30:
This article is about the system in the United States. For the residential school system in Canada, see
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which was located in St. Augustine, Florida. The United States Army sent seventy-two warriors from the
93:. The missionaries were often approved by the federal government to start both missions and schools on
8046:
Davis, Julie. "American Indian boarding school experiences: Recent studies from Native perspectives."
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1932:
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8539:
8513:
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8377:
8292:
8174:
7095:
5919:
4289:
Hutchinson, Elizabeth (2001). "Modern Native American art: Angel DeCora's transcultural aesthetics".
4217:
Hutchinson, Elizabeth (2001). "Modern Native American art: Angel DeCora's transcultural aesthetics".
3683:
3209:
Julie Davis, "American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Recent Studies from Native Perspectives",
3042:
2874:
2847:
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opened in 1888 as the Holy Rosary Mission by the Jesuits, renamed the Red Cloud Indian School in 1969
2773:
2769:
2693:
2603:
2258:
1903:
1795:
1585:
1511:, opened 1879 and paid with by federal funds, but run by the Hicksite (Liberal) Friends and Orthodox
747:
419:
5390:
Thiesen, Barbara A (June 2006). "Every Beginning Is Hard: Darlington Mennonite Mission, 1880β1902".
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A Worthy Work in a Needy Time: The Montana Industrial School for Indians (Bond's Mission) 1886β1897
3287:
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4498:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public Policy in cooperation with Hampton University.
4278:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public Policy in cooperation with Hampton University.
1475:
was founded in 1889 by Father Joseph A. Stephan as a secondary school to educate Native Americans.
1355:
Theodore Roosevelt Indian Boarding School, founded in 1923 in buildings of the U.S. Army's closed
1193:, television series in which one of the main storylines depicts a Native American boarding school.
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8803:
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1982:
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958:
661:
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482:, Florida. They were used as hostages to encourage their peoples in the West to remain peaceful.
321:
6560:"Department of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Muskogee Area Office. Eufala High School"
4510:
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in 1908. Even after the process of closing boarding schools started, day schools remained open.
9869:
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9400:
8990:
8656:
8497:
8357:
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7754:
6500:
3798:
Author unlisted (2001). Native American Issue: "The Challenges and Limitations of Assimilation"
3498:"Native American Boarding and Day Schools | Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
2932:
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2746:
2742:
2503:
2459:
2449:
2348:'s academy was renamed as the Elliott Academy (aka Alice Lee Elliott Memorial Academy) in 1912.
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The Quest for Citizenship: African American and Native American Education in Kansas, 1880β1935
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Removal to reservations in the West in the early part of the century and the enactment of the
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of 1918β1919, which hit the Native American population hard, took place in boarding schools."
10069:
9706:
9543:
9452:
9440:
9137:
8824:
8403:
7309:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory β Nomination Form: Sacred Heart Mission Site"
7308:
6871:
4756:"The Federal Government Gives Native Students an Inadequate Education, and Gets Away With It"
4644:
Union of Ontario Indians press release: "Time will prove apology's sincerity", says Beaucage.
3711:"American Indian Boarding Schools: An Exploration of Global, Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing"
3071:
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opened from 1898 to 1908 when it closed, reopened later in 1927 as St. Josephs Indian School.
2707:
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lifestyles among family and tribe". Many students returned to the boarding schools. General
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9520:
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5410:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form β Comanche Indian Mission Cemetery"
3314:"The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era"
2827:
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4116:. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press c1998. p. 56.
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Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875β1928
7936:"The Sisseton Weekly Standard, June 26 1914 "Graduating Exercises at the Indian School""
6651:
Capture these Indians for the lord : Indians, Methodists, and Oklahomans, 1844β1939
6618:
4141:. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press c1998. p. 5.
3257:"Indian boarding school investigation faces hurdles in missing records, legal questions"
2961:
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Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875β1928
719:. Related to education of Native American children, it recommended that the government:
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4384:"How Native students fought back against abuse and assimilation at US boarding schools"
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3852:
3756:, Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture & Lifeways, 2011, accessed 25 January 2014
3720:. Mount Pleasant, Michigan: The Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture & Lifeways.
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in 1891 and they changed the name to the Wetumka Boarding School. Operated until 1910.
1494:. Moved to Concho Indian Boarding School in 1909. * Cheyenne-Arapaho Boarding School,
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6047:"Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Cantonment School. (1903β27)"
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of 1969 and the National Study of American Indian Education) led to passage of the
974:
970:
398:
374:
247:
225:
7883:
7157:"Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Red Moon School and Agency"
4656:"Federal Indian boarding schools still exist, but what's inside may be surprising"
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1986:
1766:
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309:...did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period".
290:
170:
79:
71:
2895:, opened by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in 1938 and closed by the late 1960s.
1365:
Truxton Boarding School near the Haulapai Reservation, a national historic site.
297:
on its campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts Bay Colony, supported by the Anglican
10320:
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2850:, opened in 1927, run by the Priests of the Sacred Heart and still in operation
2627:
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2319:
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1953:
1572:
1449:
1350:
1265:
1029:
229:
139:
Summarizing recent scholarship from Native perspectives, Dr. Julie Davis said:
5137:
4496:
To lead and to serve: American Indian education at Hampton institute 1878β1923
4276:
To lead and to serve: American Indian education at Hampton institute 1878β1923
1875:
1867:
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9764:
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2711:
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Tushka Lusa Institute (later called Tuska Lusa or Tushkaloosa Academy), near
2524:
2100:
Chickasaw Orphan Home and Manual Labor School (formerly Burney Academy) near
1812:
1561:
1292:
1282:
1050:
As of 2023, four federally run off-reservation boarding schools still exist.
961:, became highly educated and were precursors to modern Indigenous activists.
950:
932:
816:
698:
390:
166:
7786:"This unique Catholic school has served Native American students since 1927"
5068:
5037:
4848:. General Commission on Archives & History The United Methodist Church.
3972:
The boarding school legacy: ten contemporary Lakota women tell their stories
10310:
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9208:
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8026:
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3886:
3628:"A century of trauma at U.S. boarding schools for Native American children"
2892:
2231:. Prior to 1889 was known as the Chickasaw Academy and was operated by the
1907:
1518:
Chuala Female Seminary (also known as the Pine Ridge Mission School), near
1174:
1152:
1084:
928:
888:
793:
613:
In 1887, to provide funding for more boarding schools, Congress passed the
505:
Pratt provided for some of the younger men to pursue more education at the
361:
329:
86:
83:
5712:
4254:
The school days of an Indian girl in The American 1890s: A cultural reader
1106:"Reservation of Education," a 1973 rock song by Native American rock band
10353:
10232:
10187:
10121:
9608:
9294:
6290:. International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
4820:
2083:
1820:
1532:, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation, run by the General Conference
1498:, opened 1871 became the Arapaho Manual Labor and Boarding School in 1879
1140:
716:
463:
385:
129:
5061:
Seek and ye shall find: St. Boniface Indian Industrial School, 1888β1978
3218:
211:
European-American settlers who were moving west into their territories.
160:
10182:
10172:
9828:
9435:
5366:
Divided hearts : the Presbyterian journey through Oklahoma history
4683:
4310:
4238:
4074:
3658:"History of the Carlisle Indian School | Carlisle Indian School | CCHS"
3188:
3052:
1977:
Bond's Mission School or Montana Industrial School for Indians, run by
1107:
439:
194:
181:
10090:
7508:. Library of Congress: Chickasaw Nation. October 15, 1896. p. 366
1819:
from 1903 to 2007. The school currently operates as a day school only.
1185:), produced by Devonshire Productions and Screen Siren Pictures (2017)
128:
Children were typically immersed in the Anglo-American culture of the
10368:
10348:
10262:
10252:
10237:
10197:
9551:
9180:
7857:
6281:"Indian Boarding and Residential Schools Sites of Conscience Network"
4198:
2018:
1947:
1571:
Spencer Academy (sometimes referred to as the National School of the
1543:
1533:
1242:
1131:
899:
825:
306:
8061:
Children Left Behind: Dark Legacy of Indian Mission Boarding Schools
7967:"History, stories from the Tekakwitha Boarding School and Orphanage"
6337:
Wives and husbands : gender and age in Southern Arapaho history
5198:"Photos Of American Indians From White's Institute, Wabash, Indiana"
4302:
4230:
3850:
2685:. Levering Manual Labor School transferred from the Baptists to the
1053:
Native American tribes developed one of the first women's colleges.
509:, a historically black college founded in 1868 for the education of
489:
Teacher Mary R. Hyde and students at Carlisle Indian Training School
10150:
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9784:
9430:
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2399:
2266:
2191:, name changed from Eufaula High School in 1952. Still in operation
801:
641:
510:
467:
345:
7302:
7300:
7298:
6745:
transferring efforts from Hillside to another more pioneer station
5948:, Self-published in 1986. Reprinted in Billings, Mont.: M. Pease,
5415:. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service.
5285:
2660:
Wewoka Mission School, (also known as Ramsey Mission School) near
1285:, established as a BIA school, now operated by the State of Alaska
367:
285:
Young woman and young man standing at a church altar with a priest
189:
In the late eighteenth century, reformers starting with President
43:
10287:
10242:
10217:
10162:
10124:
9799:
9794:
9390:
9385:
6964:
The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy
6412:
American Indian Nonfiction: An Anthology of Writings, 1760sβ1930s
4635:
2949:
2444:
2253:
2243:
1547:
1512:
1491:
1467:
797:
349:
8091:, Brookings Institution, 1928 (full text online at Alaskool.org)
6872:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form"
5075:
4721:
4323:
Brenda J. Child, "Boarding schools", In Frederick E. Hoxie, ed.
1016:
715:, was submitted February 21, 1928, to Secretary of the Interior
10419:
10358:
10247:
10167:
10132:
9299:
9153:
9122:
7295:
6766:
5887:
George Washington Grayson and the Creek nation : 1843β1920
5661:
3067:
1182:
1093:
1069:
644:
because they refused to send their children to boarding school.
357:
8170:
Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report
8098:
Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report
6876:
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
5717:
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition
5169:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 81.
5108:"Teller Institute (Grand Junction, Colorado) | Mesa County..."
4749:
4747:
3771:
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition
3475:
https://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/fallon-indian-day-school
2649:
Wapanucka Academy (also sometimes called Allen Academy), near
1879:
Fort Totten Indian Industrial School, Ft. Totten, North Dakota
1871:
Fort Totten Indian Industrial School, Ft. Totten, North Dakota
1034:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
782:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
7422:
Women who pioneered Oklahoma: stories from the WPA narratives
6719:"Associated Executive Committee of Friends on Indian Affairs"
6081:"Chickasaw Children's Village Celebrates 10 Years of Service"
5707:
4139:
Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900- 1940
4114:
Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900- 1940
2922:, Hampton, Virginia, began accepting Native students in 1878.
1893:
1667:
Girls quarters and academic building, Pipestone Indian School
475:
471:
8128:, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
4685:
Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900-1940
4610:"American Indian Boarding Schools β Health is a Human Right"
4076:
Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900β1940
3684:"Newspapers and Periodicals | Carlisle Indian School | CCHS"
3151:"Long-suffering urban Indians find roots in ancient rituals"
10154:
7755:"LibGuides: Indigenous History of Oregon: Boarding Schools"
5750:
College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University Libraries
5443:"Tribes' Hopes of Reopening Fort Sill Indian School Fading"
4744:
4201:
Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences
3414:
Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico; ed (Volume 2)
2417:
Gotebo, Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation, Indian Territory
1213:
1162:
637:
10481:
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States
9045:
school but is now directly overseen by the State of Alaska
6970:. Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. p. 103
4790:
U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Education
3237:
Charla Bear, "American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many"
214:
Moses Tom sent his children to an Indian boarding school.
8143:
5684:
5138:"Moor's Indian Charity School | Native American Netroots"
4660:
2571:
Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyandotte Industrial Boarding School
2548:. It was rebuilt and called the Anadarko Boarding School.
7222:"Missions of the Society of Friends, Sac and Fox Agency"
5474:. Mustang, OK: Tate Pub. & Enterprises. p. 81.
3062:, a landmark case in Native education where 27 teenaged
1300:, Presbyterian church-led initiative, run by the BIA in
741:
8771:
3558:"Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs [BIA]"
3550:
3382:
Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus
528:
8183:"The United States Must Reckon With Its Own Genocides"
7419:
Baker, Terri M.; Henshaw, Connie Oliver, eds. (2007).
7306:
7027:
6446:. african-nativeamerican.blogspot. February 27, 2011.
6021:"Cantonment Mennonite Mission (Canton, Oklahoma, USA)"
5740:
5738:
5713:"List of Indian Boarding Schools in the United States"
1974:, around 1917 and in 1934 was renamed Carter Seminary.
1504:, near Chahta Tamaha, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
1039:
In 1978, Congress passed and the President signed the
727:, which taught only European-American cultural values;
7561:"Tushka Lusa Academy β A School For Choctaw Freedmen"
7332:
7330:
6583:
6581:
6339:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 201.
5890:. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 43, 149.
5746:"From Native American Assimilation to Revitalization"
4535:
4079:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 55.
3070:
claiming that their boarding school experiences were
2076:
and changed its name to Harley Institute around 1889.
1542:(originally known as Josiah Missionary School), near
549:
Carlisle and its curriculum became the model for the
462:
was assigned to supervise Native prisoners of war at
161:
History of education of Native Americans by Europeans
7380:"Schools Among the Minor Tribes in Indian Territory"
6866:
6864:
6388:"Acts and Resolutions of the Creek National Council"
5369:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 97.
4654:
Carrillo, Sequoia; Herrera, Allison (June 6, 2023).
3347:
2205:, open 1921β1932, when it became an all-white school
2007:, open 1893βearly 20th century, was operated by the
1318:, at Chinle, Arizona (1910β1976); then relocated to
1159:
Unspoken: America's Native American Boarding Schools
429:
10446:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
6444:"Remembering Oak Hill Academy for Choctaw Freedmen"
6168:
6166:
6023:. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
5735:
5259:
5257:
5255:
4580:"Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools"
3826:
Sierra Clark, The Record-Eagle, Traverse City, Mich
3288:"To George Washington from Henry Knox, 7 July 1789"
3181:"Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools"
3144:
3142:
3117:"What Were Boarding Schools Like for Indian Youth?"
2694:
Pontotoc County, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
2604:
Pontotoc County, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
2035:, and was renamed the Chickasaw Children's Village.
97:, especially in the lightly populated areas of the
9051:(Trenton, ND) was BIE/OIE-funded from 1987 to 2008
8018:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
7709:
7327:
7307:Wright, Catherine; Anders, Mary Ann (April 1983).
7215:
7213:
6954:
6894:
6726:Haverford College Quaker & Special Collections
6717:Rofini, Diane; Peterson, Diana Franzusoff (eds.).
6578:
5335:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 95, 111.
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4212:
4210:
4044:"Alcatraz Had Some Surprising Prisoners: Hopi Men"
828:, and 9 deaths were recorded in a 10-day period."
74:culture. In the process, these schools denigrated
9055:Template:Department of Defense Education Activity
8031:Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families
6861:
6829:"Israel G. Vore and Levering Manual Labor School"
6206:
6204:
5292:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 372β73.
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3520:
3279:
2942:St. Mary's Mission Pascal Sherman Indian School,
2355:, in the Seminole Nation. Open 1848β1860s by the
1515:. Moved to Concho Indian Boarding School in 1909.
1291:, Presbyterian-run high school, then college, in
340:, a Protestant-backed institution that opened in
10432:
8181:Prey, Emily; Ibrahim, Azeem (October 11, 2021).
7680:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 71.
7496:
7446:
6554:
6552:
6493:
6436:
6302:"Additional Notes on Perryville, Choctaw Nation"
6163:
6074:
6072:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5252:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3246:, Part 1, NPR, 12 May 2008, accessed 5 July 2011
3139:
2719:Indian Manual Labor Training School β Willamette
1648:Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School
1359:, as of 2016 operating as a Navajo tribal school
576:
7579:
7525:
7523:
7371:
7254:
7210:
6820:
5911:
5879:
5877:
5589:
5434:
5034:"History β Fort Apache Heritage Foundation Inc"
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4653:
4207:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
1815:. Operated as an Indian Boarding School by the
1322:; converted to Navajo operated school that year
862:One student recalled the routine in the 1890s:
831:
404:
368:Nationhood, Indian Wars, and western settlement
10476:Violence against children in the United States
7701:
7667:
7606:
7053:
6759:
6675:
6380:
6353:
6328:
6293:
6201:
6012:
5461:
5383:
5356:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4891:
4487:
4199:Lomawaima & Child & Archuleta (2000).
3857:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
3456:Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America
2731:Warm Springs Agency Schools (2) β Warm Springs
493:Pratt began to work with them on education in
442:Apaches Four Months After Arriving at Carlisle
333:Revolutionary War. They had few reservations.
10106:
9138:
8221:
8165:, University of Washington Digital Collection
8140:"American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many"
7531:"Tullahassee Manual Labor School (1850β1924)"
7412:
7194:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
7133:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
7011:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
6998:
6996:
6994:
6938:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
6804:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
6641:
6549:
6462:
6415:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 180.
6402:
6362:"Judge Approves Closing Concho Indian School"
6239:
6117:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
6069:
5996:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
5858:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
5781:
5495:
5313:
5236:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
4260:
3923:
3702:
3148:
3066:plaintiffs brought suit against the State of
3028:Fort Shaw Indian School Girls Basketball Team
2971:American Indian boarding schools in Wisconsin
2763:Hope Indian School, Springfield, South Dakota
2311:Fort Coffee, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2210:Fort Coffee, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2159:(formerly Oak Hill Industrial Academy), near
2125:Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
2095:Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
1017:Schools in mid-20th century and later changes
10451:Catholic Church and minority language rights
10397:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
8519:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
8119:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
7995:
7588:"Choctaw Council House, Tuskahoma, Oklahoma"
7553:
7520:
7418:
6654:. University of Arizona Press. p. 171.
5874:
5849:
5847:
5362:
5156:
4185:
2584:Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
2263:Hartshorne, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2115:Perryville, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2063:Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
2053:Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
2043:Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
1577:Doaksville, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
1555:Doaksville, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
1520:Doaksville, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
1070:Books about Native American boarding schools
9110:Operated by the BIE or a predecessor agency
8180:
6039:
5620:
5598:"Josiah White's curious link to Jim Thorpe"
5286:Federal Writers Project of the WPA (1941).
5281:
5279:
5190:
5162:
4960:
3490:
2830:opened in 1891 and still in operation today
2651:Bromide, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
2624:Tullahassee, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2614:Tullahassee, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2508:Asher, Potowatamie Nation, Indian Territory
2464:Asher, Potowatamie Nation, Indian Territory
2454:Asher, Potowatamie Nation, Indian Territory
2294:Seminole, Seminole Nation, Indian Territory
2240:Skiatook, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
2102:Lebanon, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
1994:Lebanon, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
1968:Achille, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
1507:Cheyenne Manual Labor and Boarding School,
846:Teacher and young boys posed for photograph
10113:
10099:
9145:
9131:
8228:
8214:
7336:
7179:
7118:
7059:
6991:
6960:
6716:
5981:
5662:"Welcome to the City of Morris, Minnesota"
5223:
5221:
5219:
5163:Glenn, Elizabeth; Rafert, Stewart (2009).
4552:. GPO (Government Printing Office). 1969.
4288:
4216:
3901:"American Indian and Indigenous Education"
3285:
3157:. California's Lost Tribes. Archived from
2722:Klamath Agency Schools (2) β Klamath Falls
2634:Talihina, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2553:Sasakwa, Seminole Nation, Indian Territory
2489:Gray Horse, Osage Nation, Indian Territory
2338:Valliant, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2250:Fallis, Iowa Reservation, Indian Territory
1817:Christian Reformed Church in North America
1486:Arapaho Manual Labor and Boarding School,
924:assimilate" into U.S. mainstream culture.
10456:History of education in the United States
8253:Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute
6925:
6923:
6728:. Haverford, Pennsylvania. Archived from
6104:
6102:
5844:
5604:. Lehighton, Pennsylvania. Archived from
5263:
4945:"Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs"
4840:
4838:
4688:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
4346:
4136:
4111:
3876:
3528:"Navigating Record Group 75: BIA Schools"
3470:
3468:
3018:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3007:Canadian Indian residential school system
2662:Wewoka, Seminole Nation, Indian Territory
2538:St. Patrick's Mission and Boarding School
2362:Oklahoma Presbyterian College for Girls,
2175:Wewoka, Seminole Nation, Indian Territory
2168:Minco, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory
2005:Cameron, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
1841:Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute
1614:Haskell Indian Industrial Training School
1209:, season 3, episode 3, "Deer Lady" (2023)
931:asserts that boarding schools cultivated
880:and produced their vegetables and fruit.
838:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
758:
411:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
32:Canadian Indian residential school system
27:Schools for assimilating Native Americans
9106:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
7452:
7425:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
7149:
6172:
5917:
5814:
5595:
5440:
5402:
5363:Cassity, Michael; Goble, Danney (2009).
5276:
4846:"Asbury Manual Labor School and Mission"
4493:
4273:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
2960:
2758:
2644:Lyceum, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory
2515:Pawhuska, Osage Nation, Indian Territory
2385:Pawhuska, Osage Nation, Indian Territory
2328:Okmulgee, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2142:Okmulgee, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
1874:
1866:
1670:
1662:
1220:List of Native American boarding schools
1214:List of Native American boarding schools
882:
864:
841:
692:
580:
540:
532:
484:
433:
280:
237:
42:
10486:Child sexual abuse in the United States
10120:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9066:
8150:An Indian Boarding School Photo Gallery
8094:
7641:
7585:
7377:
7315:from the original on September 29, 2022
7260:
7219:
7094:Kresge, Theda GoodFox (June 15, 2009).
7087:
6826:
6710:
6619:"Site Markers β Folsom Training School"
6611:
6519:
6248:"Education of the Chickasaws 1856β1907"
6133:
5926:from the original on September 25, 2015
5559:
5529:
5467:
5389:
5216:
4456:
3355:"To the Brothers of the Choctaw Nation"
3343:. Oxford University Press. p. 155.
2716:Grand Ronde Agency School β Grand Ronde
2683:Wetumka, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2283:Wetumka, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2196:Eufaula, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2182:Sapulpa, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2031:, 1917β2004 when the facility moved to
1944:Eufaula, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
1925:Absentee Shawnee Boarding School, near
1717:Clontarf (St. Paul's Industrial School)
356:of the American Southeast), as well as
316:, in 1769. This gradually developed as
266:The same records report that in 1677,
14:
10433:
7977:from the original on February 12, 2022
7946:from the original on February 14, 2022
7798:from the original on September 6, 2020
7783:
7707:
7673:
7655:from the original on February 17, 2015
7612:
7093:
7041:from the original on September 6, 2018
6920:
6908:from the original on February 24, 2015
6789:
6681:
6507:from the original on November 25, 2013
6359:
6334:
6299:
6210:
6173:Chisholm, Johnnie Bishop (June 1926).
6099:
6018:
5987:
5951:
5756:from the original on November 15, 2021
5577:from the original on December 20, 2015
5501:
5328:
5058:
4835:
4543:"IIII. The Failure of Federal Schools"
4523:from the original on February 16, 2015
4463:Pember, Mary Annette (March 8, 2019).
4462:
4416:
4173:from the original on December 19, 2018
4054:from the original on November 27, 2019
3969:Bowker, Kathie Marie (November 2007).
3968:
3601:from the original on December 19, 2018
3538:from the original on September 6, 2018
3465:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
2491:, open 1888β1913 and operated by the
2276:Coweta, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
2229:Tishomingo, Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma
2070:Tishomingo, Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma
1902:Fort Totten Indian Industrial School,
1804:Nenannezed Boarding School, New Mexico
601:
10094:
9126:
8948:
8921:
8840:
8691:
8396:
8209:
8058:
7964:
7890:from the original on January 23, 2022
7864:from the original on February 5, 2022
7615:"Wapanucka Academy, Chickasaw Nation"
7594:from the original on December 2, 2014
6777:from the original on February 6, 2015
6647:
6629:from the original on February 7, 2015
6468:
6450:from the original on February 9, 2015
6408:
6368:from the original on January 28, 2016
6245:
6111:"Cherokee Male and Female Seminaries"
6078:
5883:
5723:from the original on October 22, 2021
5449:from the original on February 1, 2015
5422:from the original on February 1, 2015
5332:Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries
5289:Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State
5144:from the original on October 22, 2021
5117:from the original on October 18, 2022
4732:from the original on October 22, 2021
4681:
4629:
4571:
4444:from the original on December 9, 2021
4406:
4381:
4256:. Duke University Press. p. 352.
4072:
4041:
3911:from the original on December 9, 2021
3832:from the original on October 18, 2021
3784:
3739:
3727:from the original on December 1, 2013
3690:from the original on October 19, 2021
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3585:
3583:
3404:
3338:
2796:Immaculate Conception Indian School,
2517:, open 1887β1949 and operated by the
2415:Rainy Mountain Boarding School, near
1100:
742:The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
537:Children working in a school's garden
299:Society for Propagation of the Gospel
250:established a mission in what is now
10075:
9925:Ancient higher-learning institutions
9063:
8466:Shoshone Bannock Jr./Sr. High School
8088:The Problem of Indian Administration
7752:
7339:"Catholic Education Among the Osage"
5802:from the original on August 25, 2017
5626:
5266:Journal of American Indian Education
5097:15 Sept 2003 (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
4864:
4766:from the original on August 19, 2021
4753:
4434:"Resistance and Residential Schools"
4363:from the original on January 8, 2019
3978:(Ed. D.). Montana State University.
3708:
2351:Oak Ridge Manual Labor School, near
2110:, Chilocco, Oklahoma, open 1884β1980
1825:San Juan Boarding School, New Mexico
1681:Morris Industrial School for Indians
869:Young boys eating in the dining hall
787:
713:The Problem of Indian Administration
529:Federally supported boarding schools
10461:United States federal Indian policy
10268:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
8193:from the original on March 13, 2023
7716:. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
7613:Wright, Muriel H. (December 1934).
7586:Stewart, Paul (November 26, 1931).
7167:from the original on March 13, 2016
6961:Flickinger, Robert Elliott (1914).
6682:Miller, Floyd E. (September 1926).
6595:. Eastern Oklahoma Tribal Schools.
6566:from the original on March 13, 2016
6057:from the original on March 13, 2016
6027:from the original on March 25, 2015
5508:. New York: Routledge. p. 73.
5227:
4702:from the original on March 11, 2021
4394:from the original on March 22, 2023
4347:Williams, Samantha; M (Fall 2018).
4093:from the original on March 11, 2021
3767:"US Indian Boarding School History"
3664:from the original on April 13, 2021
3462:. Boston: MA, 2005, pp. 55, 59
3294:from the original on March 28, 2023
3223:
2108:Chilocco Indian Agricultural School
2021:from September, 1882 to 1 July 1927
2013:Cantonment Indian Boarding School,
1821:History - Rehoboth Christian School
1807:Rehoboth Mission School located in
1560:Quapaw Industrial Boarding School,
1479:
1080:, author David Wallace Adams (1995)
859:life followed a strict timetable".
513:by biracial representatives of the
60:American Indian residential schools
24:
10496:Christianity-related controversies
8111:from the original on May 11, 2022.
8008:
7567:from the original on March 4, 2016
7541:from the original on June 10, 2015
7453:Gilstrap, Harriet Patrick (1960).
7185:
7002:
6882:from the original on April 7, 2023
6599:from the original on June 30, 2015
6537:from the original on March 7, 2016
6360:Gamino, Denise (August 17, 1983).
5920:"Chickasaws plan to move seminary"
5672:from the original on June 25, 2021
5596:Zagofsky, Al (November 17, 2012).
5441:Biskupic, Joan M. (May 13, 1983).
5087:"American Indian Boarding Schools"
4879:from the original on March 4, 2016
4852:from the original on March 1, 2016
4475:from the original on June 29, 2022
4251:
3613:
3580:
3568:from the original on July 31, 2021
3508:from the original on July 26, 2021
3421:from the original on June 28, 2021
2546:Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions
2519:Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions
2493:Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions
2439:Sac and Fox Boarding School, near
2300:Murray State School of Agriculture
1970:. Opened in 1848 but relocated to
1431:and Moor's Indian Charity School,
458:After the Indian Wars, Lieutenant
25:
10507:
10377:Anishinabek Educational Institute
8848:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
8249:Haskell Indian Nations University
8132:
7916:from the original on May 21, 2022
7838:from the original on May 31, 2022
7818:"Presbyterian Historical Society"
7784:Farrow, Mary (January 30, 2020).
7765:from the original on July 9, 2021
7124:
7106:from the original on June 6, 2015
6929:
6795:
6246:Davis, Caroline (December 1937).
6108:
5969:from the original on June 6, 2015
5853:
5832:from the original on June 6, 2015
5135:
4796:from the original on May 14, 2021
4577:
4559:from the original on July 3, 2021
4508:
4023:from the original on July 9, 2021
3993:from the original on June 5, 2021
3460:University of Massachusetts Press
3410:
3385:. 1875. London: Burns and Oates.
3361:from the original on July 4, 2011
3267:from the original on May 30, 2022
3043:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2557:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
2481:St. Elizabeth's Boarding School,
2315:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
2214:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
2119:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
2093:Chickasaw National Academy, near
1942:Asbury Manual Labor School, near
1466:. Open 1870β1895 and operated by
1412:Ignacio Boarding School, Colorado
1241:, open 1822β30 run by the United
454:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
446:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
430:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
276:state of virtue and cultivation."
49:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
10441:Native American boarding schools
10074:
10065:
10064:
10053:
9152:
8673:Te Tsu Geh (Tesuque) Oweenge Day
8033:, Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press.
7989:
7958:
7928:
7910:"St. Elizabeth's Mission School"
7902:
7876:
7850:
7824:
7810:
7777:
7746:
7737:
7487:
7127:"Rainy Mountain Boarding School"
6982:
6827:Foreman, Carolyn Thomas (1947).
6750:
6527:"Euchee Mission Boarding School"
6274:
6213:"Reminiscences Of Old Stonewall"
5918:Doucette, Bob (April 29, 2002).
5547:from the original on May 4, 2013
4870:
4754:Lost, Lessons (August 6, 2020).
4615:Georgia State University Library
4382:Klotz, Sarah (August 12, 2021).
2725:Siletz Agency School β Tillamook
2555:, open 1880β1892 and run by the
2313:. Open 1844β1896 and run by the
2285:. Open 1882β91, operated by the
2212:. Open 1840β1863 and run by the
2017:, run by the General Conference
1705:St. Benedict's Industrial School
1699:Covenant of our Lady of the Lake
1675:White Earth Boarding School band
1599:White's Manual Labor Institute,
1553:Pine Ridge Mission School, near
1473:Saint Joseph's College (Indiana)
1462:White's Manual Labor Institute,
977:, and confusion, in addition to
151:tribal colleges and universities
56:American Indian boarding schools
8584:Northern Cheyenne Tribal School
7965:Solek, Lauren (July 20, 2021).
7712:The Seminole freedmen a history
7263:"Some Firsts In Lincoln County"
6300:Wright, Muriel H. (June 1930).
5938:
5768:
5654:
5230:"Seger, John Homer (1846β1928)"
5129:
5100:
5052:
5026:
4808:
4778:
4714:
4675:
4647:
4602:
4502:
4426:
4375:
4340:
4317:
4282:
4245:
4155:
4130:
4105:
4066:
4035:
4005:
3893:
3844:
3814:
3759:
3676:
3650:
3448:
3436:
3392:
3373:
3332:
3002:American Indian outing programs
2982:Oneida Indian School, Wisconsin
2754:
2735:
2620:Tullahassee Manual Labor School
2602:Sulphur Springs Indian School,
2068:Chickasaw (male) Academy, near
1946:, open 1850β1888 by the United
1891:Circle of Nations Indian School
1883:
1509:Caddo Springs, Indian Territory
1198:Stolen: Surviving St. Michael's
1114:Our Spirits Don't Speak English
1056:
853:converting them to Christianity
615:Compulsory Indian Education Act
564:Anna Moore said, regarding the
515:American Missionary Association
246:of the English Province of the
109:, the curriculum was rooted in
18:American Indian boarding school
8409:Truxton Canyon Training School
8255:are BIE-operated universities.
8239:(BIE) and predecessor agencies
7455:"Memoirs of a Pioneer Teacher"
6623:Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce
6211:Burris, George W (June 1942).
5537:"Choctaw Schools and Missions"
5329:Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1981).
5023:. 1994 (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
4875:. Alabama Historical Markers.
4438:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
3634:. July 9, 2021. Archived from
3306:
3249:
3203:
3173:
3109:
3085:
2985:Tomah Indian School, Wisconsin
2588:Shawnee Boarding School, near
2497:St. Joseph's Boarding School,
2281:Levering Manual Labor School,
2238:Hillside Mission School, near
1998:Cumberland Presbyterian Church
1763:Genoa Indian Industrial School
1422:
979:post-traumatic stress disorder
914:One former student recounted,
767:
626:University of Central Oklahoma
444:. Undated photograph taken at
58:, also known more recently as
36:Indian school (disambiguation)
13:
1:
10228:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
9057:(U.S. military school system)
8898:Pierre Indian Learning Center
8063:. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light.
6988:Flickinger (1914), pp. 210β15
6390:. October 23, 1894. p. 9
3078:
3048:Native schools in New Zealand
3038:Indian Relocation Act of 1956
2965:Oneida Indian Boarding School
2926:
2887:Tekakwitha Indian Orphanage,
2854:St. Elizabeth's Indian School
2513:St. Louis Industrial School,
2369:Oklahoma School for the Blind
2353:Holdenville, Indian Territory
2201:Folsom Training School, near
2131:Concho Indian Boarding School
1788:
1729:Vermillion Lake Indian School
1382:Greenville School, California
1369:
733:Have the Indian Service (now
673:Board of Indian Commissioners
577:Abuse in the boarding schools
424:Stillwater Indian Reservation
10387:Canadian residential schools
9331:University technical college
8724:Cherokee Central High School
8561:Choctaw Tribal School System
6471:"Minco College History Deep"
6469:Marsh, Raph (June 3, 1958).
4722:"Education | Indian Affairs"
3869:10.3109/00952990.2012.701358
3417:. Vol. 2. p. 236.
2956:
2880:Sisseton Industrial School,
2562:Seger Indian Training School
2523:St. Mary's Boarding School,
2487:St. John's Boarding School,
2375:Oklahoma School for the Deaf
2194:Eufaula Indian High School,
2080:Chickasaw Children's Village
1723:St. John's Industrial School
1658:
1557:; see Chuala Female Seminary
1530:Darlington, Indian Territory
1496:Darlington, Indian Territory
1488:Darlington, Indian Territory
832:Implications of assimilation
405:Assimilation-era day schools
68:assimilating Native American
51:, Pennsylvania, c. 1900
7:
9012:Oneida Nation School System
8956:Intermountain Indian School
8566:Choctaw Central High School
8095:Newland, Bryan (May 2022).
8000:. Vol. 14, no. 4.
6079:Lance, Dana (August 2014).
4873:"Asbury School and Mission"
4494:Hultgren, Mary Lou (1989).
4274:Hultgren, Mary Lou (1989).
3012:Canton Indian Insane Asylum
2995:
2913:
2907:Intermountain Indian School
2873:Springfield Indian School,
2575:Wyandotte, Indian Territory
2334:Oak Hill Industrial Academy
2320:Nuyaka School and Orphanage
2287:Southern Baptist Convention
1918:
1851:
1756:
1733:White Earth Boarding School
1641:
1624:
1544:Fort Sill, Indian Territory
1528:Darlington Mission School,
1406:
1279:Mount Edgecumbe High School
1258:Jesse Lee Home for Children
993:through armed resistance.
725:The Uniform Course of Study
651:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
624:Tabatha Toney Booth of the
389:of this was related to the
360:(a mid-Atlantic tribe) and
184:to George Washington, 1789.
10:
10512:
9260:College-preparatory school
9049:Eight Mile School District
9028:St. Stephens Indian School
8742:Circle of Nations Wahpeton
8482:Meskwaki Settlement School
8429:Sherman Indian High School
8237:Bureau of Indian Education
7832:"Crow Creek Tribal School"
7674:Fixico, Donald L. (2012).
7337:Nieberding, Velma (1954).
7261:Ragland, Hobart D (1951).
7220:Ragland, Hobert D (1955).
7163:. U.S. National Archives.
7060:Pirtle III, Caleb (2011).
6932:"Choctaw Boarding Schools"
6756:Ragland (1955), pp. 177β78
6531:Exploring Oklahoma History
6409:Peyer, Bernd, ed. (2007).
5468:Johnson, Larry G. (2008).
5093:February 25, 2010, at the
3811:4(3), accessed 6 July 2011
3106:, Retrieved April 12, 2021
2988:Wittenberg Indian School,
2968:
2844:St. Joseph's Indian School
2834:Pine Ridge Boarding School
2642:Tuskahoma Female Academy,
2610:Tullahassee Mission School
2542:Anadarko, Indian Territory
2390:Park Hill Mission School,
2342:Presbyterian Mission Board
2248:Iowa Mission School, near
2233:Methodist Episcopal Church
2074:Methodist Episcopal Church
1834:Shiprock Boarding School,
1741:
1456:
1395:Sherman Indian High School
1386:St. Boniface Indian School
1308:
1235:Asbury Manual Labor School
1227:
1217:
1161:, documentary produced by
1151:, documentary produced by
1139:, documentary produced by
1118:, documentary produced by
1063:Bureau of Indian Education
835:
705:Department of the Interior
696:
640:Nation were imprisoned to
451:
408:
397:Initially under President
164:
82:were first established by
29:
10491:Christianity and children
10410:
10392:Hannahville Indian School
10367:
10334:
10296:
10149:
10131:
10048:
10027:
9997:
9960:
9920:
9913:
9857:
9816:
9760:
9751:
9714:
9705:
9645:
9638:
9500:
9465:
9376:
9353:
9344:
9270:Comprehensive high school
9240:
9199:
9171:
9161:
9041:in Alaska was formerly a
9039:Mt. Edgecumbe High School
9036:
9020:
9004:
8968:
8941:
8929:Chamberlain Indian School
8860:
8833:
8817:
8791:
8734:
8711:
8608:
8592:
8576:
8553:
8527:
8514:Hannahville Indian School
8506:
8490:
8474:
8458:
8437:
8421:
8305:
8293:Mt. Edgecumbe High School
8283:
8267:
8260:
8244:
8175:US Department of Interior
7649:"Chief Alice Brown Davis"
7311:. National Park Service.
7192:Oklahoma State University
7188:"Riverside Indian School"
7131:Oklahoma State University
7066:. Venture Galleries LLC.
7009:Oklahoma State University
6936:Oklahoma State University
6802:Oklahoma State University
6798:"Creek (Mvskoke) Schools"
6115:Oklahoma State University
6019:Petter, Rodolphe (1953).
5994:Oklahoma State University
5884:Warde, Mary Jane (1999).
5826:digicoll.library.wisc.edu
5234:Oklahoma State University
5016:October 24, 2012, at the
4957:. (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
4682:Child, Brenda J. (1998).
4291:The Art Bulletin New York
4219:The Art Bulletin New York
4167:www.nativepartnership.org
4137:Brenda J., Child (1998).
4112:Brenda J., Child (1998).
4073:Child, Brenda J. (1998).
4017:digicoll.library.wisc.edu
3752:December 1, 2013, at the
3595:www.nativepartnership.org
3357:. Yale Law School. 1803.
3185:Amnesty International USA
3074:and educational inequity.
2875:Springfield, South Dakota
2848:Chamberlain, South Dakota
2774:Chamberlain, South Dakota
2770:Chamberlain Indian School
2701:
2681:Wetumka Boarding School,
2616:, opened 1850 burned 1880
2595:Shawnee Boarding School,
2590:Shawnee, Indian Territory
2441:Stroud, Indiant Territory
2127:. Open about 1885 to 1905
2097:. Open about 1865 to 1880
1964:Bloomfield Female Academy
1927:Shawnee, Indian Territory
1796:Albuquerque Indian School
1772:
1748:Fort Shaw Indian School,
1607:
1586:Wealaka, Indian Territory
1418:, Grand Junction Colorado
1250:
748:Indian Reorganization Act
677:Indian Affairs committees
585:Young girls posed in room
495:European-American culture
10466:Native American genocide
10402:U.S. residential schools
10382:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
9627:State-integrated school
9501:By funding / eligibility
9280:Continuation high school
9043:Bureau of Indian Affairs
8772:No longer BIE-affiliated
8719:Cherokee Central Schools
8450:Miccosukee Indian School
8353:(former Chinle Boarding)
8313:Dishchii'bikoh Community
8159:, University of Illinois
8155:October 4, 2011, at the
7677:Bureau of Indian Affairs
7378:Jackson, Joe C. (1954).
7276:(4): 420. Archived from
7235:(2): 172. Archived from
7096:"The gravy had no lumps"
7063:Trail of Broken Promises
6694:(3): 225. Archived from
6335:Fowler, Loretta (2010).
6286:August 11, 2010, at the
6053:. US National Archives.
5633:. Lulu.com. p. 40.
5627:King, Thomas M. (2012).
5571:Bixby Historical Society
5009:Carter, Kent, compiler.
4950:August 26, 2017, at the
4334:January 8, 2015, at the
3803:October 2, 2020, at the
3485:Fallon Indian Day School
3341:Black, White, and Indian
3033:Indian Placement Program
2868:Rapid City, South Dakota
2864:Rapid City Indian School
2838:Pine Ridge, South Dakota
2816:Oahe Industrial School,
2802:Crow Creek Tribal School
2653:. Open 1851β1911 by the
2566:Colony, Indian Territory
2551:Sasakwa Female Academy,
2544:, open 1892β1909 by the
2443:, open 1872β1919 by the
2424:Hammon, Indian Territory
2410:Pawnee, Indian Territory
2340:. Open 1878β1912 by the
2292:Mekasukey Academy, near
2252:, open 1890β1893 by the
2242:, open 1884β1908 by the
2221:& Indian Orphanage,
2180:Euchee Boarding School,
2123:Collins Institute, near
2117:, open 1852β1857 by the
2072:. Opened in 1850 by the
2039:Cherokee Female Seminary
2015:Canton, Indian Territory
1933:Anadarko Boarding School
1894:Home | Circle of Nations
1652:Mount Pleasant, Michigan
1546:, opened in 1871 by the
1452:, open from 1878 to 1974
1439:
1378:Fort Bidwell, California
1325:Holbrook Indian School,
1116:: Indian Boarding School
1041:Indian Child Welfare Act
810:great influenza pandemic
735:Bureau of Indian Affairs
551:Bureau of Indian Affairs
420:Fallon Indian Day School
328:missionaries. Religious
103:Bureau of Indian Affairs
70:children and youth into
10040:Educational institution
9660:Anarchistic free school
9406:Institute of technology
8804:Riverside Indian School
8752:Standing Rock Community
8048:OAH Magazine of History
7743:Sulphur Springs, p. 397
7468:(1): 21. Archived from
7393:: 64β65. Archived from
7352:: 12β15. Archived from
6475:Chickasha Daily Express
6148:April 20, 2023, at the
6142:A Cherokee Encyclopedia
5856:"St. Patrick's Mission"
4816:"Playing for the World"
4465:"Death by Civilization"
3411:Hodge, Frederick Webb.
3339:Saunt, Claudio (2005).
3211:OAH Magazine of History
2976:Hayward Indian School,
2948:Tulalip Indian School,
2900:
2784:Flandreau, South Dakota
2780:Flandreau Indian School
2692:Yellow Springs School,
2687:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
2430:Riverside Indian School
2383:Osage Boarding School,
2227:Harley Institute, near
1992:Burney Institute, near
1987:Custer Station, Montana
1983:Crow Indian Reservation
1845:Albuquerque, New Mexico
1800:Albuquerque, New Mexico
1691:Pipestone Indian School
1593:
1540:Fort Sill Indian School
1349:Pinon Boarding School,
1289:Sheldon Jackson College
1175:book with the same name
959:Laura Cornelius Kellogg
707:(DOI) commissioned the
662:Indian Peace Commission
655:Great Sioux Reservation
322:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
10198:Grand Medicine Society
9870:Compensatory education
9622:State or public school
9448:Upper division college
8498:Kickapoo Nation School
8334:Hunters Point Boarding
8086:Meriam, Lewis et al.,
8059:Giago, Tim A. (2006).
8014:Adams, David Wallace.
7791:The Catholic Telegraph
7759:pacificu.libguides.com
7708:Mulroy, Kevin (2007).
7619:Chronicles of Oklahoma
7462:Chronicles of Oklahoma
7387:Chronicles of Oklahoma
7346:Chronicles of Oklahoma
7270:Chronicles of Oklahoma
7229:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6836:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6688:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6306:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6252:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6217:Chronicles of Oklahoma
6179:Chronicles of Oklahoma
5059:Harley, Bruce (1994).
3480:July 26, 2021, at the
3242:April 2, 2018, at the
3213:15#2 (2001), pp. 20β2
3098:June 29, 2022, at the
3091:Mary Annette Pember, "
2966:
2933:Puyallup Indian School
2882:Sisseton, South Dakota
2870:open from 1898 to 1933
2791:Sisseton, South Dakota
2764:
2747:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
2743:Carlisle Indian School
2728:Umatilla Agency School
2664:. Open 1868β80 by the
2460:Sacred Heart Institute
2422:Red Moon School, near
2406:Pawnee Boarding School
2166:El Meta Bond College,
2059:Cherokee Orphan Asylum
2049:Cherokee Male Seminary
1898:Wahpeton, North Dakota
1880:
1872:
1831:, Santa Fe, New Mexico
1829:Santa Fe Indian School
1676:
1668:
1635:Scott County, Kentucky
1583:Wealaka Mission School
1550:. Operated until 1980.
1522:, open 1838β61 by the
1446:Mary Immaculate School
1435:open from 1754 to 1768
1332:Many Farms High School
1316:Chinle Boarding School
1272:. Founded and run by
1239:Fort Mitchell, Alabama
942:
921:
891:
877:
870:
847:
759:The termination period
646:
586:
574:
546:
538:
503:
490:
449:
338:Foreign Mission School
314:Hanover, New Hampshire
303:Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck
295:Harvard Indian College
286:
279:
278:
235:
187:
146:
111:linguistic imperialism
52:
34:. For other uses, see
9526:Comprehensive school
9453:Vocational university
8825:Chemawa Indian School
8404:Phoenix Indian School
8050:15.2 (2001): 20-22.
7884:"Oahe Indian Mission"
7858:"Marty Indian School"
7100:Native American Times
7037:. National Archives.
6842:: 206. Archived from
6562:. National Archives.
5798:. National Archives.
5567:"Settlers Claim Land"
5502:Spring, Joel (2012).
5111:Mesa County Libraries
4640:July 6, 2011, at the
3093:Death by Civilization
3072:racial discrimination
2990:Wittenberg, Wisconsin
2964:
2858:Wakpala, South Dakota
2798:Stephan, South Dakota
2762:
2708:Chemawa Indian School
2626:, open 1883β1914 for
2273:Koweta Mission School
2208:Fort Coffee Academy,
2152:Marble City, Oklahoma
2140:Creek Orphan Asylum,
1878:
1870:
1779:Stewart Indian School
1674:
1666:
1579:, operating 1842β1900
1399:Riverside, California
1376:Fort Bidwell School,
1341:Phoenix Indian School
1137:Playing for the World
1130:, 2009 film starring
937:
916:
886:
872:
868:
845:
822:Phoenix Indian School
709:Brookings Institution
693:Meriam Report of 1928
634:
584:
570:
566:Phoenix Indian School
545:Thanksgiving Day play
544:
536:
499:
488:
478:nations, to exile in
437:
409:Further information:
354:Five Civilized Tribes
342:Cornwall, Connecticut
284:
269:
268:
238:Early mission schools
216:
208:Civilization Fund Act
174:
165:Further information:
141:
115:English only movement
46:
10258:Seven fires prophecy
9989:in the United States
9880:Continuing education
9875:Compulsory education
9719:Free school movement
9687:Single-sex education
9672:International school
9655:Democratic education
9534:For-profit education
9521:Community day school
9416:Liberal arts college
9275:Comprehensive school
9265:Collegiate institute
8996:Yakama Nation Tribal
8976:Chief Leschi Schools
8868:Cheyenne-Eagle Butte
8652:San Felipe Pueblo ES
8600:Pyramid Lake Schools
8368:Rough Rock Community
8363:Rock Point Community
8350:Many Farms Community
8121:29#4 (2005): 75-94.
7590:. Antlers American.
7537:. January 30, 2007.
6648:Smith, Tash (2014).
6227:on December 29, 2014
6121:on December 27, 2014
5862:on November 19, 2012
5240:on November 19, 2012
5166:The Native Americans
5040:on February 25, 2016
4252:Sa, Zitkala (2000).
3127:on November 14, 2002
2828:Pierre, South Dakota
2824:Pierre Indian School
2818:Pierre, South Dakota
2580:Sequoyah High School
2450:Sacred Heart College
2371:, Muskogee, Oklahoma
2304:Tishomingo, Oklahoma
2203:Smithville, Oklahoma
1858:Thomas Indian School
1836:Shiprock, New Mexico
1809:Rehoboth, New Mexico
1695:Pipestone, Minnesota
1433:Lebanon, Connecticut
1357:Fort Apache, Arizona
1148:Our Fires Still Burn
1127:The Only Good Indian
753:JohnsonβO'Malley Act
630:Cheaper Than Bullets
10278:Traditional beliefs
9998:Informal or illegal
9952:Medieval university
9895:Inclusive education
9865:College preparatory
9426:Residential college
9421:Research university
9358:Professional school
9233:/ Elementary school
8662:Shiprock Associated
8275:Wrangell Institute
7940:Library of Congress
7651:. Seminole Nation.
7629:on January 15, 2015
7625:(4). Archived from
7283:on January 22, 2016
7242:on October 25, 2015
7137:on January 22, 2015
6904:. Seminole Nation.
6902:"Mekasukey Academy"
6878:: 3. May 16, 1974.
6735:on October 21, 2013
6698:on November 8, 2015
6589:"Eufaula Dormitory"
6533:. blogoklahoma.us.
6503:. Seminole Nation.
6481:on February 2, 2017
6316:on November 8, 2015
6312:(2). Archived from
6258:(4). Archived from
6223:(2). Archived from
6189:on November 8, 2015
6185:(2). Archived from
6000:on January 13, 2015
4590:on February 8, 2006
4469:www.theatlantic.com
3809:The Brown Quarterly
3709:Bosworth, Dee Ann.
3660:. August 18, 2017.
3638:on October 11, 2021
3534:. August 15, 2016.
3286:Henry Knox (1789).
3191:on December 6, 2012
3149:Stephen Magagnini.
3102:", March 8, 2019,
2811:Marty, South Dakota
2807:Marty Indian School
2789:Good Will Mission,
2676:Millerton, Oklahoma
2655:Presbyterian Church
2499:Chickasha, Oklahoma
2475:St. Agnes Mission,
2469:St. Agnes Academy,
2436:, open 1871βpresent
2187:Eufaula Dormitory,
2113:Colbert Institute,
2009:Presbyterian Church
2003:Cameron Institute,
1783:Carson City, Nevada
1524:Presbyterian Church
1390:Banning, California
1336:Many Farms, Arizona
1320:Many Farms, Arizona
1011:Richard Henry Pratt
908:corporal punishment
772:In 1968, President
628:wrote in her paper
602:Legality and policy
460:Richard Henry Pratt
418:One example is the
232:, December 17, 1803
123:corporal punishment
119:forced assimilation
107:immigrant languages
10311:Birch bark scrolls
10283:Underwater panther
10060:Schools portal
9965:indigenous peoples
9962:Schools imposed on
9900:Remedial education
9834:Distance education
9650:Alternative school
9639:By style / purpose
9614:Specialist school
9473:All-through school
9321:Sixth form college
8986:Muckleshoot Tribal
8913:Tiospa Zina Tribal
8908:St. Francis Indian
8699:Albuquerque Indian
8540:Fond du Lac Ojibwe
8388:Tuba City Boarding
8124:Warren, Kim Cary,
7005:"Seminole Schools"
6684:"Hillside Mission"
6262:on August 28, 2015
6175:"Harley Institute"
6139:Conley, Robert L.
3840:– via Yahoo.
3686:. August 9, 2017.
3502:collections.si.edu
3161:on August 29, 2005
3155:The Sacramento Bee
2978:Hayward, Wisconsin
2967:
2937:Tacoma, Washington
2793:open 1872 to 1910.
2765:
2504:St. Mary's Academy
2434:Anadarko, Oklahoma
2309:New Hope Academy,
2161:Valliant, Oklahoma
2088:Kingston, Oklahoma
2033:Kingston, Oklahoma
1966:, originally near
1958:Muscogee, Oklahoma
1937:Anadarko, Oklahoma
1881:
1873:
1750:Fort Shaw, Montana
1720:St. Mary's Mission
1677:
1669:
1298:Wrangell Institute
1101:In popular culture
981:and the legacy of
955:Francis La Flesche
892:
871:
848:
653:, established the
587:
547:
539:
491:
450:
352:tribes (among the
289:In the mid-1600s,
287:
228:, Brothers of the
53:
10471:Cultural genocide
10428:
10427:
10088:
10087:
10023:
10022:
9905:Special education
9885:Further education
9812:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9747:
9746:
9734:Montessori school
9729:Laboratory school
9692:Specialist school
9630:
9617:
9562:UK private school
9547:
9529:
9511:
9496:
9495:
9461:
9460:
9396:Community college
9368:Vocational school
9250:Adult high school
9164:educational stage
9120:
9119:
8964:
8963:
8937:
8936:
8873:Crow Creek Tribal
8856:
8855:
8787:
8786:
8707:
8706:
8631:Kha'p'o Community
8535:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig
8417:
8416:
8383:Tohono OΚΌodham HS
8354:
8319:Greyhills Acad HS
8301:
8300:
8039:978-0-8032-6405-2
7723:978-0-8061-3865-7
7687:978-0-313-39179-8
7475:on March 31, 2017
7432:978-0-8061-3845-9
7400:on March 31, 2017
7198:on March 30, 2017
7073:978-0-9842-0837-1
6942:on March 30, 2017
6930:Miles, Dennis B.
6808:on March 31, 2017
6661:978-0-8165-3088-5
6501:"Emahaka Mission"
6422:978-0-8061-3708-7
6346:978-0-8061-4116-9
6158:978-0-8263-3951-5
5640:978-1-105-69540-7
5515:978-0-415-53435-2
5481:978-1-60696-555-9
5376:978-0-8061-3848-0
5228:Everett, Dianna.
5176:978-0-87195-280-6
4955:National Archives
4695:978-0-8032-1480-4
4086:978-0-8032-1480-4
4042:Blakemore, Erin.
3532:National Archives
3454:Monaghan, E. J.,
3263:. July 15, 2021.
3023:Cultural genocide
2920:Hampton Institute
2597:Shawnee, Oklahoma
2483:Purcell, Oklahoma
2477:Antlers, Oklahoma
2471:Ardmore, Oklahoma
2379:Sulphur, Oklahoma
2326:, Presbyterian),
2189:Eufaula, Oklahoma
2173:Emahaka Mission,
2029:Ardmore, Oklahoma
1972:Ardmore, Oklahoma
1685:Morris, Minnesota
1601:West Branch, Iowa
1536:from 1881 to 1902
1502:Armstrong Academy
1327:Holbrook, Arizona
1270:Anchorage, Alaska
975:cultural barriers
788:Disease and death
774:Lyndon B. Johnson
507:Hampton Institute
318:Dartmouth College
252:Southern Maryland
197:, in efforts to "
191:George Washington
149:founded numerous
16:(Redirected from
10503:
10344:Birchbark biting
10155:myth and stories
10115:
10108:
10101:
10092:
10091:
10078:
10077:
10068:
10067:
10058:
10057:
10056:
9947:Cathedral school
9930:Platonic Academy
9918:
9917:
9890:Gifted education
9844:Prison education
9790:Parochial school
9775:Christian school
9758:
9757:
9724:Folk high school
9712:
9711:
9643:
9642:
9628:
9616:(United Kingdom)
9615:
9599:Selective school
9545:
9527:
9509:
9363:Technical school
9351:
9350:
9315:Secondary school
9219:Global influence
9186:Pre-kindergarten
9169:
9168:
9147:
9140:
9133:
9124:
9123:
9111:
9108:
8969:Washington State
8946:
8945:
8919:
8918:
8883:Flandreau Indian
8838:
8837:
8809:Sequoyah Schools
8769:
8768:
8689:
8688:
8678:T'siya (Zia) Day
8636:Mescalero Apache
8445:Ahfachkee School
8394:
8393:
8352:
8340:Kaibeto Boarding
8265:
8264:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8112:
8110:
8103:
8082:
8027:Child, Brenda J.
8002:
8001:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7715:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7563:. July 8, 2012.
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7527:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7500:
7494:
7493:WPA 1941, p. 308
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7474:
7459:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7399:
7384:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7359:on March 3, 2016
7358:
7343:
7334:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7304:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7267:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7226:
7217:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7186:Koenig, Pamela.
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7015:on July 10, 2013
7003:Koenig, Pamela.
7000:
6989:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6868:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6849:on March 3, 2016
6848:
6833:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6723:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6477:. Archived from
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6297:
6291:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6170:
6161:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5959:"Burney Academy"
5955:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5854:White, James D.
5851:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5792:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5709:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5608:on March 4, 2016
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5326:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5225:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5200:. Archived from
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5104:
5098:
5084:
5073:
5072:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5036:. Archived from
5030:
5024:
5007:
4958:
4942:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4651:
4645:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4586:. Archived from
4584:Amnesty Magazine
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4515:
4509:Moyer, Kathryn.
4506:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4471:. The Atlantic.
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4388:The Conversation
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4344:
4338:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3977:
3966:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3795:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3763:
3757:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3715:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3562:www.archives.gov
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3494:
3488:
3487:retrieved 8/5/21
3472:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3320:on June 19, 2008
3316:. Archived from
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3253:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3187:. Archived from
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:. Archived from
3113:
3107:
3089:
2939:, open 1860β1920
2860:opened 1886β1967
2749:, open 1879β1918
2696:, open 1896β1905
2672:Wheelock Academy
2646:, open 1892β1925
2638:Choctaw Freedmen
2636:opened 1892 for
2599:, open 1923β1961
2592:, open 1876β1918
2534:, open 1893β1927
2528:Indian Territory
2510:, open 1880β1946
2466:, open 1880β1929
2456:, open 1884β1902
2426:, open 1897β1922
2419:, open 1893β1920
2412:, open 1878β1958
2396:Indian Territory
2387:, open 1874β1922
2364:Durant, Oklahoma
2346:Choctaw freedmen
2296:, open 1891β1930
2278:, open 1843β1861
2269:. Opened in 1891
2219:Goodland Academy
2184:, open 1894β1947
2177:, open 1894β1911
2170:, open 1890β1919
2137:, open 1909β1983
2135:Concho, Oklahoma
2104:, open 1887β1906
2065:, opened in 1871
2055:, open 1851β1910
2045:, open 1851β1910
1939:, open 1911β1933
1929:, open 1893β1899
1862:Irving, New York
1687:, open 1887β1909
1618:Lawrence, Kansas
1588:, open 1882β1907
1568:, open 1872β1900
1566:Indian Territory
1480:Indian Territory
1429:Eleazar Wheelock
1416:Teller Institute
1345:Phoenix, Arizona
1302:Wrangell, Alaska
1274:Methodist Church
1262:Unalaska, Alaska
1260:, Originally in
1206:Reservation Dogs
1201:, podcast (2022)
1179:Richard Wagamese
1120:Rich-Heape Films
1090:Richard Wagamese
1061:Circa 2020, the
399:Ulysses S. Grant
375:Indian Territory
293:established the
248:Society of Jesus
244:Fr. Andrew White
233:
226:Thomas Jefferson
185:
80:boarding schools
21:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10406:
10363:
10330:
10292:
10145:
10127:
10119:
10089:
10084:
10054:
10052:
10044:
10019:
9993:
9984:in South Africa
9967:
9963:
9956:
9942:Monastic school
9909:
9853:
9824:Boarding school
9804:
9780:Female seminary
9770:Catholic school
9743:
9701:
9634:
9604:Separate school
9492:
9483:One-room school
9457:
9401:Graduate school
9372:
9340:
9236:
9195:
9173:Early childhood
9157:
9151:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9032:
9016:
9000:
8991:Quileute Tribal
8960:
8933:
8917:
8852:
8829:
8813:
8783:
8767:
8757:Turtle Mountain
8730:
8703:
8687:
8657:Santa Fe Indian
8604:
8588:
8572:
8549:
8523:
8502:
8486:
8470:
8454:
8433:
8413:
8392:
8297:
8285:
8279:
8256:
8247:
8240:
8234:
8196:
8194:
8157:Wayback Machine
8135:
8108:
8101:
8071:
8011:
8009:Further reading
8006:
8005:
7994:
7990:
7980:
7978:
7963:
7959:
7949:
7947:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7801:
7799:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7753:Guggemos, Eva.
7751:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7656:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7529:
7528:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7457:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7318:
7316:
7305:
7296:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7201:
7199:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7123:
7119:
7109:
7107:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7018:
7016:
7001:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6943:
6928:
6921:
6911:
6909:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6767:"Jones Academy"
6765:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6680:
6676:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6298:
6294:
6288:Wayback Machine
6279:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6209:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6171:
6164:
6150:Wayback Machine
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6107:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6085:Chickasaw Times
6077:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5988:O'Dell, Larry.
5986:
5982:
5972:
5970:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5944:Margery Pease,
5943:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5882:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5327:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5284:
5277:
5262:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5226:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5204:on June 6, 2015
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5095:Wayback Machine
5085:
5076:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5018:Wayback Machine
5008:
4961:
4952:Wayback Machine
4943:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
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4784:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4652:
4648:
4642:Wayback Machine
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4578:Smith, Andrea.
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
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4520:
4513:
4507:
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4457:
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4427:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4345:
4341:
4336:Wayback Machine
4322:
4318:
4303:10.2307/3177230
4287:
4283:
4272:
4261:
4250:
4246:
4231:10.2307/3177230
4215:
4208:
4203:. Heard Museum.
4197:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4110:
4106:
4096:
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4087:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4040:
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4026:
4024:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3967:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3905:jan.ucc.nau.edu
3899:
3898:
3894:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:Wayback Machine
3796:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3754:Wayback Machine
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:www.sagchip.org
3713:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
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3626:
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3614:
3604:
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3588:
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3571:
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3555:
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3541:
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3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3482:Wayback Machine
3473:
3466:
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3449:
3441:
3437:
3424:
3422:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3244:Wayback Machine
3235:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:Wayback Machine
3090:
3086:
3081:
3059:Tobeluk v. Lind
2998:
2973:
2959:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2898:
2757:
2752:
2738:
2704:
2699:
2157:Elliott Academy
2025:Carter Seminary
1921:
1916:
1886:
1854:
1849:
1791:
1775:
1767:Genoa, Nebraska
1759:
1754:
1744:
1737:Wild Rice River
1714:Cass/Leech Lake
1661:
1644:
1633:, Blue Spring,
1631:Choctaw Academy
1627:
1610:
1596:
1591:
1482:
1464:Wabash, Indiana
1459:
1442:
1425:
1409:
1404:
1372:
1362:
1311:
1306:
1253:
1248:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1173:, based on the
1103:
1072:
1059:
1019:
947:Gertrude Bonnin
887:Children doing
840:
834:
790:
770:
761:
744:
701:
695:
604:
579:
531:
474:, Comanche and
456:
432:
413:
407:
384:and decades of
370:
291:Harvard College
240:
234:
223:
201:" or otherwise
186:
180:
173:
171:Praying Indians
163:
76:Native American
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10509:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10416:
10414:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10373:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10340:
10338:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10323:
10321:Ottawa dialect
10318:
10313:
10308:
10302:
10300:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10223:Medicine wheel
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10193:Gitche Manitou
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10159:
10157:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10137:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10118:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10095:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10072:
10062:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10037:
10031:
10029:
10028:Related topics
10025:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10015:in South Tyrol
10012:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9979:in New Zealand
9976:
9970:
9968:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9921:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9849:Virtual school
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9741:
9739:Waldorf school
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9665:Sudbury school
9662:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9624:
9619:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9559:
9557:Private school
9554:
9549:
9541:
9539:Free education
9536:
9531:
9523:
9518:
9516:Charter school
9513:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9411:Junior college
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9382:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9310:Minor seminary
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9285:Grammar school
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9231:Primary school
9228:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9166:
9159:
9158:
9150:
9149:
9142:
9135:
9127:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9061:
9060:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9008:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8952:
8950:
8943:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8844:
8842:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8775:
8773:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8738:
8736:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8715:
8713:
8712:North Carolina
8709:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8695:
8693:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8648:(Ramah Navajo)
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8336:(St. Michaels)
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8289:
8287:
8286:state-operated
8281:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8187:Foreign Policy
8178:
8166:
8160:
8147:
8146:, May 12, 2008
8138:Bear, Charla,
8134:
8133:External links
8131:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8114:
8113:
8092:
8083:
8070:978-1574160864
8069:
8055:
8054:
8043:
8042:
8023:
8022:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7988:
7957:
7927:
7901:
7875:
7849:
7823:
7809:
7776:
7745:
7736:
7722:
7700:
7686:
7666:
7640:
7605:
7578:
7552:
7519:
7495:
7486:
7445:
7431:
7411:
7370:
7326:
7294:
7253:
7209:
7178:
7148:
7125:Ellis, Clyde.
7117:
7086:
7072:
7052:
7026:
6990:
6981:
6953:
6919:
6893:
6860:
6819:
6788:
6758:
6749:
6709:
6674:
6660:
6640:
6610:
6577:
6548:
6518:
6492:
6461:
6435:
6421:
6401:
6379:
6352:
6345:
6327:
6292:
6273:
6238:
6200:
6162:
6132:
6098:
6068:
6038:
6011:
5980:
5963:cumberland.org
5950:
5937:
5910:
5896:
5873:
5843:
5813:
5780:
5767:
5734:
5683:
5666:City of Morris
5653:
5639:
5619:
5588:
5558:
5528:
5514:
5494:
5480:
5460:
5433:
5401:
5392:Mennonite Life
5382:
5375:
5355:
5342:978-0806117584
5341:
5312:
5298:
5275:
5251:
5215:
5189:
5175:
5155:
5128:
5099:
5074:
5051:
5025:
4959:
4890:
4871:Lupo, Mark R.
4863:
4834:
4807:
4777:
4743:
4713:
4694:
4674:
4646:
4628:
4601:
4570:
4534:
4501:
4486:
4455:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4374:
4359:(2): 187β188.
4339:
4327:(1996), p. 80
4316:
4281:
4259:
4244:
4206:
4184:
4154:
4147:
4129:
4122:
4104:
4085:
4065:
4034:
4004:
3922:
3892:
3863:(5): 421β427.
3843:
3813:
3783:
3758:
3738:
3701:
3675:
3649:
3612:
3579:
3549:
3519:
3489:
3464:
3447:
3435:
3403:
3391:
3379:Foley, Henry.
3372:
3346:
3331:
3305:
3278:
3248:
3222:
3202:
3172:
3138:
3121:authorsden.com
3108:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3064:Alaskan Native
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2787:
2777:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2679:
2669:
2668:Mission Board.
2658:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2628:Creek Freedmen
2617:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2535:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2403:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:Mission Board.
2349:
2331:
2324:Nuyaka Mission
2317:
2307:
2297:
2290:
2279:
2270:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2225:
2223:Hugo, Oklahoma
2216:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2154:
2148:Dwight Mission
2145:
2138:
2128:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2077:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2022:
2011:
2001:
1990:
1975:
1961:
1960:, 1881βpresent
1954:Bacone College
1951:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1865:
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1838:
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1758:
1755:
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1745:
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1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1726:St. Theodore's
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1688:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:, 1884βpresent
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:, open 1881β87
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1573:Choctaw Nation
1569:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:De Smet, Idaho
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1351:Pinon, Arizona
1347:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1276:
1266:Seward, Alaska
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1211:
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1202:
1194:
1186:
1166:
1156:
1144:
1134:
1123:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1030:Kennedy Report
1018:
1015:
836:Main article:
833:
830:
820:regarding the
789:
786:
769:
766:
760:
757:
743:
740:
739:
738:
731:
728:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
603:
600:
578:
575:
530:
527:
452:Main article:
431:
428:
422:opened on the
406:
403:
369:
366:
239:
236:
230:Choctaw Nation
221:
178:
162:
159:
134:mother tongues
72:Anglo-American
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10508:
10497:
10494:
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10489:
10487:
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10477:
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10469:
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10380:
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10319:
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10309:
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10303:
10301:
10299:
10295:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10273:Turtle Island
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10213:Little people
10211:
10209:
10206:
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10201:
10199:
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10184:
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10026:
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10000:
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9959:
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9923:
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9916:
9912:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9856:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9839:Homeschooling
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9765:Bible college
9763:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9677:Magnet school
9675:
9673:
9670:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9631:
9629:(New Zealand)
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9593:
9592:international
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9573:
9570:
9568:
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9548:
9542:
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9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9499:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9478:Middle school
9476:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9464:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9438:
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9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
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9419:
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9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
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9399:
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9389:
9387:
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9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9326:Studio school
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:/ High school
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9255:Cadet college
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9226:Junior school
9224:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9214:Infant school
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
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9174:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9148:
9143:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9129:
9128:
9125:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
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9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9035:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9003:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
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8973:
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8967:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8940:
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8927:
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8924:
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8914:
8911:
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8906:
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8859:
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8846:
8845:
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8839:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8799:Jones Academy
8797:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8755:
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8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8373:Salt River ES
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8358:Many Farms HS
8356:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8345:Leupp Schools
8343:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
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8049:
8045:
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8036:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8012:
7999:
7992:
7976:
7972:
7971:Keloland News
7968:
7961:
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7931:
7915:
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7609:
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7556:
7540:
7536:
7535:blackpast.org
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6837:
6830:
6823:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6796:Starr, Myra.
6792:
6776:
6772:
6771:Jones Academy
6768:
6762:
6753:
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6727:
6720:
6713:
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6112:
6109:Agnew, Brad.
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5897:0-8061-3160-8
5893:
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5878:
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5797:
5796:"BIA Schools"
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5299:9780403021857
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4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:(4): 740β56.
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4225:(4): 740β56.
4224:
4220:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4078:
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4069:
4053:
4049:
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4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
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3896:
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3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
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3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3776:September 14,
3772:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3723:
3719:
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3705:
3689:
3685:
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3659:
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3619:
3617:
3600:
3596:
3592:
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3567:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3537:
3533:
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3523:
3507:
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3258:
3252:
3245:
3241:
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3227:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3190:
3186:
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3145:
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3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3088:
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3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Salem, Oregon
2709:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:, closed 1955
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:Quapaw Agency
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:, opened 1837
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:Jones Academy
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:, opened 1895
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2090:, opened 2004
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Navajo Nation
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1637:, opened 1825
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:Quapaw Agency
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Sitka, Alaska
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:Sitka, Alaska
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
960:
956:
952:
951:Angel De Cora
948:
941:
936:
934:
933:pan-Indianism
930:
925:
920:
915:
912:
909:
904:
901:
896:
890:
885:
881:
876:
867:
863:
860:
856:
854:
844:
839:
829:
827:
823:
818:
817:Meriam Report
813:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
785:
783:
777:
775:
765:
756:
754:
749:
736:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:In 1926, the
700:
699:Meriam Report
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
674:
671:In 1873, the
669:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
645:
643:
639:
633:
631:
627:
622:
618:
616:
611:
607:
599:
595:
591:
583:
573:
569:
567:
562:
558:
554:
552:
543:
535:
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
498:
496:
487:
483:
481:
480:St. Augustine
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
447:
443:
441:
436:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
402:
400:
394:
392:
387:
383:
378:
376:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
277:
274:
267:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
231:
227:
220:
215:
212:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
177:
172:
168:
167:Praying towns
158:
155:
152:
145:
140:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:denominations
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10401:
10208:Jingle dress
10203:Jiibayaabooz
10178:Dreamcatcher
9988:
9697:Vocal school
9682:Music school
9544:Free school
9488:Ranch school
9336:Upper school
9305:Maths school
9209:First school
9191:Kindergarten
9047:
8981:Lummi Nation
8893:Marty Indian
8888:Little Wound
8861:South Dakota
8834:Pennsylvania
8763:White Shield
8735:North Dakota
8616:Alamo Navajo
8545:Nay Ah Shing
8324:Havauspai ES
8195:. Retrieved
8186:
8168:
8125:
8118:
8097:
8087:
8060:
8047:
8030:
8015:
7997:
7991:
7981:February 12,
7979:. Retrieved
7973:. Keloland.
7970:
7960:
7950:February 11,
7948:. Retrieved
7939:
7930:
7918:. Retrieved
7904:
7892:. Retrieved
7878:
7866:. Retrieved
7852:
7840:. Retrieved
7826:
7812:
7800:. Retrieved
7789:
7779:
7767:. Retrieved
7758:
7748:
7739:
7727:. Retrieved
7711:
7703:
7691:. Retrieved
7676:
7669:
7657:. Retrieved
7643:
7631:. Retrieved
7627:the original
7622:
7618:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7581:
7569:. Retrieved
7555:
7543:. Retrieved
7534:
7510:. Retrieved
7504:
7498:
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7470:the original
7465:
7461:
7448:
7436:. Retrieved
7421:
7414:
7402:. Retrieved
7395:the original
7390:
7386:
7373:
7361:. Retrieved
7354:the original
7349:
7345:
7317:. Retrieved
7285:. Retrieved
7278:the original
7273:
7269:
7256:
7244:. Retrieved
7237:the original
7232:
7228:
7200:. Retrieved
7196:the original
7191:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7161:archives.gov
7160:
7151:
7139:. Retrieved
7135:the original
7130:
7120:
7108:. Retrieved
7099:
7089:
7077:. Retrieved
7062:
7055:
7043:. Retrieved
7029:
7017:. Retrieved
7013:the original
7008:
6984:
6972:. Retrieved
6963:
6956:
6944:. Retrieved
6940:the original
6935:
6910:. Retrieved
6896:
6884:. Retrieved
6875:
6851:. Retrieved
6844:the original
6839:
6835:
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6806:the original
6801:
6791:
6779:. Retrieved
6770:
6761:
6752:
6744:
6737:. Retrieved
6730:the original
6725:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6696:the original
6691:
6687:
6677:
6665:. Retrieved
6650:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6622:
6613:
6601:. Retrieved
6592:
6568:. Retrieved
6539:. Retrieved
6530:
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6479:the original
6474:
6464:
6452:. Retrieved
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6411:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6355:
6336:
6330:
6318:. Retrieved
6314:the original
6309:
6305:
6295:
6276:
6264:. Retrieved
6260:the original
6255:
6251:
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6225:the original
6220:
6216:
6191:. Retrieved
6187:the original
6182:
6178:
6141:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6119:the original
6114:
6089:. Retrieved
6087:. p. 12
6084:
6059:. Retrieved
6051:Archives.gov
6050:
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6014:
6002:. Retrieved
5998:the original
5993:
5983:
5971:. Retrieved
5962:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5928:. Retrieved
5913:
5901:. Retrieved
5886:
5864:. Retrieved
5860:the original
5834:. Retrieved
5825:
5816:
5804:. Retrieved
5770:
5760:November 15,
5758:. Retrieved
5749:
5725:. Retrieved
5716:
5674:. Retrieved
5665:
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5629:
5622:
5610:. Retrieved
5606:the original
5601:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5570:
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5540:
5531:
5519:. Retrieved
5504:
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5470:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5404:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5365:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5331:
5303:. Retrieved
5288:
5269:
5265:
5242:. Retrieved
5238:the original
5233:
5206:. Retrieved
5202:the original
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5165:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5110:
5102:
5060:
5054:
5044:February 18,
5042:. Retrieved
5038:the original
5028:
5020:
4954:
4881:. Retrieved
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4827:December 18,
4825:. Retrieved
4819:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4789:
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4759:
4734:. Retrieved
4725:
4716:
4706:November 21,
4704:. Retrieved
4684:
4677:
4667:December 18,
4665:. Retrieved
4659:
4649:
4631:
4621:December 18,
4619:. Retrieved
4613:
4604:
4592:. Retrieved
4588:the original
4583:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4549:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4468:
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4437:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4387:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4356:
4352:
4342:
4324:
4319:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4253:
4247:
4222:
4218:
4200:
4177:December 18,
4175:. Retrieved
4166:
4157:
4138:
4132:
4113:
4107:
4097:November 21,
4095:. Retrieved
4075:
4068:
4058:November 21,
4056:. Retrieved
4047:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4016:
4007:
3995:. Retrieved
3971:
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3825:
3816:
3808:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3717:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:the original
3631:
3603:. Retrieved
3594:
3570:. Retrieved
3561:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3531:
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3501:
3492:
3484:
3455:
3450:
3438:
3430:
3423:. Retrieved
3413:
3406:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3349:
3340:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3308:
3298:February 16,
3296:. Retrieved
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3210:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3184:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3154:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3120:
3111:
3104:The Atlantic
3103:
3087:
3057:
2893:South Dakota
2755:South Dakota
2736:Pennsylvania
2666:Presbyterian
2606:open 1896β98
2357:Presbyterian
1908:North Dakota
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5990:"Cameron"
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