188:(North American analog TV broadcast modulation standard). DSB AM and VSB AM signals are inherently compatible with each other, and most televisions can receive either. DSB-AM signals consists of the carrier and both upper and lower sidebands. VSB-AM is where DSB-AM is filtered and the lower sideband is highly attenuated at frequencies more than 1.25 MHz from the carrier signal. A VSB filter can be added to a DSB-AM transmitter to make it a VSB signal. The filters, depending on power usage, will cost anywhere from US$ 100–1,000. For practical reasons, most individual ATV users transmit in DSB-AM, and VSB is transmitted by repeater stations. On the 33 cm and higher bands,
1646:
115:
956:
1062:
3415:
3425:
3404:
3435:
946:
standards. These new DATV transmissions need less spectrum bandwidth than FM-ATV and offer superior picture quality. However, the unavoidable processing delays caused by the temporal compression mean that DATV signals have a second or more of time lag, which can make real-time video conversations
223:
The 2-meter band is often used by ATV operators for coordination with each other via FM voice transmissions. Operators seeking an ATV contact might first attempt calling on a regionally recognized ATV liaison-frequency, commonly 144.34 MHz, then agree to an ATV frequency to use for the video
224:
transmissions. The 2 meter frequency may be used throughout the contact to talk back to the current station transmitting video. The receiving station(s) may suggest adjustments the sending station can make, such as antenna direction, to improve the quality of the video received.
425:
To remain within the amateur radio bandwidth allocation, a maximum of two channels may be simultaneously used within a given geographic area, and the video carrier frequencies must be at least 12 MHz apart for the signals not to interfere with each
1023:
are visible, but the picture is too snowy to be seen; this occurs at a minimum signal strength of 3 dB. Each level represents an increase of 6 dB over the previous; P-5 is 30 dB above P-0 and represents a perfectly clear picture.
158:). As such, ATV transmissions can be viewed by setting a television or analog cable-box to cable input and attaching an outdoor antenna. For more sensitive reception, some users may use a purposely-built ATV down-converter, which is a kind of
243:
Additionally, this band can be easily received by simply tuning any cable-ready analog television or cable-box to the cable TV channels below and connecting an outdoor TV antenna. Amateur TV signals are much weaker than broadcast TV, so a
216:(144-148 MHz) lies within cable channel 18, but at 4 MHz wide, it is too narrow to fit the full 6 MHz bandwidth of an NTSC analog channel; its audio carrier lies outside the band. To be used as a television frequency, some
236:(420-450 MHz) is the most commonly used ham band for ATV. Signals transmitted on this band usually propagate longer distances than on higher frequency bands, for a given transmitter power and antenna gain. The band falls between
615:
For technical reasons, a maximum of two channels may be simultaneously used within a given geographic area, and the video carrier frequencies must be at least 12 MHz apart for the signals not to interfere with each
1916:
1040:
ionospheric skip over the horizon does not typically occur at higher frequencies, and terrain and man-made structures can affect propagation of signals, blocking or redirecting signals. Factors such as
1179:
1019:
The quality of transmission is expressed as a "p level"; "p" standing for "picture". P levels range from zero to five, increasing as the picture becomes more viewable. P-0 signifies a state in which
862:
and above. The frequencies in use depend on national permissions. In most of mainland Europe, the most common frequency is 1.255 GHz. Other bands commonly used for ATV are the
757:
All of the video carrier frequencies are 12 MHz apart to allow for each channel to be used simultaneously in a given geographic area without causing interference to each other.
1080:
Ham TV (as it is also called) provides video co-ordination of many public service events and, along with traditional amateur radio, provides "eyes" in natural disasters.
475:
258:
151:
922:. These generally have an input of 1.248, 1.249 or 1.255 GHz and typically output at 1.308, 1.312 or 1.316 GHz, although other frequencies are also used.
1110:
644:) receivers may be re-purposed for inexpensively receiving ATV in this band. Such receivers can decode FM television when an outdoor antenna is connected to the
1190:
2679:
1363:
1339:
1065:
Test transmission signal for chrominance and luminance signals check using PAL D (delay line) encoding - colour "hanover Bars" effect no longer visible.
1921:
419:
sub-bands (431–433 & 435–438 MHz respectively). Many modern CATV receivers can still lock-on to frequencies offset as much as 1 MHz.
139:
enough to fit such a signal) are higher in frequency than VHF broadcast TV. The lowest frequency ham band suitable for television transmission is
1386:
1305:
237:
1587:
628:
television and can be received by some tuners which can tune this low in frequency. Otherwise a specialized FM amateur TV receiver is needed.
412:
24:
3387:
3359:
3354:
2379:
2315:
451:
240:
13 and 14, which are 210–216 MHz and 470–476 MHz respectively. Propagation is similar to the lowest UHF TV broadcast channels.
147:
1020:
624:
amateur TV occurs. This format gives better picture quality than standard AM television. The FM television format used is identical to
1098:, has no copyright and can be legally and freely retransmitted without permission, and has the advantage of not having to be manually
648:
input. Due to the low cost and ease of repurposing old analog satellite receivers, this is the most popular band for FM amateur TV.
2040:
1217:
994:
963:" (colour banding) effect in Pal S (simple) signal mode of transmission. Note: Hanover bars can only be seen in full size image.
182:
3381:
2188:
1615:
760:
Not available in certain New
England states due to interference with the FAA's surveillance radar at Cummington, Massachusetts.
401:
In Canada and areas of the US north of a designated "Line A" boundary, amateurs are not allowed to transmit on these channels.
3376:
3366:
3346:
3148:
2309:
1726:
1685:
2287:
1095:
143:, which is between broadcast channels 13 and 14. While outside of broadcast television channels, this frequency falls into
2513:
1120:
In recent history, amateur TV has found renewed interest in the radio-controlled hobby world as a method for transmitting
3438:
3371:
3217:
1731:
824:
132:
64:
stations came on the air. Various transmission standards are used, these include the broadcast transmission standards of
454:, and it is rarely available for amateur use in ITU Regions 1 or 3. This band is also shared with many users, including
404:
Usually used as an ATV repeater output. VSB filters must be used on this channel to keep the signal inside the ham band.
3143:
1981:
1580:
1103:
465:
These channels can be received by many newer analog cable-boxes and televisions, which can tune to channels above 125.
1364:
PavePAWS 160km protection zone from the
Connecticut Spectrum Management Agency's website, retrieved December 28, 2019.
1293:
3237:
1890:
1721:
1533:
1295:
and runs from
Aberdeen, Washington to Searsport, Maine, roughly parallel to the Canada–US border in several segments.
1121:
986:
450:(902-928 MHz) is next highest frequency ham band available for ATV in North America. This ham band is unique to
174:
are two other commonly used bands for ATV, but reception of these higher bands requires the use of a down-converter.
3022:
2570:
2372:
3464:
3133:
1881:
1789:
1610:
1560:
640:(1.24-1.3 GHz) is the third-lowest frequency band available for ATV. Analog big-dish satellite television (
3128:
2112:
1956:
1951:
1876:
926:
operation occurs on these or other frequencies chosen to avoid interference with other users of the band, e.g.
1238:
3153:
2270:
1741:
1736:
1670:
1573:
979:
645:
1495:
60:
experimentation, pleasure, and public service events. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before
3428:
3189:
3086:
2629:
2424:
2396:
2033:
1841:
1419:
408:
200:
ham bands, FM is more commonly used than VSB or AM. FM ATV is incompatible with AM/VSB ATV, and a separate
1073:
From 1968 to about 2004 amateur TV provided behind-the-scenes co-ordination for the annual New Year's Day
1036:
become greater, particularly at frequencies above 10 GHz. Additionally, long-distance propagation by
3418:
2925:
2365:
1525:
1159:
217:
1117:
in scenarios where content without audio is needed—with the caveat that this content must be programmed.
3277:
3199:
3138:
2845:
2264:
2196:
1784:
1074:
1394:(2012, Volume 1 ed.). International Telecommunication Union. 2012. pp. 96–98. Archived from
838:
wideband transponder has DATV uplinks in the 2.4 GHz and downlinks in 10 GHz amateur bands.
3049:
3010:
2855:
2755:
2684:
2617:
2444:
2145:
1395:
1314:
3408:
2650:
2585:
2538:
2498:
1660:
1046:
197:
1313:(2012, Volume 1 ed.). International Telecommunication Union. 2012. p. 38. Archived from
3247:
3232:
3076:
3027:
2950:
2850:
2528:
2414:
2409:
2026:
1971:
1474:
416:
20:
1375:
New
England Spectrum Management Agency bandplan, including 440 MHz; retrieved December 28, 2019.
3459:
3169:
2955:
2770:
2715:
2710:
2523:
2488:
2107:
2018:
2007:
1966:
1665:
1635:
3071:
2875:
2840:
2760:
2740:
2662:
2550:
2471:
2124:
1946:
1705:
1630:
1099:
662:
This band is also used for AM/VSB television, although this requires a specialized receiver.
61:
2404:
816:
The distance record for ATV is between Hawaii and
California (2,518 miles) on 434 MHz.
2985:
2945:
2915:
2672:
2607:
2429:
2119:
2097:
1926:
1820:
1794:
1779:
1769:
1154:
1008:
893:
889:
621:
193:
189:
178:
108:
823:
have lagged somewhat behind those in Europe, but have taken on some new urgency given the
769:
In addition to the above, there are other ham bands which are less commonly used for ATV:
8:
2995:
2935:
2694:
2656:
2454:
2439:
2177:
2155:
968:
882:
855:
430:
834:
There is now a DATV downlink on the ISS operating in the amateur 2.4 GHz band. The
3222:
3179:
3110:
2980:
2910:
2885:
2820:
2667:
2388:
2150:
2071:
1901:
1746:
1214:
1012:
935:
863:
851:
820:
774:
637:
447:
233:
45:
807:, 10.4 GHz is a wideband FM channel, and it may be used as an ATV repeater input.
3262:
3184:
3098:
3081:
3044:
2890:
2720:
2689:
2555:
2449:
2102:
1645:
1529:
1228:, April 1938. Early Television Museum and Foundation Website. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
1091:
1050:
871:
804:
797:
793:
114:
97:
38:
2930:
3267:
3227:
3207:
3174:
3103:
3061:
2975:
2830:
2815:
2790:
2765:
2725:
2575:
2434:
2419:
2140:
1799:
854:
allocation than the USA, the majority of amateur television operation is currently
144:
93:
2895:
2750:
2518:
2493:
2481:
2076:
1997:
1911:
1836:
1221:
1269:
955:
754:
VSB filters must be used on this channel to keep the signal inside the ham band.
3093:
2965:
2940:
2900:
2870:
2745:
2580:
2533:
2508:
2466:
2241:
2066:
1134:
1106:
912:
783:
2.4415 GHz is the band's most used FM ATV frequency. A 6.0 MHz audio
171:
167:
140:
57:
1061:
3453:
3242:
3015:
3005:
2920:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2780:
2602:
2461:
2237:
2061:
1976:
1961:
1906:
1871:
1596:
1088:
620:
Additionally 33 cm is the lowest frequency band on which higher-quality
128:
104:
69:
53:
1124:, for use when flying remote control aircraft or piloting other RC vehicles.
3120:
2960:
2905:
2835:
2800:
2735:
2634:
2624:
2476:
2332:
2293:
2227:
1886:
1444:
1374:
960:
835:
245:
213:
85:
3320:
2970:
2880:
2865:
2825:
2785:
2644:
2257:
2232:
1675:
1114:
784:
204:, such as an analog satellite receiver, is necessary to receive signals.
201:
159:
89:
1456:
3325:
3032:
2730:
2639:
2595:
2565:
2543:
1700:
1620:
971:
931:
49:
1431:
220:
format incompatible with most televisions must be used and converted.
118:
Signal circuit performance checks made when using a typical test card.
3310:
2775:
2590:
2357:
2346:
1033:
990:
434:
155:
3305:
3295:
3212:
3037:
2860:
2221:
1861:
1774:
1690:
1246:
1037:
983:
919:
885:
612:
May interfere with growing FM use on the 927–928 MHz sub-band.
602:
462:
users, so interference issues are more likely than on other bands.
455:
136:
100:
of signals travelling between transmitting and receiving stations.
3300:
3285:
2503:
2337:
1680:
1499:
1084:
947:
feel much less natural than the 'instantaneous' analogue system.
923:
916:
606:
459:
107:. It is also called HAM TV or fast-scan TV (FSTV), as opposed to
2048:
1565:
3330:
3290:
2612:
2276:
2213:
2002:
1896:
1856:
1851:
1695:
1042:
847:
88:
of those standards. ATV includes the study of building of such
878:) bands, although ATV is used on most of the microwave bands.
3315:
3252:
2560:
2281:
2252:
2247:
2207:
2201:
2183:
1846:
1625:
1149:
1139:
975:
943:
939:
831:, which is believed to be the first DATV repeater in the US.
828:
422:
Rarely used today due to heavy FM repeater use in this range.
81:
73:
41:
1552:
3257:
2171:
1144:
641:
625:
609:, amateurs are not allowed to transmit ATV on this channel.
472:
255:
185:
65:
1215:
Kowalewski, Anthony, "An
Amateur's Television Transmitter"
407:
Channels 58 and 59 are often offset in frequency to limit
1866:
1292:
is defined in the US Federal Code of
Regulations Part 47,
163:
162:. Other bands are also used for ATV, most of them in the
77:
1102:
by the amateur station itself. In a similar vein, other
1087:
while they were not in use, especially when there were
974:
is used on frequencies above 1.24 GHz (1,240
1470:
1239:"HF - Propagation Predictions from the United Kingdom"
166:
region on frequencies higher than UHF broadcast TV.
1340:"Frequency Coordination with Canada Below 470 MHz"
1032:As transmission frequency increases, atmospheric
3451:
2282:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service
1245:. Radio Society of Great Britain. Archived from
950:
2373:
2034:
1581:
1445:NEAMC bandplans; retrieves December 28, 2019.
25:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
2316:Multichannel multipoint distribution service
2049:Wireless video and data distribution methods
764:
16:Transmission of video in amateur radio bands
3388:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1180:"United Kingdom Frequency allocation table"
989:. This is often used as a repeater's input
177:Most ATV signals are transmitted in either
135:that are suitable for a television signal (
3424:
2380:
2366:
2041:
2027:
1588:
1574:
1522:The ARRL Handbook For Radio Communications
1379:
429:May not be used within 160 kilometers of
1060:
1053:can extend the useful range of signals.
954:
113:
1420:47 C.F.R. §97.303(n)3 as of 14 Feb 2011
1298:
1267:
1004:below 1.24 GHz: Vestigial Sideband
827:. WR8ATV currently has an output using
3452:
2387:
2189:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
1069:Content produced by ATV has included:
780:2.4175 GHz is used for ATV links.
651:Commonly used 23 cm FM channels:
48:over the wide range of frequencies of
2361:
2310:Local multipoint distribution service
2022:
1727:International Telecommunication Union
1569:
959:Typical fast scan test card showing "
3434:
2288:Multipoint Video Distribution System
1471:"Amateur Television in Central Ohio"
1187:Publication date 2008 (Issue No. 15)
1109:can include television episodes and
1096:work of the United States government
811:
248:is often used to improve reception.
19:"Fast-scan" redirects here. For the
997:on the four channels listed above.
800:bands have ATV links in some areas.
13:
1477:from the original on 27 April 2009
1083:U.S. stations often retransmitted
825:transition of broadcast television
787:and 4 MHz deviation are used.
14:
3476:
1722:International Amateur Radio Union
1595:
1546:
1344:Federal Communications Commission
850:, which generally has a narrower
3433:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3023:Free-space optical communication
2233:Mobile broadband wireless access
1644:
122:
1561:British Amateur Television Club
1513:
1488:
1463:
1449:
1438:
1424:
1413:
1388:ITU Radio Regulations, Volume 1
1307:ITU Radio Regulations, Volume 1
938:modes following widely adopted
900:, others have FM-ATV inputs on
23:assessment used in trauma, see
1737:ITU prefixes for amateur radio
1368:
1357:
1332:
1283:
1270:"Cable TV Channel Frequencies"
1261:
1243:Publication date November 2010
1231:
1208:
1172:
836:QO-100 geostationary satellite
598:Available, but no known usage.
84:elsewhere, utilizing the full
1:
2271:Educational Broadband Service
1528:. 2005. pp. 20.3, 20.6.
1520:"Propagation of RF Signals".
1165:
1111:films with expired copyrights
993:, with output being standard
915:, much activity occurs using
631:
441:
227:
3409:Telecommunication portal
3190:Telecommunications equipment
1457:"ATV W6ORG - ATV DX Records"
1268:Neuhaus, John (2005-10-19).
951:Transmission characteristics
192:ATV may be used, and on the
7:
2926:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1526:American Radio Relay League
1160:Narrow-bandwidth television
1128:
892:inputs on 430 MHz and
207:
56:(Ham) use. ATV is used for
10:
3481:
2630:Telecommunications history
2265:Advanced Wireless Services
2197:Digital Video Broadcasting
1496:"ATV P level illustration"
1075:Tournament of Roses Parade
1056:
18:
3397:
3339:
3276:
3238:Public Switched Telephone
3198:
3162:
3119:
3060:
3050:telecommunication circuit
3011:Fiber-optic communication
2994:
2756:Francis Blake (telephone)
2703:
2551:Optical telecommunication
2395:
2325:
2302:
2164:
2146:Satellite Internet access
2133:
2085:
2054:
1990:
1939:
1829:
1808:
1762:
1755:
1714:
1653:
1642:
1603:
1553:List of european stations
978:), where there is enough
841:
765:Other amateur radio bands
626:big dish analog satellite
190:frequency modulation (FM)
179:amplitude modulation (AM)
37:) is the transmission of
3149:Orbital angular-momentum
2586:Satellite communications
2425:Communications satellite
1616:Emergency communications
1077:in Pasadena, California.
1047:tropospheric enhancement
1027:
183:vestigial sideband (VSB)
3028:Molecular communication
2851:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2680:Undersea telegraph line
2415:Cable protection system
1686:International operation
1432:"Welcome to Amateur Tv"
1189:. Ofcom. Archived from
668:Channel Bandwidth (GHz)
481:Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
458:devices and unlicensed
417:amateur radio satellite
264:Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
150:, on channels 57 to 61
103:ATV is an extension of
3465:Television terminology
3170:Communication protocol
2956:Charles Sumner Tainter
2771:Walter Houser Brattain
2716:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2524:Information revolution
2108:Terrestrial television
2008:Amateur radio in India
1952:Amateur radio software
1756:Modes of communication
1666:Amateur radio operator
1066:
1051:knife-edge diffraction
964:
798:5 centimeter (5.8 GHz)
794:9 centimeter (3.4 GHz)
119:
3144:Polarization-division
2876:Narinder Singh Kapany
2841:Erna Schneider Hoover
2761:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2741:Alexander Graham Bell
2472:online video platform
2125:Visual sensor network
1947:Amateur radio station
1732:Frequency allocations
1706:Vintage amateur radio
1631:High-speed telegraphy
1064:
1007:above 1.24 GHz:
958:
881:In several countries
238:broadcast TV channels
117:
62:commercial television
2986:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2946:Almon Brown Strowger
2916:Charles Grafton Page
2571:Prepaid mobile phone
2499:Electrical telegraph
2120:Satellite television
934:have been done with
109:slow-scan television
2936:Johann Philipp Reis
2695:Wireless revolution
2657:The Telephone Cases
2514:Hydraulic telegraph
2178:Long Term Evolution
2156:Wireless local loop
2098:Internet television
969:frequency modulated
856:frequency modulated
622:frequency modulated
431:Joint Base Cape Cod
133:amateur radio bands
96:, and the study of
3134:Frequency-division
3111:Telephone exchange
2981:Charles Wheatstone
2911:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2886:Innocenzo Manzetti
2821:Reginald Fessenden
2556:Optical telegraphy
2389:Telecommunications
2151:Wireless broadband
2093:Amateur television
2072:Radio broadcasting
1249:on 24 October 2010
1220:2011-09-24 at the
1196:on 17 January 2011
1067:
965:
868:~2.3–2.45 GHz
775:13-centimeter band
638:23-centimeter band
448:33-centimeter band
234:70-centimeter band
120:
31:Amateur television
3447:
3446:
3185:Store and forward
3180:Data transmission
3094:Network switching
3045:Transmission line
2891:Guglielmo Marconi
2856:Internet pioneers
2721:Mohamed M. Atalla
2690:Whistled language
2355:
2354:
2103:Mobile television
2016:
2015:
1935:
1934:
1524:(82nd ed.).
819:Experiments with
812:Other information
805:3-centimeter band
748:
747:
592:
591:
395:
394:
98:radio propagation
39:broadcast quality
3472:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3278:Notable networks
3268:Wireless network
3208:Cellular network
3200:Types of network
3175:Computer network
3062:Network topology
2976:Thomas A. Watson
2831:Oliver Heaviside
2816:Philo Farnsworth
2791:Daniel Davis Jr.
2766:Charles Bourseul
2726:John Logie Baird
2435:Data compression
2430:Computer network
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2141:Mobile broadband
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2019:
1760:
1759:
1648:
1626:DX communication
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1498:. Archived from
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1184:
1176:
1094:. NASA TV, as a
929:
907:
903:
899:
877:
869:
861:
674:Audio Freq (MHz)
671:Video Freq (MHz)
665:
664:
487:Audio Freq (MHz)
484:Video Freq (MHz)
468:
467:
270:Audio Freq (MHz)
267:Video Freq (MHz)
251:
250:
218:narrow-bandwidth
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3335:
3272:
3194:
3158:
3115:
3064:
3056:
2997:
2990:
2896:Robert Metcalfe
2751:Tim Berners-Lee
2699:
2519:Information Age
2391:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2321:
2298:
2160:
2129:
2081:
2077:Satellite radio
2050:
2047:
2017:
2012:
1998:Shortwave radio
1986:
1931:
1912:Spread spectrum
1825:
1804:
1751:
1742:Maritime mobile
1710:
1649:
1640:
1599:
1594:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1401:on 28 July 2017
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:on 28 July 2017
1317:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1131:
1059:
1030:
953:
927:
905:
904:and outputs on
901:
897:
888:are used, with
875:
867:
859:
844:
814:
767:
634:
601:In portions of
444:
230:
210:
125:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3411:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3129:Space-division
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Camille Tissot
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Claude Shannon
2938:
2933:
2931:Tivadar Puskás
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Antonio Meucci
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Charles K. Kao
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Harold Hopkins
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Emile Berliner
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Videotelephony
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2581:Radiotelephone
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:Internet video
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Internet radio
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1547:External links
1545:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1512:
1487:
1462:
1448:
1437:
1423:
1412:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1331:
1297:
1282:
1272:. John Neuhaus
1260:
1230:
1207:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:ATSC Standards
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1107:filler content
1081:
1078:
1058:
1055:
1029:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1000:In a nutshell
952:
949:
913:United Kingdom
843:
840:
813:
810:
809:
808:
801:
790:
789:
788:
781:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
755:
746:
745:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
717:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
660:
659:
658:1.265 GHz
656:
655:1.255 GHz
633:
630:
618:
617:
613:
610:
599:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
538:
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
443:
440:
439:
438:
427:
423:
420:
405:
402:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
342:
341:
339:
336:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
229:
226:
209:
206:
172:23 centimeters
168:33 centimeters
154:(420–450
141:70 centimeters
124:
121:
58:non-commercial
52:allocated for
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Amateur radio
3458:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:Code-division
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Time-division
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:and switching
3063:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:optical fiber
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Coaxial cable
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Radia Perlman
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Lee de Forest
2809:
2807:
2806:Thomas Edison
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Donald Davies
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Claude Chappe
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Smoke signals
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:Semiconductor
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:Digital media
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:IEEE 802.15.3
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Digital radio
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Two-way radio
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Hellschreiber
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:Amateur radio
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1535:0-87259-928-0
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1502:on 2009-06-17
1501:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1271:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:public domain
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:Space Shuttle
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:propagation,
1044:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:transmissions
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
962:
957:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
921:
918:
914:
909:
895:
891:
887:
884:
879:
873:
865:
857:
853:
849:
839:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:digital modes
817:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
779:
778:
776:
772:
771:
770:
759:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:Usage notes:
744:
741:
738:
736:1.288 – 1.294
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:1.276 – 1.282
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
696:1.252 – 1.258
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
614:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:Usage notes:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
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477:
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469:
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453:
449:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:Usage notes:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
348:432.75–438.75
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
306:
303:
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297:
294:
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286:
283:
280:
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269:
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257:
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219:
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205:
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184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:North America
123:North America
116:
112:
110:
106:
105:amateur radio
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:refresh rates
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:North America
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:radio amateur
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3121:Multiplexing
2996:Transmission
2961:Nikola Tesla
2951:Henry Sutton
2906:Samuel Morse
2836:Robert Hooke
2801:Amos Dolbear
2736:John Bardeen
2655:
2635:Telautograph
2539:Mobile phone
2494:Edholm's law
2477:social media
2410:Broadcasting
2333:Broadcasting
2303:Technologies
2294:Wireless USB
2228:Mobile WiMAX
2184:5G New Radio
2092:
1982:Transceivers
1940:Technologies
1887:Packet radio
1830:Data/Digital
1815:
1521:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1465:
1451:
1440:
1426:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1387:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1346:. 2016-01-27
1343:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1306:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1242:
1233:
1225:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1186:
1174:
1115:silent films
1113:—especially
1068:
1043:E-layer skip
1031:
1018:
999:
966:
961:Hanover bars
910:
880:
845:
833:
818:
815:
768:
749:
710:1.264 – 1.27
682:1.24 – 1.246
661:
650:
635:
619:
593:
464:
452:ITU Region 2
445:
409:interference
396:
246:preamplifier
242:
231:
222:
214:2-meter band
211:
176:
126:
102:
90:transmitters
34:
30:
29:
3321:NPL network
3033:Radio waves
2971:Alfred Vail
2881:Hedy Lamarr
2866:Dawon Kahng
2826:Elisha Gray
2786:Yogen Dalal
2711:Nasir Ahmed
2645:Teleprinter
2509:Heliographs
2202:Terrestrial
1676:DX-pedition
1636:Homebrewing
1556:(in German)
1405:21 February
1324:21 February
1253:26 November
1200:26 November
1034:path losses
932:experiments
896:outputs on
785:sub-carrier
433:to protect
413:weak-signal
202:demodulator
160:set-top-box
148:frequencies
50:radio waves
3454:Categories
3367:Antarctica
3326:Toasternet
3248:Television
2731:Paul Baran
2663:Television
2647:(teletype)
2640:Telegraphy
2618:transistor
2596:Phryctoria
2566:Photophone
2544:Smartphone
2534:Mass media
1809:Television
1715:Governance
1701:Radiosport
1621:Contesting
1604:Activities
1506:2009-06-14
1481:2009-05-06
1350:2022-05-07
1276:2009-05-06
1226:Radio News
1166:References
1100:programmed
967:Typically
883:cross-band
632:23 cm band
442:33 cm band
228:70 cm band
21:ultrasound
3351:Americas
3340:Locations
3311:Internet2
3072:Bandwidth
2776:Vint Cerf
2673:streaming
2651:Telephone
2591:Semaphore
2482:streaming
2347:Microwave
2214:Satellite
2165:Standards
1972:Satellite
1747:Licensing
1122:FPV video
1021:sync bars
991:frequency
982:for such
980:bandwidth
930:. Recent
928:1.285 GHz
920:repeaters
898:1.255 GHz
886:repeaters
435:PAVE PAWS
94:receivers
3419:Category
3306:Internet
3296:CYCLADES
3213:Ethernet
3163:Concepts
3087:terminal
3038:wireless
2861:Bob Kahn
2704:Pioneers
2529:Internet
2420:Cable TV
2222:IEEE 802
2216:(DVB-S2)
2208:Handheld
1862:EchoLink
1691:QSL card
1475:Archived
1473:. ATCO.
1218:Archived
1129:See also
1092:missions
984:wideband
603:Colorado
208:2 m band
111:(SSTV).
3439:Commons
3429:Outline
3382:Oceania
3301:FidoNet
3286:ARPANET
3099:circuit
2668:digital
2397:History
2326:Related
2284:(MVDDS)
2224:family
2210:(DVB-H)
2204:(DVB-T)
2174:family
2113:Digital
1991:Related
1922:WIRES-X
1681:Hamfest
1661:History
1654:Culture
1085:NASA TV
1057:Content
1038:F-layer
936:digital
924:Simplex
917:in-band
911:In the
876:~10 GHz
860:1.3 GHz
803:On the
773:On the
742:1.29375
739:1.28925
729:1.28175
726:1.27725
716:1.26975
713:1.26525
702:1.25775
699:1.25325
688:1.24575
685:1.24125
607:Wyoming
579:922–928
563:918–924
547:912–918
531:910–916
515:909–915
498:906–912
478:channel
471:Analog
460:Part 15
411:to the
382:444–450
365:438–444
332:432–438
315:426–432
298:425–431
281:420–426
261:channel
254:Analog
3377:Europe
3347:Africa
3331:Usenet
3291:BITNET
3228:Mobile
3104:packet
2613:MOSFET
2608:device
2405:Beacon
2318:(MMDS)
2312:(LMDS)
2290:(MVDS)
2277:HomeRF
2191:(MBMS)
2003:Q code
1897:PACTOR
1857:DAPNET
1852:D-STAR
1775:DSB-SC
1696:Q code
1671:Awards
1532:
1290:Line A
1049:, and
1015:etc...
870:) and
848:Europe
842:Europe
677:Notes
616:other.
585:927.75
582:923.25
569:923.75
566:919.25
553:917.75
550:913.25
537:915.75
534:911.25
521:914.75
518:910.25
504:911.75
501:907.25
490:Notes
426:other.
388:449.75
385:445.25
371:443.75
368:439.25
354:438.50
351:434.00
338:437.75
335:433.25
321:431.75
318:427.25
304:430.75
301:426.25
287:425.75
284:421.25
273:Notes
76:, and
3360:South
3355:North
3316:JANET
3253:Telex
3243:Radio
3082:Nodes
3077:Links
2998:media
2576:Radio
2561:Pager
2489:Drums
2455:video
2450:image
2440:audio
2273:(EBS)
2267:(AWS)
2253:WiMAX
2248:Wi-Fi
2180:(LTE)
2086:Video
2055:Radio
1847:AMTOR
1763:Voice
1399:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1150:SECAM
1140:DVB-T
1028:Range
944:DVB-T
940:DVB-S
902:13 cm
852:70 cm
829:DVB-S
476:(IRC)
259:(IRC)
152:(IRC)
82:SECAM
74:Japan
46:audio
42:video
3372:Asia
3258:UUCP
3218:ISDN
2342:band
2258:WRAN
2172:3GPP
2134:Data
1957:IRLP
1917:C4FM
1907:RTTY
1891:APRS
1882:MFSK
1821:SSTV
1611:ARDF
1530:ISBN
1407:2016
1326:2016
1255:2010
1202:2010
1155:SSTV
1145:NTSC
942:and
906:3 cm
872:3-cm
864:13cm
796:and
792:The
642:TVRO
636:The
605:and
588:2,3
473:CATV
446:The
415:and
307:1,3
290:1,2
256:CATV
232:The
212:The
196:and
186:NTSC
170:and
145:CATV
137:wide
92:and
72:and
66:NTSC
44:and
3263:WAN
3233:NGN
3223:LAN
2504:Fax
2445:DCT
2242:UWB
1967:SDR
1962:QRP
1927:DMR
1902:PSK
1877:DMT
1867:FT8
1842:ALE
1816:ATV
1790:AME
1785:SSB
1780:ISB
1013:PSK
995:VSB
976:MHz
858:on
846:In
646:LNB
576:N/A
560:145
544:144
528:N/A
512:N/A
495:143
456:ISM
198:EHF
194:SHF
181:or
164:UHF
156:MHz
127:In
80:or
78:PAL
68:in
35:ATV
3456::
1837:CW
1800:PM
1795:FM
1770:AM
1342:.
1241:.
1224:,
1185:.
1011:,
1009:FM
972:TV
908:.
894:FM
890:AM
777::
705:3
691:1
507:1
391:4
379:61
374:6
362:60
357:3
345:59
329:59
324:1
312:58
295:58
278:57
131:,
3390:)
3386:(
2381:e
2374:t
2367:v
2340:u
2338:K
2244:)
2240:(
2042:e
2035:t
2028:v
1893:)
1889:(
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
1538:.
1509:.
1484:.
1459:.
1434:.
1409:.
1353:.
1328:.
1279:.
1257:.
1204:.
874:(
866:(
437:.
33:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
