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several notable advantages for amateur astronomers intent on research. For example, GOTO telescopes tend to be faster for locating items of interest than star hopping, allowing more time for studying of the object. GOTO also allows manufacturers to add equatorial tracking to mechanically simpler alt-azimuth telescope mounts, allowing them to produce an overall less expensive product. GOTO telescopes usually have to be calibrated using alignment stars to provide accurate tracking and positioning. However, several telescope manufacturers have recently developed telescope systems that are calibrated with the use of built-in GPS, decreasing the time it takes to set up a telescope at the start of an observing session.
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distance values and arrow markers to appear in the display that indicate the distance and direction to move the telescope. The telescope is moved until the two angular distance values reach zero, indicating that the telescope is properly aligned. When both the RA and Dec axes are thus "zeroed out", the object should be in the eyepiece. Many DSCs, like go-to systems, can also work in conjunction with laptop sky programs.
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787:, which refers to the positions of celestial objects at a given time to the nearest year (e.g., J2005, J2007). Most such printed sources have been updated for intervals of only about every fifty years (e.g., J1900, J1950, J2000). Computerized sources, on the other hand, are able to calculate the right ascension and declination of the "epoch of date" to the exact instant of observation.
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deep sky imaging. This enables anyone to control a telescope a great distance away in a dark location. The observer can image through the telescope using CCD cameras. The digital data collected by the telescope is then transmitted and displayed to the user by means of the
Internet. An example of a digital remote telescope operation for public use via the Internet is the
526:, which is preferable for looking at some objects in the night sky. Recent models of iPhones have introduced a "night mode" option when taking pictures as well, that allows you to increase exposure, which is a period of time the picture is being taken for. This optimizes focus on light in the frame which is why it is used primarily at night.
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photographic records of observations have also been used in recent times. The information gathered is used to help studies and interactions between amateur astronomers in yearly gatherings. Although not professional information or credible, it is a way for the hobby lovers to share their new sightings and experiences.
727:. Useful information about the pointed object like celestial coordinates, the name of the object, its constellation, etc. are provided for a quick reference. Some paid versions give more information. These apps are gradually getting into regular use during observing, for the alignment process of telescopes.
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around the world, that serve as a meeting point for those interested in amateur astronomy. Members range from active observers with their own equipment to "armchair astronomers" who are simply interested in the topic. Societies range widely in their goals and activities, which may depend on a variety
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goal for many amateur astronomers, unlike professional astronomers. Work of scientific merit is possible, however, and many amateurs successfully contribute to the knowledge base of professional astronomers. Astronomy is sometimes promoted as one of the few remaining sciences for which amateurs can
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The majority of scientific contributions by amateur astronomers are in the area of data collection. In particular, this applies where large numbers of amateur astronomers with small telescopes are more effective than the relatively small number of large telescopes that are available to professional
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coordinates, they are not simply a digital read-out of what can be seen on the telescope's analog setting circles. As with go-to telescopes, digital setting circle computers (commercial names include Argo Navis, Sky
Commander, and NGC Max) contain databases of tens of thousands of celestial objects
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Amateur astronomers often like to keep records of their observations, which usually takes the form of an observing log. Observing logs typically record details about which objects were observed and when, as well as describing the details that were seen. Sketching is sometimes used within logs, and
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Although specialized and experienced amateur astronomers tend to acquire more specialized and more powerful equipment over time, relatively simple equipment is often preferred for certain tasks. Binoculars, for instance, although generally of lower power than the majority of telescopes, also tend to
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of varying power and quality, as well as additional sophisticated equipment, such as cameras, to study light from the sky in both the visual and non-visual parts of the spectrum. To further improve studying the visual and non-visual part of the spectrum, amateur astronomers go to rural areas to get
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While a number of interesting celestial objects are readily identified by the naked eye, sometimes with the aid of a star chart, many others are so faint or inconspicuous that technical means are necessary to locate them. Although many methods are used in amateur astronomy, most are variations of a
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as seen from Earth. With more advanced equipment, but still cheap in comparison to professional setups, amateur astronomers can measure the light spectrum emitted from astronomical objects, which can yield high-quality scientific data if the measurements are performed with due care. A relatively
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With the development of fast internet in the last part of the 20th century along with advances in computer controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras, "remote telescope" astronomy is now a viable means for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in research and
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The popularity of imaging among amateurs has led to large numbers of web sites being written by individuals about their images and equipment. Much of the social interaction of amateur astronomy occurs on mailing lists or discussion groups. Discussion group servers host numerous astronomy lists. A
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with detailed charts of the entire night sky. A range of astronomy software is also available and used by amateur astronomers, including software that generates maps of the sky, software to assist with astrophotography, observation scheduling software, and software to perform various calculations
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To find a celestial object in a telescope equipped with a DSC computer, one does not need to look up the specific RA and Dec coordinates in a book or other resource, and then adjust the telescope to those numerical readings. Rather, the object is chosen from the electronic database, which causes
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have become more popular since the 1980s as technology has improved and prices have been reduced. With these computer-driven telescopes, the user typically enters the name of the item of interest and the mechanics of the telescope point the telescope towards that item automatically. They have
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as their primary source of income or support, and usually have no professional degree in astrophysics or advanced academic training in the subject. Most amateurs are hobbyists, while others have a high degree of experience in astronomy and may often assist and work alongside professional
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for use in smartphones has led to the creation of many dedicated apps. These apps allow any user to easily locate celestial objects of interest by simply pointing the smartphone device in that direction in the sky. These apps make use of the inbuilt hardware in the phone, such as
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astronomers. Many astronomers have studied the sky throughout history in an amateur framework; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century, professional astronomy has become an activity clearly distinguished from amateur astronomy and associated activities.
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is a method often used by amateur astronomers with low-tech equipment such as binoculars or a manually driven telescope. It involves the use of maps (or memory) to locate known landmark stars, and "hopping" between them, often with the aid of a
331:, involves the taking of photos of the night sky. Astrophotography has become more popular with the introduction of far easier to use equipment including, digital cameras, DSLR cameras and relatively sophisticated purpose built high quality
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Amateur astronomers use a range of instruments to study the sky, depending on a combination of their interests and resources. Methods include simply looking at the night sky with the naked eye, using binoculars, and using a variety of
378:. Some amateur astronomers use home-made radio telescopes, while others use radio telescopes that were originally built for astronomical research but have since been made available for use by amateurs. The
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created combining the work of professional and amateur astronomers. The image is the combination of the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope of the La Silla
Observatory in Chile and a 0.4-meter amateur telescope.
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of some telescopes. Since the widespread adoption of digital setting circles, any classical engraved setting circle is now specifically identified as an "analog setting circle" (ASC). By knowing the
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great deal of the commerce of amateur astronomy, the buying and selling of equipment, occurs online. Many amateurs use online tools to plan their nightly observing sessions, using tools such as the
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may be used to subtract away the effects of light pollution, which has increased the popularity of astrophotography in urban areas. Narrowband filters may also be used to minimize light pollution.
514:. Commercial telescopes are available, new and used, but it is also common for amateur astronomers to build (or commission the building of) their own custom telescopes. Some people even focus on
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of factors such as geographic spread, local circumstances, size, and membership. For example, a small local society located in dark countryside may focus on practical observing and
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Amateur astronomers typically view the sky at night, when most celestial objects and astronomical events are visible, but others observe during the daytime by viewing the Sun and
327:. Many amateurs like to specialise in observing particular objects, types of objects, or types of events which interest them. One branch of amateur astronomy, amateur
169:, which can advise, educate or guide them towards ways of finding and observing celestial objects. They also promote the science of astronomy among the general public.
1491:
Stargazers : The
Contribution of Amateurs to Astronomy : Amateur Astronomers and the IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams and Minor Planet Center
1927:
1085:(1841–1903), built his own very large reflecting telescopes and demonstrated that photography could record astronomical features invisible to the human eye.
963:) in the vast libraries of digital images and other data captured by Earth and space based observatories, much of which is available over the Internet.
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A set of astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer
Charles Messier in 1771, which is still used by many amateurs as an observing list.
764:. A computerized setting circle is called a "digital setting circle" (DSC). Although digital setting circles can be used to display a telescope's
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1062:
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760:), the telescope user can use the setting circle to align (i.e., point) the telescope in the appropriate direction before looking through its
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Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the
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Computerized systems provide the further advantage of computing coordinate precession. Traditional printed sources are subtitled by the
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projects has meant that most comets are now discovered by automated systems long before it is possible for amateurs to see them.
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157:. Some just look at the sky using nothing more than their eyes or binoculars, but more dedicated amateurs often use portable
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Mousis, O.; et al. (2014). "Instrumental methods for professional and amateur collaborations in planetary astronomy".
687:. Because of its simplicity, star hopping is a very common method for finding objects that are close to naked-eye stars.
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90:. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers make contributions in doing
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There have been many significant scientific, technological, and cultural contributions made by amateur astronomers:
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2002:
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Seeing in the Dark: How
Backyard Stargazers Are Probing Deep Space and Guarding Earth from Interplanetary Peril
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987:
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30:"Amateur astronomer", "Popular astronomy", "Skygazing", and "Stargazing" redirect here. For the magazine, see
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A list of astronomical objects for observation by amateur astronomers compiled by Sir
Patrick Caldwell-Moore.
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Amateur astronomers and other non-professionals make contributions through ongoing citizen science projects:
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1233:, an international team of amateur and professional astronomers tasked with identifying extrasolar planets.
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975:
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123:
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39:
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Stargazers : The
Contribution of Amateurs to Astronomy : Twentieth-Century Amateur Astronomers
1113:(1937–2022) was an amateur astronomer who currently holds the all-time record for visual discoveries of
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Amateur astronomers often contribute toward activities such as monitoring the changes in brightness of
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Amateur astronomy groups are often involved in outreach to introduce astronomy to the general public
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1433:"International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) : Introduction to Observing Occultations"
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to determine both the shape of asteroids and the shape of the terrain on the apparent edge of the
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Many amateur astronomers contribute to scientific discoveries as part of the citizen science
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1907:
A Complete Manual of
Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations
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A Complete Manual of
Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations
8:
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In the past and present, amateur astronomers have played a major role in discovering new
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offer crystal clear skies for observing astronomical objects with or without instruments.
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1346:"American Association of Variable Star Observers : The AAVSO Research Portal"
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recent role for amateur astronomers is searching for overlooked phenomena (e.g.,
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including the first galaxy to be named after its non-professional discoverer. .
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New Eyes on the Sun: A Guide to Satellite Images and Amateur Observation
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1702:
Odenwald, Sten. “A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography – NASA Ebook."
1325:
1237:
1230:
1192:
1137:, the famous comedian and actor, who discovered a white spot on Saturn.
753:
715:
592: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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530:
420: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
332:
207: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
83:
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Amateur astronomers engage in many imaging techniques including film,
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2018:
1744:
1615:
Motta, M. (2006). "Contributions of Amateur Astronomy to Education".
1114:
1103:(1915–2014), promoter of astronomy whose name is associated with the
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that, depending on experience and intentions, may range from simple
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1980:
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947:
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119:
56:
1941:
1740:"Turn Your Smartphone into an Astronomy Toolbox with Mobile Apps"
1049:, one of the most successful visual discoverers comets and novae.
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as their primary interest within the hobby of amateur astronomy.
358:, an amateur astronomer who constructed the first purpose-built
103:
1251:
Amateur Achievement Award of Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2721:
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Meadows, A.J. (1988). Dunlop, Storm; Gerbaldi, Michèle (eds.).
1020:
971:
346:, but a small minority experiment with wavelengths outside the
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320:
296:
139:
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Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers
1903:
1853:"SPACE : A cost effective solution for your observatory"
1091:(1917–1989) who conducted the "Gleanings for ATMs" column in
967:
818:, and there are telescope farms in New Mexico, Australia and
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More advanced methods of locating objects in the sky include
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1987:
1718:"Amateur Stargazing With a GPS Tour Guide (Published 2013)"
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was one of the world's leading popularisers of astronomy.
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for significant contributions to astronomy by amateurs.
1143:(1912–1993) who wrote the "Deep-Sky Wonders" column in
915:
still contribute useful data. To recognize this, the
970:. Recently however, funding of projects such as the
283:
Amateur astronomer recording observations of the sun.
1377:. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht. pp.
370:. Non-visual amateur astronomy includes the use of
1281:
Weather forecasts designed for amateur astronomers.
698:, which allow pointing to targets in the sky using
362:in the late 1930s to follow up on the discovery of
55:Amateur astronomers watch the night sky during the
1555:"Sky & Telescope : Pro-Am Collaboration"
1488:(1988). Dunlop, Storm; Gerbaldi, Michèle (eds.).
1179:(1923–2012), presenter of the BBC's long-running
927:astronomers. Several organizations, such as the
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1457:
1169:discovered or co-discovered 22 comets including
1061:magazine and the monthly AAVSO circular for the
935:, exist to help coordinate these contributions.
374:on conventional telescopes, and also the use of
161:or telescopes situated in their private or club
1522:
1458:Clay Sherrod, P. Clay; Koed, Thomas L. (1981).
1063:American Association of Variable Star Observers
929:American Association of Variable Star Observers
808:
1879:
1311:School Astronomical Olympiad by Correspondence
70:where participants enjoy observing or imaging
2003:
1516:
1021:Notable contributions by amateur astronomers
145:Amateur astronomers do not use the field of
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1523:Zuckerman, Ben; Malkan, Matthew A. (1996).
1221:
1195:and has been referred to as a "founder" of
2010:
1996:
1706:, 3 Dec. 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
1573:
1478:
1427:
1425:
1069:to quantify the darkness of the night sky.
910:Scientific research is most often not the
748:scales that can be placed on the two main
1940:
1608:
1408:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1401:
1364:
652:Learn how and when to remove this message
480:Learn how and when to remove this message
342:Most amateur astronomers work at visible
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
1904:P. Clay Sherrod; Thomas L. Koed (2003).
1782:
1672:Agency, Canadian Space (July 16, 2019).
1526:The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
1290:List of telescope parts and construction
1030:
991:
870:
491:
278:
50:
1832:from the original on September 20, 2015
1579:
1484:
1451:
1439:from the original on September 17, 2017
1422:
14:
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1924:
1671:
1561:from the original on September 2, 2017
1370:
1245:Prizes recognizing amateur astronomers
1185:and author of many books on astronomy.
905:
542:pertaining to astronomical phenomena.
1991:
1910:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications.
1865:from the original on October 9, 2022.
1715:
1684:from the original on December 1, 2022
1614:
1209:constructing the first purpose-built
825:
773:and projections of planet positions.
2749:
1802:from the original on October 9, 2022
1764:"Daylight Polar Alignment Made Easy"
1752:from the original on April 17, 2023.
1728:from the original on April 12, 2023.
1352:from the original on January 4, 2018
1338:
1000:There are a large number of amateur
972:Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research
829:
590:adding citations to reliable sources
561:
557:
418:adding citations to reliable sources
389:
205:adding citations to reliable sources
176:
1770:from the original on April 16, 2018
1464:. Courier Corporation. p. 66.
1256:Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award
1157:Amateur Telescope Making, Vols. 1–3
917:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
27:Hobby of watching the sky and stars
24:
1889:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1873:
1790:"Argo Navis : User Manual 10"
898:. Because CCD imagers are linear,
790:
730:
44:Popular Astronomy (disambiguation)
25:
2792:
1974:
1850:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2507:Southern African Large Telescope
1716:Eaton, Kit (February 27, 2013).
933:British Astronomical Association
833:
566:
394:
181:
1844:
1814:
1756:
1732:
1709:
1696:
1665:
1635:
1586:. Springer-Verlag. p. 20.
1494:. Springer-Verlag. p. 68.
1055:, authored '"Comet Digest" in
756:of an object (usually given in
668:
577:needs additional citations for
405:needs additional citations for
385:
192:needs additional citations for
1395:
1285:List of astronomical societies
1173:, the most for any individual.
988:List of astronomical societies
709:
13:
1:
2017:
1647:European Southern Observatory
1531:Jones & Bartlett Learning
1331:
1149:magazine for almost 50 years.
529:Amateur astronomers also use
172:
165:. Amateurs also join amateur
124:transient astronomical events
34:. For Buddhist practice, see
1027:Category:Amateur astronomers
981:
976:Near Earth Asteroid Tracking
809:Remote-controlled telescopes
7:
1261:
1123:, discovered eleven nearby
1075:(1931–1993), author of the
40:Stargazing (disambiguation)
10:
2797:
1982:Amateur Astronomy Magazine
1024:
985:
921:Amateur Achievement Awards
864:
794:
734:
672:
29:
2731:
2523:
2500:Large Binocular Telescope
2465:Extremely Large Telescope
2458:Extremely large telescope
2431:
2314:
2254:
2175:
2137:
2098:
2091:
2025:
1959:10.1007/s10686-014-9379-0
1592:10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6
1500:10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6
665:few specific techniques.
2472:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1402:Wilkinson, John (2012).
1222:Citizen science projects
1213:and conducted the first
1205:(1911–2002), pioneer of
1197:amateur telescope making
1015:amateur telescope making
867:Amateur astrophotography
516:amateur telescope making
366:emissions from space by
94:, such as by monitoring
2567:Astrology and astronomy
2277:Gravitational radiation
1643:"Beneath the Milky Way"
1306:Observational astronomy
1217:in the radio frequency.
1155:(1888–1958), editor of
350:. An early pioneer of
2486:Hubble Space Telescope
1928:Experimental Astronomy
1822:"Remote Observatories"
1371:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
1171:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
1097:magazine for 21 years.
1039:
1002:astronomical societies
997:
880:
758:equatorial coordinates
501:
284:
167:astronomical societies
60:
38:. For other uses, see
32:The Amateur Astronomer
2590:Astroparticle physics
2325:Australian Aboriginal
1678:Canadian Space Agency
1161:The Amateur Scientist
1083:Andrew Ainslie Common
1034:
1025:Further information:
995:
874:
700:celestial coordinates
495:
382:is one such example.
282:
54:
36:Sky gazing (Dzogchen)
2582:Astronomers Monument
2514:Very Large Telescope
2061:Astronomical symbols
1653:on September 6, 2017
1191:(1871–1949) founded
1141:Walter Scott Houston
586:improve this article
414:improve this article
201:improve this article
122:, or by discovering
2655:List of astronomers
2068:Astronomical object
1951:2014ExA....38...91M
1629:2006JAVSO..35..257M
1268:Astronomical object
1146:Sky & Telescope
1121:Giuseppe Donatiello
1105:Dobsonian telescope
1094:Sky & Telescope
946:, helping to track
906:Scientific research
816:Bareket observatory
746:angular measurement
716:mobile applications
601:"Amateur astronomy"
498:Paranal Observatory
429:"Amateur astronomy"
311:, and a variety of
216:"Amateur astronomy"
2641:Physical cosmology
1722:The New York Times
1316:Sidewalk astronomy
1273:Caldwell catalogue
1077:Celestial Handbook
1073:Robert Burnham Jr.
1040:
998:
881:
845:. You can help by
826:Imaging techniques
507:optical telescopes
502:
380:One-Mile Telescope
285:
61:
18:Amateur astronomer
2776:Amateur astronomy
2763:
2762:
2648:Quantum cosmology
2634:Planetary geology
2427:
2426:
2138:Celestial subject
1917:978-0-486-42820-8
1896:978-0-684-86579-9
1704:Stargazers Lounge
1674:"Stargazing tips"
1601:978-3-540-50230-2
1509:978-3-540-50230-2
1471:978-0-486-15216-5
1415:978-3-642-22839-1
1295:Messier catalogue
1189:Russell W. Porter
1177:Sir Patrick Moore
1153:Albert G. Ingalls
1111:Robert Owen Evans
1058:Sky and Telescope
1036:Sir Patrick Moore
1011:lunar observation
961:Kreutz Sungrazers
863:
862:
797:GoTo (telescopes)
662:
661:
654:
636:
558:Common techniques
490:
489:
482:
464:
277:
276:
269:
251:
72:celestial objects
64:Amateur astronomy
16:(Redirected from
2788:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2669:Medieval Islamic
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2553:Astroinformatics
2548:
2541:
2534:
2532:Archaeoastronomy
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2493:Keck Observatory
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2388:Medieval Islamic
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1970:
1944:
1921:
1900:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1748:. June 2, 2017.
1736:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1649:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1182:The Sky at Night
950:, and observing
900:image processing
896:astrophotography
877:Cat's Paw Nebula
875:An image of the
858:
855:
837:
830:
692:telescope mounts
657:
650:
646:
643:
637:
635:
594:
570:
562:
522:provide a wider
485:
478:
474:
471:
465:
463:
422:
398:
390:
376:radio telescopes
372:infrared filters
364:radio wavelength
348:visible spectrum
329:astrophotography
313:deep sky objects
272:
265:
261:
258:
252:
250:
209:
185:
177:
21:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:Citizen science
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2699:X-ray telescope
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2595:
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2565:
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2544:
2537:
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2505:
2498:
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2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2310:
2305:Multi-messenger
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2144:
2133:
2128:Space telescope
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2016:
1977:
1935:(1–2): 91–191.
1918:
1897:
1876:
1874:Further reading
1871:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:www.nmskies.com
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
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1773:
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1613:
1609:
1602:
1578:
1574:
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1562:
1553:
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1548:
1541:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1279:Clear Sky Chart
1264:
1247:
1224:
1211:radio telescope
1207:radio astronomy
1065:. Created the
1029:
1023:
990:
984:
919:annually gives
908:
869:
859:
853:
850:
843:needs expansion
828:
811:
802:GOTO telescopes
799:
793:
791:GoTo telescopes
742:Setting circles
739:
737:Setting circles
733:
731:Setting circles
712:
704:GOTO telescopes
696:setting circles
677:
671:
658:
647:
641:
638:
595:
593:
583:
571:
560:
552:Clear Sky Chart
512:light pollution
486:
475:
469:
466:
423:
421:
411:
399:
388:
360:radio telescope
352:radio astronomy
273:
262:
256:
253:
210:
208:
198:
186:
175:
92:citizen science
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2794:
2784:
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2761:
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2732:
2729:
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2726:
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2718:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2546:Astrochemistry
2542:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:Hale Telescope
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
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2412:
2398:
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2384:
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2349:
2342:
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2328:
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2309:
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2294:
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2273:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2218:
2212:Visible-light
2208:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1975:External links
1973:
1972:
1971:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1881:Timothy Ferris
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1851:Maury, Alain.
1843:
1813:
1795:. p. 93.
1781:
1755:
1731:
1708:
1695:
1664:
1634:
1607:
1600:
1572:
1546:
1539:
1533:. p. 68.
1515:
1508:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1421:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1363:
1336:
1335:
1333:
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1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1186:
1174:
1164:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1125:dwarf galaxies
1118:
1108:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1053:John E. Bortle
1050:
1022:
1019:
986:Main article:
983:
980:
940:variable stars
907:
904:
865:Main article:
861:
860:
840:
838:
827:
824:
810:
807:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
735:Main article:
732:
729:
714:The advent of
711:
708:
673:Main article:
670:
667:
660:
659:
642:September 2017
574:
572:
565:
559:
556:
488:
487:
470:September 2017
402:
400:
393:
387:
384:
309:meteor showers
275:
274:
257:September 2017
189:
187:
180:
174:
171:
155:solar eclipses
96:variable stars
59:meteor shower.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2793:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2755:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:Constellation
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
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2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
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2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
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2436:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
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2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:Other methods
2253:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:Submillimetre
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:Extragalactic
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:Observational
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1565:September 17,
1560:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1540:0-7637-0030-4
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:Marsden, B.G.
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1443:September 17,
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1388:90-277-0885-1
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1356:September 17,
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:David H. Levy
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:Robert E. Cox
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:George Alcock
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
994:
989:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
924:
922:
918:
913:
903:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
878:
873:
868:
857:
854:November 2013
848:
844:
841:This section
839:
836:
832:
831:
823:
821:
817:
806:
803:
798:
788:
786:
784:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:rotation axes
747:
743:
738:
728:
726:
723:location and
722:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
681:
676:
666:
656:
653:
645:
634:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603: –
602:
598:
597:Find sources:
591:
587:
581:
580:
575:This section
573:
569:
564:
563:
555:
553:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
524:field of view
519:
517:
513:
508:
499:
494:
484:
481:
473:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431: –
430:
426:
425:Find sources:
419:
415:
409:
408:
403:This section
401:
397:
392:
391:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:star clusters
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
271:
268:
260:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218: –
217:
213:
212:Find sources:
206:
202:
196:
195:
190:This section
188:
184:
179:
178:
170:
168:
164:
163:observatories
160:
156:
151:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2580:
2560:Astrophysics
2539:Astrobiology
2203:Far-infrared
2157:Local system
2106:
2092:Astronomy by
2082:... in space
1981:
1932:
1926:
1906:
1885:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1758:
1743:
1734:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1637:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1582:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1549:
1525:
1518:
1490:
1480:
1460:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1404:
1397:
1374:Double Stars
1373:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1340:
1225:
1180:
1156:
1144:
1129:Local Volume
1092:
1076:
1067:Bortle scale
1056:
1041:
1007:star parties
999:
965:
952:occultations
937:
925:
911:
909:
882:
851:
847:adding to it
842:
812:
801:
800:
782:
779:
775:
741:
740:
713:
703:
695:
689:
680:Star hopping
679:
678:
675:Star hopping
669:Star hopping
663:
648:
639:
629:
622:
615:
608:
596:
584:Please help
579:verification
576:
548:
544:
539:star atlases
535:planispheres
528:
520:
503:
496:Places like
476:
467:
457:
450:
443:
436:
424:
412:Please help
407:verification
404:
386:Common tools
341:
337:CMOS cameras
286:
263:
254:
244:
237:
230:
223:
211:
199:Please help
194:verification
191:
152:
144:
108:occultations
100:double stars
63:
62:
48:
2627:Planetarium
2284:High-energy
2270:Cosmic rays
2222:Ultraviolet
1806:January 28,
1688:December 1,
1301:Observation
1203:Grote Reber
1101:John Dobson
754:coordinates
710:Mobile apps
685:finderscope
537:through to
531:star charts
368:Karl Jansky
356:Grote Reber
344:wavelengths
333:CCD cameras
130:, galactic
80:unaided eye
2770:Categories
2620:Photometry
2597:Binoculars
2574:Astrometry
2435:telescopes
2332:Babylonian
2176:EM methods
2054:Astronomer
1836:October 4,
1623:(1): 257.
1332:References
1326:Star party
1238:Zooniverse
1231:XO Project
1215:sky survey
1193:Stellafane
1115:supernovae
944:supernovae
822:in Chile.
612:newspapers
510:away from
440:newspapers
227:newspapers
173:Objectives
159:telescopes
136:supernovae
126:, such as
88:telescopes
84:binoculars
78:using the
2692:Telescope
2298:Spherical
2245:Gamma-ray
2214:(optical)
2019:Astronomy
1967:118513531
1942:1305.3647
1774:April 15,
1745:Space.com
1657:March 29,
1321:Skygazing
982:Societies
948:asteroids
725:gyroscope
147:astronomy
138:in other
120:asteroids
2742:Category
2451:Category
2346:Egyptian
2263:Neutrino
2198:Infrared
2146:Galactic
2121:Sidewalk
2075:Glossary
2045:Timeline
1883:(2002).
1860:Archived
1830:Archived
1797:Archived
1768:Archived
1750:Archived
1726:Archived
1682:Archived
1559:Archived
1437:Archived
1350:Archived
1262:See also
1240:project.
1135:Will Hay
931:and the
762:eyepiece
321:galaxies
315:such as
140:galaxies
104:sunspots
2754:Commons
2706:history
2676:Russian
2524:Related
2433:Optical
2418:Tibetan
2402:Serbian
2395:Persian
2339:Chinese
2316:Culture
2236:History
2107:Amateur
2038:History
2031:Outline
1947:Bibcode
1625:Bibcode
1127:in the
820:Atacama
626:scholar
454:scholar
325:nebulae
297:planets
241:scholar
114:by the
74:in the
57:Perseid
2722:Zodiac
2662:French
2367:Indian
2360:Hebrew
2099:Manner
1965:
1914:
1893:
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1506:
1468:
1412:
1385:
968:comets
891:, and
702:, and
628:
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427:
323:, and
305:comets
291:, the
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128:comets
2713:lists
2683:Women
2374:Inuit
2353:Greek
2291:Radar
2229:X-ray
2184:Radio
2164:Solar
1963:S2CID
1937:arXiv
1863:(PDF)
1856:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1381:–10.
1159:and "
783:epoch
694:with
633:JSTOR
619:books
461:JSTOR
447:books
301:stars
248:JSTOR
234:books
132:novae
112:stars
106:, or
86:, or
68:hobby
66:is a
2444:List
2409:folk
2381:Maya
1912:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1838:2015
1808:2018
1776:2018
1690:2022
1659:2016
1596:ISBN
1567:2017
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1504:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1445:2017
1410:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1358:2017
974:and
956:Moon
942:and
912:main
889:LRGB
885:DSLR
785:year
768:and
744:are
605:news
433:news
354:was
335:and
293:Moon
220:news
116:Moon
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2611:IAU
1955:doi
1588:doi
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770:Dec
721:GPS
588:by
416:by
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