943:. Each transmitter sends a unique identification that can be easily interpreted even by those unfamiliar with the Morse code by counting the number of dits that follow a series of dashes. The transmitters on course all transmit on the same frequency and each transmit in sequence for one minute at a time in a repeating cycle. Within a few meters of each transmitter, an orienteering control flag and punch device will be present. For many events and all major events, the punch device is an electronic system, such as SPORTident, used in orienteering competitions. This records the time competitors visit each control on a small device that they carry. An alternative is to use pin punches which the competitor uses to make a distinct pattern on a control card they carry. Competitors need to locate the control flag at the transmitter site and use the punch device to record their visit. Good course design will attempt to preclude, as much as possible, runners interfering with the transmitter equipment as they approach the control. At large international or national events, jurors might be present at transmitter controls to ensure fair play.
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require 2 sets of 5 transmitters where each set operates on a different frequency. The Morse code transmitted by the second set of transmitters is slightly faster (PARIS 70) than the first set (PARIS 50) to differentiate the two sets. There is also a "spectator" control and a "beacon" control which both operate on different frequencies to the other ten, so four frequencies are used in total. It is possible to combine the spectator control with the beacon control. Competitors start at 2 min intervals and have to visit between 3 and 5 controls out of the first set (according to their age class) before visiting the compulsory spectator control. They then visit the requisite controls from the second set before punching the compulsory beacon control, prior to finishing.
1005:. These antennas have a bidirectional receiving pattern, with two peak directions 180° apart from one another and two null directions 180° apart from one another. The peak directions are 90° offset from the null directions. A small vertical antenna element can be combined with the loop or ferrite rod antenna to change the receiving pattern to a cardioid shape, but the resulting null in the cardioid is not as sensitive as the nulls in the bidirectional receiving pattern. A switch is often used to allow the competitor to select the bidirectional or cardioid patterns at any moment. ARDF receiver equipment is designed to be lightweight and easy to operate while the competitor is in motion as well as rugged enough to withstand use in areas of thick vegetation.
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400 meters of the finish or any other transmitter on course, and that there is no more than 200 meters elevation change between the start, finish, and all transmitters. The IARU rules for international competitions recommend that courses be designed for six to ten kilometers of total travel distance through the terrain. A well-designed course will present the competitors with an athletic challenge in addition to the challenges of land navigation and radio direction finding. Depending on the course design and competition, winning times at World
Championship events are often less than 90 minutes for two meter courses, and can be under 60 minutes for eighty meter courses.
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1067:, requires less athletic skill and more technical radio direction finding skills. In a ROCA course, the transmitters put out very little power, typically 10 to 200 mW, and can be received over only very short distances. The transmitters are physically small, and marked with a control card that is no larger than a typical postcard with a unique number identification. Because of the low power and short distances involved, most ROCA competitors walk the entire course, and focus their attention on the radio direction finding tasks rather than navigation.
675:(IARU) in the late 1970s. The first ARDF event to use the new standardized rules was the 1980 World Championship. These rules have been revised and updated over the years, increasing the number of gender and age categories into which competitors are classified, as well as formalizing the start and finish line procedures. While some variations exist, these standardized rules have since been used worldwide for ARDF competitions, and the IARU has become the principal international organization promoting the sport. The IARU divides the world into three
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present and responsible for their operation. Individual competitors, however, are generally not required to have amateur radio licences, as the use of simple handheld radio receivers does not typically require a license. Regulatory prohibitions on the use of amateur radio frequencies for commercial use generally preclude the awarding of monetary prizes to competitors. Typical awards for ARDF events are medals, trophies, plaques, or certificates.
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circle. The transmitter does not need to be exactly at the circle's center or even located inside the circle, but one should be able to receive its transmissions everywhere within the area indicated by the circle. A competitor must use orienteering skills to navigate to the area of the circle on the map and only then use radio direction finding skills to locate the very low power transmitter.
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finish line in the shortest possible time. Competitors start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all radio direction finding and navigation skills on their own. Standings are determined first by the number of transmitters found, then by shortest time on course. Competitors who take longer than the specified time limit to finish may be disqualified.
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997:, which means that it has one peak direction where the received signal will be the strongest, and a null direction, 180° from the peak, in which the received signal will be the weakest. Flexible steel tape enables the antenna elements to flex and not break when encountering vegetation in the forest. On the eighty meter band, two common receiver design approaches are to use either a
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with a triangle and the location of the finish with two concentric circles. Somewhere within the competition area designated on the map, the meet organizer will have placed five low power radio transmitters. The locations of the transmitters are kept a secret from the competitors and are not marked on the map. Each transmitter emits a signal in
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In addition to the radio equipment and topographic map, an ARDF competitor uses a magnetic compass for navigation. The most popular compass types are those that are also popular for use in orienteering. Some events may require or suggest that competitors carry a whistle for emergency use. In at least
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Course design is an important element of a successful competition. The international rules adopted by the IARU include both requirements and recommendations for basic course design. Important requirements are that no transmitter may be within 750 meters of the start, no transmitter may be within
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The IARU rules go into great detail about certain procedures that are unique to international championships events. Not every ARDF competition follows all of these rules. Common variations to the generally accepted rules exist at local events. Most smaller events do not have large juries or on-course
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Although all competitors at an ARDF event use the same competition area and listen to the same set of five transmitters, they do not all compete in the same category. Current IARU rules divide entrants into different categories based on their age and gender. Only the M21 category must locate all five
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or padded socks for lower leg protection, and specialty shoes for cross-country running through wooded terrain are popular choices. Some competitors may choose to carry food or water on course, and wear a small waist pack or hydration pack for this purpose. At large international or national events,
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was widely promoted in the schools of
Northern and Eastern Europe as a modern scientific and technical activity. Most medium to large cities hosted one or more amateur radio clubs at which members could congregate and learn about the technology and operation of radio equipment. One of the activities
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in their society name. These include the
Federation of Radiosport of the Republic of Armenia (FRRA), the Belarusian Federation of Radioamateurs and Radiosportsmen (BFRR), the Chinese Radio Sports Association (CRSA), and the Mongolian Radio Sport Federation (MRSF). To promote the sport, the IARU has
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countries participated. World
Championships have been generally held in even-numbered years since 1984, although there was no World Championship in 1996, and there was a World Championship in 1997. Asian nations began sending national teams to international events in 1980, and teams from nations in
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by which it is easily identifiable to the competitors. The transmitters automatically transmit one after another in a repeating cycle. Depending on entry classification, a competitor will attempt to locate as many as three, four, or all five of the transmitters in the woods, and then travel to the
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An ARDF competition normally takes place in diverse wooded terrain, such as in a public park or natural area but competitions have also been held in suitable suburban areas. Each competitor receives a detailed topographic map of the competition area. The map will indicate the location of the start
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is a variation of the sport that requires more orienteering skills. In a Fox Oring course, the radio transmitters put out very little power, and can be received over only very short distances, often no more than 100 meters. The location of each transmitter will be indicated on the map with a
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The IARU rules specify that the choice of clothing is an individual decision of the competitor, unless the meet director specifies otherwise. Although comfortable outdoor clothing is all that is required for participation, specialty clothing developed for the sport of orienteering is also worn by
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band, requires equipment that is relatively more complicated to design and more expensive to build. Radio signals on two meters are more affected by features of the terrain. Competitors on a two-meter course must learn to differentiate between accurate, direct bearings to the source of the radio
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The
International Amateur Radio Union rules for ARDF competitions include provisions for youth competitions. These competitions are restricted to competitors aged sixteen years or younger. The course lengths are shorter (up to six kilometers), the transmitters may be located closer to the start
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Sprint events have shorter courses with an expected winning time of 15 minutes and use either a 1:5000 or 1:4000 map. They use lower powered transmitters on the eighty meter band which transmit in sequence for only 12 seconds with the cycle repeating every minute. The IARU Region 1 Rules
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In addition to the rules of the sport, ARDF competitions must also comply with radio regulations. Because the transmitters operate on frequencies assigned to the
Amateur Radio Service, a radio amateur with a license that is valid for the country in which the competition is taking place must be
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The rules used throughout the world, with minor variations, are maintained by the IARU Region I ARDF Working Group. Although these rules were developed specifically for international competitions, they have become the de facto standard used as the basis for all international competitions
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ARDF is a sport that spans much of the globe. In 2012 over 570 athletes from thirty-three countries, representing four continents, entered the 16th World
Championships held in Kopaonik, Serbia Organized ARDF competitions can be found in almost every European country and in all the nations of
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amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. The radio equipment carried by competitors on a course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio
986:. Directional antennas are more sensitive to radio signals arriving from some directions than others. Most equipment designs integrate all three components into one handheld device. On the two meter band, the most common directional antennas used by competitors are two or three element
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signal and false bearings resulting from reflections of the signal off hillsides, ravines, buildings, or fences. Large national or international events will have one day of competition using a 2-meter frequency and one day of competition using an 80-meter frequency.
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one World
Championship event, competitors were provided with cards written in the native language of the host country, intended to aid in communications with local citizens in the event that a competitor needed emergency aid or directions. In general, the use of
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723:. Although they represent a broad range of amateur radio interests in their nations today, several member societies of the International Amateur Radio Union were originally formed for the promotion and organization of the sport and continue to use the term
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As the sport grew in the 1960s and 1970s, each nation devised its own set of rules and regulations. The need for more clearly defined and consistent rules for international competitions led to the formation of an ARDF working group by the
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taken on eighty meters can be very accurate. Competitors on an eighty-meter course must use bearings to determine the locations of the transmitters and choose the fastest route through the terrain to visit them. Two meters, a
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699:) Championship was held in 1999 in Portland, Oregon, USA. In addition to participation in international events, most nations with active ARDF organizations hold annual national championships using the IARU rules.
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1160:... It all started with an article in the popular magazine Wireless World, dated July 21, 1926. This article was called "Tracking a concealed transmitter (Shefield Society's exciting field day) ...
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A portion of an orienteering map marked for an ARDF competition. Here, labeled circles indicate the locations of two of the five transmitters, but these do not appear on the maps given to competitors.
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delegated individuals as ARDF Coordinators for each IARU region to help educate and organize national radio societies and other ARDF groups, especially in nations without prior activity in the sport.
695:) Championship was held in 1993 in Chtelnica, Slovakia, the first IARU Region III (Asia and Oceania) Championship was held in 1993 in Beijing, China, and the first IARU Region II (North and
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ARDF equipment is a specialty market, and much of what is available for purchase comes from small commercial vendors or small-batch production by individuals. Building equipment, such as handheld
966:, and any controlling hardware to be placed inside a weatherproof container such as an old ammunition case or large plastic food storage container for protection from the elements and wildlife.
579:. As few individuals in Europe had personal automobiles at the time, most of this radio direction finding activity took place on foot, in parks, natural areas, or school campuses. The sport of
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919:, from published designs or kits is also a popular activity. Clothing and other equipment is sold through specialty orienteering equipment suppliers or general outdoor sports retailers.
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amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. Each band requires different radio equipment for
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equipment on course is prohibited. All competitors are encouraged to wear a watch to keep track of their time on course and not finish over the time limit set for the competition.
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referees. Some events will use simpler start procedures, such as using only one starting corridor instead of two. ARDF events on the two meter band in North
America sometimes use
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630:. Four additional international championships were held in Europe in the 1960s, and three more were held in the 1970s. The first World Championship was held in 1980 in Cetniewo,
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The radio equipment carried on course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio direction finding. This includes a
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Another form of recreational radio direction finding activity in North
America that includes the use of automobiles for transportation is most often referred to as
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Interest in this kind of on-foot radio direction finding activity using detailed topographic maps for navigation spread throughout Scandinavia, Eastern and
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Ideally, the topographic maps used in ARDF competitions are created using the International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 (ISOM) set by the
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Since 2017, there is World Youth ARDF Championship (WYAC) every year. Participating categories in these championships are W14, W16, M14 and M16.
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Special Postal Cancellation on ARDF 18 May 2009 Bangalore India by VU2JHM Lion Ajoy, International Director, Lions International Stamp Club LISC
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modulation. The transmitter antennas used on eighty meters must be vertically polarized and omnidirectional. It is common for the transmitter, a
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became more widely available, it was only natural to combine the two activities and hold radio direction finding events on orienteering maps.
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The IARU rules include detailed technical specifications for transmitter equipment. Transmitters for two meters are typically 0.25 to 1
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competitors may be required by the meet director to wear identifying numbers pinned to their clothing, and many wear team uniforms in their
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ARDF transmitters have a low power output and operate in either the two meter or eighty meter amateur radio band. The transmissions are in
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for its regulatory purposes, but the IARU has also used these regions for sports administration. The first IARU Region I (Europe,
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power output, and use keyed amplitude modulation. The transmitter antennas used on two meters must be horizontally
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began competing in the 1990s. Athletes from twenty-six nations attended the 2000 World Championship in
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and radio direction finding apparatus to navigate through diverse wooded terrain while searching for
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that schools and radio clubs promoted was radio direction finding, an activity that had important
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transmitters, while the other categories may skip only a specified transmitter or transmitters.
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16th ARDF World Championships Results 2012, Kopaonik, Serbia, 10th to 16th September 2012
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for administrative purposes. These regions correspond with the three regions used by the
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that can tune in the specific frequency of transmission being used for the event, an
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and used for orienteering competitions. In fact, many ARDF competitions use existing
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958:. Transmitters for eighty meters are typically one to five watts power output keyed
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1367:"Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding Part B: Competition"
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Hunt, Dale WB6BYU (2005). "A Simple Direction-Finding Receiver for 80 Meters".
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in the 1950s. The first European Championship in the sport was held in 1961 in
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One of the first ARDF events (called D.F. hunt), that was written about, is in
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Titterington, Bob G3ORY, Williams, David M3WDD and Deane, David G3ZOI (2007)
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481:. The rules of the sport and international competitions are organized by the
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1404:"3-rd World Youth ARDF Championship — 30.06 — 04.07.2019 Vinnytsia, Ukraine"
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control flag, paper punch and electronic punch device at an ARDF control.
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International Amateur Radio Union Region 3 Twelfth Regional Conference
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1284:. Listing on IARU Region 1 web site. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
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1536:"Radio-Orienteering in a Compact Area: The New Walking Foxhunt"
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band, is relatively easy to design and inexpensive to build.
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1345:"Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding"
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587:, had begun to spread to more and more countries throughout
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1500:"Fox-Oring: Just Like Orienteering with Hidden Controls!!!"
1128:. Vol. XIX. July 7 – December 29, 1926. pp. 83–84
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469:. It is a timed race in which individual competitors use a
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made from flexible steel tape. This kind of antenna has a
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northern and eastern Asia. ARDF activity is also found in
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Belarusian Federation of Radioamateurs and Radiosportsmen
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Transmitter Hunting: Radio Direction Finding Simplified"
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for the transmission of the Morse code identifications.
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1219:"International Style Foxhunting Comes to the Americas"
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Moell, Joe KØOV and Curlee, Thomas N. WB6UZZ (1987).
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1275:"Federation of Radiosport of the Republic of Armenia"
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614:. Formal rules for the sport were first proposed in
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1692:ARDF web sites of IARU member societies (Region I)
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818:W19—Women ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters
1441:International Specification for Orienteering Maps
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651:, China, the first to be held outside of Europe.
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833:W65—Women ages 65 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
830:W55—Women ages 55 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
827:W45—Women ages 45 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
824:W35—Women ages 35 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
800:M19—Men ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters
1001:or an even smaller loop antenna wound around a
662:national team sprints to the finish line of an
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815:M70—Men ages 70 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
812:M60—Men ages 60 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
809:M50—Men ages 50 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
806:M40—Men ages 40 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
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562:The sport originated in Northern Europe and
551:, dated 21 July 1926. The event was held in
1148:"To the day of Radio - "Fox Hunting", 1957"
461:) is an amateur racing sport that combines
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1194:IARU Region I ARDF Working Group (2003).
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821:W21—Women of any age, 4 or 5 transmitters
237:The International Symbol of Amateur Radio
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1623:International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)
1365:IARU Region I ARDF Working Group (2010)
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922:
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1591:"Radio Orienteering, The ARDF Handbook"
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1322:web site. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
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14:
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1553:"What You Need to Get Started in ARDF"
1334:web site. Retrieved December 13, 2005.
1303:web site. Retrieved December 13, 2005.
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56:Please improve this article by adding
3419:International Telecommunication Union
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2233:International Orienteering Federation
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897:International Orienteering Federation
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681:International Telecommunication Union
485:. The sport has been most popular in
1848:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
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1065:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
732:Description of competition and rules
29:
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1697:ARDF web sites organized by country
1429:"Rules for Texas ARDF Competitions"
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1126:The Wireless World and Radio Review
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855:2017 - Turcianske Teplice, Slovakia
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548:The Wireless World and Radio Review
465:with the map and compass skills of
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1702:Radio orienteering simulator RASOR
1593:, Radio Society of Great Britain.
1343:IARU Region I ARDF Working Group.
1119:"Tracking a concealed transmitter"
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803:M21—Men of any age, 5 transmitters
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3414:International Amateur Radio Union
3287:
1606:
673:International Amateur Radio Union
497:, where it was often used in the
483:International Amateur Radio Union
253:Automatic Packet Reporting System
165:International Amateur Radio Union
69:"Amateur radio direction finding"
3336:
3022:
2642:
2536:
2527:
2526:
1754:
1582:Titterington, Bob G3ORY (2001).
1332:Mongolian Radio Sport Federation
1313:Chinese Radio Sports Association
1265:web site. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
1063:Another variation of the sport,
982:or variable gain control, and a
399:
398:
138:
34:
1838:Amateur radio direction finding
1396:
1372:
1230:Arisaka, Yoshio JA1HQG (2004).
1221:. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
849:
591:, including the nations of the
517:direction finding, including a
443:Amateur radio direction finding
174:1950s, in northern and eastern
133:Amateur radio direction finding
18:Amateur Radio Direction Finding
3429:ITU prefixes for amateur radio
1534:Crystal, Bonnie KQ6XA (1998).
1198:. Retrieved October 20, 2005.
1140:
1111:
318:Internet Radio Linking Project
13:
1:
1712:ARDF-world-map and ARDF Films
1707:web site of german ardf group
1675:2004 ARDF World Championships
1670:2006 ARDF World Championships
1665:2008 ARDF World Championships
1660:2010 ARDF World Championships
1655:2012 ARDF World Championships
1551:Harker, Kenneth WM5R (2005).
1538:. Retrieved December 2, 2005.
1477:. September, 2005, pp. 36–42.
1263:16th World Championships 2012
1100:
1047:
858:2018 - Doksy, Czech Republic
58:secondary or tertiary sources
2412:North American Championships
1638:ARDF in IARU Region III
1406:(in Russian). Archived from
248:Automatic Link Establishment
27:Type of amateur racing sport
7:
3120:Radio-controlled car racing
1772:List of orienteering events
1633:ARDF in IARU Region II
1584:"A Newcomer's View of ARDF"
1507:Victorian ARDF Group (2009)
1369:. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
1090:Friendship Radiosport Games
1083:
1008:
10:
3752:
2775:Mountain bike orienteering
2582:
2484:Mountain bike orienteering
2130:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
1806:Mountain bike orienteering
1628:ARDF in IARU Region I
1563:. TAB Books, McGraw-Hill.
1555:. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2005.
1202:February 17, 2005, at the
612:People's Republic of China
532:
3682:
3631:
3521:
3500:
3454:
3447:
3406:
3345:
3334:
3295:
3242:
3209:
3173:
3142:
3107:
3099:Offshore powerboat racing
3069:
3051:Motorcycle chariot racing
3031:
3020:
2964:
2955:
2937:
2909:
2871:
2818:
2760:
2720:
2684:
2651:
2640:
2599:
2590:
2522:
2500:
2482:
2450:
2347:
2340:
2275:
2225:
2138:
2110:
2080:
2054:
2045:
2015:
1967:
1941:
1934:
1894:
1858:
1824:
1787:
1780:
1762:
1586:. Retrieved Dec. 2, 2005.
1237:October 26, 2005, at the
1018:pants, shirts, or suits,
861:2019 - Vinnytsia, Ukraine
212:
202:
194:
186:
181:
170:
157:
137:
3308:Emergency communications
3094:Inshore powerboat racing
2435:Kainuu Orienteering Week
1462:. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
1450:. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
1431:. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
1217:Moell, Joe KØOV (2005).
1174:Moell, Joe KØOV (2000).
583:, popular in its native
575:applications during the
288:Emergency communications
3378:International operation
3247:List of forms of racing
2614:Middle-distance running
2440:Jan Kjellström Festival
2325:Scoutcraft orienteering
2088:OpenOrienteering Mapper
1767:History of orienteering
1489:.Retrieved May 6, 2013.
1176:"Try ARDF on 80 Meters"
463:radio direction finding
3700:Amateur radio in India
3644:Amateur radio software
3448:Modes of communication
3358:Amateur radio operator
3089:Jet sprint boat racing
2395:European Championships
2125:Suunnistussimulaattori
1180:73 Amateur Radio Today
1095:Radio direction finder
936:
911:Equipment and clothing
892:
883:Map and course details
667:
542:
373:Special event stations
263:Amateur radio operator
238:
45:relies excessively on
3639:Amateur radio station
3424:Frequency allocations
3398:Vintage amateur radio
3323:High-speed telegraphy
2692:Cross country running
2619:Long-distance running
2226:Organisations / lists
1486:IARU Region 1(2013).
930:
923:Transmitter equipment
890:
657:
540:
501:programs in schools.
308:High-speed telegraphy
303:High speed multimedia
293:Frequency allocations
236:
3186:Cross-country skiing
3160:Slalom skateboarding
2843:Mountain bike racing
2028:Satellite navigation
1881:Mounted orienteering
877:amplitude modulation
873:frequency modulation
3736:1950s introductions
2994:Pickup truck racing
2929:Paralympic swimming
2919:Open water swimming
2828:Road bicycle racing
2510:World Championships
2492:World Championships
2460:World Championships
2357:World Championships
2308:Location-based game
1922:Transmitter hunting
1427:Texas ARDF (2008).
1253:. Feb. 16–20, 2004.
1077:transmitter hunting
984:directional antenna
566:in the late 1950s.
527:directional antenna
208:Separate categories
160:governing body
134:
3210:Multi-sport racing
3009:Touring car racing
2795:Canoe orienteering
2790:Radio orienteering
2785:Trail orienteering
2502:Trail orienteering
2250:List of orienteers
2163:cardinal direction
1866:Canoe orienteering
1816:Trail orienteering
1617:ARDF organizations
1545:General references
1446:2012-09-20 at the
1318:2009-06-09 at the
1299:2005-02-08 at the
1280:2011-06-14 at the
1014:ARDF competitors.
999:small loop antenna
970:Receiver equipment
937:
893:
838:Youth competitions
668:
543:
499:physical education
479:radio transmitters
451:radio orienteering
343:Portable operation
239:
132:
3708:
3707:
3627:
3626:
3255:
3254:
3138:
3137:
3084:Hydroplane racing
3033:Motorcycle racing
2999:Sports car racing
2924:Marathon swimming
2805:Mountain marathon
2770:Foot orienteering
2756:
2755:
2550:
2549:
2518:
2517:
2468:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2349:Foot orienteering
2276:Non-sport related
2120:Catching Features
2106:
2105:
2041:
2040:
1930:
1929:
1876:Mountain marathon
1801:Foot orienteering
1781:Sport disciplines
1722:
1721:
1599:978-1-905086-27-6
1380:"WYAC 2017/ home"
1251:Republic of China
1182:. November, 2000.
995:receiving pattern
901:orienteering maps
751:radio frequencies
660:Republic of Korea
597:orienteering maps
506:radio frequencies
455:radio fox hunting
440:
439:
273:Direction finding
220:
219:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3743:
3726:Radio navigation
3452:
3451:
3340:
3318:DX communication
3282:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3217:Adventure racing
3079:Drag boat racing
3071:Motorboat racing
3026:
3004:Stock car racing
2962:
2961:
2886:Greyhound racing
2810:Car orienteering
2780:Ski orienteering
2743:Snowshoe running
2738:Backward running
2697:Mountain running
2685:Off-road running
2646:
2597:
2596:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2464:
2452:Ski orienteering
2375:
2368:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2283:Adventure travel
2151:orienteering map
2052:
2051:
1939:
1938:
1902:Adventure racing
1871:Car orienteering
1811:Ski orienteering
1785:
1784:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1686:ARDF Information
1612:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1509:. Archived from
1504:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1154:. Archived from
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1115:
1106:Cited references
866:Local variations
791:Entry categories
749:ARDF events use
658:A member of the
504:ARDF events use
475:magnetic compass
449:, also known as
432:
425:
418:
402:
401:
333:Operating awards
278:DX communication
222:
221:
148:competitor on a
142:
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3690:Shortwave radio
3678:
3623:
3604:Spread spectrum
3517:
3496:
3443:
3434:Maritime mobile
3402:
3341:
3332:
3291:
3286:
3256:
3251:
3238:
3205:
3191:Snowboard cross
3169:
3134:
3125:Slot car racing
3103:
3065:
3027:
3018:
2989:Off-road racing
2951:
2933:
2905:
2901:Sled dog racing
2867:
2814:
2752:
2716:
2680:
2647:
2638:
2586:
2581:
2551:
2546:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2446:
2336:
2288:Bicycle touring
2271:
2221:
2215:mountain biking
2134:
2102:
2076:
2037:
2011:
1963:
1926:
1890:
1854:
1820:
1776:
1758:
1753:
1723:
1680:
1643:
1609:
1604:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1448:Wayback Machine
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1384:wyac2017.rob.sk
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:Wayback Machine
1311:
1307:
1301:Wayback Machine
1292:
1288:
1282:Wayback Machine
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1241:. Proceedings,
1239:Wayback Machine
1229:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1204:Wayback Machine
1193:
1186:
1173:
1166:
1158:on 2019-07-10.
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1086:
1050:
1033:
1031:Other equipment
1025:national colors
1011:
972:
956:omnidirectional
931:A transmitter,
925:
913:
885:
868:
852:
840:
793:
734:
535:
471:topographic map
436:
323:Maritime mobile
182:Characteristics
153:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
55:
51:primary sources
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Formula racing
2976:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2947:Speed climbing
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2863:Cycle speedway
2860:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:Bicycle racing
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
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2444:
2443:
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2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2387:
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2380:
2373:
2366:
2353:
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2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2267:List of events
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Eye protectors
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1936:
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1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
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1904:
1898:
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1667:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1640:
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1630:
1625:
1610:
1608:
1607:External links
1605:
1603:
1602:
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1573:
1556:
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1541:
1540:
1527:
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1139:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1049:
1046:
1038:cellular phone
1032:
1029:
1010:
1007:
976:radio receiver
971:
968:
924:
921:
912:
909:
884:
881:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
856:
851:
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828:
825:
822:
819:
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813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
792:
789:
753:on either the
733:
730:
604:Central Europe
564:Eastern Europe
557:United Kingdom
534:
531:
519:radio receiver
508:on either the
487:Eastern Europe
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
393:
392:
391:
390:
388:Vintage radios
385:
380:
375:
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365:
360:
355:
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310:
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245:
243:Antenna theory
229:
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3698:
3696:
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3691:
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3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Two-way radio
3667:
3665:
3662:
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3657:
3655:
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3650:
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3640:
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3289:Amateur radio
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3181:Alpine skiing
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3174:Winter racing
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3130:Street racing
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2896:Pigeon racing
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2873:Animal racing
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2848:Track cycling
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2838:Gravel racing
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2729:
2728:Tower running
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2710:
2708:
2707:Trail running
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Ultramarathon
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2661:Half marathon
2659:
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2601:Track running
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2245:List of clubs
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2072:SportSoftware
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1949:Control point
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1907:Alleycat race
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1569:0-8306-2701-4
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1516:on 2017-11-16
1512:
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1410:on 2019-10-25
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1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:"ARDF Report"
1227:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Weekly Geekly
1149:
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1127:
1120:
1114:
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1096:
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1088:
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1081:
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1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
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1054:
1045:
1043:
1042:two-way radio
1039:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
988:Yagi antennas
985:
981:
977:
967:
965:
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953:
949:
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729:
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721:United States
718:
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700:
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697:South America
694:
690:
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682:
678:
674:
665:
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645:North America
642:
637:
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621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:civil defense
569:
568:Amateur radio
565:
560:
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554:
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549:
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528:
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520:
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381:
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364:
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354:
351:
349:
348:QRP operation
346:
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231:
230:
227:
226:Amateur radio
224:
223:
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211:
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205:
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193:
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180:
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169:
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124:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3721:Orienteering
3674:Transceivers
3632:Technologies
3579:Packet radio
3522:Data/Digital
3302:
3155:Sandboarding
3150:Longboarding
3143:Board racing
3061:Track racing
3041:Beach racing
3014:Truck racing
2957:Motor racing
2891:Horse racing
2881:Camel racing
2789:
2762:Orienteering
2702:Fell running
2653:Road running
2634:Steeplechase
2416:Open events
2341:Competitions
2173:route choice
2139:Fundamentals
1912:Fell running
1859:Other sports
1837:
1756:Orienteering
1716:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1616:
1615:
1559:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1506:
1494:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1455:
1436:
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1339:
1327:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1258:
1242:
1226:
1179:
1159:
1156:the original
1151:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1113:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1012:
973:
945:
938:
933:orienteering
914:
905:
894:
869:
850:WYAC by year
845:
841:
794:
785:
763:transmission
748:
739:
735:
724:
701:
676:
669:
666:ARDF course.
664:eighty meter
608:Soviet Union
601:
593:Eastern Bloc
581:orienteering
561:
546:
544:
514:eighty-meter
503:
467:orienteering
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
338:Packet radio
272:
195:Team members
171:First played
152:ARDF course.
150:2-meter band
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:
3368:DX-pedition
3328:Homebrewing
3165:Street luge
2984:Kart racing
2974:Drag racing
2966:Auto racing
2833:Cyclo-cross
2733:Racewalking
2542:WikiProject
2390:World Games
2112:Video games
2081:Open-source
2055:Proprietary
2023:Backpacking
1649:ARDF Events
1520:December 2,
1003:ferrite rod
875:instead of
737:worldwide.
713:New Zealand
689:Middle East
585:Scandinavia
283:DX-pedition
190:Non-contact
3731:Radiosport
3715:Categories
3501:Television
3407:Governance
3393:Radiosport
3313:Contesting
3296:Activities
3115:Air racing
3056:Rally raid
2858:BMX racing
2712:Skyrunning
2624:Relay race
2405:University
2377:University
2330:wilderness
2313:geocaching
2260:innovators
2255:by country
2178:wayfinding
2158:Navigation
2093:Purple Pen
2016:Exceptions
1985:protractor
1917:Relay race
1414:2019-10-25
1389:2019-10-25
1132:2 February
1101:References
1072:foxhunting
1048:Variations
980:attenuator
941:Morse code
743:Morse code
725:radiosport
719:, and the
610:, and the
553:Derbyshire
523:attenuator
459:radiosport
383:Television
358:Satellites
328:Morse code
268:Contesting
258:Call signs
198:Individual
110:March 2010
80:newspapers
47:references
3664:Satellite
3439:Licensing
3232:Aquathlon
3222:Triathlon
3046:Motocross
2800:Rogaining
2609:Sprinting
2474:World Cup
2385:World Cup
2318:poker run
2168:resection
1935:Equipment
1886:Rogaining
1843:Fox Oring
1150:. Retro.
1057:Fox Oring
952:polarized
767:reception
709:Australia
624:Stockholm
510:two-meter
204:Mixed-sex
3554:EchoLink
3383:QSL card
3227:Duathlon
3201:Sledding
2939:Climbing
2911:Swimming
2666:Marathon
2629:Hurdling
2532:Category
2420:O-Ringen
2293:Climbing
2183:waypoint
2047:Software
2007:Headlamp
1968:Personal
1830:governed
1793:governed
1444:Archived
1316:Archived
1297:Archived
1278:Archived
1235:Archived
1200:Archived
1084:See also
1009:Clothing
992:cardioid
917:antennas
775:Bearings
759:80-meter
705:Thailand
577:Cold War
404:Category
378:Stations
363:Software
353:QSL card
313:Homebrew
158:Highest
3683:Related
3614:WIRES-X
3373:Hamfest
3353:History
3346:Culture
2748:Parkour
2592:Running
2430:Tiomila
2370:Masters
2303:Hunting
2238:members
2205:walking
2200:running
2033:Whistle
2002:Gaiters
1975:Compass
1895:Related
1020:gaiters
964:battery
755:2-meter
693:ex-USSR
677:regions
649:Nanjing
641:Oceania
620:Denmark
616:England
533:History
368:Skywarn
298:Hamfest
216:Outdoor
187:Contact
94:scholar
3695:Q code
3589:PACTOR
3549:DAPNET
3544:D-STAR
3467:DSB-SC
3388:Q code
3363:Awards
2852:Keirin
2676:Ekiden
2584:Racing
2466:Junior
2425:Jukola
2363:Junior
2298:Hiking
2210:skiing
2195:hiking
2190:Racing
2067:Condes
1954:Course
1717:
1597:
1567:
1247:Taipei
717:Canada
691:, and
687:, the
685:Africa
632:Poland
628:Sweden
606:, the
589:Europe
525:, and
493:, and
491:Russia
176:Europe
146:German
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3539:AMTOR
3455:Voice
3108:Other
2721:Other
2400:Youth
1990:thumb
1942:Event
1514:(PDF)
1503:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1040:, or
1016:Nylon
948:watts
636:Asian
495:China
101:JSTOR
87:books
3649:IRLP
3609:C4FM
3599:RTTY
3583:APRS
3574:MFSK
3513:SSTV
3303:ARDF
2098:MeOS
2062:OCAD
1980:hand
1826:IARU
1595:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1522:2005
1134:2023
954:and
765:and
643:and
618:and
473:, a
457:and
447:ARDF
213:Type
73:news
3659:SDR
3654:QRP
3619:DMR
3594:PSK
3569:DMT
3559:FT8
3534:ALE
3508:ATV
3482:AME
3477:SSB
3472:ISB
2146:Map
1959:Map
1789:IOF
1474:QST
1074:or
780:VHF
757:or
512:or
49:to
3717::
3529:CW
3492:PM
3487:FM
3462:AM
1505:.
1382:.
1352:^
1249:,
1245:.
1210:^
1187:^
1178:.
1167:^
1124:.
1027:.
960:CW
771:HF
715:,
711:,
707:,
626:,
559:.
555:,
521:,
489:,
453:,
144:A
60:.
3585:)
3581:(
3281:e
3274:t
3267:v
2854:)
2850:(
2576:e
2569:t
2562:v
1828:-
1791:-
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1601:.
1571:.
1524:.
1417:.
1392:.
1347:.
1136:.
445:(
431:e
424:t
417:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
54:.
20:)
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