1387:
471:
2817:
2827:
2806:
99:. Listeners would mail "reception reports" to radio broadcasting stations in hopes of getting a written acknowledgement or a QSL card that served to officially verify they had heard a distant station. Collecting these cards became popular with radio listeners in the 1920s and 1930s, and reception reports were often used by early broadcasters to gauge the effectiveness of their transmissions. Although international
2837:
1079:
354:, though they are mainly listened to strictly on a local basis. One difficulty is in identifying the exact origins of communications of this nature, as opposed to commercial broadcasters which must identify themselves at the top of each hour, and can often be identified through mentions of sponsors, slogans, etc. throughout their programming.
410:
offers the DX Century Club award, or DXCC. The basic certificate is awarded for working and confirming at least 100 entities on the ARRL DXCC List. For award purposes, entities/areas other than nation-states (countries) can be classified as "DX countries". For example, the French territory of
Reunion
571:
beam. The beam returns to the Earth's surface, and may then be reflected back into the ionosphere for a second bounce. Ionospheric refraction is generally only feasible for frequencies below about 50 MHz, and is highly dependent upon atmospheric conditions, the time of day, and the eleven-year
654:
Equipment used in DXing ranges from inexpensive portable receivers to deluxe equipment costing thousands of dollars. Using just a simple AM radio, one can easily hear signals from the most powerful stations propagating hundreds of miles at night. Car radios are also used for DXing the AM broadcast
511:
Reports are sent by post or email, and may include the listeners geographical location in longitude and latitude, the types of receiver and antennae used, the frequency the transmission was heard on, a brief description of the programme listened to, their opinion about it, and suggestions if any.
675:
Enthusiasts utilize personal computers alongside radio control software tailored for FM reception, such as XDR-GTK, specifically designed for use with devices like the Sony XDR F1HD and NXP TEF668x-based receivers. This software utilizes the connection and simultaneous control of multiple radio
662:
can receive signals emanating from several countries during any time of day. Serious hobbyists use more elaborate receivers designed specifically for pulling in distant signals, and often build their own antennas designed for a specific frequency band. In general, an inexpensive desktop or
547:
bands (30 kHz to 30 MHz), contacts between stations separated by more than 100 miles are often considered DX, but in amateur radio on the high-frequency bands, DX is referred to as stations outside of the receiver's country (see the section, Amateur radio DX).
252:, most AM radio broadcasting was in the form of synchronous networks of government-operated stations, operating with hundreds, even thousands of kilowatts of power. Still, the lower powered stations and occasional trans-oceanic signal were popular DX targets.
451:
Many radio enthusiasts are members of DX clubs in many countries around the world. The clubs are a useful source of information about news relating to international radio, as well as an opportunity to socialize. One example is the
127:, found radio stations few and far between. With the broadcast bands uncrowded, signals of the most powerful stations could be heard over hundreds of miles, but weaker signals required more precise tuning or better receiving gear.
438:
In order to give other amateurs a chance to confirm contacts at new or exotic locations, amateurs have mounted DXpeditions to countries or regions that have no permanent base of amateur radio operators. There are also frequent
583:
The angle of refraction places a minimum on the distance at which the refracted beam will first return to Earth. This distance decreases with frequency. As a result, any station employing DX will be surrounded by an annular
515:
Although the SINPO code is a subjective measure, a particular broadcast may receive SINPO reports from several listeners from the same area, allowing the broadcaster to compare reports and gain insight into signal coverage.
103:
broadcasts are on the decline, DXing remains popular among dedicated shortwave listeners. The pursuit of two-way contact between distant amateur radio operators is also a significant activity within the amateur radio hobby.
607:) and others, and is what allows one to hear AM (MW) stations from areas far from their location. It is one of the backups to failure of long-distance communication by satellites, when their operation is affected by
667:
will be able to "hear" just about what a very expensive high-performance receiver can receive. The difference between the two types is that the expensive receiver will have more filtering options and usually better
538:
bands which are typically used for short range or line of sight communications, DX may represent communication with stations 50 or 100 miles away. The UHF and microwave bands have also been used to accomplish
1657:
676:
receivers. Additionally, tools like FM-DX Webserver, accessible directly through a web browser, further enhance the experience for FM & AM enthusiasts. These setups enable hobbyists to engage in
1253:
519:
Variants of this report are: a) the SIO report which omits the Noise and
Propagation, b) grading on a scale of 1 to 3 (instead of 1 to 5) and c) the SINFO report where the F stands for fading.
497:
is a code used to indicate reception quality in each of five attributes, graded on a scale of 1 to 5, where '1' means the quality was very bad and '5' very good. The attributes are:
1107:
340:
bands – especially those stations at the lower end of these bands – can "skip" for hundreds, even thousands of miles. North
American FM stations have been received in
680:
reception, allowing for comprehensive "A to B" comparisons of various antennas and receivers to optimize signal reception, along with the option to scan remotely.
237:, the decline came sooner as AM stations began moving to FM beginning in the 1980s and continuing through today. A limited number of music stations, including
2081:
1205:
1662:
687:
at right angles to each other (for example, one running north–south and one running east–west) can produce dramatically different reception patterns.
443:
where radio amateurs operate their stations on certain dates for a fixed period of time to try to communicate with as many DX stations as possible.
399:, can be very difficult. DXers collect QSL cards as proof of contact and can earn special certificates and awards from amateur radio organizations.
88:
or other two-way radio communications. Many DXers also attempt to obtain written verifications of reception or contact, sometimes referred to as "
1328:
2789:
2761:
2756:
1781:
419:. The rules for determining what is a DX country can be quite complex and to avoid potential confusion, radio amateurs often use the term
266:
Especially during wartime and times of conflict, reception of international broadcasters, whose signals propagate around the world on the
1184:
971:
371:
who specialize in making two way radio contact with other amateurs in distant countries are also referred to as "DXers". On the
2783:
1356:
540:
2778:
2768:
2748:
2550:
1467:
1426:
1042:
954:
907:
791:
757:
1267:
1915:
933:
2866:
2840:
2773:
2619:
1472:
1239:
672:
blocking, sometimes resulting in the difference of being able to receive or not receive a signal under poor conditions.
2545:
1722:
1321:
2639:
1631:
1462:
981:
222:
2424:
1972:
1774:
17:
2535:
1622:
1530:
1351:
345:
2530:
1697:
1692:
1617:
580:
and some other solar events, which can alter the Earth's ionosphere by ejecting a shower of charged particles.
1005:
2555:
1482:
1477:
1411:
1314:
1177:
669:
2830:
2591:
2488:
2031:
1826:
1798:
1582:
2820:
2327:
1767:
407:
299:
In addition to international broadcasters, the shortwave bands also are home to military communications,
2679:
2601:
2540:
2247:
1525:
350:
Police, fire, and military communications on the VHF bands are also DX'ed to some extent on multi-band
319:
mode, which requires the use of specialized receivers more suitable to DXing than to casual listening.
316:
2451:
2412:
2257:
2157:
2086:
2019:
1846:
608:
478:
A number of DXers collect acknowledgement cards called QSL cards. QSL cards often have a picture and
2810:
2052:
1987:
1940:
1900:
1401:
1170:
659:
486:
or technological life on one side, and confirmation of the listeners reception data on the other.
2649:
2634:
2478:
2429:
2352:
2252:
1930:
1816:
1811:
1712:
1285:
1146:
230:
1032:
2861:
2571:
2357:
2172:
2117:
2112:
1925:
1890:
1748:
1707:
1406:
1376:
1083:
664:
368:
289:
226:
77:
897:
747:
2473:
2277:
2242:
2162:
2142:
2064:
1952:
1873:
1687:
1446:
1371:
781:
1806:
2387:
2347:
2317:
2074:
2009:
1831:
1667:
1561:
1535:
1520:
1510:
716:
531:
432:
384:
8:
2397:
2337:
2096:
2058:
1856:
1841:
1216:
696:
556:
535:
428:
403:
380:
334:
261:
233:
boom of the 1990s, and especially since the 2010s, the AM band has gone into decline. In
85:
2624:
2581:
2512:
2382:
2312:
2287:
2222:
2069:
1790:
1642:
1556:
1487:
631:
96:
406:
offer awards for communicating with a certain number of DX stations. For example, the
2664:
2586:
2500:
2483:
2446:
2292:
2122:
2091:
1957:
1851:
1386:
1038:
977:
950:
903:
787:
753:
643:
416:
2332:
1112:
221:
was getting more and more crowded with new stations and existing stations receiving
2669:
2629:
2609:
2576:
2505:
2463:
2377:
2232:
2217:
2192:
2167:
2127:
1977:
1836:
1821:
1540:
677:
604:
282:
245:
in Canada and—on weekends—WABC still program music on their clear-channel signals.
2297:
2152:
1920:
1895:
1883:
1738:
1652:
1577:
1150:
1102:
1058:
877:
635:
453:
376:
312:
293:
267:
214:
199:
124:
100:
2495:
2367:
2342:
2302:
2272:
2147:
1982:
1935:
1910:
1868:
851:
684:
627:
595:
radio reception to occur beyond the limits of line of sight. It is utilized by
560:
372:
341:
183:
72:
for "distance" or "distant", is the hobby of receiving and identifying distant
38:
929:
130:
By the 1950s, and continuing through the mid-1970s, many of the most powerful
2855:
2644:
2417:
2407:
2322:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2182:
2004:
1863:
1717:
1702:
1647:
1612:
1337:
1097:
596:
552:
544:
363:
351:
304:
300:
218:
210:
131:
81:
470:
435:
bands, many radio amateurs pursue awards based on
Maidenhead grid locators.
2522:
2362:
2307:
2237:
2202:
2137:
2036:
2026:
1878:
1627:
623:
412:
308:
2722:
2372:
2282:
2267:
2227:
2187:
2046:
1416:
577:
195:
45:
832:
720:
123:
Early radio listeners, often using home made crystal sets and long wire
2727:
2434:
2132:
2041:
1997:
1967:
1945:
1441:
1361:
1247:
619:
592:
564:
494:
440:
337:
286:
66:
423:
instead of country. In addition to entities, some awards are based on
2712:
2177:
1992:
1759:
1261:
639:
530:
is communication over large or relatively uncommon distances. On the
396:
392:
249:
155:
151:
135:
69:
379:) amateur bands, DX stations are those in foreign countries. On the
2707:
2697:
2614:
2439:
2262:
1602:
1515:
1431:
1295:
1233:
814:
465:
328:
274:
238:
209:
The popularity of DXing the medium-wave band has diminished as the
179:
163:
143:
89:
31:
1162:
395:, since making a long-distance VHF contact, without the help of a
213:
formats quickly migrated to the clearer, though less propagating,
80:
signals, or making two-way radio contact with distant stations in
2702:
2687:
1905:
1421:
1156:
573:
483:
479:
388:
270:
has been popular with both casual listeners and DXing hobbyists.
1306:
683:
Many simple wire antennas can be made inexpensively. Having two
2732:
2692:
2014:
1743:
1637:
1597:
1592:
1436:
1116:
1078:
424:
234:
191:
187:
52:
206:
stations were able to reach listeners hundreds of miles away.
2717:
2654:
1962:
1587:
1290:
1126:
568:
118:
73:
217:
radio beginning in the 1970s. Meanwhile, the MW band in the
2659:
1211:
333:
Though sporadic in nature, signals on the FM broadcast and
242:
203:
175:
167:
147:
1137:
599:
enthusiasts (hams), shortwave broadcast stations (such as
588:
where they can't hear other stations or be heard by them.
1607:
612:
600:
278:
171:
159:
139:
1131:
273:
With the rise in popularity of streaming audio over the
1089:
895:
1143:
646:, a distance of some 9,835 miles (15,827 kilometers).
95:
The practice of DXing arose during the early days of
1121:
502:
I – Interference with other stations or broadcasters
344:, and European TV signals have been received on the
296:
to reach less developed countries around the world.
202:
radio stations had to sign off at night, the big 50
1140:
Discussion of long-range radio reception, equipment
891:
889:
559:, most traditional DX communication occurs on the
387:amateur bands, DX stations can be within the same
1034:The ARRL Extra Class License Manual for Ham Radio
277:, many international broadcasters (including the
2853:
902:. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 217–.
783:Listening in: radio and the American imagination
779:
506:P – Propagation (ups and downs of the reception)
415:is counted as a DX country, even though it is a
886:
285:) have cut back on their shortwave broadcasts.
27:Hobby of receiving distant radio or TV stations
1030:
745:
1775:
1322:
1178:
1037:. American Radio Relay League. pp. 2–.
973:The ARRL Operating Manual for Radio Amateurs
2790:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
997:
749:Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today
715:
315:. Many of these signals are transmitted in
2826:
1782:
1768:
1329:
1315:
1185:
1171:
1024:
896:Danny Gregory; Paul Sahre (1 April 2003).
833:"Introduction to DXing :: DXing.info"
773:
1159:CTDX is the largest DXing group in the UK
1106:) is being considered for deletion. See
469:
1006:"Free sample of British DX Club (BDXC)"
1003:
739:
709:
37:For professional wrestling stable, see
14:
2854:
1789:
969:
944:
786:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 73–.
504:N – Noise ratio in the received signal
229:, at night—this largely peaked in the
1763:
1468:International Telecommunication Union
1310:
1254:List of mediumwave radio broadcasters
1166:
1153:Free weekly DX News bulletin by VK2DX
976:. American Radio Relay League, 2007.
780:Susan J. Douglas (25 February 2004).
427:groups in the world's oceans. On the
2836:
1268:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
963:
1240:List of longwave radio broadcasters
1192:
591:This is the phenomenon that allows
567:is used to refract the transmitted
543:between stations worldwide. On the
522:
357:
24:
849:
746:Jerome S. Berg (30 October 2008).
649:
25:
2878:
1463:International Amateur Radio Union
1336:
1134:A web site dedicated to the DXing
1110:to help reach a consensus. ›
1071:
949:. BrasĂlia: Amazon. p. 333.
945:AMARAL, Cristiano Torres (2021).
134:"clear channel" stations such as
2835:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2425:Free-space optical communication
1385:
1077:
899:Hello world: a life in ham radio
48:, another audio and radio hobby.
1051:
938:
882:. Gernsback Publications. 1959.
489:
255:
1478:ITU prefixes for amateur radio
1092:– American Radio Relay league.
923:
870:
843:
825:
807:
634:. It is also possible to hear
626:on 711 kHz, far into the
576:cycle. It is also affected by
541:Earth–Moon–Earth communication
474:QSL card from Voice of America
112:
13:
1:
1095:
934:2007 backup: DXCC List – ARRL
702:
670:adjacent channel interference
2811:Telecommunication portal
2592:Telecommunications equipment
752:. McFarland. pp. 330–.
459:
322:
292:still make extensive use of
248:Outside of the Americas and
7:
2328:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
947:Guia Moderno do Radioescuta
690:
482:indicating their country's
446:
10:
2883:
2867:International broadcasting
2032:Telecommunications history
463:
361:
326:
259:
116:
50:
43:
36:
30:For DX Mail Exchange, see
29:
2799:
2741:
2678:
2640:Public Switched Telephone
2600:
2564:
2521:
2462:
2452:telecommunication circuit
2413:Fiber-optic communication
2396:
2158:Francis Blake (telephone)
2105:
1953:Optical telecommunication
1797:
1731:
1680:
1570:
1549:
1503:
1496:
1455:
1394:
1383:
1344:
1278:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1225:
1198:
1157:Charlie Tango DX Group UK
1010:www.radioenthusiast.co.uk
660:shortwave radio receivers
622:conditions, one can hear
198:. As most smaller, local
2551:Orbital angular-momentum
1988:Satellite communications
1827:Communications satellite
1357:Emergency communications
1108:templates for discussion
970:Wilson, Mark J. (2007).
194:music played by popular
107:
51:Not to be confused with
44:Not to be confused with
2430:Molecular communication
2253:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2082:Undersea telegraph line
1817:Cable protection system
1427:International operation
1286:World Radio TV Handbook
1031:H. Ward Silver (2008).
369:Amateur radio operators
231:conservative talk radio
2572:Communication protocol
2358:Charles Sumner Tainter
2173:Walter Houser Brattain
2118:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1926:Information revolution
1749:Amateur radio in India
1693:Amateur radio software
1497:Modes of communication
1407:Amateur radio operator
618:For example, in clear
475:
346:West Coast of the U.S.
290:religious broadcasters
241:in the United States,
2546:Polarization-division
2278:Narinder Singh Kapany
2243:Erna Schneider Hoover
2163:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2143:Alexander Graham Bell
1874:online video platform
1688:Amateur radio station
1473:Frequency allocations
1447:Vintage amateur radio
1372:High-speed telegraphy
723:Introduction To DXing
473:
2388:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2348:Almon Brown Strowger
2318:Charles Grafton Page
1973:Prepaid mobile phone
1901:Electrical telegraph
1086:at Wikimedia Commons
311:, and broadcasts of
2338:Johann Philipp Reis
2097:Wireless revolution
2059:The Telephone Cases
1916:Hydraulic telegraph
1217:Shortwave listening
852:"Trans-Atlantic FM"
697:Shortwave listening
557:shortwave listeners
500:S – Signal strength
262:Shortwave listening
86:citizens band radio
2536:Frequency-division
2513:Telephone exchange
2383:Charles Wheatstone
2313:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2288:Innocenzo Manzetti
2223:Reginald Fessenden
1958:Optical telegraphy
1791:Telecommunications
1206:Broadcast listener
1149:2018-01-06 at the
1012:. Radio Enthusiast
632:Reading, Berkshire
508:O – Overall merit
476:
402:In addition, many
97:radio broadcasting
2849:
2848:
2587:Store and forward
2582:Data transmission
2496:Network switching
2447:Transmission line
2293:Guglielmo Marconi
2258:Internet pioneers
2123:Mohamed M. Atalla
2092:Whistled language
1757:
1756:
1676:
1675:
1304:
1303:
1274:
1273:
1122:DX News Ham Radio
1082:Media related to
1044:978-0-87259-135-6
956:978-65-00-20800-9
909:978-1-56898-281-6
879:Radio-electronics
793:978-0-8166-4423-0
759:978-0-7864-3996-6
644:Lansing, Michigan
563:bands, where the
225:to operate, with
223:FCC authorization
16:(Redirected from
2874:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2680:Notable networks
2670:Wireless network
2610:Cellular network
2602:Types of network
2577:Computer network
2464:Network topology
2378:Thomas A. Watson
2233:Oliver Heaviside
2218:Philo Farnsworth
2193:Daniel Davis Jr.
2168:Charles Bourseul
2128:John Logie Baird
1837:Data compression
1832:Computer network
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1501:
1500:
1389:
1367:DX communication
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1230:
1229:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1081:
1065:
1064:
1063:. WGE Pub. 1988.
1060:73 Amateur Radio
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
967:
961:
960:
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927:
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920:
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884:
883:
874:
868:
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865:
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847:
841:
840:
829:
823:
822:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
713:
611:storms from the
605:Voice of America
528:DX communication
523:DX communication
454:British DX Club
417:region of France
358:Amateur radio DX
317:single side band
313:numbers stations
283:Voice of America
21:
18:DX communication
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2737:
2674:
2596:
2560:
2517:
2466:
2458:
2399:
2392:
2298:Robert Metcalfe
2153:Tim Berners-Lee
2101:
1921:Information Age
1793:
1788:
1758:
1753:
1739:Shortwave radio
1727:
1672:
1653:Spread spectrum
1566:
1545:
1492:
1483:Maritime mobile
1451:
1390:
1381:
1340:
1335:
1305:
1300:
1270:
1256:
1242:
1221:
1194:
1193:Radio listening
1191:
1151:Wayback Machine
1127:World Radio Map
1111:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1004:O'Grady, Paul.
1002:
998:
988:
986:
984:
968:
964:
957:
943:
939:
928:
924:
914:
912:
910:
894:
887:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
848:
844:
831:
830:
826:
815:"AM Band DXing"
813:
812:
808:
798:
796:
794:
778:
774:
764:
762:
760:
744:
740:
730:
728:
717:Mika Mäkeläinen
714:
710:
705:
693:
685:dipole antennas
652:
650:DXing equipment
642:as far away as
636:Radio Australia
609:electromagnetic
525:
507:
505:
503:
501:
492:
468:
462:
449:
375:(also known as
366:
360:
331:
325:
294:shortwave radio
268:shortwave bands
264:
258:
184:border blasters
121:
115:
110:
92:" or "veries".
56:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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1072:External links
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930:ARRL DXCC List
922:
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850:Hattam, Mark.
842:
837:www.dxing.info
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555:operators and
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464:Main article:
461:
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448:
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411:Island in the
362:Main article:
359:
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352:radio scanners
342:Western Europe
327:Main article:
324:
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260:Main article:
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182:and a host of
132:North American
117:Main article:
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39:D-Generation X
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553:amateur radio
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545:low frequency
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364:Amateur radio
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219:United States
216:
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211:popular music
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82:amateur radio
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:, taken from
60:
54:
47:
40:
33:
19:
2523:Multiplexing
2398:Transmission
2363:Nikola Tesla
2353:Henry Sutton
2308:Samuel Morse
2238:Robert Hooke
2203:Amos Dolbear
2138:John Bardeen
2057:
2037:Telautograph
1941:Mobile phone
1896:Edholm's law
1879:social media
1812:Broadcasting
1723:Transceivers
1681:Technologies
1628:Packet radio
1571:Data/Digital
1366:
1101:
1059:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
999:
987:. Retrieved
972:
965:
946:
940:
925:
913:. Retrieved
898:
878:
872:
860:. Retrieved
855:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
799:November 12,
797:. Retrieved
782:
775:
765:November 12,
763:. Retrieved
748:
741:
731:November 12,
729:. Retrieved
727:. DXing.info
722:
711:
682:
674:
658:Inexpensive
657:
653:
624:France Inter
617:
590:
585:
582:
578:solar storms
550:
527:
526:
518:
514:
510:
499:
493:
490:SINPO report
477:
450:
437:
420:
413:Indian Ocean
401:
367:
349:
332:
309:pirate radio
298:
272:
265:
256:Shortwave DX
247:
208:
196:disc jockeys
129:
122:
94:
62:
58:
57:
2723:NPL network
2435:Radio waves
2373:Alfred Vail
2283:Hedy Lamarr
2268:Dawon Kahng
2228:Elisha Gray
2188:Yogen Dalal
2113:Nasir Ahmed
2047:Teleprinter
1911:Heliographs
1417:DX-pedition
1377:Homebrewing
1144:DXing.Today
1096:‹ The
190:pumped out
113:AM radio DX
67:telegraphic
2856:Categories
2769:Antarctica
2728:Toasternet
2650:Television
2133:Paul Baran
2065:Television
2049:(teletype)
2042:Telegraphy
2020:transistor
1998:Phryctoria
1968:Photophone
1946:Smartphone
1936:Mass media
1550:Television
1456:Governance
1442:Radiosport
1362:Contesting
1345:Activities
1248:Mediumwave
858:. DX Radio
703:References
665:"PC Radio"
620:ionosphere
593:short wave
565:ionosphere
338:television
287:Missionary
78:television
2753:Americas
2742:Locations
2713:Internet2
2474:Bandwidth
2178:Vint Cerf
2075:streaming
2053:Telephone
1993:Semaphore
1884:streaming
1713:Satellite
1488:Licensing
1262:Shortwave
1226:Listening
678:diversity
640:Melbourne
586:dead zone
460:QSL cards
397:satellite
393:continent
377:shortwave
323:VHF DXing
250:Australia
227:low power
101:shortwave
70:shorthand
2821:Category
2708:Internet
2698:CYCLADES
2615:Ethernet
2565:Concepts
2489:terminal
2440:wireless
2263:Bob Kahn
2106:Pioneers
1931:Internet
1822:Cable TV
1603:EchoLink
1432:QSL card
1296:QSL card
1234:Longwave
1147:Archived
1138:DX Forum
1098:template
691:See also
655:bands.
480:messages
466:QSL card
447:DX clubs
441:contests
329:TV-FM DX
275:internet
125:antennas
32:DX Group
2841:Commons
2831:Outline
2784:Oceania
2703:FidoNet
2688:ARPANET
2501:circuit
2070:digital
1799:History
1732:Related
1663:WIRES-X
1422:Hamfest
1402:History
1395:Culture
1100:below (
915:4 April
574:sunspot
484:culture
389:country
2779:Europe
2749:Africa
2733:Usenet
2693:BITNET
2630:Mobile
2506:packet
2015:MOSFET
2010:device
1807:Beacon
1744:Q code
1638:PACTOR
1598:DAPNET
1593:D-STAR
1516:DSB-SC
1437:Q code
1412:Awards
1117:Curlie
1103:Curlie
1041:
1016:8 July
989:8 July
980:
953:
906:
790:
756:
551:Among
425:island
421:entity
235:Canada
192:Top 40
188:Mexico
65:, the
53:doxing
2762:South
2757:North
2718:JANET
2655:Telex
2645:Radio
2484:Nodes
2479:Links
2400:media
1978:Radio
1963:Pager
1891:Drums
1857:video
1852:image
1842:audio
1588:AMTOR
1504:Voice
1291:SINPO
1279:Other
1208:(BCL)
1199:Types
1113:DXing
1084:DXing
862:1 May
638:from
569:radio
495:SINPO
404:clubs
186:from
119:MW DX
108:Types
74:radio
59:DXing
46:DJing
2774:Asia
2660:UUCP
2620:ISDN
1698:IRLP
1658:C4FM
1648:RTTY
1632:APRS
1623:MFSK
1562:SSTV
1352:ARDF
1212:DXer
1090:ARRL
1039:ISBN
1018:2023
991:2023
978:ISBN
951:ISBN
917:2012
904:ISBN
864:2018
801:2016
788:ISBN
767:2016
754:ISBN
733:2016
603:and
408:ARRL
301:RTTY
281:and
243:CFZM
176:KAAY
168:WKBW
156:WABC
152:CHUM
148:CKLW
136:KDKA
90:QSLs
2665:WAN
2635:NGN
2625:LAN
1906:Fax
1847:DCT
1708:SDR
1703:QRP
1668:DMR
1643:PSK
1618:DMT
1608:FT8
1583:ALE
1557:ATV
1531:AME
1526:SSB
1521:ISB
1115:at
613:sun
601:BBC
536:VHF
534:or
532:UHF
433:UHF
429:VHF
391:or
385:UHF
381:VHF
335:VHF
279:BBC
239:WSM
180:KSL
172:KFI
164:WLS
160:WJR
144:WGY
140:WLW
76:or
2858::
1578:CW
1541:PM
1536:FM
1511:AM
1008:.
932:,
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835:.
817:.
719:.
628:UK
615:.
561:HF
456:.
373:HF
307:,
303:,
215:FM
204:kW
200:AM
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
84:,
63:DX
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803:.
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20:)
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