38:
5045:
5570:
5550:
5521:
5479:
5443:
5414:
5385:
5349:
5307:
5271:
5242:
5213:
5177:
5155:
5119:
5090:
5061:
5602:
4614:
3773:
1116:
Thus most frequently, the
Sinologist use of ȵ instead of ɲ is not to indicate a contrast, but to emphasize its primary allophone not to be the Turkish , or to indicate its coronal origin or that it has evolved with other dorsal consonants which have become alveolopalatals, where ɲ is reserved for
168:
According to Daniel
Recasens, alveolo-palatal consonants are realized through the formation of a simultaneous closure or constriction at the alveolar and palatal zones with a primary articulator which encompasses the blade and the tongue dorsum. Their place of articulation may include the
1020:
Although a number of spoken
Chinese varieties, such as standard Mandarin, also contrast EMC alveolo-palatal nasal with velar nasal of class III (palatalizing medial), most don't contrast them in a way that alveolo-palatal differs from palatal. For example, in
169:
postalveolar zone and the prepalate, but also a larger contact area extending towards the front alveolar zone and the back palate surface. The tongue tip is bent downwards and the tongue dorsum is raised and fronted during the production of these consonants.
833:
contrasts alveolo-palatal nasal only with palatal nasal. In both cases, the palatal consonants work as the palatalization of velar consonants while alveolo-palatal consonants work as the palatalization of alveolar consonants.
161:. These descriptions are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue (see schematic at right). They are front enough that the fricatives and affricates are
2115:
2151:
2125:
542:
2135:
849:
2120:
1022:
149:), articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate, whereas Esling describes them as
2105:
74:
1121:, the distinction of usage has become vague. ȶ, on the other hand, has retained its accurate usage representing phonemes in certain spoken Chinese in
2082:
2072:
2067:
838:
4974:
3020:
2766:
1348:
859:, contrast the alveolo-palatal nasal with the palato-velar nasal. For example, the following contrasting pairs can be found in Luchuan Ngai.
1047:
868:
3034:
3027:
2773:
3248:
3006:
2752:
573:
is a palatalized laminal alveolar nasal and thus often described as alveolo-palatal rather than palatal. The "palatal" consonants of
1027:
2017:
4763:
3041:
2738:
4936:
4866:
4802:
4725:
3013:
2759:
1307:
1166:
5611:
5146:
4931:
4809:
4706:
4623:
3782:
3543:
3450:
2031:
4886:
4823:
4628:
3633:
3525:
3432:
2745:
854:
5661:
5162:
4979:
4830:
4776:
4732:
4162:
4117:
3620:
3557:
3464:
2915:
2671:
750:
371:
5184:
4959:
4744:
4713:
4128:
4080:
4066:
4008:
3994:
3642:
3550:
3457:
2062:
305:
5233:
4908:
4893:
4673:
4142:
3660:
3571:
3532:
3478:
3439:
3196:
1341:
1317:
1280:
1256:
1176:
1215:
5405:
4659:
4135:
3787:
3714:
3651:
3564:
3471:
2978:
2922:
2887:
2678:
2643:
412:
5470:
5249:
5204:
4769:
4751:
3696:
2964:
2720:
2026:
1598:
1372:
574:
339:
266:
56:
5656:
5421:
5376:
5262:
4679:
4618:
4613:
4045:
3973:
3777:
3772:
3578:
3485:
3131:
3090:
2826:
2493:
1571:
684:
638:
17:
5434:
5220:
5081:
4687:
4569:
4429:
4397:
3721:
2985:
2901:
2894:
2657:
2650:
2479:
1566:
254:
5541:
5392:
5278:
4969:
4665:
4560:
4549:
4461:
4073:
4001:
3703:
3161:
2971:
2950:
2873:
2727:
2706:
2629:
2110:
2010:
1578:
1561:
1553:
1334:
1117:
postpalatals evolved from dorsal consonants. However, since ȵ has also been unfortunately used by some for
745:
740:
709:
704:
662:
657:
616:
611:
561:
557:
553:
549:
537:
515:
493:
455:
451:
447:
443:
407:
366:
334:
300:
70:
66:
5450:
5097:
5052:
4782:
4576:
4059:
4038:
3987:
3730:
3148:
3104:
3097:
3048:
2840:
2833:
2784:
2529:
2500:
2349:
2178:
1593:
1588:
5606:
5601:
5512:
5110:
4693:
4590:
4512:
3390:
3283:
3170:
3076:
2992:
2908:
2812:
2664:
2511:
2486:
2465:
1858:
1583:
139:
28:
5561:
5298:
5068:
4964:
4583:
4503:
4492:
4094:
4052:
4022:
3980:
3354:
3062:
2957:
2880:
2798:
2713:
2636:
2543:
2394:
2365:
1450:
784:
5528:
5340:
5126:
4641:
4519:
4087:
4015:
3739:
3336:
3310:
3259:
3179:
3111:
3055:
2791:
2571:
2536:
2376:
2356:
2335:
1616:
1435:
1368:
5577:
5490:
5314:
4533:
3929:
3397:
3230:
3221:
3204:
3083:
2999:
2819:
2557:
2518:
2472:
2408:
2003:
1819:
1814:
1725:
206:
138:
consonants but for "lack of space". Ladefoged and
Maddieson characterize the alveolo-palatals as
790:
556:⟩. An alternative transcription for the voiced alveolo-palatal stop and nasal is ⟨
5356:
4526:
4290:
4228:
3920:
3909:
3854:
3376:
3361:
3241:
3069:
2805:
2550:
2436:
2401:
2292:
2277:
2261:
1836:
1646:
1445:
1420:
1364:
545:
circles (a circumflex accent is also sometimes seen), but they are not recognized by the IPA.
142:
52:
4352:
4279:
4259:
4217:
4197:
3936:
3833:
3343:
3317:
3292:
3266:
2578:
2422:
2383:
2342:
2272:
2233:
2077:
1425:
1402:
1380:
714:
111:
4815:
4341:
4321:
4299:
4237:
3950:
3889:
3212:
2564:
2415:
2317:
1863:
1826:
1538:
194:
178:
150:
1995:
8:
5616:
4879:
4483:
4370:
4361:
4270:
4208:
3957:
3943:
3861:
3383:
2443:
2297:
2254:
1934:
1804:
1781:
1530:
1483:
1455:
131:
389:
4902:
4332:
3898:
3847:
3826:
2585:
2429:
2287:
2267:
2221:
1799:
1632:
1440:
1397:
123:
5327:
4858:
4253:
4104:
3868:
3795:
3409:
2322:
2302:
2244:
2130:
1921:
1878:
1755:
1720:
1543:
1510:
1478:
1412:
1313:
1276:
1252:
1193:
1172:
843:
417:
198:
135:
127:
115:
5137:
4191:
3882:
3840:
2312:
2282:
2249:
2239:
1946:
1939:
1794:
1750:
1745:
1608:
1520:
1497:
1473:
1430:
1389:
1227:
755:
520:
310:
246:
238:
234:
214:
210:
182:
154:
130:
articulation. In the official IPA chart, alveolo-palatals would appear between the
119:
41:
1232:
5461:
5195:
4652:
4182:
3875:
3304:
2307:
2173:
1911:
1809:
1789:
1730:
1698:
1515:
1299:
1158:
1144:
John Esling, 2010, "Phonetic
Notation". In Hardcastle, Laver, & Gibbon, eds,
1118:
798:
670:
624:
498:
344:
258:
242:
202:
146:
1125:
and has never been applied on Hakka or on certain
Mandarin in or near Shandong.
458:⟩. They are the sibilant homologues of the pre-palatal fricatives and .
422:
5367:
1883:
719:
376:
315:
262:
250:
158:
5650:
5026:
4543:
4385:
3799:
1969:
1929:
1906:
1873:
1846:
1303:
1162:
830:
794:
230:
222:
218:
186:
1251:(in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, pp. 14–15, 18,
1028:
400:
327:
4872:
2594:
1979:
1898:
1888:
1868:
349:
226:
37:
359:
5624:
5038:
5021:
4795:
4315:
3119:
2188:
2166:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1851:
1708:
1034:
Hakka, alveolo-palatal nasal marginally contrasts with velar nasal under
381:
5503:
5031:
2329:
2183:
1767:
434:
190:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1009:
996:
980:
964:
948:
932:
916:
903:
887:
5289:
4791:
4032:
3965:
2851:
2607:
2211:
1956:
1762:
1713:
1673:
1668:
1655:
103:
83:
5595:
4926:
4848:
4842:
4607:
3766:
2604:
1690:
1678:
1194:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"
1122:
162:
62:
760:
4699:
3903:
2459:
2161:
1663:
1035:
697:
577:
are also often closer to alveolo-palatal in their articulation.
1326:
677:
631:
5002:
2156:
1703:
2025:
650:
778:
569:
567:
For example, the Polish nasal represented with the letter
157:, articulated with the body of the tongue approaching the
1216:"Elementos de la morfofonología del chiquitano migueleño"
809:) contrasts with both dorsal palatal phoneme /ɲ/ (termed
770:
733:
821:) and apical palatalized alveolar phoneme /nʲ/ (termed
237:. Alveolo-palatal sibilants are also a feature of many
3804:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
61:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
153:palatals (pre-palatals), the furthest front of the
1298:
1157:
1038:, but there is little sign of palatal contrasts.
793:, phoneme /ȶ/ contrasts with phoneme /c̠/; in the
165:, the only sibilants among the dorsal consonants.
548:In standard IPA, they can be transcribed ⟨
265:. The alveolo-palatal consonants included in the
5648:
1270:
177:The alveolo-palatal sibilants are often used in
75:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
801:, laminal alveolo-palatal phoneme /ṉʲ/ (termed
450:⟩ are essentially equivalent to ⟨
837:In some spoken Chinese varieties, such as the
4975:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2011:
1342:
461:
682:
675:
636:
629:
1466:
560:⟩, but it is used only when ⟨
2018:
2004:
1349:
1335:
2073:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1275:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
1231:
797:(or intervowel) position in conservative
1140:
1138:
785:Palatal consonant § Alveolo-palatal
36:
1213:
1171:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 153–154.
779:Contrasting with palatovelar consonants
564:⟩ cannot be displayed properly.
122:consonants, or which have simultaneous
14:
5649:
2243:
5000:
4482:
4181:
3897:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2209:
2044:
1999:
1330:
1135:
5011:
4952:
4645:
3855:
3816:
2225:
1246:
1220:LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas
1214:Nikulin, Andrey (17 November 2020).
1191:
65:. For the distinction between ,
4980:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3834:
3794:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1309:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1168:The Sounds of the World's Languages
372:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
24:
3890:
2063:International Phonetic Association
1292:
829:); while general Irish other than
466:Symbols for alveolo-palatal stops
306:Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
25:
5673:
5576:
5560:
5540:
5527:
5511:
5489:
5469:
5449:
5433:
5420:
5404:
5391:
5375:
5355:
5339:
5326:
5313:
5297:
5277:
5261:
5248:
5232:
5219:
5203:
5183:
5161:
5145:
5125:
5109:
5096:
5080:
5067:
5051:
4907:
4892:
4885:
4865:
4841:
4829:
4822:
4808:
4801:
4775:
4762:
4750:
4743:
4731:
4724:
4712:
4705:
4686:
4672:
4658:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4548:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4491:
4460:
4428:
4396:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4340:
4331:
4320:
4298:
4289:
4278:
4269:
4258:
4236:
4227:
4216:
4207:
4196:
4161:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4116:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3908:
3862:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3713:
3702:
3695:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3619:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3531:
3524:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3438:
3431:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3360:
3353:
3342:
3335:
3316:
3309:
3291:
3282:
3265:
3258:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3195:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3147:
3130:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2593:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2517:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2382:
2375:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2318:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1271:Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968),
1146:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
5600:
5568:
5548:
5519:
5477:
5441:
5412:
5383:
5347:
5305:
5269:
5240:
5211:
5175:
5153:
5117:
5088:
5059:
5043:
4612:
3848:
3827:
3771:
2116:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1356:
413:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
110:consonants, are intermediate in
3869:
2027:International Phonetic Alphabet
1373:International Phonetic Alphabet
863:Luchuan Ngai contrasting pairs
621:Voiceless alveolo-palatal stop
575:Indigenous Australian languages
340:Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
267:International Phonetic Alphabet
57:International Phonetic Alphabet
4960:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3883:
3841:
2210:
2136:IPA chart for English dialects
2045:
1264:
1240:
1207:
1185:
1151:
676:
630:
533:LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL
511:LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CURL
489:LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL
477:LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL
13:
1:
3876:
1233:10.20396/liames.v20i0.8660822
1128:
255:Northwest Caucasian languages
4970:Voiceless bidental fricative
2078:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1273:The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo
803:fortis slender coronal nasal
744:
739:
708:
703:
667:Voiced alveolo-palatal stop
661:
656:
615:
610:
406:
365:
333:
299:
172:
106:, sometimes synonymous with
44:of alveolo-palatal fricative
7:
2179:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
823:lenis slender coronal nasal
683:
637:
10:
5678:
5662:Alveolo-palatal consonants
5001:
782:
462:Stops, nasals, and liquids
29:palato-alveolar consonants
26:
5502:
5460:
5366:
5288:
5194:
5136:
5037:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5009:
4996:
4965:Nasal palatal approximant
4642:Co-articulated consonants
4542:
4487:
4450:
4418:
4383:
4314:
4252:
4190:
4151:
4103:
4031:
3964:
3902:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3675:
3597:
3504:
3408:
3303:
3203:
3118:
2945:
2849:
2701:
2603:
2458:
2328:
2260:
2232:
2218:
2205:
2144:
2098:
2055:
2051:
2040:
1955:
1920:
1897:
1835:
1780:
1741:
1689:
1654:
1645:
1625:
1607:
1552:
1529:
1496:
1411:
1388:
1379:
1362:
1073:
1062:
1003:
992:
891:
591:
588:
585:
582:
280:
277:
274:
541:) are sometimes used in
27:Not to be confused with
3814:Non-pulmonic consonants
2946:Non-sibilant fricative
2702:Non-sibilant affricate
2068:History of the alphabet
1249:Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne
1247:Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000),
825:, orthographic example
813:, orthographic example
805:, orthographic example
751:Alveolo-palatal lateral
53:phonetic transcriptions
2126:Sinological extensions
1365:Articulatory phonetics
50:This article contains
45:
5657:Place of articulation
1539:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1312:. Oxford: Blackwell.
783:Further information:
715:Alveolo-palatal nasal
454:⟩ and ⟨
446:⟩ and ⟨
40:
3598:Lateral approximant
1864:Labio-palatalization
811:slender dorsal nasal
791:Migueleño Chiquitano
552:⟩ or ⟨
442:The letters ⟨
195:East Asian languages
179:varieties of Chinese
2222:Pulmonic consonants
1554:Double articulation
1043:
1036:close front medials
864:
193:, as well as other
4152:Lateral fricative
3798:, to the left are
3505:Lateral fricative
2293:Postalveolar
2278:Linguolabial
2121:Naming conventions
2084:Journal of the IPA
1192:Recasens, Daniel.
1041:
862:
46:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5587:
5586:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4945:
4944:
4770:Uvular–epiglottal
4637:
4636:
4599:
4598:
3810:
3809:
3758:
3757:
3676:Lateral tap/flap
2273:Labiodental
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2131:World Orthography
1993:
1992:
1879:Pharyngealization
1776:
1775:
1641:
1640:
1599:Uvular–epiglottal
1492:
1491:
1114:
1113:
1018:
1017:
776:
775:
440:
439:
155:dorsal consonants
34:Type of consonant
16:(Redirected from
5669:
5628:
5604:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5494:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5331:
5330:
5318:
5317:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5252:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5016:
5015:
5012:
4998:
4997:
4950:
4949:
4911:
4896:
4889:
4869:
4845:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4805:
4779:
4766:
4754:
4747:
4738:Labial–retroflex
4735:
4728:
4716:
4709:
4690:
4680:Labial–retroflex
4676:
4662:
4646:
4616:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4552:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4495:
4466:
4434:
4402:
4373:
4366:
4357:
4346:
4337:
4326:
4304:
4295:
4284:
4275:
4264:
4242:
4233:
4222:
4213:
4202:
4188:bottom: uvular)
4165:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4120:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3912:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3805:
3775:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3706:
3699:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3623:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3535:
3528:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3442:
3435:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3364:
3357:
3346:
3339:
3320:
3313:
3295:
3286:
3269:
3262:
3251:
3244:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3199:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3151:
3134:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2597:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2521:
2514:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1947:Voice onset time
1652:
1651:
1572:Labial–retroflex
1464:
1463:
1386:
1385:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1300:Ladefoged, Peter
1286:
1285:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1159:Ladefoged, Peter
1155:
1149:
1142:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
865:
861:
858:
847:
747:
742:
711:
706:
692:
681:
680:
664:
659:
645:
635:
634:
618:
613:
580:
579:
563:
559:
555:
551:
540:
539:
534:
531:
528:
526:
518:
517:
512:
509:
506:
504:
496:
495:
490:
487:
484:
482:
478:
475:
472:
470:
457:
453:
449:
445:
409:
368:
336:
302:
272:
271:
239:Slavic languages
147:palato-alveolars
72:
68:
42:Sagittal section
21:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5636:
5626:
5625:unrounded
5621:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5510:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5468:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5374:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5296:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5202:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5050:
5044:
5005:
4984:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4914:Labial–alveolar
4912:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4719:Labial–alveolar
4717:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4666:Labial–alveolar
4663:
4655:
4638:
4633:
4463:
4431:
4419:Voiced lateral
4399:
4374:
4363:
4354:
4343:
4334:
4323:
4301:
4292:
4281:
4272:
4261:
4239:
4230:
4219:
4210:
4199:
4187:
4185:
3803:
3792:
2298:Retroflex
2214:
2193:
2152:ASCII encodings
2140:
2094:
2047:
2036:
2029:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1951:
1916:
1893:
1838:
1831:
1772:
1737:
1685:
1637:
1621:
1603:
1567:Labial–alveolar
1548:
1525:
1506:Alveolo-palatal
1488:
1462:
1451:Palato-alveolar
1407:
1375:
1369:Co-articulation
1358:
1355:
1320:
1295:
1293:Further reading
1290:
1289:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1025:
852:
841:
787:
781:
550:t̠ʲ d̠ʲ n̠ʲ l̠ʲ
536:
532:
529:
524:
523:
514:
510:
507:
502:
501:
492:
488:
485:
480:
479:
476:
473:
468:
467:
464:
175:
88:alveolo-palatal
80:
79:
78:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5675:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5525:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5440:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5418:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5217:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5094:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5065:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4816:Labial–palatal
4814:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4451:Nasal lateral
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Bilabial
2265:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2099:Special topics
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:Glottalization
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Palatalization
1856:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1617:Velopharyngeal
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Labial–palatal
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1562:Labial–coronal
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1436:Denti-alveolar
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1304:Maddieson, Ian
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1263:
1257:
1239:
1206:
1184:
1177:
1163:Maddieson, Ian
1150:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
914:
910:
909:
906:
901:
897:
896:
893:
890:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
780:
777:
774:
773:
768:
766:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
736:
731:
729:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
700:
695:
693:
673:
668:
665:
660:
654:
653:
648:
646:
627:
622:
619:
614:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
463:
460:
438:
437:
432:
430:
420:
415:
410:
404:
403:
398:
396:
379:
377:Serbo-Croatian
374:
369:
363:
362:
357:
355:
347:
342:
337:
331:
330:
325:
323:
313:
308:
303:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
276:
251:Serbo-Croatian
174:
171:
159:alveolar ridge
92:alveolopalatal
73:⟩, see
49:
48:
47:
33:
18:Alveolopalatal
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5674:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5631:
5630:
5629: rounded
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5579:
5563:
5556:
5543:
5536:
5530:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5492:
5485:
5472:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5342:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5300:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5083:
5076:
5070:
5054:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4910:
4904:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4860:
4853:
4851:
4844:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4793:
4784:
4783:Labial–uvular
4778:
4771:
4765:
4753:
4746:
4734:
4727:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Case variants
2109:
2107:
2106:Cursive forms
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Uvularization
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:Labialization
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Coronal–velar
1592:
1590:
1589:Labial–uvular
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1321:
1319:0-631-19815-6
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1282:0-901282-02-2
1278:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1258:0-946452-97-0
1254:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1178:0-631-19815-6
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:Meixian Hakka
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:Pronunciation
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
899:
898:
894:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:Pronunciation
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
860:
856:
851:
845:
840:
839:Luchuan Hakka
835:
832:
831:Munster Irish
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:syllabic coda
792:
786:
772:
769:
767:
765:
764:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
738:
735:
732:
730:
727:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
679:
674:
672:
669:
666:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
633:
628:
626:
623:
620:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
581:
578:
576:
572:
571:
565:
546:
544:
522:
500:
459:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
405:
402:
399:
397:
395:
393:
387:
385:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
364:
361:
358:
356:
354:
352:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
298:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
273:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Tai languages
216:
212:
208:
207:Tibeto-Burman
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:(and thus as
144:
143:postalveolars
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:alveo-palatal
93:
89:
85:
76:
64:
60:
58:
54:
43:
39:
30:
19:
5622:
4899:Labial–velar
4849:
4836:Labial–velar
4757:Labial–velar
4694:Labial–velar
4640:
4186:(top: velar;
3813:
3793:
2220:
2087:
2083:
1899:Tongue shape
1889:Nasalization
1869:Velarization
1839:articulation
1609:Pathological
1584:Labial–velar
1505:
1467:Active place
1446:Postalveolar
1421:Linguolabial
1357:Articulation
1308:
1272:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1167:
1153:
1145:
1115:
1019:
836:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
788:
762:
725:
686:
639:
600:Orthography
589:Description
568:
566:
547:
465:
441:
426:
391:
383:
350:
319:
289:Orthography
278:Description
176:
167:
114:between the
112:articulation
107:
100:alveopalatal
99:
95:
91:
87:
81:
69:and ⟨
51:
4861:approximant
4796:approximant
3120:Approximant
2189:IPA Braille
2167:Kirshenbaum
1709:Approximant
1426:Interdental
1403:Labiodental
1226:: e020015.
1026: [
853: [
842: [
554:c̟ ɟ̟ ɲ̟ ʎ̟
543:sinological
217:as well as
140:palatalized
108:pre-palatal
5651:Categories
5612:full chart
5138:Near-close
4932:full chart
4854:(variable)
4624:full chart
4107:affricate
3783:full chart
3412:affricate
2212:Consonants
2184:IPA number
2046:IPA topics
1837:Secondary
1827:Percussive
1795:Ingressive
1768:Continuant
1199:26 October
1129:References
583:Extra-IPA
435:earthquake
257:, such as
241:, such as
104:consonants
5462:Near-open
5196:Close-mid
4880:Implosive
4873:Velarized
4792:Fricative
4544:Voiceless
4484:Implosive
4033:Fricative
3966:Affricate
3800:voiceless
2852:fricative
2850:Sibilant
2608:affricate
2255:Laryngeal
2145:Encodings
1957:Phonation
1935:Aspirated
1930:Voiceless
1805:Implosive
1790:Egressive
1782:Airstream
1763:Occlusive
1714:Semivowel
1674:Fricative
1669:Affricate
1656:Obstruent
1531:Laryngeal
1484:Subapical
1456:Retroflex
1052:Character
873:Character
597:Language
452: ʃʲ
286:Language
253:, and of
173:Sibilants
163:sibilants
132:retroflex
84:phonetics
5623:Legend:
5617:template
5596:IPA help
5368:Open-mid
4937:template
4927:IPA help
4903:Ejective
4875:alveolar
4629:template
4608:IPA help
3899:Ejective
3788:template
3767:IPA help
3205:Tap/flap
2605:Sibilant
2288:Alveolar
1852:Rounding
1820:Ejective
1815:Pulmonic
1800:Ejective
1726:Tap/flap
1691:Sonorant
1679:Sibilant
1633:Bidental
1441:Alveolar
1398:Bilabial
1306:(1996).
1165:(1996).
1123:Hengyang
1042:M pairs
1029:Wikidata
1023:Pianlian
850:Hengshan
606:Meaning
592:Example
418:Japanese
311:Mandarin
295:Meaning
281:Example
221:such as
209:such as
199:Japanese
197:such as
183:Mandarin
181:such as
151:advanced
124:alveolar
67:/ /
63:Help:IPA
5627:•
5027:Central
4859:Lateral
4700:Plosive
4488:Voiced
4386:lateral
4384:Tenuis
4375:
4105:Lateral
3410:Lateral
2460:Plosive
2323:Glottal
2303:Palatal
2245:Coronal
2162:X-SAMPA
1970:Breathy
1756:Lateral
1721:Vibrant
1664:Plosive
1544:Glottal
1511:Palatal
1479:Laminal
1413:Coronal
1148:, p 693
756:Catalan
698:firefly
530:ȴ
521:liquids
508:ȵ
486:ȡ
474:ȶ
429:ishin)
247:Russian
215:Burmese
211:Tibetan
136:palatal
128:palatal
116:coronal
55:in the
5605:
5003:Vowels
4852:-sound
4617:
4254:Voiced
4192:Tenuis
3796:voiced
3776:
2767:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2313:Uvular
2283:Dental
2262:Manner
2250:Dorsal
2240:Labial
1980:Creaky
1940:Tenuis
1907:Sulcal
1751:Rhotic
1746:Liquid
1647:Manner
1521:Uvular
1498:Dorsal
1474:Apical
1431:Dental
1390:Labial
1316:
1279:
1255:
1175:
977:ngjaem
900:nraewX
746:l̠ʲ,ʎ̟
710:n̠ʲ,ɲ̟
671:Korean
663:d̠ʲ,ɟ̟
642:ikkeul
625:Korean
617:t̠ʲ,c̟
527:
525:U+0234
519:) and
505:
503:U+0235
499:nasals
483:
481:U+0221
471:
469:U+0236
345:Polish
259:Abkhaz
249:, and
243:Polish
235:Zhuang
203:Korean
189:, and
120:dorsal
71:
5607:audio
5039:Close
5022:Front
4953:Other
4887:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4653:Nasal
4619:audio
4316:Nasal
4183:Click
3778:audio
3305:Trill
2774:d̠ɹ̠˔
2330:Nasal
2308:Velar
2234:Place
2157:SAMPA
2032:chart
1985:Stiff
1975:Slack
1965:Modal
1922:Voice
1912:Domed
1810:Click
1731:Trill
1704:Vowel
1699:Nasal
1626:Other
1516:Velar
1381:Place
1110:ŋiap
1084:ȵiap
1063:nrjep
1058:Tone
1032:]
1014:ɲ̠in
985:ɲ̠iam
961:nyemX
945:nrjem
937:ɲ̠iau
929:ngewH
879:Tone
857:]
846:]
799:Irish
720:Nuosu
562:ɟ̟ ɲ̟
558:ɟ˖ ɲ˖
401:house
328:small
322:iǎo)
269:are:
263:Ubykh
187:Hakka
59:(IPA)
5504:Open
5032:Back
4909:t͡pʼ
4143:q𝼄ʼ
4136:k𝼄ʼ
4129:c𝼆ʼ
3995:t̠ʃʼ
3981:t̪θʼ
3974:p̪fʼ
3904:Stop
3355:ɽ̊r̥
3021:ɹ̠̊˔
2753:tɹ̝̊
2174:TIPA
2088:JIPA
1314:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1201:2021
1173:ISBN
1097:ȵap
1089:nyip
1071:niap
993:nyin
969:ȵiam
953:niam
921:ȵiau
913:nyew
892:niau
884:newH
819:-nc-
741:ȴ,l̂
705:ȵ,n̂
658:ȡ,d̂
651:dust
612:ȶ,t̂
603:IPA
586:IPA
360:herb
292:IPA
275:IPA
261:and
233:and
231:Shan
223:Thai
213:and
201:and
134:and
126:and
118:and
5290:Mid
4894:ɠ͡ɓ
4777:q͡p
4764:q͡ʡ
4752:ɡ͡b
4745:k͡p
4733:ɖ͡b
4726:ʈ͡p
4714:d͡b
4707:t͡p
4688:ŋ͡m
4674:ɳ͡m
4660:n͡m
4355:ɴ𝼊
4353:ŋ𝼊
4293:ɢ𝼊
4291:ɡ𝼊
4231:q𝼊
4229:k𝼊
4118:tɬʼ
4023:qχʼ
4016:kxʼ
4009:tɕʼ
4002:tʂʼ
3988:tsʼ
3715:𝼈̥
3486:ɡʟ̝
3479:k𝼄
3472:ɟʎ̝
3465:c𝼆
3458:d𝼅
3035:ɻ̊˔
3028:ɹ̠˔
2760:dɹ̝
2746:d̪ð
2739:t̪θ
2728:b̪v
2721:p̪f
2651:d̠ʒ
2644:t̠ʃ
2056:IPA
1228:doi
1102:net
1048:EMC
1004:阳平
1001:ȵin
988:阳平
956:阴平
924:阳平
908:阳平
869:EMC
848:in
817:or
815:ing
807:inn
789:In
771:eye
734:sit
685:ban
497:),
494:ȶ,ȡ
408:d͡ʑ
367:t͡ɕ
353:oło
227:Lao
98:or
82:In
5653::
5357:o̞
5341:ɤ̞
5315:ø̞
5299:e̞
4850:Sj
4803:ɥ̊
4591:ʛ̥
4584:ɠ̊
4577:ʄ̊
4570:ᶑ̊
4561:ɗ̥
4550:ɓ̥
4464:ɴǁ
4462:ŋǁ
4432:ɢǁ
4430:ɡǁ
4400:qǁ
4398:kǁ
4364:ɴǂ
4362:ŋǂ
4344:ɴǃ
4342:ŋǃ
4335:ɴǀ
4333:ŋǀ
4324:ɴʘ
4322:ŋʘ
4302:ɢǂ
4300:ɡǂ
4282:ɢǃ
4280:ɡǃ
4273:ɢǀ
4271:ɡǀ
4262:ɢʘ
4260:ɡʘ
4240:qǂ
4238:kǂ
4220:qǃ
4218:kǃ
4211:qǀ
4209:kǀ
4200:qʘ
4198:kʘ
4163:ɬʼ
4095:χʼ
4088:xʼ
4081:ɕʼ
4074:ʂʼ
4067:ʃʼ
4060:sʼ
4053:θʼ
4046:fʼ
4039:ɸʼ
3958:ʡʼ
3951:qʼ
3944:kʼ
3937:cʼ
3930:ʈʼ
3921:tʼ
3910:pʼ
3891:EG
3863:RF
3856:PA
3835:LD
3828:BL
3802:.
3740:ʟ̆
3731:ʎ̆
3722:𝼈
3697:ɺ̥
3661:ʟ̠
3579:ʟ̝
3572:𝼄
3565:ʎ̝
3558:𝼆
3551:𝼅
3451:tꞎ
3440:dɮ
3433:tɬ
3377:ʀ̥
3362:ɽr
3337:r̥
3311:ʙ̥
3293:ʡ̆
3284:ɢ̆
3260:ɽ̊
3242:ɾ̥
3231:ɾ̼
3213:ⱱ̟
3197:ʔ̞
3042:ɻ˔
3014:ð̠
3007:θ̠
2986:ð̼
2979:θ̼
2841:ʔh
2834:ʡʢ
2827:ʡʜ
2820:ɢʁ
2813:qχ
2806:ɡɣ
2799:kx
2792:ɟʝ
2785:cç
2714:bβ
2707:pɸ
2679:dʑ
2672:tɕ
2665:dʐ
2658:tʂ
2637:dz
2630:ts
2501:d̼
2494:t̼
2487:b̪
2480:p̪
2437:ɴ̥
2423:ŋ̊
2409:ɲ̊
2395:ɳ̊
2377:n̥
2366:n̼
2350:ɱ̊
2336:m̥
2264:↓
2236:→
1371:–
1367:–
1302:;
1224:20
1222:.
1218:.
1161:;
1137:^
1074:阳
972:上
940:上
895:去
855:zh
844:zh
827:in
763:ll
728:i
726:ny
724:ꑌ
678:반디
632:티끌
456:ʒʲ
423:地震
390:ку
388:/
382:ku
351:zi
245:,
229:,
225:,
205:,
191:Wu
185:,
102:)
94:,
86:,
5578:ɒ
5562:ɑ
5542:ä
5529:ɶ
5513:a
5491:ɐ
5471:æ
5451:ɔ
5435:ʌ
5422:ɞ
5406:ɜ
5393:œ
5377:ɛ
5328:ə
5279:o
5263:ɤ
5250:ɵ
5234:ɘ
5221:ø
5205:e
5185:ʊ
5163:ʏ
5147:ɪ
5127:u
5111:ɯ
5098:ʉ
5082:ɨ
5069:y
5053:i
4867:ɫ
4843:ɧ
4831:w
4824:ʍ
4810:ɥ
4794:/
4534:ʛ
4527:ɠ
4520:ʄ
4513:ᶑ
4504:ɗ
4493:ɓ
4371:ʞ
3884:U
3877:V
3870:P
3849:A
3842:D
3704:ɺ
3652:ʟ
3643:ʎ
3634:ɭ
3621:l
3544:ꞎ
3533:ɮ
3526:ɬ
3398:ʢ
3391:ʜ
3384:ʀ
3344:r
3318:ʙ
3267:ɽ
3249:ɾ
3222:ⱱ
3180:ɰ
3171:j
3162:ɻ
3149:ɹ
3132:ʋ
3112:ɦ
3105:h
3098:ʕ
3091:ħ
3084:ʁ
3077:χ
3070:ɣ
3063:x
3056:ʝ
3049:ç
3000:ð
2993:θ
2972:v
2965:f
2958:β
2951:ɸ
2923:ʑ
2916:ɕ
2909:ʐ
2902:ʂ
2895:ʒ
2888:ʃ
2881:z
2874:s
2595:ʔ
2586:ʡ
2579:ɢ
2572:q
2565:ɡ
2558:k
2551:ɟ
2544:c
2537:ɖ
2530:ʈ
2519:d
2512:t
2473:b
2466:p
2444:ɴ
2430:ŋ
2416:ɲ
2402:ɳ
2384:n
2357:ɱ
2343:m
2090:)
2086:(
2034:)
2030:(
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
1350:e
1343:t
1336:v
1322:.
1236:.
1230::
1203:.
1181:.
1106:捏
1093:入
1080:鑷
1067:聶
1010:仁
997:人
981:嚴
965:染
949:黏
933:澆
917:饒
904:撓
888:尿
761:u
689:i
687:d
640:t
570:ń
538:ȴ
535:(
516:ȵ
513:(
491:(
448:ʑ
444:ɕ
427:j
425:(
394:а
392:ћ
386:a
384:ć
335:ʑ
320:x
318:(
316:小
301:ɕ
90:(
77:.
31:.
20:)
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