1532:
336:
1553:
141:
1595:
1616:
1574:
1436:, and Colponemids. In other words, the term Myzozoa, meaning "to siphon the contents from prey", may be applied informally to the common ancestor of the subset of alveolates that are neither ciliates nor colponemids. Predation upon algae is an important driver in alveolate evolution, as it can provide sources for endosymbiosis of novel plastids. The term Myzozoa is therefore a handy concept for tracking the history of the alveolate phylum.
1510:
photosynthetic ancestor. On the basis that apicomplexans possess a plastid surrounded by four membranes, and that peridinin dinoflagellates possess a plastid surrounded by three membranes, Petersen et al. have been unable to rule out that the shared stramenopile-alveolate plastid could have been recycled multiple times in the alveolate phylum, the source being stramenopile-alveolate donors, through the mechanism of ingestion and
119:
1525:. Their reproduction is easily studied in the lab, and made them a model eukaryote historically. Being entirely predatory and lacking any remnant plastid, their development as a phylum illustrates how predation and autotrophy are in dynamic balance and that the balance can swing one way or other at the point of origin of a new phylum from mixotrophic ancestors, causing one ability to be lost.
499:
at the top of the cell. In apicomplexans this forms part of a complex used to enter host cells, while in some colorless dinoflagellates it forms a peduncle used to ingest prey. Various other genera are closely related to these two groups, mostly flagellates with a similar apical structure. These
1956:
Cornillot E, Hadj-Kaddour K, Dassouli A, Noel B, Ranwez V, Vacherie B, Augagneur Y, Brès V, Duclos A, Randazzo S, Carcy B, Debierre-Grockiego F, Delbecq S, Moubri-Ménage K, Shams-Eldin H, Usmani-Brown S, Bringaud F, Wincker P, Vivarès CP, Schwarz RT, Schetters TP, Krause PJ, Gorenflot A, Berry V,
1509:
An ongoing debate concerns the number of membranes surrounding the plastid across apicomplexans and certain dinoflagellates, and the origin of these membranes. This ultrastructural character can be used to group organisms and if the character is in common, it can imply that phyla had a common
1408:
hypothesis). Other researchers have speculated that the alveolates originally lacked plastids and possibly the dinoflagellates and
Apicomplexa acquired them separately. However, it now appears that the alveolates, the dinoflagellates, the Chromerida and the
488:. The Acavomonidia are closer to the dinoflagellate/perkinsid group than the Colponemidia are. As such, the informal term "colponemids", as it stands currently, covers two non-sister groups within Alveolata: the Acavomonidia and the Colponemidia.
2799:
Moore RB, ObornĂk M, Janouskovec J, ChrudimskĂ˝ T, Vancová M, Green DH, Wright SW, Davies NW, Bolch CJ, Heimann K, Slapeta J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Logsdon JM, Carter DA (2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites".
1506:. While the common ancestor of alveolates may also have possessed some of these characteristics, it has been argued that Myzocytosis was not one of these characteristics, as ciliates ingest prey by a different mechanism.
391:
The relationship of apicomplexa, dinoflagellates and ciliates had been suggested during the 1980s, and this was confirmed in the early 1990s by comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences, most notably by
Gajadhar
1517:
Ciliates are a model alveolate, having been genetically studied in great depth over the longest period of any alveolate lineage. They are unusual among eukaryotes in that reproduction involves a
2223:
n. gen. n. sp., two new alveolate phyla (Colponemidia nom. nov. and
Acavomonidia nom. nov.) and their contributions to reconstructing the ancestral state of alveolates and eukaryotes"
1400:
The development of plastids among the alveolates is intriguing. Cavalier-Smith proposed the alveolates developed from a chloroplast-containing ancestor, which also gave rise to the
542:
samples revealed the presence of two novel alveolate lineages, called group I and II. Group I has no cultivated relatives, while group II is related to the dinoflagellate parasite
2523:
6656:
5794:
2567:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
2514:
412:
Alveolata include around nine major and minor groups. They are diverse in form, and are known to be related by various ultrastructural and genetic similarities:
6087:
5611:
5601:
6123:
5764:
5606:
5555:
5545:
6820:
6673:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6091:
5647:
4314:
4213:
484:
The
Acavomonidia and Colponemidia were previously grouped together as colponemids, a taxon now split because each has a distinctive organization or
6808:
6796:
6747:
6369:
6063:
6047:
6043:
5789:
5735:
5560:
4218:
2853:"The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggests they are the free living sister group to apicomplexans"
1271:
7015:
6814:
6791:
6774:
6381:
6119:
6055:
5806:
5801:
5629:
5141:
4806:
2614:
2498:
1318:
1032:
568:
2343:
LĂłpez-GarcĂa P, RodrĂguez-Valera F, PedrĂłs-AliĂł C, Moreira D (2001). "Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea
Antarctic plankton".
6874:
6678:
6644:
6615:
6361:
6290:
6107:
6051:
5550:
5503:
5135:
4800:
4791:
4076:
1142:
758:
465:
426:
2394:
Moon-van der Staay SY, De
Wachter R, Vaulot D (2001). "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity".
7041:
6866:
6849:
6832:
6783:
6740:
6735:
6685:
6103:
6059:
5776:
5752:
5015:
4901:
1324:
1262:
1180:
531:
2512:
Taylor FJ (2004). "Illumination or confusion? Dinoflagellate molecular phylogenetic data viewed from a primarily morphological standpoint".
6903:
6895:
6841:
6111:
5771:
5710:
5112:
5101:
4811:
2904:, endosymbioses and the rhodoplex hypothesis—plastid evolution in cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes (CASH lineages)"
1280:
1171:
1125:
978:
735:
366:
6879:
5003:
1360:
1333:
6854:
6690:
6083:
5782:
1253:
829:
677:
7028:
2192:
Kumar, S. & Rzhetsky, A. 1996. Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms. Journal of
Molecular Evolution, 42: 183–193
2059:
Namasivayam S, Sun C, Bah AB, Oberstaller J, Pierre-Louis E, Etheridge RD, Feschotte C, Pritham EJ, Kissinger JC (2023-11-07).
1531:
4307:
2979:
2177:
7033:
4646:
3024:
1552:
383:
s highly fragmented mitochondrial genome, consisting of 21 sequence blocks which recombine to produce longer segments.
1904:
1615:
1413:
acquired their plastids from a red alga with evidence of a common origin of this organelle in all these four clades.
350:
Almost all sequenced mitochondrial genomes of ciliates and apicomplexa are linear. The mitochondria almost all carry
7080:
4687:
4300:
3058:
2460:
7046:
1573:
559:, mostly parasites of marine invertebrates, might belong here, but they lack alveoli and are now placed among the
4682:
3053:
1664:
Li CW, et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China".
1785:
Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015).
1439:
The ancestors of the alveolate group may have been photosynthetic. The ancestral alveolate probably possessed a
2012:"A novel fragmented mitochondrial genome in the protist pathogen Toxoplasma gondii and related tissue coccidia"
491:
The
Apicomplexa and dinoflagellates may be more closely related to each other than to the ciliates. Both have
2282:"Spliced leader RNAs, mitochondrial gene frameshifts and multi-protein phylogeny expand support for the genus
1707:
4766:
4756:
4739:
3137:
3127:
3110:
1594:
4925:
2445:
Hoppenrath M (2016-04-29). "Dinoflagellate taxonomy — a review and proposal of a revised classification".
1451:
have been argued to possess a monophyletic plastid lineage in common, i.e. acquired their plastids from a
566:
The ellobiopsids are of uncertain relation within the alveolates. Silberman et al 2004 establish that the
320:), and cells often have pore-like intrusions through the cell surface. The group contains free-living and
1455:, and so it seems likely that the common ancestor of alveolates and heterokonts was also photosynthetic.
2213:
Tikhonenkov DV, Janouškovec J, Mylnikov AP, Mikhailov KV, Simdyanov TG, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ (2014).
1905:"The Organellar Genomes of Chromera and Vitrella, the Phototrophic Relatives of Apicomplexan Parasites"
17:
400:
introduced the formal name
Alveolata in 1991, although at the time he considered the grouping to be a
140:
7085:
269:
2692:"A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record"
6518:
485:
6758:
6324:
4771:
4639:
4416:
4384:
3142:
3017:
7072:
7113:
7020:
6945:
5812:
4605:
4388:
4292:
7067:
6567:
5106:
5045:
4967:
4734:
4457:
3105:
2608:
2492:
2456:
1580:
940:
664:
585:
397:
209:
7059:
2744:"Multiple genes of apparent algal origin suggest ciliates may once have been photosynthetic"
2010:
Namasivayam S, Baptista RP, Xiao W, Hall EM, Doggett JS, Troell K, Kissinger JC (May 2021).
7002:
5747:
4859:
2809:
2755:
2644:
2403:
2352:
2297:
2234:
2072:
1798:
1673:
1447:. Going one step even further back, the chromerids, the peridinin dinoflagellates and the
8:
6983:
5992:
5949:
4473:
4469:
4402:
4323:
3920:
3704:
2447:
335:
308:
and supporting it, typically contributing to a flexible pellicle (thin skin). In armored
2813:
2759:
2648:
2633:"A common red algal origin of the apicomplexan, dinoflagellate, and heterokont plastids"
2407:
2356:
2301:
2238:
2093:
2076:
2060:
1920:
1802:
1677:
7108:
6039:
5839:
5058:
4834:
4751:
4729:
4717:
4692:
4632:
4570:
3930:
3122:
3100:
3088:
3063:
3010:
2928:
2899:
2880:
2868:
2833:
2776:
2743:
2716:
2691:
2667:
2632:
2591:
2566:
2547:
2480:
2427:
2376:
2320:
2281:
2257:
2214:
2128:
reveal evolutionary relationships among apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and ciliates".
2036:
2011:
1987:
1958:
1880:
1845:
1821:
1786:
1762:
1737:
1689:
969:
615:
239:
135:
7054:
6728:
6165:
5727:
5565:
5426:
5349:
4920:
4761:
4724:
4712:
4702:
4430:
4394:
4264:
4190:
4171:
3881:
3464:
3132:
3095:
3083:
3073:
2975:
2933:
2872:
2851:
Kuvardina ON, Leander BS, Aleshin VV, Myl'nikov AP, Keeling PJ, Simdyanov TG (2002).
2825:
2781:
2721:
2672:
2596:
2539:
2472:
2419:
2368:
2325:
2262:
2173:
2145:
2141:
2098:
2041:
1992:
1932:
1924:
1885:
1826:
1767:
1753:
1693:
1213:
1095:
514:
301:
297:
2837:
2551:
2535:
2484:
2380:
6603:
6157:
6133:
6129:
5967:
5911:
5408:
5212:
4950:
4676:
4525:
4484:
4465:
4461:
4236:
4182:
3936:
3382:
3047:
2967:
2959:
2923:
2915:
2898:
Petersen J, Ludewig AK, Michael V, Bunk B, Jarek M, Baurain D, Brinkmann H (2014).
2884:
2864:
2817:
2771:
2763:
2711:
2703:
2662:
2652:
2586:
2578:
2531:
2527:
2464:
2431:
2411:
2360:
2315:
2305:
2252:
2242:
2137:
2088:
2080:
2031:
2023:
1982:
1974:
1916:
1875:
1865:
1816:
1806:
1757:
1749:
1681:
1231:
3868:
2061:"Massive invasion of organellar DNA drives nuclear genome evolution in Toxoplasma"
6591:
6169:
6137:
5957:
5953:
5916:
5894:
5859:
5570:
5369:
5301:
5231:
4962:
4955:
4109:
3284:
2310:
2247:
2165:
1811:
1459:
1240:
1068:
372:
356:
339:
Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of the surface of the ciliate
309:
6486:
6402:
6312:
6233:
6173:
6143:
5926:
5870:
5847:
5670:
5431:
5386:
5219:
5199:
5088:
4854:
4707:
4659:
4592:
4562:
4422:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4205:
4195:
4159:
4134:
3823:
3614:
3515:
3437:
3246:
3078:
1648:. Those for which epigenetic data are available include some algal alveolates.
1627:
1405:
1309:
1008:
842:
436:
404:
assemblage. Many biologists prefer the use of the colloquial name 'alveolate'.
329:
285:
191:
165:
127:
2767:
2582:
2468:
2342:
1443:. Chromerids, apicomplexans, and peridinin dinoflagellates have retained this
7102:
6968:
6752:
6661:
6501:
6450:
6437:
6420:
6344:
6191:
6079:
6000:
5921:
5876:
5864:
5829:
5621:
5532:
5462:
5374:
5357:
5236:
5077:
5064:
4896:
4611:
4531:
4436:
4241:
4040:
4032:
3862:
3783:
3723:
3634:
3608:
3337:
2543:
2476:
1928:
1870:
1511:
1463:
958:
949:
643:
628:
520:
317:
313:
305:
76:
4624:
2657:
2084:
6914:
6620:
6608:
6562:
6542:
6491:
6468:
6336:
6319:
6307:
6250:
6238:
6202:
6179:
6073:
6069:
6035:
5977:
5972:
5961:
5945:
5941:
5903:
5758:
5740:
5664:
5474:
5450:
5438:
5280:
5260:
5243:
5224:
5190:
5126:
5010:
4980:
4878:
4556:
4547:
4448:
4408:
4274:
4101:
4081:
4021:
3925:
3898:
3845:
3803:
3770:
3545:
3323:
3262:
3002:
2937:
2876:
2829:
2785:
2725:
2707:
2676:
2600:
2423:
2372:
2329:
2266:
2102:
2045:
1996:
1936:
1889:
1850:
reveals a shift in nucleotide composition and codon usage within the genus
1830:
1771:
1522:
1518:
1369:
1222:
1195:
1041:
1017:
990:
692:
573:
556:
539:
460:
431:
401:
277:
6994:
2963:
2149:
2027:
6977:
6802:
6723:
6706:
6596:
6587:
6524:
6512:
6506:
6411:
6257:
6244:
6017:
5982:
5936:
5931:
5702:
5640:
5491:
5419:
5413:
5362:
5328:
5308:
5176:
5070:
5053:
5033:
4992:
4937:
4908:
4883:
4366:
4357:
4165:
4091:
3943:
3907:
3887:
3835:
3809:
3699:
3647:
3620:
3602:
3575:
3342:
3211:
3200:
2919:
2852:
1978:
1645:
1606:
1585:
1378:
1289:
1162:
1086:
1077:
1059:
793:
780:
549:
544:
526:
496:
449:
444:
325:
51:
2971:
2949:
2947:
2821:
1959:"Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen
6908:
6649:
6554:
6531:
6479:
6473:
6431:
6425:
6374:
6349:
6299:
6226:
6214:
6208:
6184:
6029:
6025:
6005:
5882:
5852:
5682:
5582:
5577:
5520:
5514:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5395:
5268:
5248:
5022:
4985:
4943:
4931:
4842:
4500:
4246:
4070:
4061:
4046:
3914:
3851:
3710:
3671:
3666:
3552:
3469:
3364:
3276:
2212:
1622:
1564:
1559:
1543:
1538:
1491:
1473:
1468:
1448:
1410:
1189:
999:
931:
605:
454:
440:
378:
341:
225:
96:
61:
1313:
Butschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1999 sensu Cavalier-Smith 2013
576:
analysis, however as of 2016 no more certainty exists on their place.
6715:
6626:
6536:
6461:
6443:
6386:
6262:
6196:
5658:
5652:
5634:
5508:
5479:
5403:
5285:
5207:
5146:
4973:
4663:
4655:
4576:
4145:
4086:
3794:
3759:
3717:
3694:
3676:
3563:
3499:
3374:
3251:
3194:
3181:
3033:
2944:
2415:
2364:
1685:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1444:
1423:
1401:
1298:
857:
595:
508:
321:
152:
101:
41:
6939:
2997:
2850:
1421:
A Bayesian estimate places the evolution of the alveolate group at ~
6962:
6666:
6579:
6455:
6220:
5715:
5676:
5594:
5538:
5339:
5027:
4889:
4866:
4746:
4600:
4379:
4371:
4152:
4114:
4015:
3992:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3456:
3331:
3206:
3189:
3167:
3117:
2157:
1715:
1483:
1452:
1433:
1351:
1342:
1204:
1050:
808:
560:
502:
470:
361:
354:
of their own but with greatly reduced genome sizes. Exceptions are
281:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
45:
2393:
7007:
5588:
5526:
5273:
5165:
5082:
4913:
4871:
4847:
4825:
4516:
4494:
4479:
4268:
4003:
3840:
3686:
3593:
3582:
3446:
3352:
3308:
3216:
2798:
2116:
Gajadhar, A. A., et al. (1991). "Ribosomal RNA sequences of
1955:
1601:
1440:
1429:
1153:
770:
492:
474:
416:
273:
261:
230:
118:
106:
81:
2741:
473:– parasitic and secondary non-photosynthetic protozoa that lack
4997:
4322:
3861:
3658:
3388:
3290:
3232:
2631:
Janouskovec J, Horák A, ObornĂk M, Lukes J, Keeling PJ (2010).
1503:
1110:
722:
478:
420:
4228:
2168:. In Patterson DJ, Larsen J, Systematics Association (eds.).
351:
284:
among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the
265:
2630:
2058:
3485:
2009:
1641:
535:
178:
2897:
1784:
296:
The most notable shared characteristic is the presence of
2280:
Zhang H, Campbell DA, Sturm NR, Dungan CF, Lin S (2011).
1184:
Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004 sensu Ruggiero et al. 2015
346:, showing the alveoli (red arrows) under the cell surface
2279:
1787:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
588:
described the phylogeny of the Alveolata as follows:
2170:
The Biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates
1458:
In one school of thought the common ancestor of the
2742:Reyes-Prieto A, Moustafa A, Bhattacharya D (2008).
2558:
2166:"Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates"
260:(meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of
2626:
2624:
1846:"The mitochondrial genome sequence of the ciliate
1482:was a myzocytotic predator with two heterodynamic
1896:
7100:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1666:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
4181:
2737:
2735:
2689:
2621:
2438:
2115:
2065:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
312:they may contain stiff plates. Alveolates have
2564:
2163:
1843:
4654:
4640:
4308:
3018:
2844:
2195:
2172:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–131.
3032:
2953:
2732:
1949:
1902:
1208:Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2013
457:– a marine phylum of photosynthetic protozoa
5189:
5134:
4799:
3897:
2613:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2505:
2497:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
572:genus of ellobiopsids are alveolates using
5174:
4647:
4633:
4315:
4301:
3025:
3011:
2683:
2444:
1738:"The revised classification of eukaryotes"
304:(sacs) arranged as a layer just under the
298:cortical (near the surface) alveoli (sacs)
117:
3275:
2927:
2775:
2715:
2666:
2656:
2590:
2319:
2309:
2273:
2256:
2246:
2092:
2035:
1986:
1879:
1869:
1820:
1810:
1778:
1761:
1284:Norén 1999 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2014
6714:
3180:
1837:
1120:Tikhonenkov, Mylnikov & Keeling 2013
548:, which was classified until now in the
534:. In 2001, direct amplification of the
364:, the circular mitochondrial genomes of
334:
3165:
1502:, a polar ring and a coiled open sided
419:– very common protozoa with many short
14:
7101:
4283:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
2511:
2130:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
1729:
1712:Memidex (WordNet) Dictionary/Thesaurus
276:. They are currently grouped with the
6944:
6943:
4628:
4296:
3006:
2565:Cavalier-Smith T (5 September 2017).
1090:Small & Lynn 1985 sensu Lynn 2008
495:, and most share a bundle or cone of
1921:10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104449
1735:
935:Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956
24:
2954:Piferrer F, Wang HP, eds. (2023).
2869:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x
1742:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1663:
1166:Levine 1970 emend. Adl et al. 2005
291:
25:
7125:
2991:
1903:ObornĂk M, Lukeš J (2015-10-15).
407:
2286:as a unique group of Alveolates"
1754:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
1614:
1593:
1572:
1551:
1530:
477:locomotive structures except in
423:arranged in rows, and two nuclei
139:
49:
2891:
2792:
2536:10.1111/j.1440-183.2004.00360.x
2387:
2336:
2186:
2109:
1257:Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 2003
500:include free-living members in
3762:
3758:
3518:
3514:
2690:Berney C, Pawlowski J (2006).
2052:
2003:
1957:Barbe V, Ben Mamoun C (2012).
1844:Barth D, Berendonk TU (2011).
1700:
1657:
1635:
1395:
1275:Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004
1266:Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004
944:Gerassimova & Seravin 1976
13:
1:
2524:Japanese Society of Phycology
1909:Annual Review of Microbiology
1651:
1217:Chatton & Villeneuve 1936
986:Infraphylum Lamellicorticata
2311:10.1371/journal.pone.0019933
2248:10.1371/journal.pone.0095467
2142:10.1016/0166-6851(91)90036-6
1812:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
1416:
1199:Patterson & Zölffel 1991
579:
7:
2958:. Wiley. pp. 383–411.
1736:Adl S, et al. (2012).
1428:. The Alveolata consist of
916:
555:Some studies suggested the
360:which are left with only a
10:
7130:
2956:Epigenetics in Aquaculture
386:
6952:
6894:
6865:
6840:
6831:
6782:
6773:
6705:
6637:
6578:
6553:
6410:
6401:
6360:
6335:
6298:
6289:
6285:
6156:
6016:
5991:
5902:
5893:
5838:
5827:
5726:
5701:
5620:
5499:
5490:
5394:
5385:
5348:
5337:
5326:
5296:
5259:
5198:
5185:
5163:
5125:
5099:
5044:
4833:
4824:
4790:
4786:
4670:
4591:
4546:
4515:
4447:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4259:
4227:
4204:
4131:
4100:
4060:
4031:
4011:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3831:
3822:
3793:
3778:
3769:
3756:
3752:
3685:
3657:
3642:
3633:
3592:
3571:
3562:
3525:
3512:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3478:
3455:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3373:
3360:
3351:
3318:
3305:
3271:
3260:
3242:
3229:
3176:
3161:
3157:
3041:
2768:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.042
2583:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3
2469:10.1007/s12526-016-0471-8
2164:Cavalier-Smith T (1991).
855:
840:
833:
806:
791:
784:
774:
756:
748:
733:
726:
690:
675:
668:
641:
626:
619:
609:
599:
245:
238:
222:
217:
136:Scientific classification
134:
125:
116:
34:
3488:
3484:
2998:Tree of Life: Alveolates
1871:10.1186/1471-2164-12-272
486:ultrastructural identity
6325:Vitrella brassicaformis
4417:Cyclospora cayetanensis
4385:Cryptosporidium hominis
2658:10.1073/pnas.1003335107
2585:(inactive 2024-05-03).
2471:(inactive 2024-05-03).
2085:10.1073/pnas.2308569120
1426: million years ago
1146:Tikhonenkov et al. 2014
1137:Tikhonenkov et al. 2014
1135:Subphylum Acavomonadia
1118:Subphylum Colponemidia
1099:de Puytorac et al. 1974
1072:de Puytorac et al. 1974
27:Superphylum of protists
4606:Prototheca wickerhamii
4389:Cryptosporidium parvum
2708:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537
2637:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2126:Crypthecodinium cohnii
1644:have been studied for
1293:Norén et al. 1999 s.s.
552:dinoflagellate order.
347:
316:with tubular cristae (
300:. These are flattened
7068:Paleobiology Database
5046:Postciliodesmatophora
4458:Plasmodium falciparum
2964:10.1002/9781119821946
2515:Phycological Research
2457:Senckenberg Institute
2028:10.1101/gr.266403.120
1581:Plasmodium falciparum
1063:Small & Lynn 1981
1054:Small & Lynn 1981
1025:Infraphylum Ventrata
994:Small & Lynn 1981
941:Postciliodesmatophora
665:Postciliodesmatophora
586:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
439:s.l. – mostly marine
338:
324:organisms, predatory
264:, considered a major
5748:Eleutheroschizonidae
4860:Cariacothrix caudata
2857:J Eukaryot Microbiol
2221:Acavomonas peruviana
2217:Colponema vietnamica
1623:Dinophysis acuminata
5993:Blastogregarinorina
5950:Oligochaetocystinae
4403:Cystoisospora belli
4324:Protozoan infection
4160:Gunflint microbiota
3921:Klebsormidiophyceae
3705:Hyphochytriomycetes
2822:10.1038/nature06635
2814:2008Natur.451..959M
2760:2008CBio...18..956R
2649:2010PNAS..10710949J
2448:Marine Biodiversity
2408:2001Natur.409..607M
2357:2001Natur.409..603L
2302:2011PLoSO...619933Z
2239:2014PLoSO...995467T
2077:2023PNAS..12008569N
2071:(45): –2308569120.
1848:Paramecium caudatum
1803:2015PLoSO..1019248R
1678:2007GSLSP.286..151L
1539:Paramecium caudatum
1373:Fensome et al. 1993
1364:Cavalier-Smith 2017
1346:Cavalier-Smith 1987
1337:Cavalier-Smith 2017
1328:Cavalier-Smith 1993
1226:Cavalier-Smith 2014
1175:Cavalier-Smith 2017
1157:Cavalier-Smith 2004
1129:Cavalier-Smith 1993
1114:Cavalier-Smith 1987
1027:Cavalier-Smith 2004
925:Cavalier-Smith 1991
512:, and parasites in
443:many of which have
6088:Amphiplatysporidae
6040:Cephaloidophoridae
5840:Archigregarinorida
4835:Intramacronucleata
4571:Pythium insidiosum
3931:Coleochaetophyceae
3311:
3307:
3235:
3231:
2920:10.1093/gbe/evu043
1979:10.1093/nar/gks700
970:Intramacronucleata
616:Intramacronucleata
348:
7096:
7095:
7055:Open Tree of Life
6946:Taxon identifiers
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6890:
6889:
6769:
6768:
6701:
6700:
6397:
6396:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6166:Schizogregarinina
6152:
6151:
5823:
5822:
5728:Protococcidiorida
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5612:Selenococcidiidae
5602:Elleipsisomatidae
5566:Cryptosporidiidae
5427:Haemogregarinidae
5350:Agamococcidiorida
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5121:
5120:
4921:Oligohymenophorea
4820:
4819:
4622:
4621:
4587:
4586:
4542:
4541:
4511:
4510:
4431:Toxoplasma gondii
4395:Cryptosporidiosis
4290:
4289:
4255:
4254:
4191:Spironematellidae
4172:Meteora sporadica
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4056:
4055:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3882:Prasinodermophyta
3818:
3817:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3629:
3628:
3465:Centroplasthelida
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3301:
3300:
3225:
3224:
2981:978-1-119-82191-5
2808:(7181): 959–963.
2702:(1596): 1867–72.
2179:978-0-19-857747-8
2122:Theilera annulata
2118:Sarcocystis muris
1967:Nucleic Acids Res
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1355:Chatton 1920 s.l.
1347:
1338:
1329:
1314:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1214:Blastogregarinida
1209:
1200:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1096:Oligohymenophorea
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
983:
974:
963:
954:
945:
936:
926:
913:
912:
904:
903:
895:
894:
886:
885:
877:
876:
868:
867:
819:
818:
712:
711:
703:
702:
654:
653:
254:
253:
213:
16:(Redirected from
7121:
7089:
7088:
7076:
7075:
7063:
7062:
7050:
7049:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7023:
7011:
7010:
6998:
6997:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6941:
6940:
6838:
6837:
6780:
6779:
6712:
6711:
6604:Duboscquellaceae
6408:
6407:
6296:
6295:
6287:
6286:
6158:Neogregarinorida
6134:Actinocephalidae
6130:Stylocephaloidea
6124:Trichorhynchidae
5968:Schaudinnellidae
5912:Aikinetocystidae
5900:
5899:
5836:
5835:
5765:Eleutheroschizon
5607:Lankesterellidae
5556:Calyptosporiidae
5546:Atoxoplasmatidae
5497:
5496:
5409:Dactylosomatidae
5392:
5391:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5171:
5132:
5131:
4951:Parablepharismea
4926:Ichthyophthirius
4831:
4830:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4699:
4679:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4526:Balantidium coli
4485:Blackwater fever
4363:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4237:Collodictyonidae
4183:Hemimastigophora
4179:
4178:
4138:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3937:Zygnematophyceae
3895:
3894:
3875:
3859:
3858:
3829:
3828:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3640:
3639:
3569:
3568:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3383:Choanoflagellata
3358:
3357:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3070:
3050:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2986:
2985:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2908:Genome Biol Evol
2895:
2889:
2888:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2643:(24): 10949–54.
2628:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2594:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2416:10.1038/35054541
2402:(6820): 607–10.
2391:
2385:
2384:
2365:10.1038/35054537
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2215:"Description of
2210:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1714:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1686:10.1144/SP286.11
1661:
1618:
1597:
1576:
1555:
1534:
1449:heterokont algae
1427:
1411:heterokont algae
1381:
1372:
1370:Noctiluciphyceae
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1312:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1243:
1234:
1232:Gregarinomorphea
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1089:
1081:Schewiakoff 1896
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1045:Chen et al. 2015
1044:
1036:Chen et al. 2015
1035:
1026:
1020:
1012:Orsi et al. 2011
1011:
1002:
993:
982:Chen et al. 2015
981:
972:
961:
952:
943:
934:
924:
836:
835:
787:
786:
777:
776:
751:
750:
729:
728:
671:
670:
622:
621:
612:
611:
602:
601:
592:
591:
248:Alveolatobiontes
208:
144:
143:
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7027:
7019:
7014:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6991:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6948:
6938:
6921:
6886:
6861:
6827:
6821:Rhizellobiopsis
6765:
6697:
6674:Pronoctilucidae
6633:
6592:Amoebophryaceae
6574:
6549:
6500:Without theca:
6393:
6356:
6331:
6269:
6170:Caulleryellidae
6148:
6138:Stylocephalidae
6116:Sphaerocystidae
6100:Dactylophoridae
6096:Cnemidosporidae
6092:Brustiophoridae
6012:
5987:
5958:Stomatophorinae
5954:Rhynchocystinae
5917:Allantocystidae
5895:Eugregarinorida
5889:
5860:Selenidioididae
5832:
5819:
5722:
5689:
5648:Toxoplasmatinae
5616:
5571:Cryptosporidium
5486:
5381:
5370:Rhytidocystidae
5342:
5331:
5314:
5302:Cardiosporidium
5292:
5255:
5232:Leucocytozoidae
5179:
5168:
5151:
5117:
5095:
5040:
4963:Phyllopharyngea
4956:Parablepharisma
4816:
4782:
4781:
4697:
4675:
4666:
4653:
4623:
4618:
4583:
4538:
4507:
4443:
4370:
4334:
4321:
4291:
4286:
4251:
4223:
4214:Ancyromonadidae
4200:
4177:
4132:
4119:
4110:Malawimonadidae
4096:
4052:
4027:
3991:
3950:
3893:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3814:
3789:
3757:
3728:
3681:
3653:
3625:
3588:
3558:
3513:
3504:
3483:
3474:
3451:
3436:
3395:
3369:
3347:
3306:
3297:
3261:
3256:
3230:
3221:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3068:
3046:
3037:
3031:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2952:
2945:
2896:
2892:
2849:
2845:
2797:
2793:
2740:
2733:
2688:
2684:
2629:
2622:
2606:
2605:
2563:
2559:
2510:
2506:
2490:
2489:
2443:
2439:
2392:
2388:
2351:(6820): 603–7.
2341:
2337:
2278:
2274:
2211:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2162:
2158:
2114:
2110:
2057:
2053:
2016:Genome Research
2008:
2004:
1973:(18): 9102–14.
1961:Babesia microti
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1901:
1897:
1842:
1838:
1797:(4): e0119248.
1783:
1779:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1631:
1619:
1610:
1598:
1589:
1577:
1568:
1556:
1547:
1535:
1460:dinoflagellates
1422:
1419:
1398:
1241:Coccidiomorphea
1069:Phyllopharyngea
919:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
820:
713:
704:
655:
582:
538:gene in marine
437:Dinoflagellates
410:
389:
373:Babesia microti
357:Cryptosporidium
310:dinoflagellates
294:
292:Characteristics
207:
138:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7077:
7064:
7051:
7038:
7025:
7012:
6999:
6989:
6974:
6958:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6871:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6846:
6844:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6809:Parallobiopsis
6797:Elliobiocystis
6788:
6786:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6748:Rastromonadida
6745:
6733:
6720:
6718:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6671:
6659:
6654:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6613:
6601:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6529:
6497:
6496:
6487:Prorocentrales
6484:
6466:
6448:
6419:With a theca:
6416:
6414:
6405:
6403:Dinoflagellata
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6379:
6370:Alphamonadidae
6366:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6317:
6313:Chromera velia
6304:
6302:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6255:
6234:Schizocystidae
6231:
6189:
6177:
6174:Ophryocystidae
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6144:Blabericolidae
6141:
6127:
6077:
6067:
6064:Uradiophoridae
6048:Didymophoridae
6044:Cephalolobidae
6033:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5927:Enterocystidae
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5871:Meroselenidium
5857:
5848:Exoschizonidae
5844:
5842:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5799:
5790:Mackinnoniidae
5787:
5769:
5745:
5736:Angeiocystidae
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5671:Nephroisospora
5645:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5575:
5563:
5561:Caryotrophidae
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5432:Haemogregarina
5424:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5389:
5387:Eucoccidiorida
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5220:Haemoproteidae
5217:
5204:
5202:
5200:Haemospororida
5193:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:Tracheloraphis
5075:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5020:
5008:
4990:
4978:
4960:
4948:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4876:
4864:
4855:Cariacotrichea
4852:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:Mesomycetozoea
4769:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4708:Diaphoretickes
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4597:
4595:
4593:Archaeplastida
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4563:Blastocystosis
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4423:Cyclosporiasis
4413:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4332:Archaeplastida
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4267:excluded from
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4219:Planomonadidae
4216:
4210:
4208:
4206:Ancyromonadida
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4196:Paramastigidae
4193:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4148:
4141:
4139:
4135:Incertae sedis
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4006:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3824:Archaeplastida
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3615:Dinoflagellata
3611:
3609:Chrompodellida
3606:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3438:Diaphoretickes
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3171:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:Mesomycetozoea
3140:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3079:Diaphoretickes
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:classification
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:External links
2990:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2943:
2914:(3): 666–684.
2902:Chromera velia
2890:
2863:(6): 498–504.
2843:
2791:
2754:(13): 956–62.
2731:
2682:
2620:
2577:(1): 297–357.
2557:
2504:
2437:
2386:
2335:
2272:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2156:
2136:(1): 147–153.
2108:
2051:
2022:(5): 852–865.
2002:
1948:
1895:
1836:
1777:
1748:(5): 429–514.
1728:
1699:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1628:Dinoflagellata
1620:
1613:
1611:
1602:Eimeria maxima
1599:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1536:
1529:
1418:
1415:
1406:chromalveolate
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1310:Dinoflagellata
1306:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1277:
1272:Rastromonadida
1268:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1009:Cariacotrichea
1005:
996:
984:
966:
965:
964:
955:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
906:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
861:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:Dinoflagellata
839:
834:
832:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
790:
785:
783:
775:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
755:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
732:
727:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
674:
669:
667:
661:
660:
657:
656:
652:
651:
648:
647:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
625:
620:
618:
610:
608:
600:
598:
590:
581:
578:
482:
481:
468:
463:
458:
452:
447:
434:
429:
424:
409:
408:Classification
406:
398:Cavalier-Smith
388:
385:
330:photosynthetic
293:
290:
286:SAR supergroup
252:
251:
250:
249:
243:
242:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
210:Cavalier-Smith
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
169:
168:
166:Diaphoretickes
163:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
128:Ceratium furca
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7126:
7115:
7114:Infrakingdoms
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6815:Thalassomyces
6811:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6792:Ellobiopsidae
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:Protalveolata
6772:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:Parvilucifera
6749:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6662:Oxyrrhinaceae
6660:
6658:
6657:Ichthyodinium
6655:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6502:Gymnodiniales
6499:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6451:Gonyaulacales
6449:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:Ornithocercus
6434:
6433:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6421:Dinophysiales
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:Voromonadidae
6380:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6345:Colpodellidae
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6192:Lipotrophidae
6190:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6120:Stenophoridae
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6080:Stenophoricae
6078:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6056:Hirmocystidae
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6007:
6002:
6001:Siedleckiidae
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Diplocystidae
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:Selenidioides
5873:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:Merogregarina
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:Gregarinasina
5826:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:Myriosporides
5803:
5802:Myriosporidae
5800:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5630:Sarcocystinae
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5622:Sarcocystidae
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:Pseudoklossia
5529:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5463:Klossiellidae
5461:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5376:
5375:Rhytidocystis
5371:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5358:Gemmocystidae
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:Leucocytozoon
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5142:Colponemadida
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5078:Karyorelictea
5076:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:Climacostomum
5061:
5060:
5055:
5054:Heterotrichea
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4897:Muranotrichea
4895:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4807:Acavomonadida
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Stramenopiles
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:(major groups
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4613:
4612:Protothecosis
4610:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4533:
4532:Balantidiasis
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4437:Toxoplasmosis
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:Âątraditional
4262:
4261:
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Mantamonadida
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:Heterolobosea
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4033:Discicristata
4030:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3863:Viridiplantae
3860:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3784:Microheliella
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3725:
3724:Actinophryida
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Stramenopiles
3632:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Ichthyosporea
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:Rotosphaerida
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Apusomonadida
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Stramenopiles
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:(major groups
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Proc Biol Sci
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:(5): e19933.
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:(4): e95467.
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1718:on 2016-04-11
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1512:endosymbiosis
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:apicomplexans
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:Pronoctilucea
1316:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:Discotrichida
1030:
1024:
1021:BĂĽtschli 1889
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
987:
985:
980:
976:
975:
971:
967:
960:
959:Karyorelictea
956:
951:
950:Heterotrichea
947:
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
929:
928:
927:
923:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
838:
837:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
811:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
789:
788:
782:
779:
778:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
754:Acavomonadia
753:
752:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
708:
707:
699:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
650:
649:
646:
645:
644:Karyorelictea
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:Heterotrichea
624:
623:
617:
614:
613:
607:
604:
603:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
577:
575:
571:
570:
569:Thalassomyces
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
522:
521:Parvilucifera
517:
516:
511:
510:
505:
504:
498:
494:
489:
487:
480:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
405:
403:
399:
395:
384:
382:
380:
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
345:
343:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:invaginations
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:stramenopiles
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
247:
246:
244:
241:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
216:
211:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
130:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
6953:
6915:Platyproteum
6913:
6907:
6878:
6875:Chilovoridae
6853:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6757:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6689:
6679:Pronoctiluca
6677:
6665:
6648:
6645:Acrocoelidae
6625:
6621:Hematodinium
6619:
6616:Syndiniaceae
6609:Duboscquella
6607:
6595:
6566:
6563:Noctilucales
6543:Symbiodinium
6541:
6535:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6492:Prorocentrum
6490:
6478:
6472:
6469:Peridiniales
6460:
6454:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6385:
6373:
6362:Voromonadida
6348:
6337:Colpodellida
6323:
6320:Vitrellaceae
6311:
6308:Chromeraceae
6291:Apicomonadea
6261:
6251:Schizocystis
6249:
6243:
6239:Lymphotropha
6237:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6203:Farinocystis
6201:
6195:
6183:
6180:Gigaductidae
6108:Monoductidae
6074:Porosporidae
6070:Porosporicae
6052:Gregarinidae
6036:Gregarinicae
6004:
5978:Thiriotiidae
5973:Selenidiidae
5962:Zygocystinae
5946:Monocystinae
5942:Monocystidae
5904:Aseptatorina
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5851:
5811:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5775:
5763:
5759:Defretinella
5757:
5751:
5741:Angeiocystis
5739:
5714:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5665:Hyaloklossia
5663:
5657:
5651:
5639:
5633:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5569:
5551:Barrouxiidae
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5504:Aggregatidae
5478:
5475:Legerellidae
5466:
5454:
5451:Karyolysidae
5442:
5439:Hepatozoidae
5430:
5418:
5412:
5373:
5361:
5307:
5300:
5284:
5281:Theileriidae
5272:
5261:Piroplasmida
5247:
5244:Plasmodiidae
5235:
5225:Haemoproteus
5223:
5211:
5191:Aconoidasida
5145:
5136:Colponemadea
5127:Colponemidia
5111:
5105:
5087:
5081:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5032:
5026:
5023:Spirotrichea
5014:
5011:Protocruziea
5002:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4968:Chilodonella
4966:
4954:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4882:
4879:Litostomatea
4870:
4858:
4846:
4810:
4801:Acavomonadea
4792:Acavomonidia
4757:Opisthokonta
4604:
4569:
4557:Blastocystis
4555:
4548:Stramenopile
4524:
4493:
4456:
4449:Aconoidasida
4429:
4415:
4409:Isosporiasis
4401:
4383:
4348:
4280:
4275:paraphyletic
4170:
4151:
4133:
4102:Malawimonada
4082:Anaeromonada
4077:Anaeramoebae
4069:
4045:
4022:Tsukubamonas
4020:
3942:
3935:
3926:Charophyceae
3913:
3906:
3899:Streptophyta
3886:
3870:
3850:
3846:Rhodelphidia
3804:Palpitomonas
3802:
3782:
3771:Pancryptista
3716:
3709:
3646:
3613:
3601:
3581:
3551:
3546:Foraminifera
3544:
3387:
3330:
3324:Tunicaraptor
3322:
3289:
3263:Opisthokonta
3199:
3128:Opisthokonta
2972:10261/191758
2955:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2751:
2747:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2609:cite journal
2574:
2570:
2560:
2530:): 308–324.
2519:
2513:
2507:
2493:cite journal
2463:): 381–403.
2452:
2446:
2440:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2188:
2169:
2159:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1912:
1908:
1898:
1861:
1858:BMC Genomics
1857:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1711:
1702:
1672:(1): 151–6.
1669:
1665:
1659:
1639:
1621:
1600:
1579:
1558:
1537:
1523:macronucleus
1519:micronucleus
1516:
1508:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1438:
1420:
1399:
1382:Pascher 1914
1270:Order ?
1261:Order ?
1252:Infraphylum
1244:Doflein 1901
1223:Paragregarea
1196:Colpodellida
1179:Class ?
1170:Order ?
1161:Infraphylum
1143:Acavomonadea
1042:Protocruziea
1031:Order ?
1018:Spirotrichea
991:Litostomatea
977:Class ?
962:Corliss 1974
921:
920:
856:
841:
807:
792:
759:Acavomonadea
757:
734:
693:Spirotrichia
691:
676:
642:
627:
583:
574:phylogenetic
567:
565:
557:haplosporids
554:
543:
540:picoplankton
532:ellobiopsids
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
497:microtubules
490:
483:
466:Voromonadida
461:Colpodellida
445:chloroplasts
432:Colponemidia
427:Acavomonidia
411:
402:paraphyletic
393:
390:
377:
371:
365:
355:
349:
340:
314:mitochondria
295:
257:
255:
204:
198:
185:
172:
159:
126:
29:
6978:Wikispecies
6867:Chilovorida
6850:Algovoridae
6833:Myzomonadea
6803:Ellobiopsis
6784:Ellobiopsea
6759:Rastrimonas
6741:Phagodinium
6736:Phagodinida
6724:Perkinsidae
6707:Perkinsozoa
6686:Psammosidae
6597:Amoebophyra
6588:Syndiniales
6525:Karlodinium
6513:Gymnodinium
6507:Amphidinium
6412:Dinokaryota
6258:Syncystidae
6245:Machadoella
6104:Leidyanidae
6060:Metameridae
6018:Septatorina
5983:Urosporidae
5937:Lecudinidae
5932:Ganymedidae
5795:Mackinnonia
5777:Coelotropha
5753:Coelotropha
5703:Ixorheorida
5641:Sarcocystis
5492:Eimeriorina
5420:Dactylosoma
5414:Babesiosoma
5363:Gemmocystis
5329:Conoidasida
5309:Nephromyces
5177:Apicomplexa
5071:Blepharisma
5034:Stylonychia
5016:Protocruzia
4993:Prostomatea
4981:Plagiopylea
4938:Tetrahymena
4909:Nassophorea
4902:Muranothrix
4884:Balantidium
4367:Conoidasida
4358:Apicomplexa
4166:Chitinozoan
4092:Parabasalia
3944:Embryophyta
3908:Chlorokybus
3888:Chlorophyta
3836:Glaucophyta
3810:Cryptophyta
3700:Pirsoniales
3667:Bicosoecida
3648:Platysulcus
3621:Perkinsozoa
3603:Apicomplexa
3576:Colponemida
3343:Pluriformea
3212:Archamoebea
3201:Eumycetozoa
2571:Protoplasma
1915:: 129–144.
1708:"alveolate"
1646:epigenetics
1636:Epigenetics
1607:Apicomplexa
1586:Apicomplexa
1492:trichocysts
1396:Development
1379:Dinophyceae
1325:Ellobiopsea
1308:Superclass
1302:Levine 1978
1290:Perkinsozoa
1288:Superclass
1263:Acrocoelida
1235:Grassé 1953
1203:Superclass
1181:Myzomonadea
1163:Apicomplexa
1087:Plagiopylea
1078:Prostomatea
1060:Nassophorea
794:Apicomonada
781:Apicomplexa
550:Syndiniales
545:Amoebophrya
527:Rastrimonas
471:Apicomplexa
450:Perkinsozoa
441:flagellates
332:organisms.
326:flagellates
270:superphylum
7103:Categories
6909:Filipodium
6904:Squirmidae
6896:Squirmidea
6842:Algovorida
6650:Acrocoelus
6555:Noctilucea
6532:Suessiales
6480:Peridinium
6474:Pfiesteria
6432:Histioneis
6426:Dinophysis
6375:Alphamonas
6350:Colpodella
6300:Chromerida
6227:Menzbieria
6215:Lipocystis
6209:Lipotropha
6185:Gigaductus
6112:Monoicidae
6030:Fusionidae
6026:Fusionicae
6006:Siedleckia
5883:Veloxidium
5853:Exoschizon
5813:Myriospora
5772:Grelliidae
5711:Ixorheidae
5683:Toxoplasma
5583:Cyclospora
5578:Eimeriidae
5521:Merocystis
5515:Grasseella
5468:Klossiella
5456:Karyolysus
5444:Hepatozoon
5396:Adeleorina
5269:Babesiidae
5249:Plasmodium
5113:Myrionecta
5107:Mesodinium
5102:Mesodiniea
4986:Plagiopyla
4944:Vorticella
4932:Paramecium
4843:Armophorea
4826:Ciliophora
4812:Acavomonas
4517:Ciliophora
4501:Babesiosis
4247:Rigifilida
4146:Acritarchs
4071:Barthelona
4062:Metamonada
4047:Euglenozoa
3915:Mesostigma
3871:sensu lato
3852:Rhodophyta
3711:Ochrophyta
3672:Placidozoa
3583:Ciliophora
3553:Radiolaria
3470:Haptophyta
3365:Filasterea
3277:Holomycota
2748:Curr. Biol
2219:sp.n. and
1942:2024-04-15
1852:Paramecium
1722:2011-01-26
1652:References
1588:) in blood
1565:Ciliophora
1560:Vorticella
1544:Ciliophora
1500:micronemes
1488:micropores
1474:Chromerida
1469:Colpodella
1281:Squirmidea
1172:Vitrellida
1152:Subphylum
1126:Colponemea
1000:Armophorea
979:Mesodiniea
968:Subphylum
953:Stein 1859
939:Subphylum
932:Ciliophora
736:Colponemea
606:Ciliophora
455:Chromerida
379:Toxoplasma
367:Acavomonas
342:Paramecium
258:alveolates
226:Ciliophora
18:Alveolates
7109:Alveolata
6984:Alveolata
6954:Alveolata
6880:Chilovora
6729:Perkinsus
6716:Perkinsea
6627:Syndinium
6568:Noctiluca
6537:Polarella
6462:Gonyaulax
6444:Oxyphysis
6387:Voromonas
6263:Syncystis
6197:Apicystis
5659:Hammondia
5653:Besnoitia
5635:Frenkelia
5509:Aggregata
5480:Legerella
5404:Adeleidae
5286:Theileria
5208:Garniidae
5147:Colponema
5004:Holophrya
4974:Tokophrya
4752:Amoebozoa
4730:Alveolata
4718:Cryptista
4693:Eukaryota
4664:Alveolata
4656:Eukaryota
4577:Pythiosis
4349:Alveolate
4087:Fornicata
3993:Excavates
3795:Cryptista
3718:Oomycetes
3695:Developea
3677:Sagenista
3564:Alveolata
3500:Telonemia
3375:Choanozoa
3252:Breviatea
3195:Tubulinea
3182:Amoebozoa
3123:Amoebozoa
3101:Alveolata
3089:Cryptista
3064:Eukaryota
3034:Eukaryote
2544:1322-0829
2477:1867-1616
2284:Perkinsus
1929:0066-4227
1694:129584945
1496:rhoptries
1479:Voromonas
1445:organelle
1417:Evolution
1402:Chromista
1361:Endodinea
1334:Myzodinea
1299:Perkinsea
1190:Chromerea
1003:Lynn 2004
973:Lynn 1996
922:Alveolata
858:Perkinsea
596:Alveolata
584:In 2017,
580:Phylogeny
515:Perkinsus
509:Colponema
322:parasitic
205:Alveolata
153:Eukaryota
42:Ediacaran
35:Alveolate
7021:11904994
7008:10460533
6992:BioLib:
6963:Wikidata
6855:Algovora
6691:Psammosa
6667:Oxyrrhis
6580:Syndinea
6456:Ceratium
6221:Mattesia
6084:Acutidae
5716:Ixorheis
5677:Neospora
5595:Isospora
5539:Selysina
5340:Coccidia
5028:Euplotes
4890:Dileptus
4867:Colpodea
4747:Amorphea
4725:Rhizaria
4713:Hacrobia
4703:Excavata
4688:Bacteria
4601:Algaemia
4474:knowlesi
4470:malariae
4380:Coccidia
4372:Coccidia
4269:protists
4265:kingdoms
4153:Grypania
4115:Imasidae
4016:Jakobida
3540:Endomyxa
3535:Cercozoa
3527:Rhizaria
3457:Haptista
3389:Animalia
3332:Bicellum
3207:Variosea
3190:Discosea
3168:Amorphea
3118:Amorphea
3096:Rhizaria
3084:Hacrobia
3074:Excavata
3059:Bacteria
2938:24572015
2877:12503687
2838:28005870
2830:18288187
2786:18595706
2726:16822745
2677:20534454
2601:28875267
2552:86797666
2485:42100119
2461:Springer
2424:11214317
2381:11550698
2373:11214316
2330:21629701
2290:PLOS ONE
2267:24740116
2227:PLOS ONE
2103:37917792
2094:10636329
2046:33906963
1997:22833609
1937:26092225
1890:21627782
1831:25923521
1791:PLOS ONE
1772:23020233
1567:) (left)
1484:flagella
1453:red alga
1434:Ciliates
1352:Syndinea
1343:Oxyrrhea
1205:Sporozoa
1051:Colpodea
917:Taxonomy
809:Sporozoa
561:Cercozoa
530:and the
503:Oxyrrhis
493:plastids
475:axonemal
417:Ciliates
362:mitosome
344:putrinum
306:membrane
302:vesicles
282:Rhizaria
262:protists
240:Synonyms
149:Domain:
6969:Q448746
6519:Karenia
5783:Grellia
5589:Eimeria
5527:Ovivora
5274:Babesia
5166:Myzozoa
5083:Loxodes
5059:Stentor
4914:Nassula
4872:Colpoda
4848:Metopus
4762:Animals
4683:Archaea
4495:Babesia
4480:Malaria
4004:Discoba
3869:Plants
3841:Picozoa
3687:Gyrista
3594:Myzozoa
3447:Provora
3353:Filozoa
3309:Holozoa
3217:Cutosea
3133:Animals
3054:Archaea
2929:3971594
2885:4283969
2810:Bibcode
2777:2577054
2756:Bibcode
2717:1634798
2668:2890776
2645:Bibcode
2592:5756292
2432:4362835
2404:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2321:3101222
2298:Bibcode
2258:3989336
2235:Bibcode
2150:1904987
2073:Bibcode
2037:8092004
1988:3467087
1881:3118789
1864:: 272.
1822:4418965
1799:Bibcode
1763:3483872
1674:Bibcode
1441:plastid
1430:Myzozoa
1254:Dinozoa
1154:Myzozoa
1109:Phylum
930:Phylum
830:Dinozoa
771:Myzozoa
678:Desmata
479:gametes
387:History
274:Eukarya
272:within
231:Myzozoa
7086:536209
7073:212594
7060:266751
7034:969915
6995:305411
5213:Garnia
4998:Coleps
4740:Plants
4677:Domain
4277:groups
3659:Bigyra
3233:Obazoa
3111:Plants
3048:Domain
2978:
2936:
2926:
2883:
2875:
2836:
2828:
2802:Nature
2784:
2774:
2724:
2714:
2675:
2665:
2599:
2589:
2550:
2542:
2483:
2475:
2430:
2422:
2396:Nature
2379:
2371:
2345:Nature
2328:
2318:
2265:
2255:
2176:
2148:
2124:, and
2101:
2091:
2044:
2034:
1995:
1985:
1935:
1927:
1888:
1878:
1829:
1819:
1770:
1760:
1692:
1521:and a
1504:conoid
1476:, and
1377:Class
1368:Class
1359:Class
1350:Class
1341:Class
1332:Class
1323:Class
1317:Class
1297:Class
1279:Class
1239:Class
1230:Class
1221:Class
1212:Class
1194:Order
1188:Class
1141:Class
1124:Class
1111:Miozoa
1094:Class
1085:Class
1076:Class
1067:Class
1058:Class
1049:Class
1040:Class
1016:Class
1007:Class
998:Class
989:Class
957:Class
948:Class
723:Miozoa
376:, and
328:, and
218:Phyla
212:, 1991
46:Recent
7081:WoRMS
7047:33630
7016:IRMNG
6638:Other
4767:Fungi
4466:ovale
4462:vivax
4229:CRuMs
3291:Fungi
3138:Fungi
2881:S2CID
2834:S2CID
2548:S2CID
2528:Wiley
2522:(4).
2481:S2CID
2455:(2).
2428:S2CID
2377:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1642:algae
1404:(the
421:cilia
394:et al
352:mtDNA
266:clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
173:Clade
160:Clade
7042:NCBI
7029:ITIS
4330:and
4281:bold
3486:TSAR
2976:ISBN
2934:PMID
2873:PMID
2826:PMID
2782:PMID
2722:PMID
2673:PMID
2615:link
2597:PMID
2540:ISSN
2499:link
2473:ISSN
2420:PMID
2369:PMID
2326:PMID
2263:PMID
2174:ISBN
2146:PMID
2099:PMID
2042:PMID
1993:PMID
1933:PMID
1925:ISSN
1886:PMID
1827:PMID
1768:PMID
1640:Few
536:rRNA
506:and
370:and
280:and
268:and
256:The
179:TSAR
52:Preęž’
7003:EoL
4660:SAR
4340:SAR
4328:SAR
3760:CAM
3516:SAR
2968:hdl
2960:doi
2924:PMC
2916:doi
2865:doi
2818:doi
2806:451
2772:PMC
2764:doi
2712:PMC
2704:doi
2700:273
2663:PMC
2653:doi
2641:107
2587:PMC
2579:doi
2575:255
2532:doi
2465:doi
2412:doi
2400:409
2361:doi
2349:409
2316:PMC
2306:doi
2253:PMC
2243:doi
2154:.
2138:doi
2089:PMC
2081:doi
2069:120
2032:PMC
2024:doi
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1917:doi
1876:PMC
1866:doi
1817:PMC
1807:doi
1758:PMC
1750:doi
1682:doi
1670:286
1424:850
192:SAR
7105::
7083::
7070::
7057::
7044::
7031::
7018::
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6980::
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2974:.
2966:.
2946:^
2932:.
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2020:31
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2014:.
1991:.
1981:.
1971:40
1969:.
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