Alpine ibex - Knowledge

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Dependent kids live with their mothers in female groups. Segregation between the sexes is a gradual process; males younger than nine years may still associate with female groups. Adult males, particularly older males, are more likely to be found alone than females. Social spacing tends to be looser in the summer, when there is more room to feed. Ibexes have stable social connections; they consistently regroup with the same individuals when ecological conditions force them together. Female groups tend to be more stable than male groups.

105: 249: 80: 1161:. These gave rise to the populations in France and Austria. Alpine ibexes also recolonised areas on their own. The Alpine ibex population reached 3,020 in 1914, 20,000 in 1991, and 55,297 in 2015, and by 1975, the species occupied much of its medieval range. In the 1890s, ibexes were introduced to Slovenia despite the lack of evidence of their presence there following the last glacial period. In 1980, ibexes were translocated to Bulgaria. 800: 8190: 1251:; the horn material was used to counter cramps, poisoning, and hysteria, while the blood was thought to prevent stones from developing in the bladder. The species' value as a source of medicine led to its near extinction. Since its recovery, the Alpine ibex has been seen as a resilient symbol of the mountain range. The species is depicted on the coat of arms of the Swiss 1121:, the Alpine ibex ranged throughout the Alpine region of Europe. Starting in the early 16th century, the overall population declined due almost entirely to hunting by humans, especially with the introduction of firearms. By the 19th century, only around 100 individuals remained in and around Gran Paradiso in north-west Italy and on the Italian-French border. In 1821, the 976:. Dominant males between nine and twelve years old follow a female and guard her from rivals while subordinate, younger males between two and six years old try to sneak past the tending male when he is distracted. If the female flees, both dominant and subordinate males will try to follow her. During courtship, the male stretches the neck, flicks the tongue, 1173:

with a stable population trend. It was given a recovery score of 79%, making it "moderately depleted". While the species would likely have gone extinct without conservation efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries, as of 2021, it has a low conservation dependence. According to the IUCN, without current

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Male Alpine Ibexes live for around 16 years while females live for around 20 years. The species has a high adult survival rate compared with other herbivores around its size. In one study, all kids reached two years of age and the majority of adults lived for 13 years, although most 13-year-old males

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The horns grow throughout life. Young are born without horns, which become visible as tiny tips at one month and reach 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) in the second month. In males, the horns grow at about 8 cm (3.1 in) per year for the first five-and-a-half years, slowing to half that rate

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Between 2015 and 2017, there were around 9,000 ibexes in 30 colonies in France, over 17,800 individuals and 30 colonies in Switzerland, over 16,400 ibexes in 67 colonies in Italy, around 9,000 in 27 colonies in Austria, around 500 in five colonies in Germany, and almost 280 ibexes and four colonies

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of the Alpine Ibex can exceed 700 ha (1,700 acres) and in reintroduced populations, home ranges may approach 3,000 ha (7,400 acres). Home-range size depends on the availability of resources and the time of year. Home ranges tend to be largest during summer and autumn, smallest in winter,

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species but it tends to live in groups that are based on sex and age. For most of the year, adult males group separately from females, and older males live separately from young males. Female groups consist of 5–10 members and male groups usually have 2–16 members but sometimes have more than 50.

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The female is in oestrus for around 20 days and gestation averages around five months, and typically results in the birth of one or sometimes two kids. Females give birth away from their social groups on rocky slopes that are relatively safe from predators. After a few days, the kids can move on

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woodland. Outside the breeding season, the sexes live in separate habitats. Females are more likely to be found on steep slopes while males prefer more level ground. Males inhabit lowland meadows during the spring, when fresh grass appears, and climb to alpine meadows during the summer. In early

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under the front feet. Both male and female Alpine ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns with an elliptical cross-section and a trilateral-shaped core. Transverse ridges on the front surface of the horns mark an otherwise flat surface. At 69–98 cm (27–39 in), the horns of males are

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Alpine ibexes primarily feed on grass and are active throughout the year. Although they are social animals, adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. During the breeding season, males use their long horns to fight for access to females. Ibexes have few

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The species has brownish-grey hair over most of its body but lighter in colour on the belly with dark markings on the chin and throat. The hair on the chest region is nearly black and there are stripes along the dorsal (back) surface. The Alpine ibex is duller-coloured than other members of its

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based on size, age, and horn length exists. Hierarchies are established outside the breeding season, allowing males to focus more on mating and less on fighting. Males use their horns for combat; they bash rivals' sides or clash head-to-head often by rearing then clashing downwards.

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with a body length of 149–171 cm (59–67 in) and weigh 67–117 kg (148–258 lb). Females are much smaller and have a shoulder height of 73–84 cm (29–33 in), a body length of 121–141 cm (48–56 in), and weigh 17–32 kg (37–71 lb).

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is brownish-grey. Alpine ibexes tend to live in steep, rough terrain and open alpine meadows. They can be found at elevations as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and their sharp hooves allow them to scale the steep slopes and cliffs of their mountainous habitat.

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The Alpine Ibex is an excellent climber; it occupies steep, rough terrain at elevations of 1,800 to 3,300 m (5,900 to 10,800 ft). It prefers to live in open areas, but when there is little snow and depending on population density, adult males may gather in

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of fewer than 100 individuals during its near-extinction event, leading to very low genetic diversity across populations. The species has been successfully reintroduced to parts of its historical range. All individuals living today descend from the stock in

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Calenge, C.; Lambert, S.; Petit, E.; Thébault, A.; Gilot-Fromont, E.; Toïgo, C.; Rossi, S. (2021). "Estimating disease prevalence and temporal dynamics using biased capture serological data in a wildlife reservoir: The example of brucellosis in Alpine ibex

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groups, where young are nursed for up to five months. Nursery groups can also include non-lactating females. Alpine ibexes reach sexual maturity in 18 months but continue to grow until females are five to six and males are nine to eleven years old.

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caused it to drop to around 400 by 1945. Their protection improved after the war and by 2005, there were 4,000 in the national park. In the late 20th century, the Gran Paradiso population was used for reintroductions into other parts of Italy.

824:; its diet consists mostly of grass, which is preferred all year; during the summer, ibexes supplement their diet with herbs, while during autumn and winter they also eat dwarf shrubs and conifer shoots. The most-commonly eaten grass genera are 802: 3042:

Lanfranchi, P.; Manfredi, M. T.; Zaffaroni, E.; Fraquelli, C.; Ratti, P.; Giacometti, M. (1995). "Eine dreijährige Untersuchung der Labmagen-Helminthenfauna beim Alpensteinbock (Capra i. ibex) der Kolonie Albris, Graubünden, Schweiz".

919:. Only females and kids, which are lighter and have shorter legs than adult males, will climb the steep dam. Kids have been observed at 49 m (161 ft), ascending in a zig-zag path while descending in straight paths. 2189:

Herfindal, I.; Anderwald, P.; Filli, F.; Andri, S. C.; Rempfler, T. (2019). "Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape".

984:, the male rejoins his group and restarts the first phase of the rut. Environmental conditions can affect courtship in the species; for example, snow can limit the males' ability to follow females and mate with them. 2799:

Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Festa-Bianchett, M.; Largo, E.; Michallet, J.; Maillard, D. (2007). "Sex- and age-specific survival of the highly dimorphic Alpine ibex: evidence for a conservative life-history tactic".

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over 7,500 years ago due to human predation. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the species disappeared from much of its range due to hunting, leaving by the 19th century one surviving population in and around

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Michallet, J.; Loison, A.; Gaillard, J.; Gauthier, D. (1994). "Valeur de critères biométriques externes pour la détermination de l'âge du bouquetin des Alpes (Capra ibex ibex): rôle du sexe et de l'habitat".

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Alpine ibexes communicate mainly through short, sharp whistles that serve mostly as alarm calls and may occur singularly or in succession with short gaps. Females and their young communicate by bleating.

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Starting in 1902, several Alpine ibexes from Gran Paradiso were taken into captive facilities in Switzerland for selective breeding and reintroduction into the wild. Until 1948, translocated

1193:, which have been allowed to roam in the Alpine Ibex's habitat. The genetic bottleneck of populations may increase vulnerability to infectious diseases because their immune system has low 1972:

Klansek, E.; Vavra, I.; Onderscheka, K. (1995). "Die Äsungszusammensetzung des Alpensteinwildes (Capra i. ibex L.) in Abhängigkeit von Jahreszeit, Alter und Äsungsangebot in Graubünden".

804: 907:; the presence of these species may force the ibex to occupy higher elevations. The Alpine ibex's climbing ability is such that it has been observed scaling the 57-degree slopes of the 769:

of central Europe; its range includes France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Germany, and Austria. Fossils of the species have been found as far south as Greece, where it became

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Bergeron, P.; Grignolio, S.; Apollonio, M.; Shipley, B.; Festa-Bianchet, M. (2010). "Secondary sexual characters signal fighting ability and determine social rank in Alpine ibex (

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winter, both males and females move to steep, rocky slopes to avoid dense buildups of snow. Alpine ibexes prefer slopes of 30–45°, and take refuge in small caves and overhangs.

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Graf von Hardenberg, W. (2010). "Act Locally, Think Naturally: A Brief History of Access Rights and Environmental Conflicts in Fascist Italy". In Armiero, M.; Hall, M. (eds.).

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Carcereri, A.; Stancampiano, L.; Marchiori, E.; Sturaro, E.; Ramanzin, M.; Cassini, R. (2021). "Factors influencing gastrointestinal parasites in a colony of Alpine ibex (

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takes place in two phases; in the first phase, males interact with females as a group and in the second phase, one male separates from his group to follow a female in

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The mating season begins in December and typically lasts for around six weeks. During this time, male herds break up into smaller groups and search for females. The

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von Hardenberg, A.; Bassano, B.; Zumel Arranz, M. del P.; Bogliani, G. (2004). "Horn growth but not asymmetry heralds the onset of senescence in male Alpine ibex (

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Rossi, I.; Grignolio, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonius, M. (2003). "Strategie riproduttive dello Stambecco (Capra ibex ibex) nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso".

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were lost in these new populations but they had also gained mildly deleterious ones. The genetic purity of the species may be threatened by hybridisation with

728:. Compared with most other wild goats, the species has a wide, shortened snout. Adaptations for climbing include sharp, highly separated hooves and a rubbery 3169:

Stüwe, M.; Nievergelt, B. (1991). "Recovery of Alpine ibex from near extinction: the result of effective protection, captive breeding, and reintroductions".

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Grignoli, S.; Rossi, I.; Bertolotto, E.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2007). "Influence of the kid on space use and habitat selection of female Alpine ibex".

434: 872:. In the spring, animals of both sexes spend about the same amount of time feeding during the day, while in summer, females, particularly those that are 2606: 1730: 8382: 3078:

Cassini, R.; Párraga, M. A.; Signorini, M.; Frangipane di Regalbono, A.; Sturaro, E.; Rossi, L.; Ramanzin, M. (2015). "Lungworms in Alpine ibex (

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Ratti, P.; K. H. (1977). "Untersuchungen zur Altersschätzung und Altersbestimmung beim Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex ibex) im Kanton Graubünden".

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Signer, C.; Ruf, T.; Arnold, W. (2011). "Hypometabolism and basking: the strategies of Alpine ibex to endure harsh over-wintering conditions".

8473: 8421: 1599:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group. p. 12. 8555: 1906:

Grignolio, S.; Rossi, I.; Bassano, B.; Parrini, F.; Apollonio, M. (2004). "Seasonal variations of spatial behaviour in female Alpine ibex (

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Adult males and females gather together in December and January, the breeding season, then separate again in April and May. Among males, a

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Aublet, J.-F.; Festa-Bianchet, M.; Bergero, D.; Bassano, B. (2009). "Temperature constraints on foraging behavior of male Alpine ibex (

438:, whose fossils have been found in Germany. The Alpine ibex appears to have been larger during the Pleistocene than in the modern day. 778:, Italy. The species has since been reintroduced into parts of its former range, as well as new areas such as Slovenia and Bulgaria. 1437: 1010:

did not reach the age of 15. Alpine ibexes have a low rate of predation; their mountain habitat keeps them safe from predators like

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Giacometti, M.; Janovsky, M.; Belloy, L.; Frey, J. (2002). "Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae".

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may prey on young. In Gran Paradiso, causes of death are old age, lack of food, and disease. They are also killed by avalanches.

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Adamič, M.; Jerina, K. (2010). "Ungulates and their management in Slovenia". In Apollonio, M.; Andersen, R.; Putman, R. (eds.).

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Girard, I.; Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Gauthier, D.; Martinot, J.-P. (1999). "Patron de survie chez le bouquetin des Alpes (

1622:"Ancient mitochondrial and modern whole genomes unravel massive genetic diversity loss during near extinction of Alpine ibex" 1371: 8400: 2929:

Moore-Jones, G.; Dürr, S.; Willisch, C.; Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P. (2021). "Occurrence of footrot in free-ranging alpine ibex (

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Parrini, F.; Grignolio, S.; Luccarini, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2003). "Spatial behaviour of adult male Alpine ibex

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region of the French Alps, management actions, including a test-and-cull program to control outbreaks, effectively reduced

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infection prevalence in adult females from 51% in 2013 to 21% in 2018, and active infections also significantly declined.

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Bon, R.; Rideau, C. S.; Villaret, J.-C.; Joachim, J. (2001). "Segregation is not only a matter of sex in Alpine ibex,

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Brambilla, A.; Bassano, B.; Biebach, I.; Bollmann, K.; Keller, L.; Toïgo, C.; von Hardenberg, A. (2022). "Alpine Ibex

3264: 3214: 1806: 55: 8335: 1405: 1194: 8478: 3437:"Heterozygosity–fitness correlation at the major histocompatibility complex despite low variation in Alpine ibex ( 8348: 1872:

Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J. M.; Michallet, J. (1997). "Adult survival pattern of the sexually dimorphic Alpine ibex (

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were captive-bred. Afterwards, there were reintroductions of wild-born specimens from established populations in

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Robin, M.; Ferrari, G.; Akgül, G.; Münger, X.; von Seth, J.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Dalén, L.; Grossen, C. (2022).

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is replaced with a short, thin summer coat. Their winter coat grows back in the autumn. As in other members of

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Biebach, I.; Keller, L. F. (2009). "A strong genetic footprint of the re-introduction history of Alpine ibex (

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Giacometti, M.; Roganti, R.; De Tann, D.; Stahlberger-Saitbekova, N.; Obexer-Ruff, G. (2004). "Alpine ibex

2405:"Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in male Alpine ibex" 1174:

protections, the population decline of the species would be minimal. Some countries allow limited hunting.

1130: 969: 1695: 1001:. The age of an ibex can be determined by annual growth rings in the horns, which stop growing in winter. 8434: 8283: 8278: 1432: 1400: 1134: 733:

substantially longer than those of females, which reach only 18–35 cm (7.1–13.8 in) in length.

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and intermediate in spring. Females' home ranges are usually smaller than those of males. Ibexes do not

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in large adult males, reducing their feeding time, but they may avoid this problem by feeding at night.

8565: 8180: 4178: 3750: 24: 19:"Steinbock" redirects here. For the African antelope sometimes known as "steinbuck" or "steinbok", see 7155: 4100: 4091: 1065: 1305: 6942: 1225:, literally "stone buck". Several European names for the animal developed from this, including the 8452: 104: 7591: 6984: 4880: 4021: 3688:"Symbolic species as a cultural ecosystem service in the European Alps: insights and open issues" 400:

may have originated in Central Asia and spread to Europe, the Caucasus, and East Africa from the

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Pidancier, N.; Jordan, S.; Luikart, G.; Taberlet, P. (2006). "Evolutionary history of the genus

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Brambilla, A.; von Hardenberg, A.; Canedoli, C.; Brivio, F.; Sueur, C.; Stanley, C. R. (2022).

1544:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla): Discordance between mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome phylogenies". 1252: 1098: 466: 465:) were considered to be subspecies of the Alpine ibex; populations in the Alps were given the 8512: 7792: 6822: 5047: 4276: 4160: 3743: 2600: 1182: 1081: 1055:

and can lead to death rates of up to 30%. Ibexes can host gastrointestinal parasites such as

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Biancardi, C. M.; Minetti, A. E. (2017). "Gradient limits and safety factor of Alpine ibex (

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once the animal reaches 10 years of age. The slowing of horn growth in males coincides with

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A Monastery for the Ibex: Conservation, State, and Conflict on the Gran Paradiso 1919–1949

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during the late Pleistocene have been found in France and Italy. The Alpine Ibex and the

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Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Action Plan for Caprinae

1581: 8270: 8206: 8159: 7913: 7904: 7783: 7624: 7615: 7408: 7080: 7071: 7019: 7010: 6858: 6831: 6744: 6524: 6132: 5558: 5549: 5539: 5512: 5233: 5102: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4067: 4058: 3994: 3921: 3912: 3707: 3598: 3588: 3502: 3460: 3452: 3409: 3364: 3356: 3337:"Purging of highly deleterious mutations through severe bottlenecks in Alpine ibex" 3301: 3178: 3091: 3052: 3024: 2985: 2942: 2895: 2856: 2817: 2770: 2715: 2668: 2633: 2588: 2555: 2518: 2475: 2434: 2424: 2385: 2323: 2277: 2246: 2207: 2171: 2140: 2128: 2098: 2078: 2031: 1981: 1927: 1885: 1768: 1714: 1651: 1641: 1561: 1517: 1359: 1300: 1233: 1094: 1090: 1086: 977: 960: 770: 417: 309: 8296: 3200: 2035: 1931: 749:, the Alpine ibex has glands near the eyes, groin, and feet but none on the face. 8486: 7889: 7880: 7828: 7819: 7600: 6457: 6448: 5925: 5521: 4573: 4483: 4321: 4133: 4012: 3985: 3976: 3541: 3095: 2364:

Villaret, J. C.; Bon, R. (1995). "Social and spatial segregation in Alpine ibex (

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The Alpine ibex is a stocky animal with a tough neck and robust legs with short

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Stüwe, M.; Grodinsky, C. (1987). "Reproductive biology of captive Alpine ibex (

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Grignolio, S.; Parrini, F.; Bassano, B.; Luccarini, S.; Apollonio, M. (2003).

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Wiersema, G. (1984). "Seasonal use and quality assessment of ibex habitat".

8108: 8077: 7967: 7639: 7453: 7381: 7254: 7197: 7188: 6906: 6840: 6602: 6560: 6475: 6286: 6006: 5997: 5859: 5790: 5679: 5670: 5412: 5181: 4862: 4817: 4784: 4555: 4447: 4414: 4330: 3514: 3474: 3378: 3313: 3103: 2997: 2989: 2954: 2946: 2829: 2637: 2281: 2090: 1847: 1665: 1573: 1060: 1015: 640: 425: 413: 289: 2907: 2010:

Neuhaus, P.; Ruckstuhl, K. E. (2002). "Foraging behaviour in Alpine ibex (

1109: 704: 248: 8491: 8447: 8369: 8250: 7729: 7477: 6639: 6593: 6584: 6533: 6485: 6346: 6188: 5781: 5600: 5394: 5385: 5375: 5269: 5112: 4922: 4913: 4826: 4669: 4591: 4474: 4399: 4390: 3767: 3413: 2701: 1244: 1240: 1239:. The Alpine ibex is one of many animals depicted in the art of the Late 1181:, the Alpine ibex population has low genetic diversity and is at risk of 1154: 1118: 927: 908: 889: 877: 821: 594: 528: 442: 405: 384: 297: 156: 3672: 3603: 2439: 1395: 716:. Males grow to a height of 90 to 101 cm (35 to 40 in) at the 8361: 7336: 7236: 7061: 6653: 6075: 6057: 5808: 5503: 5488: 5479: 5446: 5223: 5029: 4946: 4937: 4712: 4703: 4582: 4507: 4048: 3869: 3056: 2774: 2680: 2132: 1985: 1150: 1047: 998: 884: 725: 450: 420:

of species in this lineage. Fossils of the Alpine ibex dating from the

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Thorington, J. M. (1944). "The ibex and chamois in ancient medicine".

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Guarda, F.; Bollo, E.; Bassono, B.; Peracino, V.; Giraldo, A. (2001).

2928: 2503:"Social dominance and conflict reduction in rutting male Alpine ibex, 2429: 2404: 1718: 1646: 1129:

declared Gran Paradiso a royal hunting reserve. In 1920, his grandson

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Distribution of the Alpine ibex (population in Bulgaria not included)

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Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

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in the mornings. They also reduce their heart rate and metabolism.

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donated the land to the state of Italy and it was established as a

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species; males are larger and carry longer horns than females. Its

176: 136: 20: 2056: 1693: 1522: 1505: 8525: 8150: 7985: 7846: 7705: 7095: 6882: 6873: 6786: 6672: 6663: 6635: 6391: 6295: 6259: 6174: 6170: 6141: 6066: 5754: 5627: 5588: 5172: 5089: 4995: 4258: 4208: 3903: 2798: 2453: 2014:): consequences of reproductive status, body size, age and sex". 1694:

Bramnilla, A.; von Hadenberg, A.; Nelli, L.; Bassono, B. (2020).

1256: 973: 900: 844: 717: 550: 389: 372: 336:

first described the Alpine ibex in 1758. It is classified in the

186: 166: 2114: 1826: 8309: 7994: 7563: 7468: 7291: 7281: 6897: 6409: 6249: 6231: 6222: 6108: 6030: 5982: 5973: 5431: 5422: 5357: 5348: 5338: 5260: 4793: 4606: 4456: 3792: 3780: 2732: 2582: 1755:

Geskos, A. (2013). "Past and present distribution of the genus

1356:

Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla – Handbook of the Mammals of Europe

1349: 1085:. Several individuals have died from heart diseases, including 1011: 892:

during the winter; they take shelter on cold winter nights and

850: 787: 729: 146: 126: 3223: 2650: 1539: 1281:

Toïgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020).

8018: 7976: 7551: 7221: 7212: 6506: 6433: 6424: 6355: 6084: 6039: 5898: 5823: 5703: 5694: 5205: 5196: 4688: 4679: 3888: 3879: 3434: 3335:

Grossen, C.; Guillaume, F.; Keller, L. F.; Croll, D. (2020).

2882:

Ferrogilo, E.; Tolari, F.; Bassano, B. (1998). "Isolation of

832: 783: 741:

in spring, when their thick winter coat consisting of woolly

738: 337: 3435:

Brambilla, A.; Keller, L.; Bassuno, B.; Grossen, C. (2017).

2975: 2188: 1905: 737:

genus. As with other goats, only males have a beard. Ibexes

7164: 6494: 6382: 6364: 6021: 5874: 5278: 5145: 4961: 4235: 4196: 3570: 3487: 3334: 2842: 1799:

European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century

1166: 766: 579: 322: 281: 6632: 3116: 8189: 7774: 6373: 6319: 5251: 4633: 3202:

Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves

856: 379:

and is possibly derived from an earlier Alpine language.

2263: 1354:

Linnaeus, 1758". In Corlatti, L.; Zachos, F. E. (eds.).

1247:

culture in Western Europe. Local people used Ibexes for

432:) probably evolved from the extinct Pleistocene species 5624: 3685: 3400:

hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland".

3082:) in the eastern Alps, Italy: An ecological approach". 1971: 1619: 6167: 2881: 2363: 1871: 1504:

Parrini, F. III; Cain, J. W.; Krausman, P. R. (2009).

8178: 392:

deposits in China; these fossils appear to have been

305:

predators but may succumb to parasites and diseases.

3571:

García-González, R.; Herrero, J.; Nores, C. (2021).

3254: 3229: 1503: 3566: 3564: 1829:"Habitat selection in adult males of Alpine ibex, 3731:Alpine Ibex European Specialist Group (GSE-AIESG) 1113:Biologist transporting an ibex for reintroduction 484:species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence: 8547: 3686:Schirpke, U.; Meisch, C.; Tappeiner, U. (2018). 2232: 2009: 1901: 1899: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1345: 1343: 1125:banned hunting of the Alpine ibex and in 1854, 3765: 3561: 3273: 3168: 2537: 2500: 2359: 2357: 2153: 1910:) in relation to climatic conditions and age". 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1535: 1533: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1306:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42397A161916377.en 899:The Alpine ibex may compete for resources with 876:, eat more than males. High temperatures cause 3234:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 32. 2619: 2110: 2108: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 308:By the 19th century, the Alpine ibex had been 3751: 3279: 2605:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 2308:"Sociality and relationships in Alpine ibex ( 2226: 1896: 1815: 1792: 1790: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 396:between goats and their ancestors. The genus 325:lists the species as being of least concern. 312:from most of its range and it went through a 3625: 2794: 2792: 2354: 2119:in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy". 1796: 1672: 1530: 1320: 3328: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2105: 1801:. Cambridge University Press. p. 514. 752: 362: 346: 3840: 3758: 3744: 3658: 3628:"Ibex Images from the Magdalenian Culture" 3198: 2760: 2005: 2003: 1787: 1594: 1452: 955: 247: 78: 54: 40: 8075: 5547: 3711: 3602: 3592: 3464: 3368: 3017:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 2789: 2613: 2585:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 2559: 2522: 2438: 2428: 2239:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 1655: 1645: 1521: 1304: 980:, urinates, and sniffs the female. After 7956: 5346: 3194: 3192: 3151: 3015:) interacting with domestic ruminants". 2847:) dans le parc national de la Vanoise". 2296: 1952: 1208: 1108: 988:their own. Mothers and kids gather into 959: 926: 798: 794: 756: 703: 284:. It is one of ten species in the genus 4247: 3818: 3205:. Princeton University Press. pp. 2000: 1004: 761:Ibex walking along its mountain habitat 288:and its closest living relative is the 8548: 3965: 3259:. Ohio University Press. p. 149. 1754: 1276: 1274: 1272: 8217: 8216: 8074: 7943: 7942: 7548: 6631: 6166: 5623: 5085: 4231: 3817: 3739: 3640:from the original on 20 December 2023 3189: 3139:from the original on 21 December 2023 2538:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2009). 2501:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2010). 1546:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1440:from the original on 11 December 2023 8531:EB70A67C-5ADB-408F-869F-E3A85A0256CC 8349:2840c106-5d14-49e8-9a1b-c1f11fab87d6 5383: 3581:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 2342:from the original on 7 November 2023 1736:from the original on 3 December 2023 8556:IUCN Red List least concern species 4232: 3661:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3549:from the original on 8 January 2024 2460:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1292:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1269: 1169:considers the Alpine ibex to be of 922: 13: 7549: 5086: 3257:Nature and History in Modern Italy 2653:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2390:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00366.x 14: 8592: 3724: 2306:Villaret, J.-C.; Bon, R. (1998). 765:The Alpine ibex is native to the 345:with nine other species of goat. 8200: 8188: 3306:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04420.x 3230:Graf von Hardenberg, W. (2021). 3171:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 3045:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 2822:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01254.x 2763:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 2176:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01806.x 2016:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 1974:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 1195:major histocompatibility complex 103: 4110:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 3679: 3652: 3619: 3529: 3507:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105239 3481: 3428: 3385: 3248: 3110: 3071: 3035: 3004: 2969: 2922: 2875: 2836: 2754: 2726: 2695: 2644: 2576: 2531: 2494: 2447: 2396: 2257: 2182: 2147: 2050: 1965: 1946: 1865: 1748: 1408:from the original on 5 May 2022 1185:. A 2020 analysis found highly 1104: 4899:Central American red brocket ( 3495:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1912:Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1613: 1588: 1420: 1388: 1358:. Springer. pp. 383–408. 1213:The Alpine ibex is called the 1: 3199:Riley, L.; Riley, W. (2005). 2036:10.1080/08927014.2002.9522738 1932:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522636 1262: 1165:in Slovenia. As of 2020, the 699: 5606:Large subfamily listed below 5594:Large subfamily listed below 5582:Large subfamily listed below 3183:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V 3096:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.026 2935:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2933:) colonies in Switzerland". 2888:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1846:(2): 113–120. Archived from 1364:10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_32 1217:, which originated from the 1131:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 820:The Alpine ibex is strictly 367:is translated from Latin as 7: 8576:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4101:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 4092:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 1878:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1566:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.002 1433:Online Etymology Dictionary 1401:Online Etymology Dictionary 328: 319:Gran Paradiso National Park 276:, is a European species of 10: 8597: 8581:Habitats Directive species 3361:10.1038/s41467-020-14803-1 3029:10.4404/hystrix-00393-2020 2900:10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.400 2368:) in Bargy, French Alps". 2251:10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11504 2212:10.1007/s10980-019-00902-y 1595:Shackleton, D. W. (1997). 25:Steinbock (disambiguation) 18: 8571:Mammals described in 1758 8225: 8149: 8121: 8097: 8088: 8084: 8070: 8037:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 8028:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 8016: 7965: 7952: 7938: 7902: 7878: 7854: 7845: 7727: 7694: 7670: 7637: 7613: 7592:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 7571: 7562: 7558: 7544: 7508: 7466: 7289: 7280: 7234: 7210: 7186: 7144: 7093: 7069: 7060: 7032: 7008: 7001: 6955: 6895: 6871: 6784: 6733: 6709: 6685: 6661: 6652: 6648: 6627: 6582: 6483: 6474: 6446: 6422: 6317: 6257: 6248: 6220: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6162: 6121: 6097: 6019: 5995: 5971: 5947: 5896: 5872: 5821: 5716: 5692: 5668: 5644: 5640: 5619: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5538: 5501: 5477: 5444: 5420: 5411: 5374: 5337: 5291: 5231: 5222: 5194: 5143: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5081: 5027: 4993: 4959: 4935: 4911: 4881:Amazonian brown brocket ( 4815: 4782: 4758: 4725: 4701: 4677: 4668: 4604: 4553: 4529: 4496: 4445: 4412: 4388: 4256: 4243: 4227: 4214:Large family listed below 4207: 4202:Large family listed below 4195: 4179:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 4122: 4080: 4056: 4047: 3956: 3901: 3877: 3868: 3831: 3827: 3813: 3775: 3713:10.1007/s10980-018-0628-x 3594:10.32800/abc.2021.44.0001 3445:Evolutionary Applications 2802:Journal of Animal Ecology 2720:10.1017/S0952836904005485 2595:(inactive 17 March 2024). 2593:10.4404/hystrix-14.0-4292 2561:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-316R1.1 2480:10.1007/s00265-010-0944-x 2083:10.1007/s00442-008-1198-4 1773:10.1007/s13364-012-0094-9 1066:Teladorsagia circumcincta 1021:Alpine ibexes may suffer 638: 623: 616: 592: 577: 570: 563: 548: 541: 526: 519: 504: 497: 441:In the 20th century, the 321:, Italy. As of 2020, the 255: 246: 225: 218: 100:Scientific classification 98: 76: 67: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 6278:Domestic water buffalo ( 4643:Central Asian red deer ( 4268:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 1510:(Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" 753:Distribution and habitat 7156:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 6943:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 5048:Yucatan brown brocket ( 4277:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 4161:Philippine mouse-deer ( 3084:Veterinary Parasitology 2861:10.3406/revec.1999.2294 2328:10.3406/revec.1998.2251 1048:Mycoplasma conjunctivae 1029:caused by the bacteria 956:Reproduction and growth 361:while the species name 292:. The Alpine ibex is a 7866:White-lipped peccary ( 7802:Philippine warty pig ( 7427:Yellow-backed duiker ( 7391:Black-fronted duiker ( 7364:White-bellied duiker ( 6985:Przewalski's gazelle ( 6208:Four-horned antelope ( 5006:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 4565:Visayan spotted deer ( 4424:European fallow deer ( 4367:Northern red muntjac ( 4313:Southern red muntjac ( 2990:10.20506/rst.21.2.1338 2947:10.7589/JWD-D-20-00050 2638:10.1002/zoo.1430060407 2282:10.1006/anbe.2001.1776 1955:Acta Zoologica Fennica 1299:: e.T42397A161916377. 1177:Having gone through a 1123:Government of Piedmont 1114: 1099:valvular heart disease 1072:Marshallagi amarshalli 965: 932: 817: 762: 709: 363: 347: 23:. For other uses, see 8513:Paleobiology Database 8046:Wild Bactrian camel ( 7748:Bornean bearded pig ( 7739:Palawan bearded pig ( 7328:White-legged duiker ( 6754:Red-fronted gazelle ( 4433:Persian fallow deer ( 4349:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 4022:Himalayan musk deer ( 3931:Reticulated giraffe ( 3626:Castelli, A. (2010). 3398:C. aegagrus domestica 3341:Nature Communications 2524:10.1093/beheco/arp200 1209:Cultural significance 1187:deleterious mutations 1183:inbreeding depression 1112: 1082:Muellerius capillaris 1042:Dichelobacter nodosus 963: 935:The Alpine ibex is a 930: 807: 795:Behaviour and ecology 760: 707: 382:Fossils of the genus 314:population bottleneck 272:), also known as the 8344:Fauna Europaea (new) 8133:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 7793:Oliver's warty pig ( 7418:Red-flanked duiker ( 6823:Erlanger's gazelle ( 6543:Harnessed bushbuck ( 6269:Wild water buffalo ( 5746:East Caucasian tur ( 5737:West Caucasian tur ( 4890:Little red brocket ( 4358:Truong Son muntjac ( 4170:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 4152:Greater mouse-deer ( 4031:Siberian musk deer ( 3414:10.2981/wlb.2004.018 3126:Large Animals Review 2736:Gibier Faune Sauvage 2548:Journal of Mammalogy 1249:traditional medicine 1053:keratoconjunctivitis 1005:Mortality and health 931:Male ibexes fighting 7766:Celebes warty pig ( 7757:Visayan warty pig ( 7373:Red forest duiker ( 7105:Günther's dik-dik ( 6967:Mongolian gazelle ( 6772:Heuglin's gazelle ( 6763:Thomson's gazelle ( 5917:Long-tailed goral ( 5312:Mountain reedbuck ( 5303:Southern reedbuck ( 5155:East African oryx ( 5057:White-tailed deer ( 4836:Small red brocket ( 4803:South Andean deer ( 4746:Siberian roe deer ( 4737:European roe deer ( 4574:Philippine sambar ( 4541:Père David's deer ( 4143:Lesser mouse-deer ( 4004:Kashmir musk deer ( 3704:2018LaEco..33..711S 3353:2020NatCo..11.1001G 3298:2009MolEc..18.5046B 2886:from alpine ibex". 2884:Brucella melitensis 2814:2007JAnEc..76..679T 2665:2007JWMan..71..713G 2472:2010BEcoS..64.1299B 2421:2022Oikos2022E9511B 2382:1995Ethol.101..291V 2204:2019LaEco..34.2523H 2168:2011FuEco..25..537S 2075:2009Oecol.159..237A 2028:2002EtEcE..14..373N 1924:2004EtEcE..16..255G 1638:2022MolEc..31.3548R 1558:2006MolPE..40..739P 1051:damage the eye via 1032:Brucella melitensis 978:curls the upper lip 945:dominance hierarchy 422:last glacial period 70:Conservation status 7914:Collared peccary ( 7784:Flores warty pig ( 7625:Giant forest hog ( 7487:Maxwell's duiker ( 7409:Ruwenzori duiker ( 7355:Jentink's duiker ( 7264:Sharpe's grysbok ( 7020:Tibetan antelope ( 6925:Bright's gazelle ( 6859:Goitered gazelle ( 6832:Mountain gazelle ( 6805:Cuvier's gazelle ( 6745:Mongalla gazelle ( 6133:Pyrenean chamois ( 5559:Tibetan antelope ( 5513:Black wildebeest ( 4340:Reeves's muntjac ( 4304:Sumatran muntjac ( 4295:Gongshan muntjac ( 4068:Water chevrotain ( 3995:Alpine musk deer ( 3922:Southern giraffe ( 3913:Northern giraffe ( 3057:10.1007/BF02241870 2775:10.1007/BF01905758 2708:Journal of Zoology 2511:Behavioral Ecology 2156:Functional Ecology 2133:10.1007/BF03194179 1986:10.1007/BF02239946 1197:diversity. In the 1179:genetic bottleneck 1139:Fascist government 1127:Victor Emmanuel II 1115: 1045:. Infections from 966: 933: 915:, Italy, where it 883:In Gran Paradiso, 818: 763: 714:sexually dimorphic 712:Alpine ibexes are 710: 435:Capra camburgensis 388:are found in late 294:sexually dimorphic 280:that lives in the 8566:Mammals of Europe 8541: 8540: 8500:Open Tree of Life 8219:Taxon identifiers 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8145: 8144: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7890:Chacoan peccary ( 7841: 7840: 7829:Javan warty pig ( 7820:Timor warty pig ( 7627:H. meinertzhageni 7601:Togian babirusa ( 7540: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7496:Walter's duiker ( 7436:Abbott's duiker ( 7400:Ogilby's duiker ( 7346:Harvey's duiker ( 7310:Brooke's duiker ( 7276: 7275: 7056: 7055: 6997: 6996: 6934:Peter's gazelle ( 6916:Grant's gazelle ( 6850:Speke's gazelle ( 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6500: 6470: 6469: 6458:African buffalo ( 6289:B. depressicornis 6244: 6243: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 5926:Himalayan goral ( 5748:C. cylindricornis 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5571: 5570: 5534: 5533: 5522:Blue wildebeest ( 5456:Common tsessebe ( 5407: 5406: 5370: 5369: 5333: 5332: 5245:K. ellipsiprymnus 5218: 5217: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5017:P. mephistophiles 4973:P. mephistophiles 4664: 4663: 4360:M. truongsonensis 4322:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4191: 4190: 4134:Java mouse-deer ( 4043: 4042: 4013:Black musk deer ( 3986:Dwarf musk deer ( 3977:Anhui musk deer ( 3952: 3951: 3915:G. camelopardalis 3864: 3863: 3692:Landscape Ecology 3457:10.1111/eva.12575 3292:(24): 5046–5058. 3286:Molecular Ecology 2430:10.1111/oik.09511 2198:(11): 2523–2539. 2192:Landscape Ecology 2121:Acta Theriologica 1761:Acta Theriologica 1719:10.1111/mam.12194 1647:10.1111/mec.16503 1632:(13): 3548–3565. 1626:Molecular Ecology 1514:Mammalian Species 1373:978-3-030-24474-3 964:Mother with young 814:Bernese Highlands 808:Alpine ibexes on 805: 696: 695: 687: 686: 678: 677: 669: 668: 660: 659: 651: 650: 605: 604: 260: 259: 93: 16:Species of mammal 8588: 8534: 8533: 8521: 8520: 8508: 8507: 8495: 8494: 8482: 8481: 8469: 8468: 8466:NHMSYS0000376474 8456: 8455: 8443: 8442: 8430: 8429: 8417: 8416: 8404: 8403: 8391: 8390: 8378: 8377: 8365: 8364: 8352: 8351: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8325: 8313: 8312: 8300: 8299: 8287: 8286: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8072: 8071: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7953: 7940: 7939: 7852: 7851: 7658:Common warthog ( 7649:Desert warthog ( 7569: 7568: 7560: 7559: 7546: 7545: 7445:Weyns's duiker ( 7319:Peters' duiker ( 7301:Aders's duiker ( 7287: 7286: 7174:Royal antelope ( 7132:Salt's dik-dik ( 7123:Silver dik-dik ( 7114:Kirk's dik-dik ( 7067: 7066: 7044:Saiga antelope ( 7006: 7005: 6945:N. soemmerringii 6814:Dorcas gazelle ( 6659: 6658: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6629: 6628: 6516:Mountain nyala ( 6499: 6498: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6436:P. nghetinhensis 6338:European bison ( 6329:American bison ( 6255: 6254: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6164: 6163: 6040:Domestic sheep ( 5884:Himalayan tahr ( 5851:Mainland serow ( 5833:Japanese serow ( 5642: 5641: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5545: 5544: 5418: 5417: 5381: 5380: 5344: 5343: 5321:Bohor reedbuck ( 5229: 5228: 5208:A. nasomaculatus 5131:Sable antelope ( 5108: 5107: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5082: 4845:Merida brocket ( 4675: 4674: 4616:Thorold's deer ( 4468:A. calamianensis 4351:M. rooseveltorum 4297:M. gongshanensis 4254: 4253: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4054: 4053: 3963: 3962: 3942:G. tippelskirchi 3875: 3874: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3468: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3402:Wildlife Biology 3396:x domestic goat 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3177:(1–4): 379–387. 3166: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3090:(1–2): 132–138. 3075: 3069: 3068: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2849:Revue d'Écologie 2840: 2834: 2833: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2673:10.2193/2005-675 2648: 2642: 2641: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2554:(6): 1421–1430. 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2466:(8): 1299–1307. 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2432: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2316:Revue d'Écologie 2303: 2294: 2293: 2270:Animal Behaviour 2261: 2255: 2254: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1837: 1824: 1813: 1812: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1704: 1691: 1670: 1669: 1659: 1649: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1501: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1347: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1278: 1095:sarcosporidiosis 1091:cardiac fibrosis 1087:arteriosclerosis 923:Social behaviour 806: 786:and mixed larch- 619: 618: 573: 572: 566: 565: 544: 543: 522: 521: 500: 499: 488: 487: 378: 375: 370: 366: 360: 357: 354: 350: 251: 231: 108: 107: 87: 82: 81: 58: 44: 32: 31: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8516: 8511: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8487:Observation.org 8485: 8477: 8472: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8446: 8438: 8433: 8425: 8420: 8412: 8407: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8381: 8373: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8347: 8342: 8334: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8308: 8303: 8295: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8269: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8187: 8179: 8177: 8164: 8141: 8117: 8080: 8054: 8012: 7948: 7922: 7898: 7874: 7837: 7804:S. philippensis 7741:S. ahoenobarbus 7723: 7715:Red river hog ( 7690: 7666: 7633: 7609: 7583:Buru babirusa ( 7554: 7528: 7520:Common duiker ( 7504: 7462: 7272: 7230: 7206: 7182: 7140: 7089: 7052: 7028: 6993: 6978:P. picticaudata 6951: 6891: 6867: 6861:G. subgutturosa 6780: 6729: 6705: 6681: 6644: 6633: 6611: 6578: 6570:Cape bushbuck ( 6563:T. strepsiceros 6492: 6491: 6489: 6466: 6442: 6418: 6313: 6305:Mountain anoa ( 6240: 6234:B. tragocamelus 6216: 6210:T. quadricornis 6179: 6168: 6150: 6117: 6093: 6049:Bighorn sheep ( 6015: 5991: 5967: 5959:Mountain goat ( 5943: 5935:Chinese goral ( 5892: 5868: 5853:C. sumatraensis 5817: 5800:Siberian ibex ( 5764:Domestic goat ( 5712: 5688: 5664: 5656:Barbary sheep ( 5636: 5625: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5567: 5530: 5497: 5473: 5440: 5403: 5366: 5329: 5287: 5214: 5190: 5164:Scimitar oryx ( 5139: 5122:Roan antelope ( 5093: 5087: 5065: 5023: 5015:Northern pudu ( 4989: 4981:Southern pudu ( 4971:Northern pudu ( 4955: 4931: 4907: 4872:Pygmy brocket ( 4854:Dwarf brocket ( 4811: 4778: 4754: 4721: 4697: 4660: 4600: 4549: 4525: 4492: 4466:Calamian deer ( 4441: 4435:D. mesopotamica 4408: 4384: 4378:M. vuquangensis 4376:Giant muntjac ( 4286:Fea's muntjac ( 4239: 4233: 4215: 4203: 4187: 4118: 4076: 4039: 3997:M. chrysogaster 3948: 3940:Masai giraffe ( 3897: 3860: 3823: 3809: 3771: 3764: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3684: 3680: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3575:Capra pyrenaica 3569: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3542:Merriam-Webster 3535: 3534: 3530: 3486: 3482: 3433: 3429: 3394:Capra ibex ibex 3390: 3386: 3333: 3329: 3282:Capra ibex ibex 3278: 3274: 3267: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3197: 3190: 3167: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3076: 3072: 3040: 3036: 3009: 3005: 2974: 2970: 2927: 2923: 2880: 2876: 2845:Capra ibex ibex 2841: 2837: 2797: 2790: 2759: 2755: 2731: 2727: 2700: 2696: 2649: 2645: 2618: 2614: 2598: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2542:Capra ibex ibex 2536: 2532: 2499: 2495: 2452: 2448: 2401: 2397: 2362: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2304: 2297: 2266:Capra ibex ibex 2262: 2258: 2237:) locomotion". 2231: 2227: 2187: 2183: 2152: 2148: 2117:Capra ibex ibex 2113: 2106: 2055: 2051: 2008: 2001: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1947: 1908:Capra ibex ibex 1904: 1897: 1890:10.1139/z97-009 1874:Capra ibex ibex 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1840:Folia Zoologica 1835: 1831:Capra ibex ibex 1825: 1816: 1809: 1795: 1788: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1702: 1692: 1673: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1593: 1589: 1538: 1531: 1502: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1409: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1374: 1348: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1219:Old High German 1211: 1147:founder animals 1107: 1007: 958: 925: 799: 797: 771:locally extinct 755: 708:Male ibex skull 702: 697: 688: 679: 670: 661: 652: 606: 376: 371: 368: 358: 355: 352: 331: 242: 233: 227: 214: 102: 94: 83: 79: 72: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8594: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8522: 8509: 8496: 8483: 8470: 8457: 8444: 8431: 8418: 8405: 8392: 8379: 8366: 8353: 8340: 8331:Fauna Europaea 8327: 8314: 8301: 8288: 8275: 8262: 8247: 8231: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8210: 8209: 8197: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8155: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8135:C. liberiensis 8129: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8109:Hippopotamus ( 8105: 8103: 8092: 8090:Hippopotamidae 8082: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8043: 8039:C. dromedarius 8034: 8024: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7826: 7822:S. timoriensis 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7781: 7775:Domestic pig ( 7772: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7655: 7651:P. aethiopicus 7645: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7603:B. togeanensis 7598: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7566: 7556: 7555: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7454:Zebra duiker ( 7451: 7442: 7433: 7429:C. silvicultor 7424: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7382:Black duiker ( 7379: 7370: 7366:C. leucogaster 7361: 7352: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7297: 7295: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7261: 7255:Cape grysbok ( 7252: 7242: 7240: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7198:Klipspringer ( 7194: 7192: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7129: 7125:M. piacentinii 7120: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987:P. przewalskii 6982: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6922: 6913: 6907:Dama gazelle ( 6903: 6901: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6841:Rhim gazelle ( 6838: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6769: 6760: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6699:A. marsupialis 6693: 6691: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6603:Common eland ( 6600: 6590: 6588: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6567: 6561:Greater kudu ( 6558: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6407: 6398: 6389: 6380: 6374:Domestic yak ( 6371: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6302: 6298:B. mindorensis 6293: 6287:Lowland anoa ( 6284: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6007:Nilgiri tahr ( 6003: 6001: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5860:Taiwan serow ( 5857: 5848: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5791:Iberian ibex ( 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5680:Arabian tahr ( 5676: 5674: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5638: 5637: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5318: 5314:R. fulvorufula 5309: 5299: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5182:Arabian oryx ( 5179: 5170: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059:O. virginianus 5054: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925:O. bezoarticus 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4865:M. gouazoubira 4863:Gray brocket ( 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4618:C. albirostris 4612: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4402:E. cephalophus 4396: 4394: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4331:Leaf muntjac ( 4328: 4324:M. puhoatensis 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181:T. williamsoni 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033:M. moschiferus 4028: 4024:M. leucogaster 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3988:M. berezovskii 3983: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3835: 3833:Antilocapridae 3825: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3805:Laurasiatheria 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3725:External links 3723: 3720: 3719: 3698:(5): 711–730. 3678: 3651: 3618: 3560: 3528: 3480: 3451:(5): 631–644. 3427: 3408:(2): 137–143. 3384: 3327: 3272: 3265: 3247: 3241:978-0822946359 3240: 3222: 3215: 3188: 3150: 3128:(in Italian). 3109: 3070: 3034: 3003: 2984:(2): 335–345. 2968: 2941:(2): 327–337. 2921: 2894:(2): 400–402. 2874: 2855:(3): 235–251. 2835: 2808:(4): 679–686. 2788: 2769:(4): 188–213. 2753: 2725: 2714:(4): 425–432. 2694: 2659:(3): 713–719. 2643: 2632:(4): 331–339. 2612: 2575: 2530: 2517:(2): 372–380. 2493: 2446: 2395: 2376:(4): 291–300. 2353: 2322:(2): 153–170. 2295: 2276:(3): 495–504. 2256: 2225: 2181: 2162:(3): 537–547. 2146: 2127:(3): 411–423. 2104: 2069:(1): 237–247. 2061:) in summer". 2049: 2022:(4): 373–381. 1999: 1980:(3): 171–181. 1964: 1945: 1918:(3): 255–264. 1895: 1864: 1853:on 22 May 2013 1814: 1807: 1786: 1747: 1713:(3): 267–277. 1671: 1612: 1605: 1587: 1552:(3): 739–749. 1529: 1451: 1419: 1387: 1372: 1319: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1210: 1207: 1191:domestic goats 1106: 1103: 1006: 1003: 957: 954: 924: 921: 796: 793: 754: 751: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 681: 680: 676: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 663: 662: 658: 657: 654: 653: 649: 648: 645: 644: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 622: 617: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 599: 598: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 547: 542: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 525: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 503: 498: 496: 486: 476:The following 416:evidence show 330: 327: 258: 257: 253: 252: 244: 243: 234: 223: 222: 216: 215: 208: 206: 202: 201: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8593: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Capra (genus) 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8544: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8051: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8030:C. bactrianus 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7919: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7831:S. verrucosus 7827: 7825: 7823: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7777:S. domesticus 7773: 7771: 7769: 7768:S. celebensis 7764: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7697:Potamochoerus 7693: 7687: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7594:B. celebensis 7590: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7525: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7478:Blue duiker ( 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7393:C. nigrifrons 7389: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7375:C. natalensis 7371: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7321:C. callipygus 7317: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7248:R. campestris 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7200:O. oreotragus 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6843:G. leptoceros 6839: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6747:E. albonotata 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6723:A. cervicapra 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6608: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6594:Giant eland ( 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6572:T. sylvaticus 6568: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6534:Lesser kudu ( 6532: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6349:B. domesticus 6347:Bali cattle ( 6345: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6161: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6051:O. canadensis 6047: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5998:Nilgiritragus 5994: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5961:O. americanus 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5886:H. jemlahicus 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5782:Nubian ibex ( 5780: 5778: 5776: 5773:Alpine ibex ( 5771: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Pantholopinae 5537: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5491:A. buselaphus 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5395:Grey rhebok ( 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Aepycerotinae 5336: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5270:Nile lechwe ( 5268: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Hippotraginae 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4949:B. dichotomus 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4923:Pampas deer ( 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4883:M. nemorivaga 4879: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4827:Red brocket ( 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4796:H. antisensis 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4636:C. canadensis 4632: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4585:R. timorensis 4581: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4543:E. davidianus 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4510:R. duvaucelii 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4475:Bawean deer ( 4473: 4471: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4400:Tufted deer ( 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4333:M. putaoensis 4329: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4279:M. crinifrons 4275: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4172:T. versicolor 4168: 4166: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3979:M. anhuiensis 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3933:G. reticulata 3929: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3266:9780821443477 3262: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3216:0-691-12219-9 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047:(in German). 3046: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3023:(1): 95–101. 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851:(in French). 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765:(in German). 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738:(in French). 2737: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622:Capra i. ibex 2616: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:(8): e09511. 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1976:(in German). 1975: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1808:9780521760614 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:Mammal Review 1701: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1524: 1523:10.1644/830.1 1519: 1516:(830): 1–12. 1515: 1511: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:Bornes Massif 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1171:Least Concern 1168: 1162: 1160: 1159:Augstmatthorn 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135:national park 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1016:golden eagles 1013: 1002: 1000: 994: 991: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 962: 953: 949: 946: 941: 938: 929: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 864: 859: 858: 853: 852: 847: 846: 841: 840: 839:Calamagrostis 835: 834: 829: 828: 823: 816:, Switzerland 815: 811: 810:Augstmatthorn 792: 789: 785: 779: 777: 776:Gran Paradiso 772: 768: 759: 750: 748: 744: 740: 734: 731: 727: 722: 719: 715: 706: 692: 691: 683: 682: 674: 673: 665: 664: 656: 655: 647: 646: 643: 642: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 621: 620: 614: 613: 610: 609: 601: 600: 597: 596: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 580:Domestic goat 575: 574: 568: 567: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 546: 545: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 507:Siberian ibex 502: 501: 495: 494: 490: 489: 485: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Siberian ibex 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:hybridisation 415: 411: 410:Mitochondrial 407: 404:and into the 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386: 380: 374: 365: 351:is Latin for 349: 344: 343: 339: 335: 334:Carl Linnaeus 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 306: 302: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270: 265: 254: 250: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 224: 221: 220:Binomial name 217: 213: 212: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 97: 91: 86: 85:Least Concern 75: 71: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8543: 8226: 8134: 8122: 8111:H. amphibius 8110: 8100:Hippopotamus 8098: 8078:Whippomorpha 8047: 8038: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7978: 7966: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7830: 7821: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7759:S. cebifrons 7758: 7749: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7660:P. africanus 7659: 7650: 7640:Phacochoerus 7638: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7593: 7585:B. babyrussa 7584: 7572: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7489:P. maxwellii 7488: 7480:P. monticola 7479: 7467: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7420:C. rufilatus 7419: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7337:Bay duiker ( 7330:C. crusalbum 7329: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7290: 7282:Cephalophini 7265: 7257:R. melanotis 7256: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7175: 7167:N. moschatus 7166: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7107:M. guentheri 7106: 7094: 7083:D. megalotis 7082: 7070: 7045: 7033: 7022:P. hodgsonii 7021: 7009: 6986: 6977: 6969:P. gutturosa 6968: 6956: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6825:G. erlangeri 6824: 6815: 6806: 6798:G. bennettii 6797: 6785: 6773: 6765:E. thomsonii 6764: 6756:E. rufifrons 6755: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6604: 6596:T. derbianus 6595: 6583: 6571: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6527:T. eurycerus 6526: 6517: 6508: 6484: 6476:Tragelaphini 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6402: 6394:B. javanicus 6393: 6384: 6376:B. grunniens 6375: 6366: 6358:B. frontalis 6357: 6348: 6339: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6258: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6144:R. rupicapra 6143: 6135:R. pyrenaica 6134: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6077: 6076:Snow sheep ( 6068: 6059: 6058:Dall sheep ( 6050: 6041: 6032: 6020: 6009:N. hylocrius 6008: 5996: 5985:O. moschatus 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5809:Walia ibex ( 5801: 5793:C. pyrenaica 5792: 5783: 5774: 5772: 5765: 5757:C. falconeri 5756: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5717: 5706:B. taxicolor 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5561:P. hodgsonii 5560: 5548: 5523: 5514: 5504:Connochaetes 5502: 5490: 5489:Hartebeest ( 5478: 5466: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5413:Alcelaphinae 5397:P. capreolus 5396: 5384: 5359: 5347: 5322: 5313: 5305:R. arundinum 5304: 5292: 5280: 5272:K. megaceros 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5232: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5123: 5111: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5007: 4994: 4982: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4947:Marsh deer ( 4936: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4829:M. americana 4828: 4816: 4804: 4795: 4785:Hippocamelus 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4739:C. capreolus 4738: 4726: 4714: 4713:Water deer ( 4702: 4690: 4678: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4584: 4576:R. mariannus 4575: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4517:Eld's deer ( 4509: 4508:Barasingha ( 4497: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4369:M. vaginalis 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4270:M. atherodes 4269: 4257: 4180: 4171: 4163:T. nigricans 4162: 4153: 4144: 4136:T. javanicus 4135: 4123: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4081: 4070:H. aquaticus 4069: 4057: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3966: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3902: 3891:O. johnstoni 3890: 3878: 3854:A. americana 3853: 3841: 3803:Superorder: 3797:Infraclass: 3768:Artiodactyla 3695: 3691: 3681: 3667:(1): 65–78. 3664: 3660: 3654: 3642:. 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Retrieved 1296: 1290: 1284: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1202: 1176: 1163: 1144: 1116: 1105:Conservation 1080: 1075:as well as 1070: 1064: 1046: 1040: 1030: 1020: 1008: 995: 986: 967: 950: 942: 934: 898: 882: 867: 861: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 780: 764: 746: 735: 723: 711: 641:Iberian ibex 639: 625: 624: 593: 578: 549: 527: 505: 491: 481: 475: 470: 462: 454: 446: 440: 433: 430:C. pyrenaica 429: 426:Iberian ibex 414:Y chromosome 397: 394:transitional 383: 381: 340: 332: 307: 303: 290:Iberian ibex 285: 273: 268: 267: 263: 261: 228: 226: 211:C. ibex 210: 209: 197: 157:Artiodactyla 35:Alpine ibex 29: 8448:NatureServe 8370:iNaturalist 8251:Wikispecies 7988:L. guanicoe 7847:Tayassuidae 7811:Wild boar ( 7750:S. barbatus 7708:P. larvatus 7684:P. salvania 7682:Pygmy hog ( 7616:Hylochoerus 7469:Philantomba 7357:C. jentinki 7339:C. dorsalis 7292:Cephalophus 7176:N. pygmaeus 7134:M. saltiana 7072:Dorcatragus 7046:S. tatarica 6936:N. petersii 6874:Litocranius 6774:E. tilonura 6721:Blackbuck ( 6697:Springbok ( 6640:Antilopinae 6638:(subfamily 6585:Taurotragus 6552:Sitatunga ( 6545:T. scriptus 6536:T. imberbis 6493:(including 6486:Tragelaphus 6307:B. quarlesi 6189:Boselaphini 6173:(subfamily 6078:O. nivicola 5919:N. caudatus 5908:Red goral ( 5899:Naemorhedus 5862:C. swinhoei 5842:Red serow ( 5824:Capricornis 5802:C. sibirica 5739:C. caucasia 5730:C. aegagrus 5728:Wild goat ( 5682:A. jayakari 5671:Arabitragus 5630:(subfamily 5601:Antilopinae 5524:C. taurinus 5467:D. pygargus 5360:A. melampus 5281:K. vardonii 5243:Waterbuck ( 5184:O. leucoryx 5113:Hippotragus 5041:O. hemionus 5039:Mule deer ( 4938:Blastocerus 4847:M. bricenii 4805:H. bisulcus 4772:R. tarandus 4748:C. pygargus 4670:Capreolinae 4652:Sika deer ( 4594:R. unicolor 4583:Rusa deer ( 4486:A. porcinus 4306:M. montanus 4103:M. kathygre 3852:Pronghorn ( 3843:Antilocapra 3644:19 December 3587:(1): 1–16. 3537:"steinbock" 3347:(1): 1001. 3143:21 December 2626:Zoo Biology 1857:18 December 1444:11 December 1412:11 December 1312:19 November 1245:Magdalenian 1241:Pleistocene 1155:Le Pleureur 1119:Middle Ages 1117:During the 917:licks salts 909:Cingino Dam 885:home ranges 878:heat stress 822:herbivorous 726:metapodials 626:Alpine ibex 595:Bezoar ibex 529:Nubian ibex 463:C. sibirica 406:Pleistocene 385:Tossunnoria 264:Alpine ibex 173:Subfamily: 8550:Categories 8271:Capra_ibex 8257:Capra ibex 8227:Capra ibex 8124:Choeropsis 8006:L. vicugna 7892:C. wagneri 7795:S. oliveri 7786:S. heureni 7522:S. grimmia 7511:Sylvicapra 7498:P. walteri 7411:C. rubidis 7402:C. ogilbyi 7348:C. harveyi 7312:C. brookei 7266:R. sharpei 7246:Steenbok ( 7237:Raphicerus 7189:Oreotragus 7062:Neotragini 7011:Pantholops 6927:N. notatus 6885:L. walleri 6834:G. gazella 6807:G. cuvieri 6796:Chinkara ( 6688:Antidorcas 6675:A. clarkei 6664:Ammodorcas 6654:Antilopini 6554:T. spekeii 6518:T. buxtoni 6509:T. angasii 6401:Wild yak ( 6385:B. indicus 6340:B. bonasus 6280:B. bubalis 6223:Boselaphus 6199:Tetracerus 6069:O. gmelini 5937:N. griseus 5910:N. baileyi 5875:Hemitragus 5844:C. rubidus 5835:C. crispus 5784:C. nubiana 5647:Ammotragus 5550:Pantholops 5480:Alcelaphus 5465:Bontebok ( 5458:D. lunatus 5447:Damaliscus 5434:B. hunteri 5323:R. redunca 5224:Reduncinae 5175:O. gazella 5124:H. equinus 5050:O. pandora 5030:Odocoileus 4914:Ozotoceros 4770:Reindeer ( 4715:H. inermis 4704:Hydropotes 4627:C. elaphus 4625:Red deer ( 4567:R. alfredi 4484:Hog deer ( 4342:M. reevesi 4315:M. muntjak 4145:T. kanchil 4112:M. meminna 4059:Hyemoschus 4049:Tragulidae 4006:M. cupreus 3924:G. giraffa 3870:Giraffidae 3821:Ruminantia 3501:: 105239. 3491:Capra ibex 3439:Capra ibex 3080:Capra ibex 3013:Capra ibex 2931:Capra ibex 2742:: 99–118. 2704:Capra ibex 2505:Capra ibex 2456:Capra ibex 2366:Capra ibex 2346:7 November 2310:Capra ibex 2235:Capra ibex 2059:Capra ibex 2012:Capra ibex 1740:1 December 1700:in Europe" 1698:Capra ibex 1606:2831703530 1508:Capra ibex 1352:Capra ibex 1285:Capra ibex 1263:References 1151:Piz Albris 1061:strongyles 1039:caused by 982:copulation 700:Appearance 471:C. i. ibex 447:C. nubiana 310:extirpated 269:Capra ibex 229:Capra ibex 8207:Mountains 8076:Suborder 7986:Guanaco ( 7958:Camelidae 7944:Suborder 7916:D. tajacu 7905:Dicotyles 7881:Catagonus 7868:T. pecari 7813:S. scrofa 7717:P. porcus 7706:Bushpig ( 7574:Babyrousa 7550:Suborder 7447:C. weynsi 7438:C. spadix 7303:C. adersi 7224:O. ourebi 7158:N. batesi 7147:Neotragus 7116:M. kirkii 6918:N. granti 6883:Gerenuk ( 6852:G. spekei 6816:G. dorcas 6673:Dibatag ( 6460:S. caffer 6425:Pseudoryx 6412:B. taurus 6392:Banteng ( 6367:B. gaurus 6296:Tamaraw ( 6142:Chamois ( 6124:Rupicapra 6111:P. nayaur 6087:O. vignei 6067:Mouflon ( 5766:C. hircus 5755:Markhor ( 5658:A. lervia 5423:Beatragus 5349:Aepyceros 5173:Gemsbok ( 5166:O. dammah 5008:P. carlae 4901:M. temama 4892:M. rufina 4856:M. chunyi 4838:M. bororo 4728:Capreolus 4654:C. nippon 4645:C. hanglu 4532:Elaphurus 4477:A. kuhlii 4391:Elaphodus 4259:Muntiacus 4094:M. indica 4083:Moschiola 4015:M. fuscus 3958:Moschidae 3819:Suborder 3779:Kingdom: 3613:229546091 3553:7 January 3523:229721738 3051:: 24–35. 2963:232357703 2869:193212971 2748:132957886 2220:202570193 2063:Oecologia 1884:: 75–79. 1781:256122729 1727:218784224 1382:2730-7387 1237:stambecco 1230:bouquetin 1215:steinbock 1079:, mainly 1077:lungworms 1014:, though 890:hibernate 874:lactating 480:of seven 478:cladogram 467:trinomial 274:steinbock 205:Species: 123:Kingdom: 117:Eukaryota 8453:2.105329 8440:14200783 8388:10227900 8236:Wikidata 8048:C. ferus 8004:Vicuña ( 7997:L. pacos 7995:Alpaca ( 7979:L. glama 7946:Tylopoda 7456:C. zebra 7384:C. niger 6958:Procapra 6736:Eudorcas 6712:Antilope 6449:Syncerus 6410:Cattle ( 6403:B. mutus 6331:B. bison 6271:B. arnee 6232:Nilgai ( 6109:Bharal ( 6100:Pseudois 6060:O. dalli 6042:O. aries 6033:O. ammon 6031:Argali ( 5983:Muskox ( 5950:Oreamnos 5928:N. goral 5811:C. walie 5695:Budorcas 5632:Caprinae 5577:Caprinae 5432:Hirola ( 5376:Peleinae 5358:Impala ( 5263:K. leche 5261:Lechwe ( 5157:O. beisa 5133:H. niger 4794:Taruca ( 4761:Rangifer 4691:A. alces 4592:Sambar ( 4519:R. eldii 4499:Rucervus 4457:Chital ( 4249:Cervinae 4236:Cervidae 4197:Cervidae 4125:Tragulus 3799:Eutheria 3793:Mammalia 3787:Chordata 3785:Phylum: 3781:Animalia 3673:44442799 3635:Archived 3547:Archived 3515:33373957 3475:29875807 3422:55900555 3379:32081890 3322:36215646 3314:19912536 3134:Archived 3104:26476915 3065:36051526 2998:11974619 2955:33822150 2916:43739687 2830:17584373 2783:20248387 2689:84661674 2570:86267022 2488:36262460 2370:Ethology 2340:Archived 2336:58921073 2290:53205174 2091:18987895 2044:84995631 1994:41249118 1961:: 89–90. 1940:85380031 1767:: 1–11. 1731:Archived 1666:35560856 1582:12743878 1574:16757184 1438:Archived 1406:Archived 1232:and the 1223:steinboc 1203:Brucella 1057:coccidia 1037:foot rot 1027:fibrosis 1023:necrosis 913:Piedmont 905:red deer 869:Trisetum 863:Sesleria 827:Agrostis 743:underfur 455:C. walie 402:Pliocene 356:she-goat 329:Taxonomy 236:Linnaeus 177:Caprinae 163:Family: 147:Mammalia 137:Chordata 133:Phylum: 127:Animalia 113:Domain: 90:IUCN 3.1 21:Steenbok 8526:ZooBank 8427:1006185 8362:2441055 8242:Q168327 8195:Mammals 8181:Portals 8160:Cetacea 8151:Cetacea 8019:Camelus 7977:Llama ( 7857:Tayassu 7673:Porcula 7222:Oribi ( 7213:Ourebia 7096:Madoqua 7081:Beira ( 7002:Saigini 6909:N. dama 6787:Gazella 6636:Bovidae 6634:Family 6605:T. oryx 6525:Bongo ( 6507:Nyala ( 6434:Saola ( 6356:Gayal ( 6260:Bubalus 6175:Bovinae 6171:Bovidae 6169:Family 6085:Urial ( 5775:C. ibex 5704:Takin ( 5628:Bovidae 5626:Family 5589:Bovinae 5515:C. gnou 5294:Redunca 5206:Addax ( 5090:Bovidae 5088:Family 4996:Pudella 4983:P. pudu 4874:M. nana 4689:Moose ( 4459:A. axis 4426:D. dama 4288:M. feae 4234:Family 4209:Bovidae 4154:T. napu 3968:Moschus 3904:Giraffa 3889:Okapi ( 3791:Class: 3770:species 3766:Extant 3700:Bibcode 3466:5979623 3370:7035315 3349:Bibcode 3294:Bibcode 2908:9577795 2810:Bibcode 2681:4495243 2661:Bibcode 2468:Bibcode 2417:Bibcode 2378:Bibcode 2200:Bibcode 2164:Bibcode 2141:6211702 2099:1755798 2071:Bibcode 2024:Bibcode 1920:Bibcode 1657:9328357 1634:Bibcode 1554:Bibcode 1396:"Capri" 1257:Grisons 1234:Italian 990:nursery 974:oestrus 901:chamois 845:Festuca 812:in the 718:withers 551:Markhor 457:), and 390:Miocene 373:chamois 193:Genus: 187:Caprini 183:Tribe: 167:Bovidae 153:Order: 143:Class: 88: ( 63:Female 8518:104251 8505:698617 8401:625139 8336:305228 8323:CAPAIB 8310:328692 8284:494278 7564:Suidae 7165:Suni ( 6898:Nanger 6383:Zebu ( 6365:Gaur ( 6250:Bovini 5974:Ovibos 5279:Puku ( 5254:K. kob 4818:Mazama 4607:Cervus 3880:Okapia 3671: 3611: 3521: 3513: 3473: 3463: 3420: 3377: 3367: 3320: 3312: 3263: 3238: 3213: 3102: 3063: 2996: 2961: 2953: 2914: 2906: 2867: 2828: 2781: 2746: 2687: 2679: 2568: 2486: 2334: 2288: 2218: 2139: 2097: 2089: 2042: 1992: 1938: 1805: 1779: 1725: 1664: 1654: 1603: 1580: 1572: 1428:"ibex" 1380: 1370: 1253:canton 1227:French 1157:, and 1097:, and 1069:, and 1035:, and 1012:wolves 937:social 866:, and 851:Phleum 788:spruce 730:callus 443:Nubian 8492:80195 8479:72542 8414:42397 8383:IRMNG 8375:42357 7552:Suina 7035:Saiga 6976:Goa ( 6495:kudus 5719:Capra 5386:Pelea 5252:Kob ( 5234:Kobus 5197:Addax 4680:Alces 4634:Elk ( 3669:JSTOR 3638:(PDF) 3631:(PDF) 3609:S2CID 3519:S2CID 3418:S2CID 3318:S2CID 3137:(PDF) 3122:(PDF) 3061:S2CID 2959:S2CID 2912:S2CID 2865:S2CID 2779:S2CID 2744:S2CID 2685:S2CID 2677:JSTOR 2566:S2CID 2484:S2CID 2409:Oikos 2332:S2CID 2286:S2CID 2216:S2CID 2137:S2CID 2095:S2CID 2040:S2CID 1990:S2CID 1936:S2CID 1851:(PDF) 1836:(PDF) 1777:S2CID 1757:Capra 1734:(PDF) 1723:S2CID 1703:(PDF) 1578:S2CID 1542:Capra 1243:-era 1221:word 999:aging 833:Avena 784:larch 747:Capra 739:moult 493:Capra 482:Capra 451:walia 398:Capra 348:Capra 342:Capra 338:genus 286:Capra 198:Capra 49:Male 8474:NCBI 8409:IUCN 8396:ITIS 8357:GBIF 8318:EPPO 8297:QS69 8279:BOLD 8158:see 7968:Lama 6022:Ovis 5146:Oryx 4962:Pudu 4556:Rusa 4448:Axis 4415:Dama 3646:2023 3555:2024 3511:PMID 3493:)". 3471:PMID 3375:PMID 3310:PMID 3284:)". 3261:ISBN 3236:ISBN 3211:ISBN 3145:2023 3100:PMID 2994:PMID 2951:PMID 2904:PMID 2826:PMID 2706:)". 2624:)". 2607:link 2458:)". 2413:2022 2348:2023 2087:PMID 1876:)". 1859:2014 1803:ISBN 1742:2023 1662:PMID 1601:ISBN 1570:PMID 1446:2023 1414:2023 1378:ISSN 1368:ISBN 1314:2021 1297:2020 1167:IUCN 1025:and 903:and 894:bask 767:Alps 412:and 364:ibex 323:IUCN 298:coat 282:Alps 278:goat 262:The 240:1758 8461:NBN 8435:MSW 8422:MDD 8305:EoL 8292:CoL 8266:ADW 7730:Sus 6320:Bos 3708:doi 3599:hdl 3589:doi 3503:doi 3499:187 3461:PMC 3453:doi 3410:doi 3365:PMC 3357:doi 3302:doi 3207:390 3179:doi 3092:doi 3088:214 3053:doi 3025:doi 2986:doi 2943:doi 2896:doi 2857:doi 2818:doi 2771:doi 2716:doi 2712:263 2669:doi 2634:doi 2589:doi 2556:doi 2519:doi 2476:doi 2435:hdl 2425:doi 2386:doi 2374:101 2324:doi 2278:doi 2268:". 2247:doi 2208:doi 2172:doi 2129:doi 2079:doi 2067:159 2032:doi 1982:doi 1959:172 1928:doi 1886:doi 1769:doi 1715:doi 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