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their early twenties, the almajirai reach sauka, graduation, and become gardi or gardawa. When not engaged in learning the Quran, almajirai in rural areas may work on farms, while urban almajirai conduct small tasks like domestic chores, running errands, and fetching water. Some almajiri attend secular schools concurrently, or switch between secular and almajiri schools. Additionally, almajirai practice alms begging, or almajiranchi, out of necessity to eat. Almajiranchi was not originally part of the almajirai system, but it is now said to prepare the almajirai for the hardships of life, make them strong and humble, and keep them devoted to studying the Quran. The practice of alms begging is widely denounced as child abuse in
Nigeria.
25:
106:
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easy targets for recruitment. Some say that Boko Haram would not exist with almajirai, while others say there's no evidence that Boko Haram recruits from almajirai systematically more than they recruit from any other vulnerable youth demographic in
Nigeria. A recent study involving interviews with scholars whose works have associated the Almajirai with terrorism found no evidence supporting the extremism discourse other than hypothetical worst-case scenarios based on an economic deprivation thesis, which contributes to securitisation of the Almajirai.
177:
scale nor advanced existing institutions. Most
Western education (Boko) was conducted by Christian missionaries, but this education was only available for a small portion of Nigerians. Because Islamic scholars did not have a western education, they were disqualified from white-collar and political jobs. One Muslim response to the establishment of Christian-led secular schools was to create integrated Muslim-led secular schools. In 1921, there were more than 30,000 Islamic schools in Northern Nigeria.
94:. In a recent report during the COVID 19 lockdown, the government of Kano State revealed that it cannot take care of over 5 million alamajiri in Kano state so it has begun the process of deportation of the boys back to their various states of origin. Some other northern states also followed suit on the grounds that the boys will be easy spreaders of the dreaded coronavirus in northern Nigeria. About 69% of the 13.4 million out of school children in Nigeria are children from Northern Nigeria.
291:
181:
328:, 38% of boys surveyed said they were tired all the time, and 62% reported feeling hungry. In the same study, 88% of almajirai said they spend most of their time begging. Some Muslims criticize this practice, as begging is generally discouraged in Islam. Moreover, the conditions that almajirai live in are often unhygienic and not conducive to their health.
192:, became important centers of Islamic learning. Parents started sending their children to the cities to study Islam, and the relationship between the almajiri and the malammai became more salient. The teachers and students had no financial support, so, they turned to alms begging and menial jobs for survival. Eventually this practice became the norm.
335:
with an ample supply of vulnerable young recruits. People believe that the almajiri system fuels Boko Haram because 1) the children are radically indoctrinated and manipulated by their
Quranic teachers and 2) the children are economically disadvantaged and live without their parents, which makes them
207:
In 1989, the
Nigerian government created the National Commission for Nomadic Education (NCNE) to improve formal and non-formal education systems (including the almajiri system) for nomadic Nigerian children. Some children come to Nigeria from neighboring countries (Chad Republic, Niger, and Sudan) to
77:
Colloquially, the term has expanded to refer to any young person who begs on the streets and does not attend secular school. Many people in Hausa land give 'Sadaka' to almajirai on daily basis seeking Divine reward and protection. Almajirai are children, usually from poor rural backgrounds, who leave
356:
encourage the seeking of
Islamic knowledge, such as "Seeking knowledge is a duty upon every Muslim" (Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 224) and "Whoever goes out seeking knowledge, then he is in Allah's cause until he returns" (Vol. 5, Book 39, Hadith 2647). Supporters of the almajiri education system believe
97:
The almajiri system in
Nigeria is highly controversial. The system has been attacked for promoting youth poverty and delinquency, for failing to teach young boys vocational skills and thus making them unequipped for the workforce, and for radicalizing boys and making them perfect recruits for gangs
176:
and defunded the almajiri system. The remaining emirs lost control of their territories; this resulted also in the loss of fundamental control of the almajiri. With no support from the community, emirs and government, the system collapsed. The
British neither established secular schools on a large
323:
The almajiri system has been highly controversial in
Nigeria. Some believe that the almajiri system was originally good, but has since deteriorated. Critics say that the almajiri system promotes poverty and neglects, abuses, and exploits young boys, who wear tattered clothing, beg for food on the
232:
had three times as many
Quranic students as students in the formal education system, which the government considered to be a serious problem. In 2010, the Nigerian Universal Basic Education (UBE) system was expanded to include the National Framework for the Development and Integration of Almajiri
86:
were educated in the alamajiri system themselves, and as they do not receive a salary but depend financially on the alms of the community and the work of the almajirai. The almajirai usually begin their studies between the ages of 3 and 12, and learn about the Quran in schools called tsangayu. In
360:
Some argue that the negative stereotypes of almajirai make them easy scapegoats. They argue that the almajirai system itself may not be the causal factor in the poverty the boys face. As part of efforts to vaccinate every child in Nigeria, the World Health Organization has supported the Nigerian
247:
In 2015, the Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) Almajiri Education Programme wrote that its goals were to provide the Universal Basic Education to all almajiri children, to eliminate begging, and to facilitate the integration of Islamic studies into the secular Universal Basic Education
148:, almajiri children stayed at home with their parents and attended tsangayu to learn about the Quran. All the schools available then were in close proximity with the immediate environment of the students. Inspectors were introduced to go to the schools and report the affairs of the school to the
233:
Education, which allocated funding to open more than one hundred almajiri schools. The schools were funded by a $ 98 million joint operation between the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and the Nigerian government. The plan was intended to keep children from becoming radicalized and recruited by
252:
children. The report emphasized that children could continue to learn the Quran, but that the Universal Basic Education program would prepare almajirai with secular knowledge and skills to "enable them integrate into the Nigerian society and ensure realization of their potentials."
277:. The governor of Kano State Mr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje announced that alamajiri have been banned from the state and deportation of them will start immediately to curb covid spread. The children would be absorbed into the secular school system.
351:
Some still consider the almajirai system to be a legitimate, time-honored way to teach children the Quran and Muslim values. Many almajirai consider themselves to be humble and devoted scholars searching for the most holy knowledge. Several
272:
has set the scene for introducing drastic changes into the almajiri school system as it exposes children to the virus due to lack of hygiene, shelter and itinerant life. This has led to abolishing of the almajiri educational system by
204:, which decreased the profitability of farming, and the 1986 Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which slowed economic growth, both increased poverty in Northern Nigeria and exacerbated the challenges of the almajiri system.
302:
135:
in the 9th century, and the religion spread through trade and migration. Almajiri began in Kanem-Borno in the 11th century, when many rulers practiced Islam. More than 700 years later, in the 19th century, Islamic scholar
342:
Because almajirai beg on the streets and are seen by some as unproductive to society, the children face widespread stigmatization: some consider them to be "the butchers of Nigeria,” "urchins" and "nuisances."
26:
361:
Government to vaccinate as many alamajiri children in the northern part of Nigeria as possible. The vaccination was targeted at schools and houses where the children are found.
880:
268:, out of 45 samples taken for COVID-19 tests from Almajiris repatriated from Kano State, 16 came back positive. The Northern States Governors' Forum perceived that the
1659:
244:
referred to the almajiri as “dangerous to national development.” He also said that Nigeria should ensure that the almajirai receive a traditional, secular education.
216:
In recent years, there has been an increased effort to integrate the almajiri school system into the Nigerian secular school system. Several Northern states, such as
364:
Additionally, some say that there is no evidence that Boko Haram or other violent groups recruit from almajirai more than any other cohort of disadvantaged youth.
160:
and sometimes the farm output of the students. In the precolonial era, almajirai did not beg because there was sufficient funding to feed and clothe them.
1326:
339:
Additionally, since the almajirai do not receive a secular education (math, science, English, etc.), they are often unequipped for professional jobs.
1610:
1062:
Olaniran, Sunday Olawale (2018-02-01). "Almajiri education: Policy and practice to meet the learning needs of the nomadic population in Nigeria".
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The British did, however, establish large urban centers, so many malammai migrated from rural areas to the cities. Many northern cities, such as
1652:
1205:
728:
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and other terrorist groups. In 2013, 124 Islamic schools had been built. However, since then, many of these schools have deteriorated.
90:
Approximately 8.5 million children attend Islamic schools in Northern Nigeria. There are approximately 300,000 almajirai living in the
1645:
1559:
1397:
1372:
1347:
894:
831:
1772:
445:
1525:"The securitisation of the Almajirai : a study of the process underpinning the production of the Almajirai as threats"
427:
779:
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In an effort to control how almajiri schools operate in the state, the Kaduna State government plans to register them.
331:
The almajiri system is often attacked for promoting youth delinquency and violence and for providing street gangs and
1503:
1041:
954:
927:
1138:
402:
224:, have started integrating the almajiri education system into existing government programs. In 2009, the states of
1274:
1426:
509:
Omeni, Akali (2015). "The Almajiri in Northern Nigeria: Militancy, Perceptions, Challenges, and State Policies".
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attend almajiri schools. Many Northern states made integrated Muslim/secular primary and post-primary schools.
172:
in 1904, and with them came many changes to the almajiri system. During the colonial era, the British deposed
201:
102:. Others believe the almajiri system teaches young boys to be pious, good people who will benefit society.
1668:
1620:
1458:
1164:
566:
54:. The system encourages parents to leave parental responsibilities to the attached Islamic school. The
806:
657:
1583:
881:"THE ALMAJIRI SYSTEM AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: Finding the Nexus by Oge Samuel…"
985:
538:
132:
1777:
105:
1751:
1071:
683:
1504:"Breeding Future Terrorists. A Study of Almajiri of Northern Nigeria and Islamist Militia"
1229:
1113:
1042:"Breeding Future Terrorists. A Study of Almajiri of Northern Nigeria and Islamist Militia"
955:"Breeding Future Terrorists. A Study of Almajiri of Northern Nigeria and Islamist Militia"
928:"Breeding Future Terrorists. A Study of Almajiri of Northern Nigeria and Islamist Militia"
8:
1075:
687:
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of the province. The schools were funded by the state treasury, the community, parents,
1706:
1524:
1481:
1187:
1095:
645:
589:
542:
534:
1459:"From Alms to Arms: The Almajiri Phenomenon and Internal Security in Northern Nigeria"
1165:"From Alms to Arms: The Almajiri Phenomenon and Internal Security in Northern Nigeria"
638:
Traditional Quranic Students (Almajirai) in Nigeria: Fair Game for Unfair Accusations?
567:"From Alms to Arms: The Almajiri Phenomenon and Internal Security in Northern Nigeria"
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1087:
709:
701:
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526:
522:
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were traced to almajiris who were sent back from Kano to their different States. In
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1079:
997:
902:
691:
581:
518:
169:
145:
1716:
1206:"INVESTIGATION: Almajiri schools built by Jonathan govt. decaying across Nigeria"
381:
137:
1022:
855:
55:
1560:"WHO supports Government to immunize 'Almajiri' Children in Northwest Nigeria"
1083:
1002:
1766:
1741:
1091:
986:"Transforming the Almajiri Education for the Benefit of the Nigerian Society"
705:
530:
313:
229:
217:
753:
713:
325:
265:
261:
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110:
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189:
114:
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their hometowns to study Islamic learning with malammai, teachers of the
1023:"The Almajiri System of Education in Nigeria Today By Professor Idris A"
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that it teaches children to be pious, moral, and beneficial to society.
1477:
1183:
780:"Coronavirus fears over children in northern Nigeria | DW | 28.04.2020"
585:
332:
274:
234:
99:
91:
1736:
1731:
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caliphate, and furthered the cause of Islamic learning. Prior to the
696:
671:
1279:
257:
249:
636:
Hoechner, Hannah (2014). Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine (ed.).
446:"Northern governors begin expulsion of Almajiris over coronavirus"
290:
1726:
1711:
1327:"Northern governors determined to end almajiri system'- El-Rufai"
309:
157:
39:
35:
1398:"COVID -19: Ganduje abolishes almajiri education system in Kano"
1373:"COVID -19: Ganduje abolishes almajiri education system in Kano"
1721:
1689:
376:
353:
141:
59:
1746:
1701:
1684:
1502:
Gomment, Thomas Imoudu; Esomchi, Obi Success (January 2017).
1040:
Gomment, Thomas Imoudu; Esomchi, Obi Success (January 2017).
953:
Gomment, Thomas Imoudu; Esomchi, Obi Success (January 2017).
926:
Gomment, Thomas Imoudu; Esomchi, Obi Success (January 2017).
832:"Muhammed, a returnee Almajiri, puts his dream back on track"
754:"Goment no fit take care of 5 million Almajiri - Kano goment"
729:"Almajiri crisis in Northern Nigeria: A cry for our children"
324:
streets, and work for free. In one study of almajirai in the
153:
79:
1139:"How Niger's model schools would take almajirai off streets"
180:
173:
149:
1303:"COVID-19: 16 Almajiri children test positive in Jigawa"
403:"The plights of Almajirai amidst inter-state exchange"
131:
Muslim traders first came to the Nigerian regions of
1667:
1348:"Almajiri are breeding ground of COVID-19 ― Ganduje"
42:, the male gender seeking Islam knowledge is called
450:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
407:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
640:. Leiden: African Studies Centre. pp. 63–84.
211:
1764:
801:
799:
726:
1548:. UBEC Almajiri Education Programme Unit. 2015.
1263:. UBEC Almajiri Education Programme Unit. 2015.
16:System of Islamic education in northern Nigeria
1501:
1039:
952:
925:
777:
74:from his home in search of Islamic knowledge.
1653:
796:
1017:
1015:
1013:
64:
1427:"Free to read | Understanding the Almajiri"
70:"al-Muhājir," which refers to a person who
1660:
1646:
990:Journal of Educational and Social Research
1611:"Kaduna set to register almajiri schools"
1457:Aghedo, Iro; Eke, Surulola James (2013).
1456:
1163:Aghedo, Iro; Eke, Surulola James (2013).
1162:
1010:
1001:
695:
565:Aghedo, Iro; Eke, Surulola James (2013).
564:
511:African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review
308:Almajirai collecting food in a street in
1543:"Update on Almajiri Education Programme"
1258:"Update on Almajiri Education Programme"
1061:
807:"Sustainable Almajiri reforms - Nigeria"
635:
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104:
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1584:"Kaduna to register almajiri schools"
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428:"ZEISS Industrial Metrology Homepage"
384:, the Sudanese name for these schools
1466:The Korean Journal of Policy Studies
1424:
1415:
1172:The Korean Journal of Policy Studies
879:Okonkwo, Oge Samuel (18 July 2017).
574:The Korean Journal of Policy Studies
560:
558:
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1492:
1443:
1300:
1156:
1033:
984:Taiwo, Fowoyo Joseph (2013-11-01).
968:
941:
65:
13:
1247:
1230:"The Almajiri Situation - Nigeria"
916:
600:
463:
126:
58:word Almajiri is derived from the
14:
1789:
1114:"Reforming the Almajiri Syndrome"
1064:International Review of Education
553:
1669:Islamic educational institutions
1564:WHO | Regional Office for Africa
539:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.128
523:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.128
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289:
38:education practiced in northern
1603:
1576:
1552:
1517:
1390:
1365:
1340:
1319:
1294:
1275:"Covid-19 and Almajiri Problem"
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1210:Regulators Monitoring Programme
1198:
1131:
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887:
872:
848:
824:
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682:(7112): 605–606. October 2006.
184:Almajirai walking in the street
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778:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
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664:
438:
420:
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212:Contemporary Government Policy
1:
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1773:Islamic education in Nigeria
1619:. 2022-08-07. Archived from
280:
7:
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156:controlled by local emirs,
10:
1794:
1511:Conflict Studies Quarterly
1049:Conflict Studies Quarterly
962:Conflict Studies Quarterly
935:Conflict Studies Quarterly
346:
296:Almajirai on a labour work
146:British arrival in Nigeria
121:
1675:
1301:Ozo, Suzan (2020-05-08).
1084:10.1007/s11159-018-9705-2
1003:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n9p67
727:Nigerian Mothers (2020).
34:) refers to a system of
109:Almajirai at school in
256:In 2020, 50 out of 59
185:
118:
248:Program for Northern
196:Post-Independence Era
183:
108:
50:, and the plural is
1425:None (2019-05-30).
1076:2018IREdu..64..111O
899:rlp.hds.harvard.edu
860:rlp.hds.harvard.edu
688:2006Natur.443R.605.
672:"Forgotten plights"
240:In 2012, President
46:, female gender is
28:Hausa pronunciation
1707:Islamic University
1478:10.52372/kjps28305
1184:10.52372/kjps28305
895:"Sokoto Caliphate"
856:"Islam in Nigeria"
586:10.52372/kjps28305
186:
119:
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270:COVID-19 pandemic
242:Goodluck Jonathan
170:colonized Nigeria
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133:Kanem and Borno
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1118:Nextier SPD
654:|work=
432:www.cmm.com
222:Niger state
200:The 1970's
115:Kebbi State
66:المُهَاجِرْ
20:Almajiranci
1767:Categories
1627:2023-04-03
1596:2022-08-15
1569:2021-06-05
1436:2021-06-05
1408:2020-05-28
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413:2022-08-15
389:References
333:Boko Haram
275:Kano State
235:Boko Haram
100:Boko Haram
1737:Pesantren
1732:Nezamiyeh
1234:ReliefWeb
1100:150066567
1092:1573-0638
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656:ignored (
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316:, Nigeria
281:Criticism
260:cases in
117:, Nigeria
52:Almajirai
1486:56030108
1280:This Day
1192:56030108
714:17035958
594:56030108
371:See also
258:COVID-19
250:Nigerian
202:oil boom
158:sadaqqah
72:migrates
48:Almajira
44:Almajiri
1727:Madrasa
1717:Khalawi
1712:Khanqah
1072:Bibcode
733:PM News
684:Bibcode
347:Support
310:Katsina
230:Zamfara
122:History
82:. Most
40:Nigeria
36:Islamic
1752:Zawiya
1722:Kuttab
1690:Talibe
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62:word,
60:Arabic
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1742:Qawmi
1702:Hawza
1685:Daara
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740:2020
710:PMID
702:ISSN
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190:Kano
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