390:
937:
949:
970:
961:
815:
557:
46:
1000:
680:
988:
3723:
2604:
1895:
979:
3733:
33:
727:
are the most popular part to be used in food. Leaves can be used in raw salads and carry a very subtle garlicky flavour similar to that of garlic chives. When picked the leaves bruise, making them smell even stronger. When cooked the flavour of the leaves becomes softer and sweeter.
579:, that reproduces primarily by seed. The narrow bulbs are formed from a single leaf base and produce bright green entire, elliptical leaves up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long x 7 cm (2.8 in) wide with a petiole up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long. The
529:
Cows love to eat them, hence the modern vernacular name of cows's leek. In Devon, dairy farmers have occasionally had the milk of their herds rejected because of the garlic flavour imparted to it by the cows having grazed upon the plant.
1663:"Methods for the examination of cattle, sheep and goat dung in prehistoric wetland settlements with examples of the sites Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen and Alleshausen-Grundwiesen (around cal 2900 BC) at Lake Federsee, south-west Germany"
883:
leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins, while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein. The leaves of lily of the valley are in pairs, dull green, and come from a single reddish-purple stem, while the leaves of
663:
has been credited with many medicinal qualities and is a popular homeopathic ingredient. It is often used for treating cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive problems, as well as for the sterilisation of wounds.
868:
Grinding the leaves between the fingers and checking for a garlic-like smell can be helpful, but if the smell remains on the hands, one can mistake a subsequent poisonous plant for a safe one. When the leaves of
1183:
Kolosova, Valeria; Svanberg, Ingvar; Kalle, Raivo; Strecker, Lisa; Özkan, Ayşe Mine Gençler; Pieroni, Andrea; Cianfaglione, Kevin; Molnár, Zsolt; Papp, Nora; Łuczaj, Łukasz; Dimitrova, Dessislava (2017-02-21).
771:
The leaves are also used as fodder. Cows that have fed on ramsons give milk that tastes slightly of garlic, and butter made from this milk used to be very popular in 19th-century
Switzerland.
1778:
Risk of mix-up with bear's garlic - BfR warns pickers about fatal consequences of mistaking free-growing poisonous plants for bear's garlic, German
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; 2005
1513:
936:
948:
861:, all of which are poisonous. In Europe, where ramsons are popularly harvested from the wild, people are regularly poisoned after mistakenly picking lily of the valley or
764:
known as mountain garlic in Korea. The bulbs can be used similarly to garlic cloves, and the flowers are also edible. Parts of the plant can be used for preparing
2640:
1863:
746:
are edible. The leaves can be used as salad, herb, boiled as a vegetable, in soup, or as an ingredient for a sauce that may be a substitute for
1611:
3994:
1506:
731:
The leaf is often chopped and used to replace garlic and other herbs in many recipes. The bulb can be used in a similar way to clove garlic.
698:
woodlands with moist soils, preferring slightly acidic conditions. In the
British Isles, colonies are frequently associated with bluebells (
671:
than in clove garlic. It is sometimes called the "magnesium king" of plants because of the high levels of this mineral found in the leaves.
3737:
783:
4089:
754:. Leaves are also often used to make garlic butter. In Russia the stems are preserved by salting and eaten as a salad. A variety of
3890:
2633:
3955:
3903:
1777:
1092:
3973:
1798:
1574:
1540:
1416:
1388:
4068:
3960:
4204:
506:
for the bulbs; folk tales describe the bears consuming them after awakening from hibernation. Another theory is that the "
389:
4194:
3726:
2626:
1432:
618:
is triangular in cross-section and the leaves are broadly lanceolate, similar to those of the toxic lily of the valley (
544:
Early healers among the Celts, Gaels, Teutonic tribes and ancient Romans were familiar with the wild herb and called it
3877:
4199:
4189:
1661:
Kühn, Marlu; Maier, Ursula; Herbig, Christoph; Ismail-Meyer, Kristin; Bailly, Matthieu Le; Wick, Lucia (2013-02-01).
1360:
45:
2587:
1943:
1298:
3999:
3929:
526:, though this hypothesis is disputed. Common names for the plant in many languages also make reference to bears.
3150:
4107:
1509:
Indicators of ancient woodland: The use of vascular plants in evaluating ancient woods for nature conservation
3981:
636:. It is common in much of the lowlands of the British Isles with the exception of the far north of Scotland,
614:
It flowers in the
British Isles from April to June, starting before deciduous trees leaf in the spring. The
148:
1562:
4115:
3942:
3817:
3812:
4102:
3537:
3908:
2832:
4009:
3968:
2649:
700:
720:
plant are edible and have culinary uses, including the flower, which can be used to garnish salads.
4179:
3793:
2570:
1899:
1615:
999:
806:
was found in the settlement layer, interpreted by some as evidence for use of the plant as fodder.
3843:
3257:
2805:
1998:
4094:
3755:
3683:
3140:
2447:
2240:
1965:
1564:
1055:
987:
611:, about 16–20 mm (0.63–0.79 in) in diameter, with stamens shorter than the perianth.
237:
1328:
969:
460:. It is native to Europe and Asia, where it grows in moist woodland. It is a wild relative of
3628:
3294:
3192:
2775:
2484:
2016:
1530:
758:
cheese has a rind coated in wild garlic leaves. The leaves can be pickled in the same way as
373:
175:
4058:
4035:
1908:
561:
3851:
3364:
3222:
3212:
3197:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2755:
2385:
2317:
2260:
2006:
1936:
1888:
1674:
1638:"Pickled Mountain Garlic Korean Vegetarian Sidedish Recipe ✪ Japanese & Korean Recipes"
1463:
1131:
734:
Popular dishes using the plant include pesto, soups, pasta, cheese, scones and
Devonnaise.
1563:
Institut Fur
Pflanzengenetik Und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben (COR) (11 May 2001).
8:
4053:
3007:
2977:
2967:
2432:
2235:
2165:
2125:
1913:
1034:
911:
839:
620:
323:
1678:
1467:
1135:
4141:
4081:
3304:
2956:
2560:
2295:
2290:
2275:
2180:
2120:
1835:
1757:
1698:
1484:
1451:
1380:
1220:
1185:
1160:
1119:
1049:
834:
795:
199:
40:
2400:
1791:
Wild flowers of
Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora
1637:
1597:
1089:
1078:
4030:
3825:
3339:
3227:
3207:
2951:
2896:
2555:
2452:
2422:
2270:
2250:
2210:
2195:
2190:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2115:
1827:
1794:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1702:
1690:
1570:
1566:
Mansfeld's
Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)
1536:
1489:
1412:
1384:
1356:
1316:
1225:
1207:
1165:
1147:
942:
Allium ursinum ramsons. The small flower buds are entwined in the cracked flower bud.
765:
615:
353:
277:
267:
257:
227:
1686:
960:
4146:
3830:
3698:
3688:
3673:
3299:
3120:
2936:
2906:
2886:
2842:
2720:
2417:
2380:
2280:
2265:
2245:
2230:
2225:
2205:
2160:
2150:
1733:
1682:
1479:
1471:
1215:
1197:
1155:
1139:
1042:
1022:
760:
705:
603:
343:
217:
1662:
4174:
4169:
4017:
3638:
3559:
3324:
3236:
3076:
2918:
2837:
2607:
2565:
2375:
2200:
2175:
2155:
2110:
1929:
1737:
1517:
1096:
954:
Allium ursinum ramsons. Small delicate flowers and flower buds on a slender stem.
851:
814:
453:
450:
363:
247:
83:
3986:
537:, meaning "garlic". There is evidence it has been used in English cuisine since
4184:
4120:
4076:
3703:
3669:
3542:
3501:
3269:
3172:
2997:
2941:
2901:
2891:
2795:
2682:
2657:
2519:
2462:
2322:
2285:
2255:
2220:
2215:
2185:
2170:
2048:
2021:
879:
857:
845:
597:
556:
538:
523:
457:
116:
70:
2871:
2854:
1475:
1450:
Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (December 25, 2013).
1202:
1143:
4163:
3882:
3778:
3678:
3459:
3434:
3379:
3135:
3104:
2931:
2926:
2827:
2770:
2618:
2524:
2476:
2442:
2437:
2354:
2342:
2135:
2083:
1831:
1745:
1694:
1211:
1151:
580:
576:
191:
96:
4045:
3947:
1852:
4133:
3708:
3693:
3532:
3454:
3344:
3289:
3284:
3252:
3242:
3162:
3145:
3051:
2946:
2514:
2509:
2489:
2058:
2031:
1753:
1493:
1404:
1229:
1169:
755:
3916:
3804:
3787:
3643:
3584:
3474:
3469:
3444:
3427:
3417:
3408:
3274:
3125:
3020:
2760:
2532:
2427:
2390:
2359:
2337:
2327:
2073:
2053:
2041:
333:
106:
4022:
3895:
3554:
3549:
3506:
3489:
3479:
3449:
3439:
3389:
3279:
3167:
3056:
2876:
2822:
2785:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2699:
2675:
2504:
2494:
2349:
2332:
2093:
2078:
1878:
1839:
1815:
1452:"Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview"
1120:"Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview"
1016:
900:
is an important food for brown bears. The plant is also a favourite of
779:
511:
503:
126:
3579:
1243:
786:(Denmark), where an impression of a leaf has been found. In the Swiss
632:
It is native to temperate regions of Europe, from
Ireland east to the
3921:
3864:
3633:
3484:
3354:
3329:
3217:
3202:
3187:
3182:
3041:
2972:
2962:
2859:
2849:
2780:
2765:
2730:
2036:
901:
787:
695:
687:
679:
32:
3749:
2011:
1270:
888:
each have their own stem, are shiny when new, and are bright green.
686:
completely covers the forest floor in early May. From the forest of
4128:
3772:
3374:
3247:
3232:
3130:
3086:
3071:
3061:
3046:
3036:
2790:
2715:
2063:
1894:
791:
641:
633:
3934:
3869:
2309:
978:
3838:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3574:
3494:
3394:
3359:
3349:
3334:
3091:
3002:
2866:
2745:
2550:
2068:
1612:"British Cheese Board - Lynher Farms & Dairies: Cornish Yarg"
1118:
Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (2015).
1027:
3856:
1716:
Gilotta, Irene; Brvar, Miran (2010). "Accidental poisoning with
708:. It is considered to be an ancient woodland indicator species.
502:
translates to 'bear' and refers to the supposed fondness of the
3659:
3621:
3606:
3569:
3527:
3522:
3422:
3177:
3081:
2750:
2710:
2499:
1978:
1973:
1953:
1411:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
799:
637:
588:
470:
465:
136:
3589:
3464:
3384:
3369:
3316:
3066:
3025:
2817:
2695:
2670:
2026:
1988:
1449:
1182:
1117:
910:
is the primary larval host plant for a specialised hoverfly,
751:
747:
648:
subspecies is found in western and central Europe, while the
608:
584:
461:
57:
3596:
3564:
2809:
1983:
1660:
922:
447:
1377:
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild
Flowers of Britain
1186:"The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models"
3404:
3109:
2665:
1921:
1879:
Tutin, T.G. 1957. Biological flora of the British Isles:
607:(field garlic). The flowers are star-like with six white
1598:"Wild Garlic – What You Need to Know – Obey Your Hunger"
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae
1816:"Brown Bear Habitat Quality in Gorski Kotar, Croatia"
667:
Various minerals are found in much higher amounts in
1350:
1788:
1528:
1351:Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981).
518:was perhaps one of the most northerly distributed
809:
566:Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
4161:
1507:British Wildlife - April 1999 - Francis Rose,
652:subspecies is found in the east and southeast.
2648:
1355:(Third ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1079:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
877:first sprout, they look similar, but unfolded
768:, a speciality of the Van province in Turkey.
2634:
1937:
1522:
1715:
1439:. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
1297:Company, The Foraging Course (2022-03-28).
2641:
2627:
1944:
1930:
1813:
1789:Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003).
1026:- North American wild leek (or "ramps", a
825:(right) growing side by side in a woodland
31:
1556:
1483:
1292:
1290:
1219:
1201:
1190:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1159:
1883:. Journal of Ecology 45(3) pp.1003-1010.
1773:
1771:
813:
678:
587:of six to 20 white flowers, lacking the
555:
388:
1709:
1425:
1296:
774:The first evidence of the human use of
474:. There are two recognized subspecies:
4162:
2408:
2101:
1782:
1635:
1287:
1265:
1263:
1244:"Ramsons names - Encyclopedia of Life"
3754:
3753:
2622:
1925:
1768:
1403:
1397:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
4010:b2b1b316-8646-4a2d-a3b3-bca9f0b2d9b3
3732:
1353:Excursion Flora of the British Isles
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1814:Kusak, Josip; Huber, Djuro (1998).
1260:
575:is a bulbous, perennial herbaceous
468:, all belonging to the same genus,
13:
1335:
1099:, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
14:
4216:
1872:
1853:Nature Spot - Portevinia maculata
1102:
4108:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:529088-1
3731:
3722:
3721:
2603:
2602:
2588:Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers
1893:
1642:Asiatischer Foodblog RyuKoch.com
1636:Koch, Matthias; Hosono, Ryusei.
998:
986:
977:
968:
959:
947:
935:
829:Plants that may be mistaken for
711:
655:
44:
1857:
1846:
1807:
1687:10.1179/1461410313Z.00000000017
1654:
1629:
1604:
1590:
1500:
1443:
627:
533:Ramsons is from the Saxon word
1409:New Flora of the British Isles
1369:
1236:
1176:
1083:
1072:
1038:- Eurasian broadleaf wild leek
921:The flowers are pollinated by
810:Similarity to poisonous plants
551:
1:
1299:"Foraging focus: wild garlic"
1065:
393:Wild garlic in Hampshire, UK.
272:(Oksner & Kleopow) Bordz.
1738:10.3109/15563650.2010.533675
1569:. Springer. pp. 2251–.
798:), a high concentration of
737:
493:
7:
4205:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1887:Ramsons at Gernot Katzer's
1793:. London: A & C Black.
1529:Johannes Seidemann (2005).
1010:
10:
4221:
4195:Medicinal plants of Europe
2650:Non-timber forest products
1951:
1720:mistaken for wild garlic (
928:
891:
674:
548:, meaning 'healing herb'.
306:(Oksner & Kleopow) Soó
3762:
3717:
3652:
3515:
3403:
3315:
3100:
3016:
2917:
2804:
2691:
2656:
2598:
2579:
2541:
2526:Beurre à la bourguignonne
2475:
2399:
2368:
2308:
2092:
1997:
1961:
1667:Environmental Archaeology
1476:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0
1203:10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9
1144:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0
701:Hyacinthoides non-scripta
205:
198:
181:
174:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
4200:Plants described in 1753
4190:Medicinal plants of Asia
2571:syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
1864:Woodland Trust - Ramsons
1535:. Springer. p. 27.
498:The Latin specific name
456:in the amaryllis family
591:produced by some other
3664:(Iberian agroforestry)
2902:Pacific mountain onion
2027:Common / Bulb
1456:Phytochemistry Reviews
1124:Phytochemistry Reviews
896:As its name suggests,
826:
691:
569:
541:over 1,500 years ago.
394:
238:Allium longipetiolatum
3684:Indian forest produce
3155:Hydnocarpus wightiana
2485:List of garlic dishes
2017:Cipolla di Giarratana
1383:. 1981. p. 383.
817:
682:
559:
522:species known to the
392:
374:Ophioscorodon ursinum
2927:Bare-toothed russula
2318:List of onion dishes
2007:Bangalore rose onion
1303:Foraging Course Site
1005:Ramsons in a forest.
440:Eurasian wild garlic
294:Oksner & Kleopow
3538:musical instruments
2796:Woodland strawberry
1914:Plants for a Future
1726:Clinical Toxicology
1679:2013EnvAr..18...43K
1468:2015PChRv..14...81S
1136:2015PChRv..14...81S
1035:Allium ampeloprasum
914:Portevinia maculata
863:Colchicum autumnale
840:Colchicum autumnale
621:Convallaria majalis
428:broad-leaved garlic
324:Allium vincetoxicum
2591:(1980 documentary)
2561:Diallyl trisulfide
1532:World spice plants
1516:2011-10-05 at the
1327:has generic name (
1275:Forager's Calendar
1095:2019-01-12 at the
1050:Allium victorialis
912:ramsons hoverfly (
835:lily of the valley
827:
796:Cortaillod culture
723:The leaves of the
692:
601:(crow garlic) and
570:
562:Otto Wilhelm Thomé
560:Illustration from
395:
318:Kleop. & Oxner
4157:
4156:
4031:Open Tree of Life
3756:Taxon identifiers
3747:
3746:
2616:
2615:
2556:Diallyl disulfide
2471:
2470:
2304:
2303:
1800:978-1-4081-7950-5
1576:978-3-540-41017-1
1542:978-3-540-22279-8
1418:978-0-521-70772-5
1390:978-0-276-00217-5
993:Fruit with seeds.
766:Van herbed cheese
716:All parts of the
704:), especially in
387:
386:
380:
369:
359:
354:Hylogeton ursinum
349:
339:
329:
319:
307:
295:
283:
278:Allium ursinoides
273:
268:Allium ucrainicum
263:
258:Allium petiolatum
253:
243:
233:
228:Allium latifolium
223:
211:
4212:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3987:NBNSYS0000002205
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3751:
3750:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3699:Resin extraction
3689:Mushroom hunting
3665:
3411: / etc.
3265:
3158:
2993:Saffron milk cap
2983:Parasol mushroom
2823:Fiddlehead ferns
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2542:Garlic and onion
2448:…sphaerocephalon
2406:
2405:
2369:Garlic cultivars
2241:…sphaerocephalon
2099:
2098:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:"Allium ursinum"
1898:Data related to
1897:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1205:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1115:
1100:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1043:Allium ochotense
1023:Allium tricoccum
1002:
990:
981:
972:
963:
951:
939:
761:Allium ochotense
706:ancient woodland
604:Allium oleraceum
595:species such as
378:
367:
357:
347:
344:Geboscon ursinum
337:
327:
317:
305:
293:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
221:
218:Aglitheis ursina
210:Species synonymy
209:
187:
153:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4180:Flora of Europe
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4018:Observation.org
4016:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3713:
3663:
3648:
3639:Vegetable ivory
3511:
3399:
3311:
3259:
3152:
3114:
3096:
3030:
3012:
2978:Oyster mushroom
2968:Meadow mushroom
2913:
2897:Twincrest onion
2800:
2704:
2687:
2658:Animal products
2652:
2647:
2617:
2612:
2594:
2575:
2566:Allyl mercaptan
2543:
2537:
2528:(garlic butter)
2467:
2395:
2364:
2300:
2088:
1999:Onion cultivars
1993:
1957:
1950:
1907:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1787:
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1634:
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1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1518:Wayback Machine
1505:
1501:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1381:Reader's Digest
1375:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1314:
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1307:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
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1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1181:
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1116:
1103:
1097:Wayback Machine
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1006:
1003:
994:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
952:
943:
940:
931:
898:A. ursinum
894:
886:A. ursinum
871:A. ursinum
852:Veratrum viride
831:A. ursinum
812:
804:A. ursinum
778:comes from the
776:A. ursinum
744:A. ursinum
740:
714:
677:
658:
630:
554:
546:herba salutaris
516:A. ursinum
510:" may refer to
496:
484:A. ursinum
476:A. ursinum
454:flowering plant
383:
364:Moly latifolium
328:Pall. ex Ledeb.
248:Allium nemorale
213:
212:
194:
189:
183:
170:
167:A. ursinum
151:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:wfo-0000757676
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4086:
4073:
4063:
4059:Allium ursinum
4050:
4046:Allium_ursinum
4040:
4027:
4014:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3799:
3794:Allium ursinum
3784:
3768:
3766:
3764:Allium ursinum
3760:
3759:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:Rubber tapping
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:Forest farming
3667:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
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3641:
3636:
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3599:
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3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3306:Vateria indica
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:Shorea robusta
3255:
3250:
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3200:
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3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:Honey mushroom
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
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2911:
2910:
2909:
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2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2833:Mahuwa flowers
2830:
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2812:
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2801:
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2798:
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2788:
2783:
2778:
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2599:
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2595:
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2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2520:Garlic chutney
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
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2469:
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2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
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2420:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2401:Garlic species
2397:
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2365:
2363:
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2299:
2298:
2293:
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2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:…tribracteatum
2258:
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2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
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2168:
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2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
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2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Figueres onion
2046:
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1926:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1904:at Wikispecies
1901:Allium ursinum
1891:
1885:
1881:Allium ursinum
1874:
1873:External links
1871:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1806:
1799:
1781:
1767:
1732:(9): 949–952.
1722:Allium ursinum
1718:Veratrum album
1708:
1653:
1628:
1603:
1589:
1575:
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1541:
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1435:Allium ursinum
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1389:
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946:
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941:
934:
930:
927:
893:
890:
880:Arum maculatum
875:Arum maculatum
858:Veratrum album
846:Arum maculatum
823:Arum maculatum
819:Allium ursinum
811:
808:
790:settlement of
782:settlement of
739:
736:
725:Allium ursinum
718:Allium ursinum
713:
710:
676:
673:
669:Allium ursinum
661:Allium ursinum
657:
654:
629:
626:
598:Allium vineale
573:Allium ursinum
553:
550:
539:Celtic Britons
524:ancient Greeks
495:
492:
458:Amaryllidaceae
399:Allium ursinum
385:
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311:Allium ursinum
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299:Allium ursinum
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287:Allium ursinum
284:
282:G.Don ex Sweet
274:
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185:Allium ursinum
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3679:Honey hunting
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3435:Coconut sugar
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3229:
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3206:
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3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:Yellow knight
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Slippery jack
2996:
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2828:Heart of palm
2826:
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2816:
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2811:
2807:
2806:Edible plants
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Juniper berry
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2498:
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2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
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2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:…neapolitanum
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Snow Mountain
2384:
2382:
2381:Garlic chives
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:Zwiebelkuchen
2341:
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2336:
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2329:
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2319:
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2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:…siskiyouense
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:…campanulatum
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:…ampeloprasum
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Onion species
2091:
2085:
2082:
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2062:
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1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1618:on 2019-04-22
1617:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1559:
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1525:
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1400:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1362:0-521-23290-2
1358:
1354:
1347:
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1341:
1339:
1330:
1318:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
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1114:
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1110:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:of "ramsons")
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
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945:
938:
933:
932:
926:
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919:
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909:
905:
903:
899:
889:
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882:
881:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
832:
824:
820:
816:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
769:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:All parts of
735:
732:
729:
726:
721:
719:
712:Culinary uses
709:
707:
703:
702:
697:
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
665:
662:
656:Herbal remedy
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
622:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:inflorescence
578:
574:
567:
563:
558:
549:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:bear's garlic
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
391:
376:
375:
371:
368:(Gilib.) Gray
366:
365:
361:
356:
355:
351:
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
331:
326:
325:
321:
316:
312:
309:
304:
300:
297:
292:
288:
285:
280:
279:
275:
270:
269:
265:
260:
259:
255:
250:
249:
245:
240:
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235:
230:
229:
225:
220:
219:
215:
214:
204:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
180:
177:
176:Binomial name
173:
169:
168:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3763:
3736:
3709:Wildcrafting
3694:Naval stores
3672: /
3660:
3629:Tendu leaves
3585:Natural dyes
3455:Gutta-percha
3407: /
3345:Frankincense
3305:
3261:
3218:Mango butter
3163:Cocoa butter
3154:
3151:Chaulmoogra
3121:Allanblackia
3052:Black pepper
2937:Birch bolete
2887:Canada onion
2881:
2872:Wild ginseng
2867:Saw palmetto
2808: /
2698: /
2586:
2544:constituents
2525:
2515:Garlic bread
2510:Garlic press
2490:Black garlic
2457:
2409:
2296:…yosemitense
2291:…victorialis
2276:…tuolumnense
2181:…cratericola
2121:…aflatunense
2102:
1966:
1952:
1912:
1900:
1880:
1859:
1848:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1673:(1): 43–57.
1670:
1666:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1606:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1565:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1531:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1462:(1): 81–97.
1459:
1455:
1445:
1434:
1427:
1408:
1405:Stace, C. A.
1399:
1376:
1371:
1352:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1238:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1130:(1): 81–97.
1127:
1123:
1085:
1074:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1021:
920:
913:
907:
906:
897:
895:
885:
878:
874:
870:
867:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
830:
828:
822:
818:
803:
775:
773:
770:
759:
756:Cornish Yarg
743:
741:
733:
730:
724:
722:
717:
715:
699:
694:It grows in
693:
683:
668:
666:
660:
659:
649:
645:
631:
628:Distribution
619:
613:
602:
596:
592:
572:
571:
565:
545:
543:
534:
532:
528:
519:
515:
507:
499:
497:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
397:
396:
372:
362:
358:(L.) Salisb.
352:
342:
332:
322:
314:
310:
302:
298:
290:
286:
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
184:
182:
166:
165:
149:
137:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
3917:iNaturalist
3788:Wikispecies
3644:Willow bark
3475:Maple syrup
3470:Maple sugar
3445:Fruit syrup
3428:chewing gum
3418:Birch syrup
3275:Shea butter
2947:Chanterelle
2892:Crow garlic
2882:Bear garlic
2877:Wild onions
2855:filé powder
2776:Lingonberry
2761:Huckleberry
2533:Garlic soup
2477:Garlic food
2453:…triquetrum
2423:…drummondii
2360:Sogan-dolma
2338:Flammkuchen
2271:…triquetrum
2251:…stipitatum
2211:…platycaule
2196:…fistulosum
2191:…cristophii
2146:…bisceptrum
2141:…atrorubens
2131:…amplectens
2116:…acuminatum
1889:Spice Pages
1826:: 281–291.
1325:|last=
821:(left) and
750:in lieu of
690:in Denmark.
616:flower stem
552:Description
432:wood garlic
416:cows's leek
404:wild garlic
402:, known as
338:(L.) Bernh.
334:Cepa ursina
123:Subfamily:
107:Asparagales
84:Angiosperms
4164:Categories
4082:kew-296893
4077:Plant List
3555:Birch beer
3550:Birch bark
3507:Spruce gum
3490:akpeteshie
3480:Palm sugar
3450:Gum arabic
3440:Date sugar
3390:Turpentine
3270:Sandalwood
3173:Eucalyptus
3168:Eucalyptol
3057:Brazil nut
2932:Bay bolete
2786:Strawberry
2741:Cocoa bean
2736:Breadfruit
2726:Blackberry
2700:tree fruit
2505:Garlic oil
2495:Persillade
2418:…canadense
2350:Onion ring
2333:Onion cake
2310:Onion food
2281:…unifolium
2266:…tricoccum
2246:…stellatum
2231:…shevockii
2226:…sanbornii
2206:…monanthum
2161:…caeruleum
2151:…bolanderi
1647:2020-12-29
1622:2013-05-06
1433:"BSBI map
1308:2022-07-28
1280:2022-07-28
1253:2021-02-17
1066:References
1017:Allioideae
908:A. ursinum
780:Mesolithic
684:A. ursinum
650:ucrainicum
512:Ursa Major
504:brown bear
488:ucrainicum
379:L.) Wallr.
315:ucrainicum
303:ucrainicum
291:ucrainicum
154:Amerallium
145:Subgenus:
127:Allioideae
3674:gardening
3634:Thatching
3485:Palm wine
3330:Birch tar
3258:Sal-seed
3183:Japan wax
3136:Candlenut
3077:Malva nut
3042:Areca nut
2963:Matsutake
2919:Mushrooms
2860:root beer
2850:Sassafras
2838:Sago palm
2781:Raspberry
2766:Jackfruit
2731:Blueberry
2683:Wild game
2201:…koreanum
2176:…chinense
2156:…burlewii
2111:…abramsii
1832:1537-6176
1762:207657813
1746:1556-3650
1703:140699993
1695:1461-4103
1212:1746-4269
1196:(1): 14.
1152:1568-7767
902:wild boar
788:Neolithic
738:Edibility
696:deciduous
688:Riis Skov
494:Etymology
451:perennial
436:bear leek
412:cowleekes
348:(L.) Raf.
222:(L.) Raf.
161:Species:
54:Kingdom:
4134:18400122
4129:Tropicos
4043:PalDat:
3935:529088-1
3802:BioLib:
3773:Wikidata
3727:Category
3543:textiles
3375:Pine tar
3340:Creosote
3290:Tea-tree
3285:Tea-seed
3253:Pongamia
3243:Phulwara
3228:Nagkesar
3223:Murumuru
3198:Kpangnan
3146:Carnauba
3087:Pine nut
3072:Hazelnut
3062:Cinnamon
3047:Bay leaf
3037:Allspice
2959:(reishi)
2791:Tamarind
2756:Gambooge
2716:Bilberry
2608:Category
2463:…vineale
2458:…ursinum
2376:Elephant
2323:Blooming
2286:…validum
2256:…textile
2221:…punctum
2216:…praecox
2186:…crispum
2171:…cernuum
2064:Scallion
2022:Cocktail
1754:21171854
1582:13 April
1548:13 April
1514:Archived
1511:, p. 246
1494:25774103
1407:(2010).
1317:cite web
1230:28222790
1170:25774103
1093:Archived
1056:List of
1011:See also
833:include
794:-Weier (
792:Thayngen
642:Shetland
634:Caucasus
564:'s book
424:buckrams
242:St.-Lag.
200:Synonyms
113:Family:
97:Monocots
3969:MoBotPF
3896:2857601
3857:1085089
3839:Ecocrop
3779:Q130882
3738:Commons
3653:Related
3617:Tanbark
3612:Shellac
3602:Quinine
3575:Gambier
3495:ogogoro
3395:Varnish
3360:Lacquer
3350:Gamboge
3335:Camphor
3325:Benzoin
3235: (
3141:Capuacu
3126:Babassu
3092:Vanilla
3003:Truffle
2988:Red cap
2957:Lingzhi
2746:Coconut
2721:Binukaw
2696:Berries
2580:Related
2551:Allicin
2443:…roseum
2438:…nigrum
2410:Allium…
2355:Pickled
2136:…anceps
2103:Allium…
2084:Vidalia
2069:Shallot
1969:species
1840:3873137
1675:Bibcode
1485:4352197
1464:Bibcode
1248:eol.org
1221:5320662
1161:4352197
1132:Bibcode
1090:GRIN-CA
1060:species
1028:cognate
929:Gallery
892:Ecology
675:Habitat
646:ursinum
589:bulbils
577:monocot
508:ursinum
500:ursinum
486:subsp.
480:ursinum
478:subsp.
448:bulbous
446:, is a
420:cowleek
408:ramsons
313:subsp.
289:subsp.
252:Salisb.
133:Genus:
103:Order:
58:Plantae
4175:Garlic
4170:Allium
4090:PLANTS
4036:748364
4007:NZOR:
3974:281739
3961:810202
3948:112132
3883:189243
3818:288573
3661:Dehesa
3622:tannin
3607:Rattan
3570:Forage
3533:edible
3528:Bamboo
3523:Amadou
3502:Rubber
3423:Chicle
3365:Mastic
3317:Resins
3300:Ucuuba
3295:Tucuma
3280:Tamanu
3237:kernel
3208:Mafura
3178:Illipe
3131:Bacuri
3082:Nutmeg
3026:spices
2751:Durian
2711:Banana
2500:Pistou
2059:Potato
2032:Yellow
2012:Calçot
1979:Garlic
1974:Chives
1967:Allium
1954:Allium
1838:
1830:
1797:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1701:
1693:
1573:
1539:
1492:
1482:
1415:
1387:
1359:
1271:"Home"
1228:
1218:
1210:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1058:Allium
849:, and
800:pollen
784:Barkær
644:. The
638:Orkney
609:tepals
593:Allium
583:is an
568:, 1885
535:hramsa
520:Allium
471:Allium
466:garlic
232:Gilib.
138:Allium
4185:Herbs
4066:PFI:
3922:56152
3878:EUNIS
3870:ALLUR
3831:65X8C
3805:42006
3590:henna
3565:Ferns
3516:Other
3465:Latex
3385:Rosin
3380:Pitch
3370:Myrrh
3355:Kauri
3213:Mahua
3203:Kusum
3193:Kombo
3188:Kokum
3110:waxes
3067:Clove
2973:Morel
2907:Ramps
2843:queen
2818:Betel
2810:roots
2671:Honey
2428:…moly
2328:Fried
2074:Sweet
2054:Pearl
2042:White
1989:Onion
1836:JSTOR
1820:Ursus
1758:S2CID
1699:S2CID
802:from
752:basil
748:pesto
585:umbel
514:, as
462:onion
301:var.
152:subg.
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
4103:POWO
4095:ALUR
4069:6901
4054:PfaF
4023:6355
4000:4684
3995:NCBI
3956:ITIS
3930:IPNI
3909:2413
3904:GRIN
3891:GBIF
3865:EPPO
3844:3010
3813:BOLD
3597:Peat
3580:Moss
3560:Cork
3460:Kino
3248:Pilu
3233:Palm
3021:Nuts
2676:pine
2666:Furs
2391:Solo
2079:Tree
1984:Leek
1828:ISSN
1795:ISBN
1750:PMID
1742:ISSN
1724:)".
1691:ISSN
1584:2011
1571:ISBN
1550:2011
1537:ISBN
1490:PMID
1413:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1329:help
1226:PMID
1208:ISSN
1166:PMID
1148:ISSN
923:bees
873:and
640:and
482:and
464:and
262:Lam.
4142:WFO
4121:879
4116:RHS
3982:NBN
3943:ISC
3852:EoL
3826:CoL
3409:gum
3405:Sap
3105:Oil
2942:Cep
2037:Red
1734:doi
1683:doi
1480:PMC
1472:doi
1216:PMC
1198:doi
1156:PMC
1140:doi
855:or
624:).
442:or
150:A.
4166::
4144::
4131::
4118::
4105::
4092::
4079::
4056::
4033::
4020::
3997::
3984::
3971::
3958::
3945::
3932::
3919::
3906::
3893::
3880::
3867::
3854::
3841::
3828::
3815::
3790::
3775::
1911:.
1834:.
1824:10
1822:.
1818:.
1770:^
1756:.
1748:.
1740:.
1730:48
1728:.
1697:.
1689:.
1681:.
1671:18
1669:.
1665:.
1640:.
1488:.
1478:.
1470:.
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