Occupation of Japan

89: 88: 2291:(a leader of the pre-war women's suffrage movement) organized the Women's Committee to Cope with Postwar Conditions, a group of 70 Japanese women whose top priorities included women's enfranchisement. Swayed by the urges of female leaders, Home Minister Horiuchi Zenjiro advocated for granting women enfranchisement in a meeting of the Japanese male leaders of the Shidehara Cabinet on October 9, 1945. Convinced, the cabinet voted unanimously to grant women the right to vote. Two days later, before any action was taken to enact the cabinet's decision, General MacArthur issued his five-point reform directive, one of the points being an order to liberate Japanese women through enfranchisement. After MacArthur issued his directive, the Japanese government officially lowered the voting age and 212: 2518: 2828: 601: 576: 3063:, precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when it created the prostitution facilities, while the RAA was in place "the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force." However, there was a resulting large rise in venereal disease among the soldiers, which led MacArthur to close down the prostitution in early 1946. The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels, possibly eight-fold; Dower states that "According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 71: 64: 3209:) fraternizing with American soldiers during the occupation. In 1946, the 200 wives of U.S. officers landing in Japan to visit their husbands also had a similar impact when many of these reunited couples were seen walking hand-in-hand and kissing in public. Both prostitution and marks of affection had been hidden from the public until then, and this "democratization of eroticism" was a source of surprise, curiosity, and even envy. The occupation set new models for relationships between Japanese men and women: The Western practice of " 1942: 10302: 2117: 3262:

education, sanitation, agriculture and the like, to help the Japanese in adopting more up to date methods sponsored by SCAP’s headquarters. The normal duties of a military government organisation, the most important of which are law and order and a legal system, were never needed in Japan since the Japanese government’s normal legal system still functioned with regard to all Japanese nationals ... The so-called military government in Japan was therefore neither military nor government.

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introduced better working conditions and pay for numerous employees in Japanese business. This allowed for more sanitary and hygienic working environments along with welfare and government assistance for health insurance, pensions plans and work involving other trained specialists. While it was created while Japan was under occupation, the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces. It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto, a former member of the

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aggravated the hunger problem in Japan, as these people put more strain on already scarce resources. Around 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1, 1945, and another million returned in 1947. As expressed by Kazuo Kawai, "Democracy cannot be taught to a starving people". Initially, the U.S. government provided emergency food relief through Government Aid and Relief in Occupied Areas (

2195: 2997:," or RAA) for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops. Many Japanese civilians and government officials feared that the Allied occupation troops were likely to rape Japanese women. "The strategy was, through the special work of experienced women, to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls." A large contributor to this system being hastily implemented was the experience of the prior 2978: 2064: 2950:, Japan continued to prioritize economic growth over defense spending, relying on American military protection to ensure it could focus mainly on economic recovery. Through "guided capitalism," Japan was able to use its resources to economically recover from the war and revive industry, eventually sparking a lengthy period of unprecedented economic growth remembered as the 2132:. The difference in height between the towering MacArthur and the diminutive Hirohito also impressed upon Japanese citizens who was in charge now. With the cooperation of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur had the political ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a 2169: 3005:

willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family", he wrote. "It is the belief of our informants, however, that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls, while much less prevalent than in the past, still exists. The worst victims ... were the women who, with no previous experience, answered the ads calling for 'Women of the New Japan.'"

2447:" (selective grammar schools) and universities to train students after primary school. During the occupation, Japan's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three-year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the United States: Junior high school became compulsory, but senior high school remained optional. The 2108:) funds. In fiscal year 1946, this aid amounted to US$ 92 million in loans. From April 1946, under the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia, private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief. Even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender. 2275:, business leaders involved in Japanese overseas economic expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders involved in the decisions leading Japan into war. Ultimately, SCAP screened a total of 717,415 possible purgees, and wound up excluding 201,815 of them from holding public office. However, as part of the " 3159:, for which Japanese women had suffrage for the first time, over a third of the votes were cast by women. This unexpectedly high female voter turnout led to the election of 39 female candidates, and the increasing presence of women in politics was perceived by Americans as evidence of an improvement of Japanese women's condition. 2374:, whereby Japan forever renounced war as an instrument of state policy and became forbidden to maintain a standing army. The 1947 Constitution also officially enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government. 3111:. However, two weeks into the Occupation, SCAP began censoring all media; on September 10, 1945, SCAP "issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'." This included any mention of rape or other sensitive social issues. 2083: 2081: 2087: 2085: 2080: 3067:

while the RAA was in operation, and then rose to an average of 330 a day after it was terminated in early 1946." Brian Walsh disputes Dower's numbers and states that rape was uncommon throughout the Occupation, with the number of daily rapes being much lower. According to Walsh, the increase in rapes

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MacArthur issued an order, SCAPIN 642 (SCAP Instruction), on January 21 ending licensed brothels for being "in contravention of the ideals of democracy". Although SCAPIN 642 ended the RAA's operations, it did not affect "voluntary prostitution" by individuals. Ultimately, SCAP responded by making all

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Japanese soldiers were rapidly disarmed and demobilized en masse. On September 15, 1945, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters was dissolved. By December, all Japanese military forces in the Japanese home islands were fully disbanded. Occupation forces also exploded or dumped into the sea over 2 million

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American feminists saw Japanese women as victims of feudalistic and chauvinistic traditions that had to be broken by the Occupation. American women assumed a central role in the reforms that affected the lives of Japanese women: they educated Japanese about Western ideals of democracy, and it was an

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In December 1945, a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute: "The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging, occasionally supplemented by her

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on an indefinite basis. Even after the Occupation officially ended in 1952, a total of 260,000 American soldiers remained based on mainland Japan (exclusive of U.S.-controlled Okinawa, which based tens of thousands more). Even today, some 31,000 US military personnel remain based in Japan, including

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observes, that for some producers of texts "the Occupation censorship was even more exasperating than Japanese military censorship had been because it insisted that all traces of censorship be concealed. This meant that articles had to be rewritten in full, rather than merely submitting XXs for the

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The Reverse Course significantly weakened left-wing forces and strengthened conservatives, laying the foundations for decades of conservative rule. At the same time, it did not completely destroy leftist forces that had been deliberately unleashed in the Occupation's early stages, setting the stage

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officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of

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left millions displaced, and food shortages (created by bad harvests and the demands of the war) worsened when the seizure of foodstuffs from Korea, Taiwan, and China ceased. Repatriation of Japanese people living in other parts of Asia and hundreds of thousands of demobilized prisoners of war only

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was not inclined to press the Americans very far following Japan's surrender. He was not willing to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command. Furthermore, in terms of both strategic interests and prestige the Soviets had achieved most of their war aims in the Far East. Moreover, whereas

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An early sign of the shift in SCAP's thinking came in January 1947 when MacArthur announced that he would not permit a massive, nationwide general strike that labor unions had scheduled for February 1. Thereafter, the broader shift in Occupation policies became more and more apparent. Thousands of

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Once the food network was in place, MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. The two men met for the first time on September 27, 1945; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history. Some were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no

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China, Korea and Japan were all a considerable distance from the USSR's European heartland, Stalin regarded establishing a powerful buffer against further military threats from the west to be vital to the Soviet Union's future existence. He therefore placed a far greater priority on establishing

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As the Soviets moved in to occupy their allotted territories, some Japanese forces continued to resist even after the Japanese surrender. Such operations included final battles on the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin well past the end of August in 1945. In the end, despite its initial hopes, the

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The really important duty of the so called Military government teams was, however, the supervision of the issue throughout Japan of the large quantities of food stuffs and medical stores being poured into the country from American sources. The teams also contained so-called experts on health,

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under the government's reform program and resold at extremely low prices (after inflation) to the farmers who worked them. MacArthur's land reform redistribution resulted in only 10% of the land being worked by non-owners. By 1950, three million peasants had acquired land, dismantling a power

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was enacted on April 7, 1947, to govern working conditions in Japan. According to Article 1 of the Act, its goal was to ensure that "Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings." Support stemming from the Allied occupation has

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The initial phase of the Occupation focused on punishing Japan for having made war on the Allies, and undertook a thorough reformation of Japanese society to ensure that Japan would never again be a threat to world peace. Reforms targeted all major sectors of Japanese society, government, and

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authority was strictly limited at first, however, and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities before the first post-war elections were held. Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the

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MacArthur at no time established in Japan what could be correctly described as Military government. He continued to use the Japanese government to control the country, but teams of military personnel, afterward replaced to quite a considerable extent by civilians, were placed throughout the

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and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan. The establishment of a multilateral Allied council for Japan was proposed by the Soviet government as early as September 1945, and was supported partially by the British, French and Chinese governments.

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personnel, did not begin deployment to Japan until February 21, 1946. While U.S. forces were responsible for the overall occupation, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries. BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western

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The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection. They do not depend upon mere legends and myths. They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine, and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the

1674:). On matters related to Japan, this committee was later succeeded by the smaller Inter-Departmental Area Committee on the Far East (IDAFE), which met 234 times between the autumn of 1942 and the summer of 1945 and had frequent discussions with two US presidents, Roosevelt and 2084: 2639:

Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters, and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities, cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of

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Popular anger at the continuing presence of these U.S. military bases in Japan even after the official end of the Occupation continued to grow over the course of the 1950s, leading to a nationwide anti-base movement and a number of spectacular protests, including

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Before reforms could be undertaken, MacArthur's first priority was to set up a food distribution network. Following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually the entire Japanese populace was starving. The

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passed Japan's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union, to organize, and take industrial action. There had been pre-war attempts to do so, but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation. A new

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A portion of Japanese territory was put under United States administration after 1952 in accordance with Article 3 of San Francisco Peace Treaty: Iwo Jima (until 1968) and Okinawa (until 1972); such arrangement was treaty based, and not part of the Allied

2176: 2177: 4738: 3311:, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954. 3241:

In effect, there was no "military government" in Japan in the literal sense of the word. It was simply a SCAP superstructure over already existing government machinery, designed to observe and assist the Japanese along the new democratic channels of

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of several European states and even the Soviet Union, and transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol. Included in the revised charter was the famous

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industrial conglomerates were pressured into undergoing "voluntary" dissolution into smaller independent companies. Although SCAP originally planned to break up 325 Japanese companies, as a result of changes in priorities in connection with the

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In January 1946, SCAP issued directives calling for the purge of wartime officials from public offices. Individuals targeted in the purge included accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the

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building. In total, including rotations of replacement troops throughout the seven years, nearly 1 million American soldiers would serve in the Occupation, in addition to thousands of civilian contractors and tens of thousands of dependents.

1594:, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which the US military ceased any direct involvement in the country's civil administration thus effectively restoring full sovereignty to Japan with the exception of the 2847:, which was to end the occupation, was signed on September 8, 1951. It came into effect on April 28, 1952, formally ending all occupation powers of the Allied forces and restoring full sovereignty to Japan, except for the island chains of 2172: 1793:

Soviet Union did not manage to occupy any part of the Japanese home islands, largely due to significant U.S. opposition that was backed by the leverage gained by its then newly realized status as the world's only nuclear-armed state.

3194:" phenomenon of the 1920s and early 1930s had been characterized by greater sexual freedom, but, despite this, sex was usually not perceived as a source of pleasure (for women) in Japan. Westerners, as a result, were thought to be 3076:

during the first few weeks of occupation, according to Japanese police reports and journalistic studies, the number of incidents declined shortly after and they were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation.

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was passed on June 1, 1949, which remains in place to the present day. According to Article 1 of the Act, the purpose of the act is to "elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer".

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conservative and nationalist wartime leaders were de-purged and allowed to reenter politics and government ministries. In the industrial sector, plans for further anti-trust actions against the remains of the old

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decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized. In the end, SCAP adopted a program of de-industrialization and de-concentration in Japan that was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S.

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was initially severely restricted (although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it); this restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year.

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during the termination of the RAA was brief in duration, and the numbers quickly declined thereafter. Michael S. Molasky states that while rape and other violent crime were widespread in naval ports like

1607: 5713:, photographs documenting her experiences as secretary to the Chief of the Forestry Division, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, 1945 - 1949. at the 3048:. However, he asserts this is probably not the true figure, as most cases were unreported. Some historians have estimated that U.S. troops committed thousands of rapes among the population of the 2082: 1985:

was occupied by the 77th Infantry and 11th Airborne Divisions. By the beginning of 1946, replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur's

5665: 2803:. Against this backdrop, the Japanese government and business leaders, with the connivance and encouragement of SCAP, purged tens of thousands of communists, alleged communists, and other 2207: 3175:

did not mean for Japanese women to give up their central role in the home as wives and mothers, but rather that they could now assume other roles simultaneously, such as that of worker.

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when the Japanese formally surrendered. Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe. Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral

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explicitly forbade Japan from maintaining a military or pursuing war as a means to settle international disputes, this policy soon became problematic especially as neighboring China

3387:" and claiming it turned the Japanese population "irresponsible, obsequious and listless... unable to perceive issues in a forthright manner, which led to distorted perspectives". 1513:

that it has been occupied by a foreign power. However, unlike in Germany, the Allies never assumed direct control over Japan's civil administration. In the immediate aftermath of

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In 1949, MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan's native rulers, and the Occupation began to draw to a close. The

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In 1953, journalist Ichirō Narumigi commented that Japan had received "liberation of sex" along with the "four presents" that it had been granted by the occupation (respect for

1552:, and the Emperor's theoretically vast powers, which for many centuries had been constrained only by conventions that had evolved over time, became strictly limited by law as a 3213:" spread, and activities such as dancing, movies and coffee were not limited to "pan pan girls" and American troops anymore, and became popular among young Japanese couples. 1903:

MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 and immediately decreed several laws. No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people or eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the

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SCAP also attempted to weaken the labor unions they had recently empowered, most notably issuing an edict stripping public-sector workers of their right to go on strike.

8873: 3436: 3237:, all government agencies disintegrated, or had to be purged", the Japanese retained an "integrated, responsible government and it continued to function almost intact": 8618: 5769: 8226: 5821: 5797: 5757: 4968: 2915:

protests in 1957. Partially in response to these protests, the original 1951 Security Treaty was revised into a somewhat less one-sided pact in 1960, resulting in the

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under control. Dodge also fixed the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, a favorable rate that would help boost Japanese exports in the years to come and power the

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Not only did Occupation censorship forbid criticism of the United States or other Allied nations, but the mention of censorship itself was forbidden. This means, as

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As described above, Japanese authorities had set up a large system of prostitution facilities in order to protect the population from sexual assault. According to

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Yoneyama, Lisa. "Liberation under Siege: U.S. Military Occupation and Japanese Women's Enfranchisement" American Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sept., 2005), pp. 887.

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brothels and other facilities offering prostitution off-limits to Allied personnel on March 25, 1946. By November, the Japanese government had introduced the new

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as a check on the extent to which the prefectures were carrying out the directives issued by MacArthur’s headquarters or the orders from the central government.

2495: 10203: 8882: 8569: 7703: 2749:" in 1949, a set of draconian contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that caused much hardship for the Japanese populace but succeeded in getting rampant 9185: 8548: 7857: 7482: 3295:(Nihon Shimpoto). The first postwar elections were held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time), and the Liberal Party's vice president, 3090: 8198: 8144: 7330: 6422: 5929: 3357:

Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter-aide for General Douglas MacArthur. Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Japanese American interpreter to

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As a condition of securing the end of the Occupation and the restoration of Japanese sovereignty, Japan was compelled by the United States to agree to the

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on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to discuss surrender terms. On August 28, 1945, a week before the official surrender ceremony, 150 US personnel flew to

2136:, MacArthur resisted such calls, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people. He also rejected calls for 10418: 8655: 8151: 7767: 6880: 5341:

Koikari, Mire (2002). "Exporting Democracy? American Women, 'Feminist Reforms,' and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952".

5109: 3426: 2867: 1603: 4951:"NOTED NISEI VETERAN KAN TAGAMI PASSES. HELD UNPRECEDENTED ONE-ON-ONE PRIVATE MEETING WITH EMPEROR HIROHITO AT IMPERIAL PALACE. AKAKA PAYS HIGH TRIBUTE" 2030:. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan, and officially wound up in 1951. 7177: 4191: 2498:. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 5,800,000 acres (23,000 km) of land (approximately 38% of Japan's cultivated land) were purchased from the 3056:

and the beginning of the American occupation in 1945. One Okinawan historian estimated as many as 10,000 Okinawan women may have been raped in total.

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Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 531.

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by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment." According to historian

1540:. Under MacArthur's guidance, the Japanese government introduced sweeping social reforms and implemented economic reforms that recalled American " 8278: 7590: 5956: 5673: 2855:, which the United States continued to hold. American occupation forces remained in Japan in a diminished capacity, until the dissolution of the 2051:

programs of the 1930s. Moore and Robinson note that, "New Deal liberalism seemed natural, even to conservative Republicans such as MacArthur and

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with 78.52% voter turnout among men and 66.97% among women was held, giving Japan its first prime minister partially elected by men and women,

10096: 5829: 1548:. In 1947, a sweeping amendment to the Meiji Constitution was passed that effectively repealed it in its entirety and replaced it with a new, 10353: 8889: 8852: 8829: 8350: 7272: 7242: 3147:

It has been argued that the granting of rights to women played an important role in the radical shift Japan underwent from a war nation to a

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Since the end of the Occupation, the United States has continuously pressured Japan to revise its American-imposed constitution to remove

10398: 9739: 8806: 8718: 8662: 8625: 7907: 7031: 6412: 6343: 5547: 5517: 4644: 854: 10403: 8711: 7443: 3341:. Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan. He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima, and the USS 3303:. For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new 3044:

According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of

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after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the

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industrial conglomerates were scrapped, and some earlier anti-trust policies were partially undone. The incomplete suppression of the

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McLelland, Mark (September 2010). "'Kissing Is a Symbol of Democracy!' Dating, Democracy, and Romance in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952".

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continued to exist during the occupation. Although MacArthur's official staff history of the occupation referred to "the Eighth Army

3190:, and women's enfranchisement). Indeed, the occupation also had a great impact on relationships between men and women in Japan. The " 2946:

military force, with U.S. assistance. However, thus far Japan has resisted U.S. pressures to fully rearm and remilitarize. Under the

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During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the

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official history puts it, "this 'Reverse Course'...focused on strengthening, not punishing, what would become a key Cold War ally."

2698:. This involved relaxing and in some cases even partially undoing earlier reforms the Occupation had enacted in 1945 and 1946. As a 10393: 10066: 7885: 7659: 7422: 7288: 7099: 6139: 6129: 3956: 3726: 3640: 8961: 8758: 7795: 7295: 7207: 7143: 5785: 5749: 3520: 2632:, "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor." 1782: 1686: 1617:

The occupation of Japan can be usefully divided into three phases: the initial effort to punish and reform Japan; the so-called "

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that followed closely a "model copy" drafted by American civilian officials within SCAP, and was promulgated to replace the old

10408: 10383: 10358: 9164: 8676: 7526: 7064: 6944: 6918: 3926: 3307:(Minshuto). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a 2931: 2687: 2371: 1885: 1746: 1560: 194: 3337:

served in the occupation of Japan. Dozens of Japanese Americans served as translators, interpreters, and investigators in the

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is the name commonly given to a major shift in the Occupation policies that began in 1947 in response to the emerging global

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As part of the Reverse Course, the United States also began pressuring Japan to remilitarize. In 1950, SCAP established the

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At SCAP's insistence, as part of a New Year's Day message, Emperor Hirohito publicly renounced his own divinity, declaring:

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prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. Thus, months before the

2434: 2272: 1974: 4856: 63: 9908: 9372: 8704: 8690: 7903: 7016: 7011: 6731: 6228: 5644: 3039: 1881: 1705:) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows: 821: 10348: 10117: 9986: 9864: 9442: 9157: 9108: 8866: 8421: 7673: 7512: 7360: 7214: 6583: 6578: 6477: 6417: 6208: 6198: 5889: 5180: 5050: 1925:". The document set two main objectives for the occupation: eliminating Japan's war potential and turning Japan into a 978: 953: 4456: 10233: 9115: 9087: 8904: 8486: 8205: 8172: 5899: 5894: 5592: 5557: 5527: 5506: 5266: 5218: 5199: 5159: 5137: 5119: 5096: 5072: 4656: 4554: 4495: 2699: 1205: 485: 125: 7388: 1957:

By the end of 1945, around 430,000 American soldiers were stationed throughout Japan. Of the main Japanese islands,

10270: 9428: 9365: 8500: 8336: 7459: 6923: 6908: 6903: 6613: 6372: 6305: 6094: 5914: 5909: 5723: 5714: 3431: 2860: 2856: 1918: 1447: 1323: 1036: 8013: 4544: 3701: 9794: 9635: 9624: 9460: 9219: 9178: 9071: 9009: 8396: 7666: 7535: 7503: 6606: 1751: 1265: 8183: 7751: 5722:, photographs from the experiences of medical equipment repair specialist for the Allied Forces in 1946. At the 10180: 10152: 10030: 9823: 9060: 8511: 8437: 8233: 7604: 7323: 7228: 7113: 6986: 6628: 6329: 6099: 5904: 5238: 3304: 3156: 2448: 2296: 1514: 1418: 1083: 1003: 1041: 10240: 10173: 10124: 10055: 9880: 9386: 9337: 9101: 9094: 8697: 8458: 8249: 7302: 6913: 6338: 6253: 6243: 5859: 3086: 2440: 2287:

After Japan's surrender, women's leaders in Japan began calling for women's enfranchisement. In August 1945,

2279:" in Occupation policy, most of the purgees would be de-purged and allowed to return to public life by 1951. 1667: 1290: 4188: 3202:

was unthinkable in Japan, especially during wartime where rejection of Western ways of life was encouraged.

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that had granted the Emperor theoretically unlimited powers. The new constitution drew inspiration from the

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and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic.

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Before the war crimes trials actually convened, the SCAP, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and

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announced his decision that the Japanese government should accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the

10277: 9601: 9553: 9171: 9143: 8996: 8611: 8590: 8111: 7774: 7680: 7170: 6568: 6387: 6258: 4950: 4917: 3288: 3094: 2581: 2417: 2149: 1962: 1851: 1785:(SCAP) to oversee the surrender and occupation of Japan. Truman agreed, and MacArthur asked his staff in 1713: 1455: 1233: 1163: 354: 175: 4028: 2811:

for extremely contentious political struggles and labor strife in the 1950s, culminating in the massive

10413: 10075: 9571: 9490: 9435: 9323: 9279: 8929: 8555: 8479: 8381: 8258: 8130: 8123: 8083: 8056: 7788: 7721: 7316: 7127: 7057: 6855: 6824: 4009: 2871: 1998: 1611: 1463: 1370: 1228: 983: 842: 117: 5810:"Anti-Russian Organization Rises In Japan; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft" 3572: 9977: 9894: 9679: 9539: 9511: 9344: 9249: 9039: 8472: 7546: 7200: 6814: 6809: 6736: 6691: 6482: 6169: 5688: 5370:

Lie, John (1997), "The State as Pimp: Prostitution and the Patriarchal State in Japan in the 1940s",

5147: 3421: 2951: 2939: 2765: 2754: 2569: 2517: 2512: 2022: 1986: 1893: 1755: 1654:

American planning for a post-war occupation of Japan began as early as February 1942, when President

1580: 1411: 1345: 1328: 1280: 1158: 1113: 1008: 788: 750: 621: 164: 145: 7744: 6671: 5961: 1843: 1068: 9716: 9693: 8945: 8746: 8739: 8403: 8063: 8035: 8028: 7415: 6928: 6711: 6653: 6601: 6223: 6051: 5852: 5705: 5643:, Working Report, Paris: Institute for Theoretical and High Energy Physics, University of Paris 6, 3366: 2589: 2199: 2010: 1978: 1190: 1108: 1073: 1031: 10363: 7760: 7737: 2620:

commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for

1614:

indefinitely, albeit at the invitation of the Japanese government and not as an occupation force.

10343: 10138: 10082: 9952: 9812: 9497: 9150: 9046: 8952: 8520: 8388: 8358: 8322: 8307: 8179: 8071: 8049: 7995: 7981: 7963: 7627: 7408: 7136: 7085: 6751: 6623: 6553: 6362: 6114: 6041: 3743: 3300: 3292: 3222: 2935: 2844: 2836: 2761: 2577: 2565: 2489: 2456: 2252: 2214:

and the release of all political prisoners. Japanese communists were released from jail, and the

2145: 2141: 1946: 1836: 1824: 1682: 1634: 1591: 1576: 1568: 1553: 1537: 1503: 1499: 1471: 1459: 1310: 1133: 963: 948: 539: 517: 335: 5437:

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World

2807:

from government posts, private sector jobs, and teaching positions at schools and universities.

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remained on the imperial throne and was effectively granted full immunity from prosecution for

1479: 1475: 1443: 1350: 1118: 910: 4639: 3205:

The Japanese public was thus astounded by the sight of some 45,000 so-called "pan pan girls" (

1517:

surrender, the country's government continued to formally operate under the provisions of the

10321: 10044: 9887: 9783: 9753: 9709: 9449: 9414: 9407: 9330: 9228: 8669: 8646: 8493: 8104: 7641: 7381: 7367: 7050: 6487: 5949: 5496: 5192:

The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II

3276: 3272: 3168: 3108: 2573: 2342: 2336: 2304: 2215: 1770: 1655: 1549: 1545: 968: 498: 367: 186: 77: 7939: 5719: 5710: 4937:

Nisei linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II

1850:. Two days after Japanese Emperor's first radio broadcast informing the surrender of Japan, 10145: 10000: 9651: 9608: 9578: 9504: 9314: 9293: 8219: 7696: 7374: 6618: 6442: 6432: 5944: 4997: 3256: 2827: 2366: 2316: 2014: 2002: 1874: 1093: 998: 859: 755: 662: 101: 2532:

While these other reforms were taking place, various military tribunals, most notably the

8: 10263: 10037: 9915: 9871: 9393: 8527: 8293: 7820: 7650: 7583: 6850: 6797: 6760: 6706: 6696: 6681: 6558: 6382: 6061: 6056: 5939: 4322: 3744:"Memorandum by the Soviet Delegation to the Council of Foreign Ministers, Sept. 24, 1945" 3396: 3326: 3230: 3226: 3164: 2920: 2585: 2541: 2444: 2153: 2018: 1870: 1855: 1832: 1638: 1533: 1439: 1098: 1063: 973: 228: 149: 131: 6633: 3948: 3918: 3723: 3198:

and sexually deviant. The sexual liberation of European and North American women during

2923:. However, even the revised treaty was opposed by many in Japan, leading to the massive 2557: 2451:

was repealed, and the Imperial University system reorganized. The longstanding issue of

10256: 10089: 10014: 9968: 9938: 9846: 9686: 9351: 9235: 9129: 9080: 9018: 8774: 8725: 8534: 8158: 7813: 7611: 6819: 6756: 6573: 6543: 6084: 5456: 5423: 5387: 5383: 5358: 5329: 5300: 4684:(May 23, 2009), "U.S. Courts-Martial in Occupation Japan: Rape, Race, and Censorship", 3636: 3354: 3334: 3330: 3100: 3045: 2804: 2354: 2346: 2100: 1854:(a member of Japanese imperial family and father-in-law of Hirohito's eldest daughter, 1814: 1766: 1599: 1518: 1305: 1138: 993: 890: 885: 464: 3512: 2483:

from SCAP. However, Ladejinsky would claim that the real architect of the reform was

10247: 10131: 10021: 9961: 9922: 9855: 9837: 9803: 9746: 9700: 9644: 9469: 9207: 9199: 9136: 8989: 8583: 8115: 7576: 7555: 7265: 6860: 6548: 6528: 6295: 5924: 5700: 5611: 5598: 5588: 5583:

Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: The Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945–1952

5581: 5553: 5523: 5502: 5481: 5415: 5362: 5333: 5304: 5262: 5246: 5234: 5214: 5195: 5176: 5155: 5133: 5115: 5092: 5086: 5068: 5046: 5030: 4652: 4550: 4501: 4491: 4461: 3630: 3187: 3172: 3104: 2908: 2358: 1778: 1742: 1564: 1483: 1355: 1338: 1285: 1270: 958: 920: 798: 281: 238: 190: 167:, a Japanese dependent territory occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to 6004: 5427: 1839: 70: 10166: 10159: 10103: 9767: 9532: 9518: 9421: 9358: 9309: 9122: 8975: 8922: 8732: 8683: 8597: 7827: 7804: 7337: 7001: 6721: 6437: 6109: 5448: 5407: 5379: 5350: 5321: 5292: 3308: 3247: 3152: 3053: 2989:

With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities, the Japanese organized a

2947: 2521: 2227: 2120: 2092: 2052: 1622: 1522: 1510: 1394: 905: 814: 629: 305: 242: 174:

Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the

7346: 6976: 5612:"Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought" 5498:

Democracy in Occupied Japan: The U.S. Occupation and Japanese Politics and Society

2726: 2425:, who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry. 10189: 9901: 9816: 9774: 9672: 9615: 9483: 9265: 9256: 8785: 8367: 8343: 7597: 7021: 6726: 6643: 6563: 6036: 5875: 5170: 4858:

Reports of General MacArthur / MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase

4742: 4648: 4195: 4035: 4016: 3730: 3296: 3284: 3279:, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old 3183: 3167:, who wrote the articles guaranteeing equality between men and women for the new 3148: 2912: 2852: 2832: 2480: 2464: 2300: 2157: 2027: 1950: 1774: 1734: 1675: 1495: 1491: 1451: 1295: 1103: 1088: 1078: 988: 776: 581: 416: 380: 294: 254: 121: 10301: 6638: 5750:"Nippon Communists March Through Allied-Ruled Tokyo, Ask Removal of Jap Emperor" 5657:

Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation

4487:

Comfort women : sexual slavery in the Japanese military during World War II

4088:

Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan

4075:

Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan

3358: 2741:

In order to stabilize the Japanese economy as soon as possible, American banker

2524:(Prime Minister of Japan, took office from 1941 to 1944) takes the stand at the 1941: 674: 10196: 9732: 9658: 7710: 7569: 6971: 6865: 6686: 6676: 6533: 6497: 5919: 5635: 5325: 5060: 4892: 4681: 4620:

Walsh, Brian (October 2018). "Sexual Violence During the Occupation of Japan".

3362: 3142: 3049: 3030:

system in which prostitution was permissible only in certain designated areas.

2904: 2888: 2816: 2658: 2645: 2617: 2549: 2545: 2405: 2388:

To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the United States, the

2288: 2276: 2235: 1930: 1889: 1717: 1618: 1595: 1360: 895: 826: 783: 404: 392: 198: 7006: 6981: 5798:"Communist Crowds Voice Imperial Rule Opposition; Nippons Band To Assail Reds" 5519:

Closed Linguistic Space: Censorship by the Occupation Forces and Postwar Japan

3383:

published a very critical essay on the occupation, calling it "almost akin to

3091:

Rape during the occupation of Japan § Allied censorship of Japanese media

2597: 2544:

and sentencing many to death and imprisonment. However, many suspects such as

10337: 10007: 7932: 7781: 7620: 6492: 6213: 6203: 6031: 5996: 5105: 5082: 5043:

Architects of Occupation: American Experts and the Planning for Postwar Japan

5022: 4685: 4112: 3416: 3411: 3401: 3379: 3060: 2998: 2924: 2812: 2780: 2629: 2553: 2247: 1910: 1797: 1738: 1726: 1721: 1153: 1148: 477: 178:, granted independence in 1948 as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( 135: 6593: 5602: 4886:"The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952" 4505: 1024: 10306: 10110: 8410: 8315: 7946: 7309: 7073: 6089: 5966: 5419: 4861:. Center for Military History, United States Army. 1950. pp. 193–194. 4729: 3919:"5-3 The Occupation and the Beginning of Reform - Modern Japan in archives" 3234: 3206: 3199: 3179: 3119: 2955: 2792: 2742: 2734: 2730: 1802: 1709: 1663: 1630: 1185: 849: 743: 715: 701: 687: 139: 6663: 6280: 5411: 5354: 5259:

Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II

4546:

Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II

2604: 1056: 793: 9945: 9931: 9593: 8269: 8090: 8075: 7429: 6741: 6290: 5250: 5233:. Translated by Ricketts, Robert; Swann, Sebastian. New York: Continuum. 3384: 3195: 3191: 3103:

in 1945, SCAP abolished all forms of Japanese censorship and controls on

2625: 2476: 1990: 1917:

On September 2, 1945, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the

1671: 1123: 729: 642:

General Douglas MacArthur meets with Emperor Hirohito, September 27, 1945

526: 511: 179: 157: 5706:

Japanese Press Translations produced by the General Headquarters of SCAP

5478:

Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945–52: Alien Prescriptions?

5211:

Pitfall or Panacea: The Irony of U.S. Power in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952

1848:

Japan's surrender to the Japanese people in a nationwide radio broadcast

9300: 9053: 9032: 7925: 7258: 7186: 6538: 6154: 5460: 5391: 3795:

Partners for democracy: Crafting the new Japanese state under Macarthur

3693: 3233:

System", it explained that while "In Germany, with the collapse of the

2788: 2746: 2600:—were granted immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur. 2194: 2137: 2133: 2067: 1572: 1195: 1178: 925: 874: 760: 481: 6447: 5697:

Basic Directive for Post-surrender Military Government in Japan Proper

3349:. Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS 1689:(SCAP) was to be given direct control over the main islands of Japan ( 9563: 8968: 8765: 8576: 8374: 8329: 6870: 6845: 6840: 6648: 6519: 6452: 6124: 5567: 3346: 2880: 2800: 2796: 2772: 2750: 2716:

allowed them to partially reform as "informal associations" known as

2695: 2116: 1926: 1621:" in which the focus shifted to suppressing dissent and reviving the 1529: 1221: 941: 915: 637: 7850: 5824:. Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5452: 4485: 2208:

Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties

1921:. On September 6, U.S. President Truman approved a document titled " 7834: 7562: 6949: 6377: 6068: 6012: 5296: 4641:

The American occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory

3406: 3280: 3073: 3069: 2896: 2884: 2848: 2718: 2708: 2691: 2683: 2641: 2593: 2561: 2537: 2499: 2399: 2383: 2362: 2129: 2048: 1982: 1905: 1828: 1789:

to begin making concrete preparations for the occupation of Japan.

1694: 1626: 1541: 1525: 324: 110: 5844: 5549:

The Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952: Tokyo, Washington, and Okinawa

5027:

The Pacific Rivals: A Japanese View of Japanese-American Relations

4735:

Unhappy Soldier: Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature

2210:

directive by SCAP on October 4, 1945, led to the abolition of the

1590:

The occupation officially ended with the coming into force of the

6119: 2990: 2892: 2745:

was brought in as an economic consultant. Dodge implemented the "

2350: 2047:

economy. Historians have emphasized similarities to the American

1966: 1698: 249: 2977: 219:

map of Japan (red) under Allied occupation, with modern borders.

8444: 7042: 6802: 5971: 5840:. Lodi News-Sentinel. October 11, 1945 – via Google News. 5772:. Toronto Daily Star. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5666:"Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance" 5312:

Kawai, Kazuo (1951). "American Influence on Japanese Thinkin".

3210: 3010: 2613: 2467:, and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage. 2231: 2105: 1970: 1958: 1866: 1862: 1786: 1759: 1702: 1690: 1612:

tens of thousands of American soldiers to remain based in Japan

900: 5314:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1635:

formal peace treaty with the 48 Allies of the Second World War

1536:, which among other things called for the country to become a 193:, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the 8632: 6164: 5283:

Flores, Edmundo (July–August 1970). "Issues of Land Reform".

3513:"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Japan, 1900 a.d.–present" 2927:, which were the largest protests in Japan's modern history. 2876: 2859:

on July 1, 1957. Iwo Jima was returned to Japan in 1968, and

2784: 2764:(NPR), which would later become the basis of the present-day 2608:

prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as

2071: 1897: 594: 5689:

American Occupation of Japan, Voices of the Key Participants

4837: 4801: 4069: 4067: 2408:," in the end only the 11 largest companies were dissolved. 2128:

tie, instead of his dress uniform, when meeting the Emperor

1579:(NPR) was founded in 1950. The NPR was reorganized into the 5637:

Relations between Allied Forces and the Population of Japan

5172:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

4918:"The Nisei Intelligence War Against Japan by Ted Tsukiyama" 4791: 4789: 4787: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3437:

Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine

3107:, which would later be enshrined in Article 21 of the 1947 2916: 1858:) became first post-war Prime Minister on August 17, 1945. 2063: 1808: 1494:; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General 1462:

took effect on April 28, 1952. The occupation, led by the

5752:. The Bulletin. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5701:

A sweet memory: My first encounter of an American soldier

5231:

Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy

4574: 4119: 4064: 4010:

Unfair Labor Practices under the Trade Union Law of Japan

3889: 3887: 2839:, which brought an end to the Allied Occupation of Japan. 2123:'s famous photo of Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito 156:, granted independence in 1948 as the Republic of Korea ( 5822:"Tokyo Communists, Koreans Shout Opposition to Hirohito" 4825: 4813: 4784: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4368: 4143: 2771:

The climax of the Reverse course came in the so-called "

2148:(younger brother of Hirohito) and former prime minister 1482:

soldiers. The occupation was overseen by the US General

5539:

Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan

4591: 4589: 3600: 3598: 3495: 3493: 3271:

occupation began. Left-wing organizations, such as the

7704:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5832:. Kalgoorie Miner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove. 4392: 4332: 4131: 4093: 4052: 4040: 3899: 3884: 3583: 3480: 3478: 3361:, where the Japanese government imprisoned communists 4757: 4662: 4562: 4344: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3674: 3555: 3553: 3551: 2921:

military alliance between the United States and Japan

5552:. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 5522:. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 4728:, New York: Henry Holt, 1984), p. 967, quoting from 4706: 4601: 4586: 4304: 4292: 4256: 4220: 4169: 3860: 3848: 3595: 3490: 2259: 2156:'s father-in-law) and demands of intellectuals like 1825:

entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan

189:, a Japanese dependent territory in the name of the 5111:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

4439:(Second ed.). Micheal H.Hunt. pp. 88, 89. 4404: 4380: 4356: 3812: 3800: 3782:

Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal

3565: 3543:

Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal

3475: 3427:

Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan

2221: 2001:were supplemented by around 40,000 troops from the 5580: 4416: 3971: 3762: 3548: 2787:to the communists in 1949 and the outbreak of the 2588:, Hirohito's eldest daughter's father-in-law) and 2310: 1521:. Furthermore, at General MacArthur's insistence, 5628:The Conqueror Comes to Tea: Japan under MacArthur 3573:"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian" 3377:On the day the occupation of Japan was over, the 3314: 2934:and fully remilitarize. As a result, in 1954 the 2652: 2503:structure that the landlords had long dominated. 2189: 2186:tons of unused munitions and other war materiel. 2163: 1846:. On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced 1509:This foreign presence marks the only time in the 10335: 7027:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 5770:"Remove Hirohito is Cry of Freed Jap Communists" 5610:Hirata, Tetsuo; Dower, John W. (July 12, 2007). 4524: 3339:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2534:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2307:as prime minister, took office on May 22, 1946. 2198:The Japanese government releases members of the 2058: 6997:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 5780:. Examiner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove. 5495:Caprio, Mark E. & Sugita, Yoneyuki (2007). 4939:. Government Printing Office. pp. 392–442. 4934: 3694:"British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52" 3021: 2674: 2246:On December 22, 1945, at SCAP's direction, the 1662:to advise him on the postwar reconstruction of 154:United States Army Military Government in Korea 10389:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century 5981: 4327:Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History, 1945-1952 4187:Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training 4160: 4027:Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training 3087:Censorship in Japan § Occupation of Japan 3015: 2668: 40: 7058: 5860: 5587:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 5476:Aldous, Christopher; Suzuki, Akihito (2012). 5130:The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb 4849: 2919:, which has had the effect of establishing a 1419: 442:Emperor Hirohito announces surrender of Japan 5720:Robert P. Schuster photographs and negatives 5494: 5475: 4457:"U.S. troops used Japan brothels after WWII" 3941: 1923:U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan 1827:, on the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor 1660:Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy 6344:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 5804:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5764:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5758:"Japanese Wave Red Banners In Tokyo Parade" 5744:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5609: 5261:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 5194:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 5175:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 4450: 4448: 4446: 3331:officially surrendered on September 2, 1945 2395:"industrial disarmament" program in Germany 2330: 2282: 1583:(JSDF) in 1954, effectively completing the 10419:United States involvement in regime change 7065: 7051: 5867: 5853: 5816:. October 9, 1945 – via Google News. 5189: 4991: 4953:. Japanese American Veterans Association. 4943: 4920:. Japanese American Veterans Association. 4580: 4216:. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. 2872:US troops to remain based on Japanese soil 2506: 1602:). The simultaneous implementation of the 1544:" priorities of the 1930s under President 1426: 1412: 210: 87: 6747:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6357:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 5786:"Amazed Tokio People See Communist March" 5730: 5691:in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library 5397: 5154:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4437:the world transformed 1945 to the present 4214:The World Transformed:1945 to the Present 3632:Video: Allied Forces Land In Japan (1945) 3321:Japanese American service in World War II 2111: 1478:, involved a total of nearly one million 476:• Transfer of the administration of 6130:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 5838:"Reds Stage Parade, Ask Hirohito Ouster" 5545: 4674: 4454: 4443: 2976: 2826: 2822: 2725: 2516: 2297:first post-war Japanese general election 2295:in future elections. On April 10, 1946, 2193: 2167: 2115: 2077: 2062: 2026:prefectures and had its headquarters at 1945:May 1946: The Indian Army 2nd Battalion 1940: 1880:, whose accompanying vessels landed the 465:Official surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay 5670:Symposia: The Online Philosophy Journal 5340: 5256: 5228: 5065:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 4891:. Australian War Museum. Archived from 4883: 4877: 4778: 4766: 4680: 4668: 4483: 4154: 4137: 4125: 4099: 4058: 4046: 3905: 3893: 3680: 3618:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3604: 3499: 2377: 1884:on the southern coast of Kanagawa. The 1809:Japanese surrender and initial landings 1783:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1777:that Pacific Theatre Commander General 1687:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1488:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 262:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 106:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 14: 10336: 8912: 8890:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6945:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 5578: 5282: 5208: 5146: 5127: 5040: 4865:from the original on November 10, 2013 4568: 4542: 4518: 4434: 4250: 4175: 4090:, Temple University Press 2008, p. 49. 4077:, Temple University Press 2008, p. 48. 3842: 3643:from the original on February 25, 2012 3589: 3157:first postwar general election of 1946 2463:-list in 1946, predecessor of today's 2443:was based on the German system, with " 2411: 2293:extended the voting franchise to women 195:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 96:map of Japan under Allied occupation. 9761:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9193:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8839:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8795:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7900:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7046: 5848: 5792:. October 11, 1945 – via Trove. 5654: 5343:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 5311: 5168: 5104: 5081: 4712: 4694:from the original on January 29, 2012 4619: 4607: 4595: 4435:Thomas, Vladimir (February 5, 2017). 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4310: 4298: 4262: 4226: 4207: 4205: 4203: 3996: 3959:from the original on January 20, 2015 3929:from the original on January 22, 2015 3866: 3854: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3797:(Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 98 3793:Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson, 3768: 3559: 3484: 2560:were never judged, while the Emperor 2459:was drastically reorganized with the 2007:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 27:Post-World War II occupation of Japan 10354:Former countries in Japanese history 8883:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7915:Rape during the liberation of France 6349:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 6105:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 5650:from the original on October 9, 2022 5566: 5536: 5434: 5045:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 4238: 4211: 3704:from the original on August 20, 2008 3655: 3541:Theodore Cohen, and Herbert Passin, 2995:Recreation and Amusement Association 2983:Special Comfort Facility Association 2973:Recreation and Amusement Association 2861:most of Okinawa was returned in 1972 2496:Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 2435:Educational reform in occupied Japan 2273:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 1803:Soviet communist influence in Europe 201:under the US administration in 1947. 152:, placed under the authority of the 138:, placed under the authority of the 114:United States), effective 1945–1952. 104:, placed under the authority of the 7017:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 6259:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 5874: 5738:"Four Jap Prisons Open Their Doors" 5616:The Asia Japan Journal: Japan Focus 5515: 5400:Journal of the History of Sexuality 5369: 5276: 5059: 4957:from the original on April 5, 2017. 4924:from the original on April 5, 2017. 4530: 4286: 4274: 3878: 3780:Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, 3250:of Australia, head of BCOF, wrote: 3040:Rape during the occupation of Japan 2993:system (the euphemistically named " 2428: 1900:. Other Allied personnel followed. 1649: 1633:; and the final establishment of a 24: 10399:Aftermath of World War II in Japan 9109:German invasion of the Netherlands 7389:Weather events during World War II 5468: 5384:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x 4979:from the original on April 9, 2016 4200: 3953:Birth of the Constitution of Japan 3671:, September 23, 1945, pp. 423–427. 3523:from the original on June 18, 2009 2917:current U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 2241: 2140:, promoted by some members of the 2101:air raids on Japan's urban centers 2091:Half-destroyed Tokyo as filmed by 1953:soon after their arrival in Japan. 1896:, 50 kilometres (30 mi) from 25: 10430: 10404:World War II occupied territories 9740:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5682: 5541:. University of California Press. 5435:Ness, Gayl D. (1967). "Review of 4998:"Japan's 'long-awaited spring'", 4455:Talmadge, Eric (April 26, 2007). 4323:"Korean War and Japan's Recovery" 3750:from the original on May 31, 2016 3136: 3114:According to David M. Rosenfeld: 2341:In 1947, the Diet ratified a new 2260:Purge of wartime public officials 1936: 1685:. Under the final plan, however, 1474:and under the supervision of the 10300: 7072: 6717:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5980: 5724:University of Maryland libraries 5715:University of Maryland libraries 5663: 5285:The Journal of Political Economy 3432:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 3325:Japan accepted the terms of the 3287:came back as, respectively, the 2222:Disestablishment of State Shinto 2041: 1919:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 636: 599: 574: 124:, placed under the authority of 69: 62: 10394:1952 disestablishments in Japan 6732:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 5091:, New York, NY: The New Press, 5029:, New York: Weatherhill, 1972. 4961: 4928: 4910: 4748: 4718: 4632: 4622:The Journal of Military History 4613: 4536: 4512: 4477: 4428: 4316: 4280: 4268: 4244: 4232: 4181: 4105: 4080: 4021: 4002: 3911: 3872: 3836: 3824: 3787: 3774: 3736: 3716: 3686: 3661: 3623: 3610: 2966: 2954:occurred from the 1960s to the 2572:(younger brother of Hirohito), 2311:Hirohito renounces his divinity 1965:, with some responsibility for 9987:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7697:Territorial changes of Germany 7605:Indonesian National Revolution 6987:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 6100:Imperial Rescript on Education 5067:. New York: Harper Perennial. 5011: 3535: 3517:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3505: 3449: 3315:Japanese American contribution 2568:implicated in the war such as 2470: 2449:Imperial Rescript on Education 2190:Release of political prisoners 2164:Disarmament and demobilization 13: 1: 10409:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 10384:American military occupations 10359:Japanese governmental reforms 9387:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9338:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9102:German invasion of Luxembourg 7483:Mediterranean and Middle East 6433:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 6339:Imperial General Headquarters 5930:Foreign commerce and shipping 5634:Rochner, Bertrand M. (2009), 5132:. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. 4490:. Columbia University Press. 3463: 3080: 2612:suspects and incarcerated in 2152:(Hirohito's eldest daughter, 2059:Feeding the starving populace 1644: 1561:Article 9 of the constitution 1550:American-written constitution 1454:on September 2, 1945, at the 9294:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8983:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8301:Independent State of Croatia 6765:Hirohito surrender broadcast 6160:Greater East Asia Conference 5441:American Sociological Review 4969:"Japanese Diet Called Farce" 3949:"Glossary and Abbreviations" 3669:Department of State Bulletin 3468: 3372: 2981:Allied servicemen visit the 2596:—including its director Dr. 1873:. They were followed by the 1861:Japanese officials left for 1745:and Japanese possessions in 1575:broke out. As a result, the 80:Right: State flag (de facto) 78:Left: Civil and naval ensign 7: 10278:End of World War II in Asia 10118:Western invasion of Germany 9625:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9602:Second Battle of El Alamein 9172:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9144:Battle of the Mediterranean 8997:Italian invasion of Albania 7171:Air warfare of World War II 6145:Supreme Court of Judicature 5659:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5630:. Rutgers University, 1946. 4651:, Routledge, 1999, p. 121. 4329:, U.S. Department of State. 3390: 3216: 3095:Civil Censorship Detachment 3022: 2911:from 1955 to 1957, and the 2675: 2582:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2479:was also conducted, led by 2439:Before and during the war, 2150:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1989:, headquartered in Tokyo's 1852:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1796:In any case, Soviet leader 1765:In early August 1945, with 1587:remilitarization of Japan. 176:Soviet Civil Administration 10: 10435: 10204:Naval bombardment of Japan 9572:First Battle of El Alamein 9491:Battle of Christmas Island 9436:Japanese invasion of Burma 9200:Italian invasion of Greece 9116:German invasion of Belgium 9088:German invasion of Denmark 9061:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8930:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7194:Comparative military ranks 6856:Second Philippine Republic 6629:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 5372:The Sociological Quarterly 5326:10.1177/000271625127800104 5257:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2002). 5190:Schrijvers, Peter (2002). 4549:, Routledge, p. 112, 4484:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2002). 4465:. Via the Associated Press 3724:Glossary and Abbreviations 3318: 3266:The Japanese government's 3140: 3084: 3037: 2970: 2868:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 2656: 2510: 2432: 2397:. To this end, the prewar 2381: 2334: 2314: 2263: 2226:On December 15, 1945, the 2218:was granted legal status. 1812: 1639:enduring military alliance 10349:Cold War history of Japan 10293: 10125:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10065: 10056:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9793: 9680:Allied invasion of Sicily 9634: 9540:Aleutian Islands campaign 9512:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9459: 9450:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9345:Second Battle of Changsha 9250:German invasion of Greece 9218: 9095:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9070: 9008: 8903: 8784: 8510: 8420: 8268: 7971: 7962: 7720: 7545: 7437:North and Central Pacific 7398: 7160: 7153: 7080: 6964: 6937: 6879: 6833: 6790: 6783: 6737:Japan during World War II 6692:Pacification of Manchukuo 6662: 6592: 6584:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 6579:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 6517: 6510: 6461: 6448:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 6401: 6327: 6320: 6267: 6185: 6178: 6170:Imperial Japanese Airways 6077: 6024: 5989: 5978: 5882: 5537:Finn, Richard B. (1992). 5209:Sugita, Yoneyuki (2003). 5152:A Modern History of Japan 3955:. National Diet Library. 3925:. National Diet Library. 3422:Japanese economic miracle 3016: 2961: 2952:Japanese economic miracle 2940:Japan Self-Defense Forces 2938:was reorganized into the 2768:(JSDF), founded in 1954. 2766:Japan Self Defense Forces 2755:Japanese economic miracle 2669: 2624:to former prime minister 2570:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 2526:Tokyo war crimes tribunal 2513:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 1773:recommended to President 1769:seeming probable, the US 1625:to support the US in the 1581:Japan Self-Defense Forces 979:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 954:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 553: 549: 536: 523: 508: 495: 474: 461: 453:• Occupation begins 451: 438: 434: 426: 422: 410: 398: 386: 374: 360: 348: 344: 334: 330: 318: 314: 304: 300: 288: 274: 270: 260: 248: 234: 224: 209: 165:Kwantung Leased Territory 86: 59: 54: 41: 34: 9717:Allied invasion of Italy 9694:Solomon Islands campaign 9443:Third Battle of Changsha 9040:First Battle of Changsha 8946:Second Sino-Japanese War 7886:German military brothels 7752:United States war crimes 6712:Second Sino-Japanese War 6654:Racial Equality Proposal 6234:Agriculture and Commerce 5778:"Japs. Say Sack Emperor" 5546:Fukunaga, Fumio (2021). 5016: 4687:The Asia-Pacific Journal 3923:Modern Japan in Archives 3442: 3128:Donald Keene, quoted in 2700:U.S. Department of State 2590:Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda 2580:, former prime minister 2365:social legislation, the 2331:Constitutional amendment 2283:Enfranchisement of women 2200:Japanese Communist Party 1821:dropping of atomic bombs 1641:with the United States. 1604:US-Japan Security Treaty 1442:and administered by the 1191:Great Hanshin earthquake 1109:Second Sino-Japanese War 499:Constitutional amendment 10139:Second Guangxi campaign 9994:Philippines (1944–1945) 9498:Battle of the Coral Sea 9401:Fall of the Philippines 9047:Battle of South Guangxi 8953:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8359:Italian Social Republic 6624:Washington Naval Treaty 6569:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 6554:First Sino-Japanese War 6373:Nuclear weapons program 6115:Great Japan Youth Party 6042:National seals of Japan 5655:Sodei, Rinjirō (2006). 5128:Feifer, George (2001). 3722:National Diet Library: 3293:Japan Progressive Party 3291:(Nihon Jiyuto) and the 3223:Allied-occupied Germany 3033: 2936:National Police Reserve 2845:Treaty of San Francisco 2837:Treaty of San Francisco 2791:in 1950 had heightened 2762:National Police Reserve 2733:meets Finance Minister 2578:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 2507:Punishing war criminals 2457:Japanese writing system 2230:was issued, abolishing 2146:Takahito, Prince Mikasa 1947:5th Royal Gurkha Rifles 1683:Allied-occupied Germany 1592:Treaty of San Francisco 1577:National Police Reserve 1569:Chinese Communist Party 1554:constitutional monarchy 1538:parliamentary democracy 1498:in 1951. Unlike in the 1460:Treaty of San Francisco 1037:Intervention in Siberia 964:First Sino-Japanese War 540:Treaty of San Francisco 235:Official languages 9724:Armistice of Cassibile 9526:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9477:Battle of the Java Sea 9380:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9280:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9273:Battle of South Shanxi 9243:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9026:Battle of the Atlantic 8640:Korean Liberation Army 8353:(until September 1943) 8310:(until September 1944) 8288:(until September 1944) 6702:Motherland controversy 6672:Shōwa financial crisis 6464:Imperial Japanese Navy 6404:Imperial Japanese Army 6135:Peace Preservation Law 5742:Lawrence Journal-World 5731:Accounts from the time 5676:on September 17, 2008. 5579:Hirano, Kyōko (1992). 5229:Takemae, Eiji (2002). 5088:Japan in War and Peace 5041:Barnes, Dayna (2017). 4212:Hunt, Michael (2013). 3369:, and Shiro Mitamura. 3305:Japan Democratic Party 3264: 3244: 3134: 2986: 2840: 2817:Miike Coal Mine Strike 2738: 2650: 2622:attack on Pearl Harbor 2540:, were trying Japan's 2529: 2453:Japanese script reform 2390:Far Eastern Commission 2328: 2266:Purge (occupied Japan) 2212:Peace Preservation Law 2203: 2182: 2124: 2112:Preserving the Emperor 2095: 2075: 2035:Far Eastern Commission 1975:First Cavalry Division 1963:24th Infantry Division 1954: 1911:national flag of Japan 1886:11th Airborne Division 1608:revised treaty in 1960 1565:fell under the control 1500:occupations of Germany 1476:Far Eastern Commission 1444:Allies of World War II 1366:Science and technology 1119:Attack on Pearl Harbor 1042:Great Kantō earthquake 984:Colonization of Taiwan 911:Convention of Kanagawa 751:Former Nine Years' War 694:1000 BC – 300 AD 680:14,000 – 1000 BC 9888:Second Battle of Guam 9784:Bengal famine of 1943 9754:Second Battle of Kiev 9710:Battle of the Dnieper 9415:Battle of Wake Island 9287:East African campaign 9229:Battle of South Henan 8874:atrocities by Germans 8647:Korean Volunteer Army 7628:Occupation of Germany 7382:Music in World War II 6614:Siberian Intervention 6423:Railways and Shipping 6239:Commerce and Industry 5935:Industrial production 5570:(December 15, 1989). 5412:10.1353/sex.2010.0007 5355:10.1353/fro.2002.0006 4935:James C. McNaughton. 4690:, vol. 21-1-09, 4543:Tanaka, Yuki (2003), 3277:Japan Communist Party 3273:Japan Socialist Party 3252: 3239: 3123:offending phrases." 3116: 3109:Constitution of Japan 2980: 2830: 2823:Ending the occupation 2729: 2690:, in support of U.S. 2637: 2592:, and all members of 2574:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka 2564:, all members of the 2520: 2433:Further information: 2367:liberal constitutions 2345:through amendment of 2343:Constitution of Japan 2337:Constitution of Japan 2323: 2216:Japan Communist Party 2197: 2180: 2119: 2090: 2066: 1944: 1805:rather than in Asia. 1771:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1656:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1546:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1084:Invasion of Manchuria 1009:Colonization of Korea 969:Treaty of Shimonoseki 708:300 AD – 538 AD 187:South Pacific Mandate 18:Allied-occupied Japan 10174:Surrender of Germany 9652:Battle of West Hubei 9609:Guadalcanal campaign 9579:Battle of Stalingrad 9505:Battle of Madagascar 8279:Albania protectorate 8066:(formerly Swaziland) 7775:Wehrmacht war crimes 7591:Expulsion of Germans 7375:Art and World War II 7273:British contribution 7222:Governments in exile 7032:Political dissidence 6881:Occupied territories 6619:General Election Law 6443:Taiwan Army of Japan 5574:. Tuttle Publishing. 5169:Kapur, Nick (2018). 4724:David M. Rosenfeld, 3299:(1878–1967), became 3257:Japanese prefectures 2875:at major bases near 2870:, which has allowed 2799:was on the march in 2653:The "Reverse Course" 2378:Zaibatsu dissolution 2317:Humanity Declaration 2202:on October 10, 1945. 2009:(BCOF), composed of 2003:British Commonwealth 1973:was occupied by the 1961:was occupied by the 1629:as a country of the 1490:by the US President 1486:, who was appointed 1472:British Commonwealth 1376:World Heritage Sites 1094:February 26 incident 999:Treaty of Portsmouth 860:Battle of Sekigahara 756:Later Three-Year War 102:Japanese archipelago 10264:Potsdam Declaration 10153:Italy (Spring 1945) 9916:Liberation of Paris 9373:Siege of Sevastopol 8391:(until August 1944) 8294:Wang Jingwei regime 8116:from September 1943 8076:from September 1944 8014:from September 1944 7874:Romanian war crimes 7865:Persecution of Jews 7851:Croatian war crimes 7821:Japanese war crimes 7635:Occupation of Japan 7584:First Indochina War 7296:Military production 7208:Declarations of war 6851:Wang Jingwei regime 6761:Potsdam Declaration 6752:Soviet–Japanese War 6707:Anti-Comintern Pact 6697:January 28 incident 6682:London Naval Treaty 6559:Triple Intervention 6388:Supreme War Council 6272:deliberative bodies 5802:The Tuscaloosa News 5711:Mary Koehler slides 4975:. October 5, 1945. 4973:The Tuscaloosa News 4898:on November 4, 2009 4846:, pp. 519–520. 4810:, pp. 511–512. 4189:Labor Standards Act 4116:Staff 1972, p. 126. 3545:(Free Press, 1987). 3397:Beate Sirota Gordon 3327:Potsdam Declaration 3231:Military Government 3227:government of Japan 2418:Labor Standards Act 2412:Labor Standards Act 2359:U.S. Bill of Rights 2206:The issuing of the 1888:was airlifted from 1882:4th Marine Regiment 1871:Kanagawa Prefecture 1856:Shigeko Higashikuni 1833:Potsdam Declaration 1534:Potsdam Declaration 1206:Imperial transition 1144:Occupation of Japan 1134:Soviet–Japanese War 1099:Anti-Comintern Pact 974:Triple Intervention 229:Military occupation 150:38th parallel north 132:Karafuto Prefecture 36:Occupation of Japan 10257:Surrender of Japan 10090:Battle of Iwo Jima 9939:Belgrade offensive 9352:Siege of Leningrad 9236:Battle of Shanggao 9165:British Somaliland 9130:Dunkirk evacuation 9081:Norwegian campaign 9019:Invasion of Poland 8846:Japanese prisoners 7814:Italian war crimes 7745:British war crimes 7660:Soviet occupations 7444:South-West Pacific 7331:Allied cooperation 7289:Military equipment 6574:Russo-Japanese War 6544:Two Lords Incident 6199:Imperial Household 5830:"Changes in Japan" 4741:2016-05-17 at the 4647:2016-01-02 at the 4638:Molasky, Michael. 4377:, p. 11, 135. 4194:2011-09-27 at the 4034:2011-06-12 at the 4015:2011-07-18 at the 4008:Kimura, Shinichi, 3881:, pp. 571–573 3729:2006-11-15 at the 3637:Universal Newsreel 3355:William Halsey Jr. 3335:Japanese Americans 3329:on August 15, and 3101:surrender of Japan 2987: 2925:1960 Anpo protests 2841: 2739: 2530: 2494:, former Japanese 2441:Japanese education 2355:Meiji Constitution 2347:Meiji Constitution 2204: 2183: 2125: 2096: 2076: 1955: 1844:his administration 1815:Surrender of Japan 1600:Okinawa Prefecture 1519:Meiji Constitution 1266:Capital punishment 1242:2019–present 1164:Asset price bubble 1139:Surrender of Japan 1004:Japan–Korea Treaty 994:Russo-Japanese War 949:Ryūkyū Disposition 891:Invasion of Ryukyu 886:Tokugawa shogunate 822:Nanboku-chō period 47:senryō-ka no Nihon 10414:Douglas MacArthur 10331: 10330: 10289: 10288: 10132:Battle of Okinawa 10031:Burma (1944–1945) 9865:Mariana and Palau 9645:Tunisian campaign 9470:Fall of Singapore 9394:Fall of Hong Kong 9137:Battle of Britain 8990:Operation Himmler 8899: 8898: 8563:Dutch East Indies 8206:Southern Rhodesia 7958: 7957: 7858:Genocide of Serbs 7761:German war crimes 7738:Soviet war crimes 7731:Allied war crimes 7577:Division of Korea 7556:Chinese Civil War 7354:Strategic bombing 7266:Manhattan Project 7040: 7039: 7012:Socialist thought 6960: 6959: 6899:Dutch East Indies 6861:Empire of Vietnam 6779: 6778: 6549:Satsuma Rebellion 6529:Meiji Restoration 6506: 6505: 6316: 6315: 6254:Greater East Asia 6140:Political parties 6095:Foreign relations 5516:Eto, Jun (2020). 5487:978-0-203-14282-0 5035:978-0-8348-0070-0 4781:, pp. 27–30. 4462:The Seattle Times 4128:, p. xxxvii. 3577:history.state.gov 3188:freedom of speech 3173:Douglas MacArthur 3105:freedom of speech 2909:Sunagawa Struggle 2635:In Dower's view, 2178: 2088: 1779:Douglas MacArthur 1767:Japan's surrender 1743:Ogasawara Islands 1606:(replaced by the 1484:Douglas MacArthur 1464:American military 1436: 1435: 1301:Foreign relations 1246: 1245: 1234:Abe assassination 1229:COVID-19 pandemic 1201:Tōhoku earthquake 959:Satsuma Rebellion 921:Meiji Restoration 799:Kenmu Restoration 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 587: 586: 412:• 1948–1952 388:• 1947–1948 376:• 1946–1947 362:• 1945–1946 320:• 1945–1952 290:• 1951–1952 282:Douglas MacArthur 276:• 1945–1951 191:League of Nations 48: 16:(Redirected from 10426: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10307:World portal 10305: 10304: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10167:Prague offensive 10162: 10160:Battle of Berlin 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10104:Vienna offensive 10099: 10092: 10085: 10083:Battle of Manila 10078: 10058: 10049: 10040: 10033: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9957: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9867: 9860: 9851: 9842: 9833: 9826: 9824:Korsun–Cherkassy 9819: 9808: 9786: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9666:Bombing of Gorky 9661: 9654: 9647: 9627: 9620: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9533:Battle of Midway 9528: 9521: 9519:Battle of Gazala 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9429:Battle of Borneo 9424: 9422:Malayan campaign 9417: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9366:Bombing of Gorky 9361: 9359:Battle of Moscow 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9211: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9123:Battle of France 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8976:Munich Agreement 8971: 8964: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8932: 8925: 8910: 8909: 8892: 8885: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8861:Soviet prisoners 8855: 8848: 8841: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8801:German prisoners 8797: 8777: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8339: 8337:French Indochina 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8261: 8252: 8245: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8184:from August 1944 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8067: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7969: 7968: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7910: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7828:Nanjing Massacre 7823: 7816: 7807: 7805:Nuremberg trials 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7538: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7409:Asia and Pacific 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7338:Mulberry harbour 7333: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7180: 7173: 7158: 7157: 7146: 7139: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7002:Shinmin no Michi 6992:Internment camps 6904:French Indochina 6788: 6787: 6634:Taishō Democracy 6515: 6514: 6438:Japanese holdout 6325: 6324: 6249:Colonial Affairs 6183: 6182: 6110:Yokusan Sonendan 6016: 6008: 6000: 5984: 5983: 5910:Economic history 5869: 5862: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5753: 5745: 5677: 5672:. Archived from 5660: 5651: 5649: 5642: 5626:La Cerda, John. 5623: 5606: 5586: 5575: 5563: 5542: 5533: 5512: 5491: 5464: 5431: 5394: 5366: 5337: 5308: 5277:Journal articles 5272: 5244: 5224: 5205: 5186: 5165: 5143: 5124: 5101: 5078: 5056: 5005: 5002:, April 28, 2002 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4726:Dawn to the West 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4401:, p. 14-17. 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4341:, p. 10-11. 4336: 4330: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4209: 4198: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4157:, p. xxxix. 4152: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3592:, p. 32-33. 3587: 3581: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3457: 3453: 3248:Horace Robertson 3163:American woman, 3155:country. In the 3132: 3130:Dawn to the West 3054:Okinawa Campaign 3029: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2948:Yoshida Doctrine 2857:Far East Command 2819:, both in 1960. 2779:) of 1950. The " 2680: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2586:Princess Shigeko 2558:Ryōichi Sasakawa 2493: 2429:Education reform 2305:Kijūrō Shidehara 2228:Shinto Directive 2179: 2154:Princess Shigeko 2121:Gaetano Faillace 2093:Gaetano Faillace 2089: 1929:nation with pro- 1650:Initial planning 1623:Japanese economy 1515:Japan's military 1511:history of Japan 1428: 1421: 1414: 1258: 1159:Economic miracle 1074:Nanking incident 1069:Financial crisis 906:Perry Expedition 880: 789:Mongol invasions 668:before 14,000 BC 658: 657: 653: 640: 630:History of Japan 617: 616: 603: 602: 591: 590: 578: 577: 571: 570: 555: 554: 532:9 September 1948 470:2 September 1945 370: 368:Kijūrō Shidehara 284: 214: 91: 73: 66: 46: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10299: 10297: 10285: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10223: 10218:Atomic bombings 10216: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10061: 10054: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9976: 9967: 9960: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9921: 9914: 9909:Eastern Romania 9907: 9902:Warsaw Uprising 9900: 9895:Tannenberg Line 9893: 9886: 9881:Western Ukraine 9879: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9845: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9811: 9802: 9789: 9782: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9673:Battle of Kursk 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9630: 9623: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9561: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9484:St Nazaire Raid 9482: 9475: 9468: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9308: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9266:Anglo-Iraqi War 9264: 9257:Battle of Crete 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9214: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9186:Eastern Romania 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9004: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8928: 8921: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8828: 8821: 8812: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8780: 8773: 8764: 8757: 8752: 8747:Western Ukraine 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8691:Northeast China 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8397:Slovak Republic 8395: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8368:Empire of Japan 8366: 8357: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8264: 8257: 8248: 8241: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8070: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7954: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7913: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7880:Sexual violence 7879: 7872: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7649: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7610: 7603: 7598:Greek Civil War 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7541: 7534: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7423:South-East Asia 7421: 7414: 7407: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7282:Military awards 7280: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7041: 7036: 7022:Yasukuni Shrine 6956: 6933: 6875: 6829: 6775: 6727:Tripartite Pact 6722:Rape of Nanking 6658: 6644:Tapani incident 6588: 6564:Boxer Rebellion 6522: 6502: 6466: 6457: 6406: 6397: 6332: 6312: 6306:Representatives 6274: 6271: 6270:Legislative and 6263: 6229:Foreign Affairs 6192: 6189: 6174: 6073: 6052:Government Seal 6037:Rising Sun Flag 6020: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5985: 5976: 5878: 5876:Empire of Japan 5873: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5756: 5748: 5736: 5733: 5685: 5680: 5664:Toll, Matthew. 5647: 5640: 5633: 5595: 5560: 5530: 5509: 5488: 5471: 5469:Further reading 5453:10.2307/2092029 5279: 5269: 5241: 5221: 5202: 5183: 5162: 5140: 5122: 5099: 5075: 5053: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5008: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4933: 4929: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4743:Wayback Machine 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4682:Svoboda, Terèse 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4649:Wayback Machine 4637: 4633: 4628:(4): 1199–1230. 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4581:Schrijvers 2002 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4453: 4444: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353:, p. 9-10. 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4201: 4196:Wayback Machine 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086:Mire, Koikare, 4085: 4081: 4073:Mire, Koikare, 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036:Wayback Machine 4029:Trade Union Law 4026: 4022: 4017:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3995: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3731:Wayback Machine 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3393: 3375: 3323: 3317: 3297:Shigeru Yoshida 3285:Rikken Minseito 3260: 3242:administration. 3219: 3184:gender equality 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3097: 3083: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3013: 2975: 2969: 2964: 2913:Girard Incident 2833:Shigeru Yoshida 2831:Prime Minister 2825: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2566:imperial family 2515: 2509: 2487: 2481:Wolf Ladejinsky 2473: 2437: 2431: 2414: 2386: 2380: 2339: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2301:Shigeru Yoshida 2285: 2268: 2262: 2253:Trade Union Law 2244: 2242:Trade Union Act 2224: 2192: 2168: 2166: 2158:Tatsuji Miyoshi 2142:imperial family 2114: 2078: 2061: 2044: 2005:. The official 1999:American forces 1951:Kure, Hiroshima 1939: 1894:Atsugi Airdrome 1817: 1811: 1775:Harry S. Truman 1735:Okinawa Islands 1676:Harry S. Truman 1658:established an 1652: 1647: 1496:Matthew Ridgway 1492:Harry S. Truman 1452:Empire of Japan 1432: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1214:1989–2019 1211: 1210: 1171:1926–1989 1168: 1129:Atomic bombings 1104:Tripartite Pact 1089:May 15 incident 1079:Mukden Incident 1050:1912–1926 1047: 1046: 1017:1868–1912 1014: 1013: 989:Boxer Rebellion 934:1603–1868 931: 930: 878: 868:1573–1603 865: 864: 843:Azuchi–Momoyama 835:1336–1573 832: 831: 807:1185–1333 804: 803: 766: 765: 736:710 – 794 733: 722:538 – 710 719: 705: 691: 655: 654: 651: 643: 600: 582:Empire of Japan 575: 542: 529: 514: 501: 491:25 October 1945 488: 467: 454: 444: 417:Shigeru Yoshida 413: 401: 389: 381:Shigeru Yoshida 377: 366: 363: 355:Prince Naruhiko 351: 336:Prime Ministers 321: 295:Matthew Ridgway 291: 280: 277: 241: 220: 205: 204: 122:Spratly Islands 118:Japanese Taiwan 82: 79: 75: 74: 67: 50: 49: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10432: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:Occupied Japan 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10237: 10234:South Sakhalin 10230: 10229: 10228: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10071: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10034: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9958: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9868: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9771: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9659:Battle of Attu 9655: 9648: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9621: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9550: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9408:Battle of Guam 9404: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9331:Battle of Kiev 9327: 9320: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8949: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8918: 8916: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8842: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830:United Kingdom 8826: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8798: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8762: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8643: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234:British Empire 8227:United Kingdom 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8068: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8043:Czechoslovakia 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7975: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7940:Rape of Manila 7936: 7929: 7922: 7911: 7896: 7889: 7877: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7817: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7792: 7778: 7771: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7711:United Nations 7707: 7700: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7570:Decolonization 7566: 7559: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7516: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7404: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7262: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7243:United Kingdom 7239: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7166: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7089: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6866:State of Burma 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6794: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6687:Musha Incident 6684: 6679: 6677:Jinan incident 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Beipu uprising 6531: 6525: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6498:Treaty Faction 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6428:Imperial Guard 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6335: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6188:Administration 6186: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5774: 5766: 5762:Ottawa Citizen 5754: 5746: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5683:External links 5681: 5679: 5678: 5661: 5652: 5631: 5624: 5607: 5593: 5576: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5447:(5): 818–820. 5432: 5406:(3): 508–535. 5395: 5378:(2): 251–263, 5367: 5338: 5309: 5297:10.1086/259682 5291:(4): 890–905. 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5254: 5239: 5226: 5219: 5206: 5200: 5187: 5182:978-0674984424 5181: 5166: 5160: 5148:Gordon, Andrew 5144: 5138: 5125: 5120: 5106:Dower, John W. 5102: 5097: 5083:Dower, John W. 5079: 5073: 5057: 5052:978-1501703089 5051: 5038: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 4990: 4960: 4942: 4927: 4909: 4876: 4848: 4844:McLelland 2010 4836: 4834:, p. 529. 4832:McLelland 2010 4824: 4822:, p. 514. 4820:McLelland 2010 4812: 4808:McLelland 2010 4800: 4798:, p. 518. 4796:McLelland 2010 4783: 4771: 4756: 4747: 4717: 4715:, p. 412. 4705: 4673: 4661: 4631: 4612: 4610:, p. 579. 4600: 4598:, p. 130. 4585: 4583:, p. 212. 4573: 4571:, p. 373. 4561: 4555: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4496: 4476: 4442: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4315: 4313:, p. 562. 4303: 4301:, p. 326. 4291: 4279: 4267: 4265:, p. 325. 4255: 4243: 4231: 4229:, p. 246. 4219: 4199: 4180: 4168: 4159: 4142: 4140:, p. 270. 4130: 4118: 4104: 4102:, p. 241. 4092: 4079: 4063: 4061:, p. 269. 4051: 4049:, p. 267. 4039: 4020: 4001: 3970: 3940: 3910: 3908:, p. 108. 3898: 3896:, p. 107. 3883: 3871: 3869:, p. 293. 3859: 3857:, p. 292. 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3786: 3773: 3761: 3735: 3715: 3685: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3622: 3609: 3594: 3582: 3564: 3547: 3534: 3504: 3489: 3487:, p. 206. 3473: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3374: 3371: 3363:Tokuda Kyuichi 3316: 3313: 3301:prime minister 3218: 3215: 3143:Women in Japan 3141:Main article: 3138: 3137:Japanese women 3135: 3125: 3082: 3079: 3050:Ryukyu Islands 3038:Main article: 3035: 3032: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958:of the 1990s. 2905:Bloody May Day 2824: 2821: 2694:objectives in 2665:Reverse Course 2659:Reverse Course 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2646:Kishi Nobusuke 2618:Tokyo tribunal 2550:Nobusuke Kishi 2546:Masanobu Tsuji 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2472: 2469: 2430: 2427: 2423:Thought Police 2413: 2410: 2406:Reverse Course 2382:Main article: 2379: 2376: 2335:Main article: 2332: 2329: 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2289:Ichikawa Fusae 2284: 2281: 2277:Reverse Course 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2243: 2240: 2236:state religion 2223: 2220: 2191: 2188: 2165: 2162: 2113: 2110: 2060: 2057: 2043: 2040: 1949:march through 1938: 1937:Size and scope 1935: 1931:United Nations 1840:Kantarō Suzuki 1837:Prime Minister 1819:Following the 1813:Main article: 1810: 1807: 1763: 1762: 1749: 1731:Southern Korea 1724: 1718:South Sakhalin 1714:Northern Korea 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1619:Reverse Course 1596:Ryukyu Islands 1434: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1311:Historiography 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 945: 939: 936: 935: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 896:Siege of Osaka 893: 888: 882: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 862: 857: 852: 846: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 829: 827:Sengoku period 824: 818: 812: 809: 808: 805: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 774: 771: 770: 769:794–1185 767: 764: 763: 758: 753: 747: 741: 738: 737: 734: 727: 724: 723: 720: 713: 710: 709: 706: 699: 696: 695: 692: 685: 682: 681: 678: 670: 669: 666: 656: 650: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 633: 632: 626: 625: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 597: 588: 585: 584: 579: 567: 566: 561: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 537: 534: 533: 530: 524: 521: 520: 518:15 August 1948 515: 509: 506: 505: 502: 496: 493: 492: 489: 475: 472: 471: 468: 462: 459: 458: 457:28 August 1945 455: 452: 449: 448: 447:15 August 1945 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 411: 408: 407: 405:Hitoshi Ashida 402: 399: 396: 395: 393:Tetsu Katayama 390: 387: 384: 383: 378: 375: 372: 371: 364: 361: 358: 357: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 289: 286: 285: 278: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 252: 246: 245: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 215: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199:United Nations 183: 172: 161: 146:Japanese Korea 143: 129: 115: 97: 92: 84: 83: 76: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10431: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10379:1952 in Japan 10377: 10375: 10374:1945 in Japan 10372: 10370: 10369:Postwar Japan 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241:Kuril Islands 10238: 10235: 10231: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008:Syrmian Front 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9954:Market Garden 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9813:Monte Cassino 9810: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179:Baltic states 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9007: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8823:United States 8820: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8759:Quốc dân Đảng 8756: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8459:Liechtenstein 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243:United States 8240: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7933:Comfort women 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7917: / 7916: 7912: 7909: 7906: / 7905: 7902: / 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893:Camp brothels 7890: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782:The Holocaust 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768:forced labour 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7621:Marshall Plan 7618: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7474:Eastern Front 7471: 7468: 7467:Western Front 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361:Puppet states 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7303:Naval history 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7250:United States 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977:Fukoku kyōhei 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834:Puppet states 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Fleet Faction 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:General Staff 6471: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:General Staff 6411: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6366:military code 6365: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6296:Imperial Diet 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Privy Council 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Home Ministry 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Imperial Seal 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:Flag of Japan 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790:The Telegraph 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5695:J.C.S 1380/15 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5594:1-56098-157-1 5590: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5559:9784866581255 5555: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5529:9784866581149 5525: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5508:9781134118625 5504: 5501:. Routledge. 5500: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480:. Routledge. 5479: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5268:9780231120326 5264: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:0-415-94752-9 5216: 5213:. Routledge. 5212: 5207: 5203: 5201:9780814798164 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5161:0-19-511060-9 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5139:9781585742158 5135: 5131: 5126: 5123: 5121:0-393-04686-9 5117: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098:1-56584-067-4 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5074:0-06-093130-2 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023:Asahi Shimbun 5021: 5020: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4894: 4887: 4884:Wood, James. 4880: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4769:, p. 29. 4768: 4763: 4761: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4671:, p. 67. 4670: 4665: 4658: 4657:0-415-19194-7 4654: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4556:0-203-30275-3 4552: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4533:, p. 258 4532: 4527: 4521:, p. 162 4520: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4497:0-231-12033-8 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4413:, p. 17. 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4389:, p. 14. 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4365:, p. 10. 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4289:, p. 583 4288: 4283: 4277:, p. 585 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4253:, p. 901 4252: 4247: 4241:, p. 819 4240: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4178:, p. 32. 4177: 4172: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4114: 4113:Asahi Shimbun 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3845:, p. 228 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3821:, p. 54. 3820: 3815: 3809:, p. 90. 3808: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3683:, p. 65. 3682: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3607:, p. 48. 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3562:, p. 11. 3561: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3502:, p. 94. 3501: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3417:Postwar Japan 3415: 3413: 3412:1945 in Japan 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402:Valery Burati 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3380:Asahi Shimbun 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333:. Over 5,000 3332: 3328: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289:Liberal Party 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153:demilitarized 3150: 3144: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061:John W. Dower 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3024: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2999:comfort women 2996: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907:in 1952, the 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2813:Anpo protests 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2660: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2630:John W. Dower 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554:Yoshio Kodama 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:war criminals 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2187: 2181:1946 newsreel 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2094: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2042:Initial phase 2039: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1934: 1933:orientation. 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1798:Joseph Stalin 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Amami Islands 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727:United States 1725: 1723: 1722:Kuril Islands 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670:, and Japan ( 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1154:Anpo protests 1152: 1150: 1149:Postwar Japan 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 944: 943: 938: 937: 933: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 881: 877: 872: 871: 867: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 845: 844: 839: 838: 834: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 817: 816: 811: 810: 806: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 779: 778: 773: 772: 768: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 746: 745: 740: 739: 735: 732: 731: 726: 725: 721: 718: 717: 712: 711: 707: 704: 703: 698: 697: 693: 690: 689: 684: 683: 679: 677: 676: 672: 671: 667: 665: 664: 660: 659: 647: 646: 639: 635: 634: 631: 628: 627: 623: 619: 618: 598: 596: 593: 592: 589: 583: 580: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 548: 545:28 April 1952 544: 541: 535: 531: 528: 522: 519: 516: 513: 507: 503: 500: 494: 490: 487: 483: 479: 473: 469: 466: 460: 456: 450: 446: 443: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 415: 409: 406: 403: 397: 394: 391: 385: 382: 379: 373: 369: 365: 359: 356: 353: 347: 343: 339: 337: 333: 329: 326: 323: 317: 313: 309: 307: 303: 299: 296: 293: 287: 283: 279: 273: 269: 265: 263: 259: 256: 253: 251: 247: 244: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 223: 218: 213: 208: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 148:south of the 147: 144: 141: 137: 136:Kuril Islands 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 99: 98: 95: 90: 85: 81: 72: 65: 58: 53: 33: 30: 19: 10364:Shōwa period 10315:Bibliography 10298: 10111:Project Hula 10076:Vistula–Oder 10045: 9978: 9969: 9953: 9923: 9872: 9856: 9847: 9838: 9804: 9701: 9616: 9592: 9562: 9313: 9206: 9151:North Africa 8853:Soviet Union 8807:Soviet Union 8733:Soviet Union 8501:Vatican City 8411:Vichy France 8316:German Reich 8213:Soviet Union 8199:South Africa 8192:Sierra Leone 8145:Newfoundland 7964:Participants 7947:Marocchinate 7651: 7642: 7634: 7612: 7490:North Africa 7451:Indian Ocean 7310:Nazi plunder 7201:Cryptography 7074:World War II 6965:Other topics 6801: 6770: 6639:Taishō Roman 6393:Conscription 6363: 6355: 6330:Armed Forces 6190:(ministries) 6090:Charter Oath 6085:Constitution 5967:State Shinto 5950:Essentialism 5900:Demographics 5813: 5801: 5789: 5761: 5741: 5674:the original 5669: 5656: 5636: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5582: 5571: 5548: 5538: 5518: 5497: 5477: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5403: 5399: 5375: 5371: 5349:(1): 23–45. 5346: 5342: 5317: 5313: 5288: 5284: 5258: 5230: 5210: 5191: 5171: 5151: 5129: 5110: 5087: 5064: 5061:Bix, Herbert 5042: 5026: 4999: 4993: 4983:November 23, 4981:. Retrieved 4972: 4963: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4893:the original 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4857: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4779:Koikari 2002 4774: 4767:Koikari 2002 4750: 4734: 4730:Donald Keene 4725: 4720: 4708: 4696:, retrieved 4686: 4676: 4669:Takemae 2002 4664: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4603: 4576: 4564: 4545: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4486: 4479: 4469:February 25, 4467:. Retrieved 4460: 4436: 4430: 4425:, p. 1. 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4213: 4183: 4171: 4162: 4155:Takemae 2002 4138:Takemae 2002 4133: 4126:Takemae 2002 4121: 4111: 4107: 4100:Takemae 2002 4095: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4059:Takemae 2002 4054: 4047:Takemae 2002 4042: 4023: 4004: 3999:, p. 9. 3961:. Retrieved 3952: 3943: 3931:. Retrieved 3922: 3913: 3906:Takemae 2002 3901: 3894:Takemae 2002 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3833:, p. 27 3826: 3814: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3781: 3776: 3771:, p. 8. 3764: 3752:. 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Retrieved 3516: 3507: 3500:Takemae 2002 3451: 3378: 3376: 3367:Yoshio Shiga 3359:Fuchū Prison 3350: 3342: 3324: 3267: 3265: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3220: 3204: 3200:World War II 3180:human rights 3177: 3169:constitution 3165:Beate Sirota 3161: 3149:democratized 3146: 3129: 3120:Donald Keene 3117: 3113: 3098: 3064: 3058: 3043: 3007: 3003: 2988: 2967:Prostitution 2956:Lost Decades 2943: 2929: 2901: 2865: 2842: 2809: 2793:conservative 2776: 2770: 2759: 2743:Joseph Dodge 2740: 2735:Hayato Ikeda 2731:Joseph Dodge 2717: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2664: 2662: 2638: 2634: 2609: 2602: 2531: 2474: 2438: 2415: 2398: 2387: 2372:Article Nine 2340: 2324: 2320: 2286: 2269: 2245: 2225: 2205: 2184: 2134:war criminal 2126: 2097: 2045: 2032: 1996: 1956: 1916: 1909:(sun disc), 1904: 1902: 1876: 1860: 1818: 1795: 1791: 1764: 1710:Soviet Union 1680: 1653: 1631:Western Bloc 1616: 1589: 1584: 1558: 1508: 1437: 1324:Christianity 1220: 1186:Lost Decades 1177: 1143: 1114:World War II 1055: 1023: 940: 875: 850:Nanban trade 841: 813: 775: 742: 728: 714: 700: 686: 673: 661: 564:Succeeded by 563: 558: 400:• 1948 350:• 1945 216: 140:Soviet Union 109: 93: 29: 10046:Bodenplatte 9932:Gothic Line 9158:West Africa 8705:Philippines 8684:Netherlands 8549:Czech lands 8487:Switzerland 8431:Afghanistan 8382:Philippines 8250:Puerto Rico 8166:Philippines 8152:New Zealand 8138:Netherlands 8091:Free France 7842:Prosecution 7643:Osoaviakhim 7513:West Africa 7497:East Africa 7144:Conferences 7007:Shōwa Modan 6982:Hakkō ichiu 6919:Philippines 6806:after 1943) 6784:Territories 6742:Pacific War 6602:World War I 6478:Air Service 6418:Air Service 6291:Gozen Kaigi 6007:(Yoshihito) 5999:(Mutsuhito) 5945:Nationalism 5890:Agriculture 5814:Times Daily 5572:Japan Diary 5012:Works cited 5000:Japan Times 4869:October 15, 4698:January 30, 4569:Feifer 2001 4519:Tanaka 2003 4251:Flores 1970 4176:Sugita 2003 3963:January 20, 3933:January 20, 3843:Gordon 2003 3620:pp. 525-526 3590:Barnes 2017 3527:February 1, 3456:occupation. 3385:colonialism 3235:Nazi regime 3207:prostitutes 3196:promiscuous 3192:modern girl 3052:during the 2795:fears that 2626:Hideki Tojo 2598:Shirō Ishii 2522:Hideki Tōjō 2488: [ 2477:land reform 2475:A sweeping 2471:Land reform 2023:New Zealand 1987:Eighth Army 1672:Axis powers 1276:Earthquakes 1124:Pacific War 1032:World War I 663:Paleolithic 559:Preceded by 527:North Korea 512:South Korea 180:North Korea 158:South Korea 10338:Categories 10146:West Hunan 9979:Pointblank 9315:Silver Fox 9301:Summer War 9054:Winter War 9033:Phoney War 8814:Azerbaijan 8775:Yugoslavia 8670:Luxembourg 8512:Resistance 8259:Yugoslavia 8124:Luxembourg 7926:Sook Ching 7722:War crimes 7324:Technology 7317:Opposition 7259:Lend-Lease 7236:Australian 7229:Home front 7187:Blitzkrieg 7137:Casualties 7128:Commanders 7100:Operations 6771:Occupation 6594:Taishō era 6539:Boshin War 6383:War crimes 6179:Government 6155:Tonarigumi 6062:Privy Seal 6057:State Seal 6015:(Hirohito) 5940:Militarism 5895:Censorship 5568:Gayn, Mark 5240:0826462472 5114:, Norton, 4902:August 12, 4713:Dower 1999 4608:Dower 1999 4596:Dower 1999 4423:Kapur 2018 4411:Kapur 2018 4399:Kapur 2018 4387:Kapur 2018 4375:Kapur 2018 4363:Kapur 2018 4351:Kapur 2018 4339:Kapur 2018 4311:Dower 1999 4299:Dower 1999 4263:Dower 1999 4227:Dower 1999 3997:Kapur 2018 3867:Dower 1999 3855:Dower 1999 3831:Kawai 1951 3819:Dower 1999 3807:Dower 1999 3769:Kapur 2018 3698:awm.gov.au 3560:Kapur 2018 3485:Dower 1999 3464:References 3319:See also: 3171:. General 3099:After the 3085:See also: 3081:Censorship 3023:"red-line" 2971:See also: 2835:signs the 2789:Korean War 2777:reddo pāji 2747:Dodge Line 2676:gyaku kōsu 2485:Hiroo Wada 2465:Jōyō kanji 2461:Tōyō kanji 2303:succeeded 2138:abdication 2068:Nihonbashi 2011:Australian 1979:Sixth Army 1927:democratic 1747:Micronesia 1720:, and the 1645:Background 1610:) allowed 1573:Korean War 1530:war crimes 1458:until the 1438:Japan was 1196:Cool Japan 1064:Militarism 926:Boshin War 879:(Tokugawa) 761:Genpei War 504:3 May 1947 482:Pescadores 250:Demonym(s) 10211:Manchuria 10097:Indochina 9873:Bagration 9324:Lithuania 8969:Anschluss 8766:Viet Minh 8663:Lithuania 8605:Hong Kong 8375:Manchukuo 8330:Azad Hind 7989:Australia 7789:Aftermath 7652:Paperclip 7547:Aftermath 7347:Total war 7215:Diplomacy 7178:In Europe 6972:Sonnō jōi 6924:Singapore 6909:Hong Kong 6871:Azad Hind 6846:Mengjiang 6841:Manchukuo 6815:Kantō-shū 6757:Surrender 6664:Shōwa era 6649:Truku War 6520:Meiji era 6488:Tokkeitai 6453:Kempeitai 6364:Senjinkun 6281:Daijō-kan 6244:Munitions 6125:Mokusatsu 5915:Education 5363:144915178 5334:144554054 5320:: 23–31. 5305:154104106 4239:Ness 1967 3754:April 22, 3469:Citations 3373:Criticism 3347:Tokyo Bay 2932:Article 9 2881:Hiroshima 2801:East Asia 2797:communism 2773:Red Purge 2751:inflation 2696:East Asia 2688:Article 9 2500:landlords 2445:Gymnasien 2074:, in 1946 1781:be named 1470:from the 1456:war's end 1448:surrender 1446:from the 1315:Religion 1306:Geography 1291:Education 1286:Era names 916:Bakumatsu 855:Imjin War 815:Muromachi 794:Genkō War 784:Jōkyū War 55:1945–1952 10322:Category 10271:document 10181:document 10038:Ardennes 10022:Budapest 9970:Crossbow 9848:Overlord 9687:Smolensk 8905:Timeline 8740:Slovakia 8726:Thailand 8577:Ethiopia 8542:Bulgaria 8466:Portugal 8404:Thailand 8286:Bulgaria 8064:Eswatini 8057:Ethiopia 8010:Bulgaria 7835:Unit 731 7796:Response 7613:Keelhaul 7563:Cold War 7536:Americas 7527:timeline 7520:Atlantic 7400:Theaters 6950:Yen bloc 6938:Ideology 6929:Thailand 6798:Karafuto 6791:Colonies 6378:Kamikaze 6321:Military 6224:Treasury 6078:Policies 6069:Kimigayo 5990:Emperors 5957:Politics 5925:Eugenics 5883:Overview 5645:archived 5603:25367560 5428:35663215 5420:21110475 5251:45583413 5150:(2003). 5108:(1999), 5085:(1993), 5063:(2001). 4977:Archived 4955:Archived 4922:Archived 4863:Archived 4745:, p. 86. 4739:Archived 4692:archived 4645:Archived 4531:Lie 1997 4506:49395493 4287:Bix 2001 4275:Bix 2001 4192:Archived 4032:Archived 4013:Archived 3957:Archived 3927:Archived 3879:Bix 2001 3748:Archived 3727:Archived 3702:Archived 3667:text in 3641:Archived 3639:. 1945. 3521:Archived 3407:Cold War 3391:See also 3351:Missouri 3343:Missouri 3281:Seiyukai 3275:and the 3268:de facto 3246:General 3217:Politics 3126:— 3074:Yokohama 3070:Yokosuka 3001:system. 2944:de facto 2897:Ishikari 2885:Nagasaki 2849:Iwo Jima 2805:leftists 2737:in 1949. 2719:keiretsu 2714:zaibatsu 2709:zaibatsu 2692:Cold War 2684:Cold War 2642:Cold War 2594:Unit 731 2562:Hirohito 2538:Ichigaya 2400:zaibatsu 2384:Zaibatsu 2363:New Deal 2351:Prussian 2144:such as 2130:Hirohito 2049:New Deal 1991:Dai-Ichi 1983:Hokkaido 1906:Hinomaru 1877:Missouri 1829:Hirohito 1823:and the 1695:Hokkaido 1627:Cold War 1585:de facto 1571:and the 1542:New Deal 1526:Hirohito 1440:occupied 1400:Timeline 1390:Glossary 1361:Post-war 1356:Politics 1346:Military 1319:Buddhism 1271:Currency 777:Kamakura 622:a series 620:Part of 255:Japanese 239:Japanese 217:De facto 171:in 1955. 134:and the 120:and its 111:de facto 10248:Shumshu 10015:Hungary 9962:Estonia 9946:Lapland 9924:Dragoon 9857:Neptune 9839:Ichi-Go 9805:Tempest 9747:Changde 9702:Cottage 9594:Jubilee 9310:Finland 9208:Compass 8914:Prelude 8867:Finland 8753:Vietnam 8719:Romania 8591:Germany 8570:Estonia 8556:Denmark 8535:Belgium 8528:Austria 8521:Albania 8452:Ireland 8438:Andorra 8422:Neutral 8389:Romania 8323:Hungary 8308:Finland 8180:Romania 8072:Finland 8050:Denmark 7996:Belgium 7982:Algeria 7688:Romania 7674:Hungary 7430:Pacific 7154:General 7108:Leaders 7093:Battles 7086:Outline 6511:History 6483:Marines 6120:Kokutai 6025:Symbols 6005:Taishō 5962:Statism 5905:Economy 5461:2092029 5392:4120735 5025:Staff, 3309:cabinet 3221:Unlike 3046:Okinawa 2991:brothel 2985:(SCFA). 2893:Sapporo 2853:Okinawa 2610:Class A 2353:-style 2053:Whitney 2015:British 1967:Shikoku 1890:Okinawa 1699:Shikoku 1664:Germany 1637:and an 1567:of the 1523:Emperor 1504:Austria 1468:support 1450:of the 1395:History 1334:Judaism 1281:Economy 652:Periods 538:• 525:• 510:• 497:• 463:• 440:• 427:History 306:Emperor 243:English 197:of the 94:De jure 10225:Debate 10197:Taipei 10190:Borneo 9768:Tarawa 8962:Europe 8923:Africa 8712:Poland 8698:Norway 8677:Malaya 8656:Latvia 8598:Greece 8584:France 8480:Sweden 8445:Bhutan 8173:Poland 8159:Norway 8131:Mexico 8098:Greece 8084:France 8022:Canada 8003:Brazil 7973:Allies 7919:Serbia 7908:Poland 7681:Poland 7667:Baltic 7460:Europe 7162:Topics 7114:Allied 6914:Malaya 6889:Borneo 6825:Taiwan 6820:Nan'yō 6810:Chōsen 6803:naichi 6013:Shōwa 5997:Meiji 5972:Kazoku 5920:System 5601: 5591: 5556: 5526: 5505: 5484: 5459: 5426: 5418: 5390: 5361: 5332: 5303: 5265: 5249: 5237: 5217: 5198: 5179: 5158: 5136: 5118: 5095: 5071: 5049: 5033: 4655: 4553: 4504: 4494: 3784:(1987) 3225:, the 3211:dating 3093:, and 3011:akasen 2962:Impact 2895:, and 2889:Aomori 2614:Sugamo 2326:world. 2232:Shinto 2106:GARIOA 2019:Indian 1971:Honshu 1959:Kyushu 1867:Atsugi 1863:Manila 1787:Manila 1760:Penghu 1756:Taiwan 1741:, the 1737:, the 1703:Kyushu 1701:, and 1691:Honshu 1559:While 1480:Allied 1371:Sports 1339:Shinto 1296:Empire 1257:Topics 1179:Heisei 1025:Taishō 901:Sakoku 624:on the 478:Taiwan 430: 340: 310: 266: 225:Status 42:占領下の日本 10001:Leyte 9831:Narva 9817:Anzio 9775:Makin 9733:Burma 9617:Torch 9586:Rzhev 9547:Kiska 8633:Korea 8619:Japan 8612:Italy 8494:Tibet 8473:Spain 8351:Italy 8112:Italy 8105:India 8029:China 7904:Japan 7504:Italy 7416:China 7368:Women 6894:Burma 6607:Entry 6301:Peers 6165:Senbu 6150:Tokkō 5648:(PDF) 5641:(PDF) 5457:JSTOR 5424:S2CID 5388:JSTOR 5359:S2CID 5330:S2CID 5301:S2CID 5017:Books 4896:(PDF) 4889:(PDF) 3616:Bix, 3443:Notes 3065:daily 2877:Tokyo 2785:China 2783:" of 2605:Shōwa 2492:] 2234:as a 2072:Tokyo 1898:Tokyo 1752:China 1668:Italy 1466:with 1351:Naval 1329:Islam 1222:Reiwa 1057:Shōwa 942:Meiji 744:Heian 716:Asuka 702:Kofun 688:Yayoi 675:Jōmon 595:Japan 486:China 325:Shōwa 169:China 126:China 10067:1945 9795:1944 9636:1943 9564:Blue 9554:Attu 9461:1942 9220:1941 9072:1940 9010:1939 8939:Asia 8786:POWs 8626:Jews 8344:Iraq 8270:Axis 8220:Tuva 8036:Cuba 7121:Axis 6219:Navy 6214:Army 5622:(7). 5599:OCLC 5589:ISBN 5554:ISBN 5524:ISBN 5503:ISBN 5482:ISBN 5416:PMID 5263:ISBN 5247:OCLC 5235:ISBN 5215:ISBN 5196:ISBN 5177:ISBN 5156:ISBN 5134:ISBN 5116:ISBN 5093:ISBN 5069:ISBN 5047:ISBN 5031:ISBN 4985:2016 4904:2012 4871:2013 4700:2012 4653:ISBN 4551:ISBN 4502:OCLC 4492:ISBN 4471:2021 3965:2015 3935:2015 3756:2016 3710:2004 3649:2012 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